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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,319 --> 00:00:07,919 The blues were born right here in 2 00:00:07,921 --> 00:00:09,554 the Mississippi delta. 3 00:00:09,556 --> 00:00:15,027 John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters, BB King, Jessie Mae Hemphill, 4 00:00:15,029 --> 00:00:19,231 I can't see 'em anymore, but their spirit lives on, 5 00:00:19,233 --> 00:00:22,400 right here. 6 00:00:22,402 --> 00:00:27,709 ♪ ♪ 7 00:00:35,115 --> 00:00:37,716 I can lose myself in music. 8 00:00:37,718 --> 00:00:39,250 Hear it? 9 00:00:39,252 --> 00:00:44,590 I feel it, and it transports me to another time and place. 10 00:00:44,592 --> 00:00:48,426 Some would call it a religious experience. 11 00:00:48,428 --> 00:00:51,832 Can't say that I disagree. 12 00:00:54,301 --> 00:00:56,634 Makes me think of the all the ways people around the world 13 00:00:56,636 --> 00:01:00,174 connect to god. 14 00:01:01,541 --> 00:01:05,210 Moses saw god in a bush. 15 00:01:05,212 --> 00:01:09,547 Buddha found enlightenment under a tree. 16 00:01:09,549 --> 00:01:14,520 Muhammad experienced Allah on a mountain. 17 00:01:14,522 --> 00:01:17,723 Is there some universal concept of god that 18 00:01:17,725 --> 00:01:21,196 all religions share? 19 00:01:22,829 --> 00:01:26,431 Or, is god fundamentally different to people of 20 00:01:26,433 --> 00:01:29,770 different faiths? 21 00:01:34,874 --> 00:01:39,948 I'm setting out to discover who god is. 22 00:01:42,415 --> 00:01:46,351 God wants to be your best friend. 23 00:01:46,353 --> 00:01:48,386 To find out how believers around 24 00:01:48,388 --> 00:01:50,455 the world see the divine. 25 00:01:50,457 --> 00:01:53,726 The holy people are around us, right now. 26 00:01:53,728 --> 00:01:56,562 I'll explore how the identity of god 27 00:01:56,564 --> 00:01:58,797 has changed over the millennia. 28 00:01:58,799 --> 00:02:00,865 He thought that there were too many gods, 29 00:02:00,867 --> 00:02:04,970 and not enough focus was on him. 30 00:02:04,972 --> 00:02:09,108 I'll learn how many gods merged into one. 31 00:02:09,110 --> 00:02:11,977 It's a single force that gives order into 32 00:02:11,979 --> 00:02:13,779 our whole world. 33 00:02:13,781 --> 00:02:15,648 And, I'll search for the 34 00:02:15,650 --> 00:02:16,882 presence of god... 35 00:02:16,884 --> 00:02:19,618 So, you're looking for physical manifestations of god? 36 00:02:19,620 --> 00:02:20,818 Yes. 37 00:02:20,820 --> 00:02:23,758 Inside my brain. 38 00:02:35,368 --> 00:02:38,770 I grew up with the Christian concept of god, a single, 39 00:02:38,772 --> 00:02:42,907 divine being who created and governs the universe. 40 00:02:42,909 --> 00:02:46,745 Of Jesus as god's earthly incarnation. 41 00:02:46,747 --> 00:02:52,116 I know that's not the way everyone sees the divine. 42 00:02:52,118 --> 00:02:56,624 I want to know how other religions see god. 43 00:02:59,026 --> 00:03:02,697 So, I'm going to India. 44 00:03:07,735 --> 00:03:12,773 To hindus, there's not one god, there are millions. 45 00:03:16,743 --> 00:03:19,544 Busy little thoroughfare. 46 00:03:19,546 --> 00:03:22,481 In the holy city of varanasi, I'm meeting historian, 47 00:03:22,483 --> 00:03:27,886 binda paranjape, to find out how hindus see their gods. 48 00:03:27,888 --> 00:03:32,056 At every corner of the Lane, and just you'll see 49 00:03:32,058 --> 00:03:34,660 anywhere, and you'll see a shrine. 50 00:03:34,662 --> 00:03:38,763 And no corner they can leave without having a god there. 51 00:03:38,765 --> 00:03:41,733 So like, we have got this small little shrine here, 52 00:03:41,735 --> 00:03:45,137 and it has got that elephant headed god, ganesha. 53 00:03:45,139 --> 00:03:46,537 Ganesha? 54 00:03:46,539 --> 00:03:49,674 Yeah, it's a god who removes obstacles. 55 00:03:49,676 --> 00:03:50,809 Removes obstacles? 56 00:03:50,811 --> 00:03:53,415 Yeah. 57 00:03:55,949 --> 00:03:59,383 Hindu deities come in many forms. 58 00:03:59,385 --> 00:04:01,487 Some are male. 59 00:04:01,489 --> 00:04:03,187 Some female. 60 00:04:03,189 --> 00:04:05,890 Some are part human, part animal. 61 00:04:05,892 --> 00:04:09,261 Each one has its specific powers. 62 00:04:09,263 --> 00:04:12,196 So, she's the goddess of disease. 63 00:04:12,198 --> 00:04:13,265 So we... 64 00:04:13,267 --> 00:04:14,665 Disease? 65 00:04:14,667 --> 00:04:16,501 Yeah, so when you're diseased, 66 00:04:16,503 --> 00:04:19,371 your body gets inflamed, then you invoke her and she 67 00:04:19,373 --> 00:04:22,941 sends the cool breeze, and the body gets cool. 68 00:04:22,943 --> 00:04:26,645 All right, here's a question for you. 69 00:04:26,647 --> 00:04:30,515 You've got a choice of how many? 70 00:04:30,517 --> 00:04:31,749 Millions of them. 71 00:04:31,751 --> 00:04:33,951 Millions of gods. 72 00:04:33,953 --> 00:04:35,287 How do you choose? 73 00:04:35,289 --> 00:04:37,189 Usually, it's the family. 74 00:04:37,191 --> 00:04:40,626 The family, each family has got one family deity, 75 00:04:40,628 --> 00:04:43,194 and that is passed on to the next generation. 76 00:04:43,196 --> 00:04:46,799 Or, sometimes, in the times of distress, 77 00:04:46,801 --> 00:04:49,667 one goes to a god and say, or goddess, that, 78 00:04:49,669 --> 00:04:53,138 "please take me out of this difficult time," 79 00:04:53,140 --> 00:04:56,073 and forever I'll worship you as my personal god, 80 00:04:56,075 --> 00:04:57,775 "or goddess." 81 00:04:57,777 --> 00:04:59,811 I'm interested in finding out how 82 00:04:59,813 --> 00:05:03,248 these statues become vessels for divine beings, 83 00:05:03,250 --> 00:05:07,122 how hindus connect to their gods. 84 00:05:08,154 --> 00:05:12,590 So, binda is taking me to an intimate prayer ritual. 85 00:05:16,095 --> 00:05:18,664 Yeah, can you hear these chants, 86 00:05:18,666 --> 00:05:19,730 which are going on? 87 00:05:19,732 --> 00:05:21,032 Uh-hm, yeah. 88 00:05:21,034 --> 00:05:22,867 They're chanting the chants for 89 00:05:22,869 --> 00:05:25,037 invoking the goddess. 90 00:05:25,039 --> 00:05:28,777 So, now we are going to be blessed. 91 00:05:36,950 --> 00:05:39,083 This prayer ceremony is dedicated 92 00:05:39,085 --> 00:05:42,054 to the goddess, Lalitha. 93 00:05:45,258 --> 00:05:48,460 And so, this is Lalitha here, 94 00:05:48,462 --> 00:05:50,996 this is her physical representation? 95 00:05:50,998 --> 00:05:52,263 What kind of god is she? 96 00:05:52,265 --> 00:05:56,501 She was created to kill a demon, 97 00:05:56,503 --> 00:05:59,071 and that is the power of the virgin, 98 00:05:59,073 --> 00:06:01,239 this 16 year old woman. 99 00:06:01,241 --> 00:06:02,640 She's a virgin? 100 00:06:02,642 --> 00:06:05,309 Yeah, so all the potential is still in her, 101 00:06:05,311 --> 00:06:08,412 so she has got the highest form of energy in her. 102 00:06:08,414 --> 00:06:13,551 And she gives that power to others to fight 103 00:06:13,553 --> 00:06:15,821 against their demon. 104 00:06:24,130 --> 00:06:26,564 So, what they're doing is that they're invoking the 105 00:06:26,566 --> 00:06:30,801 goddess' one thousand names and with every name, 106 00:06:30,803 --> 00:06:35,443 they will offer her the flowers. 107 00:06:37,311 --> 00:06:41,746 So, anything, any syllable that we'll pronounced goes 108 00:06:41,748 --> 00:06:45,083 to the goddess so, we're saying these thousand words. 109 00:06:45,085 --> 00:06:47,919 You have almost got all the possible syllables that 110 00:06:47,921 --> 00:06:49,655 you could have uttered. 111 00:06:49,657 --> 00:06:51,222 So you can invoke her with just 112 00:06:51,224 --> 00:06:52,523 about any syllable. 113 00:06:52,525 --> 00:06:54,693 The goddess is any form a speech, 114 00:06:54,695 --> 00:06:57,561 the human sound, and the world is supposed 115 00:06:57,563 --> 00:07:02,366 to have been created out of these rhythms. 116 00:07:02,368 --> 00:07:04,035 For her devotees, 117 00:07:04,037 --> 00:07:09,140 Lalitha exists in the rhythmic energy of their chanting. 118 00:07:09,142 --> 00:07:13,345 A divine energy that powers their lives. 119 00:07:13,347 --> 00:07:15,614 Anyway, the goddess has blessed you, 120 00:07:15,616 --> 00:07:19,383 that she has invited here, believe me. 121 00:07:19,385 --> 00:07:22,856 I believe you. 122 00:07:31,664 --> 00:07:37,838 ♪ ♪ 123 00:07:47,313 --> 00:07:53,754 ♪ ♪ 124 00:07:57,357 --> 00:07:59,857 Seeing this ceremony really helps me understand 125 00:07:59,859 --> 00:08:02,494 what god means to hindus. 126 00:08:02,496 --> 00:08:05,097 Behind all the gods, binda tells me, 127 00:08:05,099 --> 00:08:08,766 there is a single divine energy that believers 128 00:08:08,768 --> 00:08:10,669 seek to tap into. 129 00:08:10,671 --> 00:08:13,138 They say that it's just a principle, 130 00:08:13,140 --> 00:08:17,075 it's like pure energy form, which is neither a male 131 00:08:17,077 --> 00:08:20,277 or a female, or having any name. 132 00:08:20,279 --> 00:08:23,280 So they are just given one name, brahman. 133 00:08:23,282 --> 00:08:25,717 So, in the western church, 134 00:08:25,719 --> 00:08:32,424 in christianity, judaism, even islam, there is one god, 135 00:08:32,426 --> 00:08:34,492 it's just, it's pure energy. 136 00:08:34,494 --> 00:08:36,727 There is no name you could put to him. 137 00:08:36,729 --> 00:08:38,396 There's no face you can put to him. 138 00:08:38,398 --> 00:08:39,997 There's nothing you can touch. 139 00:08:39,999 --> 00:08:41,599 Can we make a comparison there? 140 00:08:41,601 --> 00:08:44,202 Yeah, it's like the tree having the trunk, 141 00:08:44,204 --> 00:08:47,539 and then the branches and leaves also. 142 00:08:47,541 --> 00:08:50,608 We have the shade tree of brahma, right? 143 00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:52,243 Okay. 144 00:08:52,245 --> 00:08:53,844 Yeah, so beautiful, 145 00:08:53,846 --> 00:08:56,314 that's really nicely described. 146 00:08:56,316 --> 00:08:58,250 Thank you, all right, how about some lunch? 147 00:08:58,252 --> 00:08:59,351 You game for that? 148 00:08:59,353 --> 00:09:01,786 Right, and we can invoke gods for 149 00:09:01,788 --> 00:09:03,020 giving us good lunch. 150 00:09:17,070 --> 00:09:19,938 I like the way believers here find gods 151 00:09:19,940 --> 00:09:23,708 that best suit their own beliefs. 152 00:09:23,710 --> 00:09:26,343 It's like a spiritual fingerprint, 153 00:09:26,345 --> 00:09:29,581 unique to each person. 154 00:09:29,583 --> 00:09:33,452 It's unlike the monotheism of the west. 155 00:09:33,454 --> 00:09:38,258 But, maybe that's only on the surface. 156 00:09:43,030 --> 00:09:44,596 On the surface, 157 00:09:44,598 --> 00:09:48,500 hinduism looks like a religion of many gods. 158 00:09:48,502 --> 00:09:50,367 But underneath the surface, 159 00:09:50,369 --> 00:09:53,572 there is a single divine energy. 160 00:09:53,574 --> 00:09:59,743 So, why do some cultures see many gods and some only one? 161 00:09:59,745 --> 00:10:03,014 Where did the idea of worshiping a single god 162 00:10:03,016 --> 00:10:05,884 first take root? 163 00:10:05,886 --> 00:10:08,222 Perhaps it began here, 164 00:10:09,822 --> 00:10:12,424 Stonehenge, britain's iconic, 165 00:10:12,426 --> 00:10:15,427 5,000 year old monument. 166 00:10:15,429 --> 00:10:18,329 The culture that built Stonehenge had to endure long, 167 00:10:18,331 --> 00:10:20,198 cold winters. 168 00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:23,735 Their survival depended on plentiful crops, 169 00:10:23,737 --> 00:10:27,171 so it would make sense to focus on the single source 170 00:10:27,173 --> 00:10:31,778 of energy that drove all of that, the sun. 171 00:10:34,848 --> 00:10:38,083 An archaeological team is uncovering new evidence that 172 00:10:38,085 --> 00:10:42,520 may reveal the beliefs of the people who once lived here. 173 00:10:42,522 --> 00:10:44,789 We're going to look at the ditch 174 00:10:44,791 --> 00:10:47,659 and the interior, here. 175 00:10:47,661 --> 00:10:51,062 Vince Gaffney and Paul Garwood have been 176 00:10:51,064 --> 00:10:53,964 studying a giant, c-shaped enclosure, 177 00:10:53,966 --> 00:10:56,901 less than two miles away from Stonehenge. 178 00:10:56,903 --> 00:11:00,005 The enclosure, called Durrington walls, 179 00:11:00,007 --> 00:11:05,110 was built around 4,500 years ago and appears to be 180 00:11:05,112 --> 00:11:08,780 aligned so its opening faces the rising sun on the 181 00:11:08,782 --> 00:11:12,586 mid-winter's day. 182 00:11:15,055 --> 00:11:18,823 This is a ground-penetrating radar device. 183 00:11:18,825 --> 00:11:21,159 But what interests Vince and Paul is 184 00:11:21,161 --> 00:11:24,395 the remains of an older monument they found buried 185 00:11:24,397 --> 00:11:25,564 underneath it. 186 00:11:25,566 --> 00:11:27,933 The radar located a series of 187 00:11:27,935 --> 00:11:29,800 very large features. 188 00:11:29,802 --> 00:11:32,504 There's a long arc of stones, 189 00:11:32,506 --> 00:11:36,241 or large buried features underneath the bank. 190 00:11:36,243 --> 00:11:38,410 So they've remained undetected, 191 00:11:38,412 --> 00:11:43,184 effectively, for several thousand years. 192 00:11:48,187 --> 00:11:50,621 The hidden rocks are massive. 193 00:11:50,623 --> 00:11:53,692 Each of them as tall as two men. 194 00:11:53,694 --> 00:11:57,228 They also form part of a c-shaped monument, 195 00:11:57,230 --> 00:12:00,531 but the direction this c faces is different from the 196 00:12:00,533 --> 00:12:04,169 orientation of the mound that buries it. 197 00:12:04,171 --> 00:12:06,871 There was an earlier monument of a very 198 00:12:06,873 --> 00:12:10,442 different form on this site. 199 00:12:10,444 --> 00:12:14,279 It was looking towards beacon hill and these dramatic line 200 00:12:14,281 --> 00:12:16,982 of hills to the east, which is a dominant, 201 00:12:16,984 --> 00:12:18,916 topographic feature in this area, 202 00:12:18,918 --> 00:12:22,419 and certainly must have had significance at the time. 203 00:12:22,421 --> 00:12:25,457 Vince and Paul think the original monument 204 00:12:25,459 --> 00:12:28,592 may be older than Stonehenge. 205 00:12:28,594 --> 00:12:32,030 They don't know what its alignment to the hills meant. 206 00:12:32,032 --> 00:12:35,065 Perhaps the hills were revered as divine, 207 00:12:35,067 --> 00:12:39,270 or were associated with ancestors. 208 00:12:39,272 --> 00:12:41,740 But after the ancient britons built the iconic 209 00:12:41,742 --> 00:12:45,046 stone circle at Stonehenge... 210 00:12:49,383 --> 00:12:53,918 They demolished the old stones at durrington walls, 211 00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:56,487 and made a new mound, faced the same direction as. 212 00:12:56,489 --> 00:13:01,325 Stonehenge, toward the rising, mid-winter sun. 213 00:13:01,327 --> 00:13:03,060 They've been pushed over, 214 00:13:03,062 --> 00:13:05,362 and the bank of the later henge monument has actually 215 00:13:05,364 --> 00:13:08,198 been placed on top of them. 216 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:11,068 It moved in its orientation. 217 00:13:11,070 --> 00:13:14,673 It's form changed, and presumably, to some extent, 218 00:13:14,675 --> 00:13:16,573 its function. 219 00:13:16,575 --> 00:13:19,343 The creation of Stonehenge itself, 220 00:13:19,345 --> 00:13:21,945 and the building of the new architecture, 221 00:13:21,947 --> 00:13:24,783 durrington walls, suggest a shift towards a greater 222 00:13:24,785 --> 00:13:28,319 emphasis on the sun as the main focus of worship 223 00:13:28,321 --> 00:13:31,956 and religious interest. 224 00:13:31,958 --> 00:13:34,592 The builders were trying to establish a very particular 225 00:13:34,594 --> 00:13:38,332 connection with summer. 226 00:13:41,734 --> 00:13:44,401 The people of Stonehenge may have been the 227 00:13:44,403 --> 00:13:48,839 first to worship the sun as a single, all-powerful god. 228 00:13:48,841 --> 00:13:53,745 But in focusing on the sun, I wonder if they lost something. 229 00:13:53,747 --> 00:13:56,448 When the gods were ancestors, 230 00:13:56,450 --> 00:13:59,416 or rivers, or mountains, 231 00:13:59,418 --> 00:14:02,020 they were much more accessible, 232 00:14:02,022 --> 00:14:05,390 easier to connect to, to speak to. 233 00:14:05,392 --> 00:14:09,563 How do you speak to a god that's so remote? 234 00:14:11,297 --> 00:14:17,070 I hope to find the answer at my next destination, Egypt. 235 00:14:18,104 --> 00:14:21,706 More than a thousand years after Stonehenge was built, 236 00:14:21,708 --> 00:14:26,747 an Egyptian man also decided to worship the sun. 237 00:14:32,285 --> 00:14:35,053 His idea was considered so dangerous, 238 00:14:35,055 --> 00:14:37,655 that his memory was nearly wiped from the face 239 00:14:37,657 --> 00:14:40,125 of the earth. 240 00:14:40,127 --> 00:14:41,659 Thank you very much. 241 00:14:41,661 --> 00:14:44,762 Today, just a few mementos of his life remain at 242 00:14:44,764 --> 00:14:47,664 the Cairo museum. 243 00:14:47,666 --> 00:14:48,833 Hey! 244 00:14:48,835 --> 00:14:50,001 Oh, there you are! 245 00:14:50,003 --> 00:14:51,202 Hello. 246 00:14:51,204 --> 00:14:53,137 Hello. 247 00:14:53,139 --> 00:14:56,473 Amid the remains of dozens of pharaohs, egyptologist, 248 00:14:56,475 --> 00:15:00,745 Salima Ikram is going to help me find one whose 249 00:15:00,747 --> 00:15:04,485 name is Akhenaten. 250 00:15:10,857 --> 00:15:13,424 There he is. 251 00:15:13,426 --> 00:15:14,825 Akhenaten. 252 00:15:14,827 --> 00:15:18,129 Yeah, he thought that there were too 253 00:15:18,131 --> 00:15:21,966 many gods and not enough focus was on him. 254 00:15:21,968 --> 00:15:25,169 "There were needs to be an important god, 255 00:15:25,171 --> 00:15:27,304 whom only I can channel." 256 00:15:27,306 --> 00:15:28,706 So, he changed things. 257 00:15:28,708 --> 00:15:30,408 Radically. 258 00:15:30,410 --> 00:15:33,077 He, basically, closed down most of the temples, said that, 259 00:15:33,079 --> 00:15:37,182 "there is a special god, the sun god, the aten," 260 00:15:37,184 --> 00:15:41,151 and that, "you can worship the aten, through me." 261 00:15:41,153 --> 00:15:43,054 And that didn't go over too well 262 00:15:43,056 --> 00:15:44,322 with a few people? 263 00:15:44,324 --> 00:15:47,525 No, no, that was not a very popular move, 264 00:15:47,527 --> 00:15:48,892 because, of course, 265 00:15:48,894 --> 00:15:54,134 all the priests of the other important gods were shut down. 266 00:15:56,670 --> 00:15:59,971 Around the year 1350bc, 267 00:15:59,973 --> 00:16:04,675 Akhenaten declared the sun would be Egypt's only god. 268 00:16:04,677 --> 00:16:08,112 In doing so, he would found the first faith in recorded 269 00:16:08,114 --> 00:16:13,217 history with a single deity. 270 00:16:13,219 --> 00:16:17,121 But it would not last. 271 00:16:17,123 --> 00:16:21,925 As soon as he died, the old priesthood struck back. 272 00:16:21,927 --> 00:16:24,529 This piece has been hacked away, 273 00:16:24,531 --> 00:16:25,829 as you can tell. 274 00:16:25,831 --> 00:16:29,634 You can see how the name of the king is hacked out. 275 00:16:29,636 --> 00:16:32,871 The name of the aten is also attacked. 276 00:16:32,873 --> 00:16:36,006 Everything there is chip, chip, chip, chip, chip, 277 00:16:36,008 --> 00:16:38,141 chip chip, chip, and it's gone away, because of... 278 00:16:38,143 --> 00:16:39,910 Destroyed, they just destroyed 279 00:16:39,912 --> 00:16:41,078 his memories... 280 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:42,981 The best they could. 281 00:16:42,983 --> 00:16:47,217 Akhenaten hoped his son would continue this legacy, 282 00:16:47,219 --> 00:16:49,453 but his son was only nine years old when he 283 00:16:49,455 --> 00:16:51,356 took the throne. 284 00:16:51,358 --> 00:16:55,662 His name was, Tutankhamun. 285 00:16:59,566 --> 00:17:04,404 Here is the coffin of king Tutankhamun. 286 00:17:06,806 --> 00:17:09,306 The most famous pharaoh. 287 00:17:09,308 --> 00:17:10,807 Absolutely. 288 00:17:10,809 --> 00:17:13,378 But he took the throne at aged nine? 289 00:17:13,380 --> 00:17:15,045 Nine to nineteen, 290 00:17:15,047 --> 00:17:16,547 only ten short years. 291 00:17:16,549 --> 00:17:18,682 Ten short years? 292 00:17:18,684 --> 00:17:20,618 I would imagine that a nine-year-old taking the 293 00:17:20,620 --> 00:17:24,322 throne would be under the thumb of the old guys 294 00:17:24,324 --> 00:17:26,623 who would say, "look, we can't keep this up, 295 00:17:26,625 --> 00:17:28,726 we got to go back to what works." 296 00:17:28,728 --> 00:17:30,527 Yeah, absolutely. 297 00:17:30,529 --> 00:17:34,265 He did what he was told, probably, and effectively, 298 00:17:34,267 --> 00:17:38,369 his reign sort of knocked out Akhenaten's reign, 299 00:17:38,371 --> 00:17:42,006 and we have a return to the religion. 300 00:17:42,008 --> 00:17:44,042 Right, to the gods. 301 00:17:44,044 --> 00:17:47,445 The old gods are back in full force. 302 00:17:47,447 --> 00:17:50,314 Tutankhamun's priests erased. 303 00:17:50,316 --> 00:17:53,685 Akhenaten's monotheistic religion and tried to 304 00:17:53,687 --> 00:17:57,822 erase him from history. 305 00:17:57,824 --> 00:17:59,489 Here we go. 306 00:17:59,491 --> 00:18:02,727 This is Akhenaten's sarcophagus. 307 00:18:02,729 --> 00:18:04,429 This is his sarcophagus? 308 00:18:04,431 --> 00:18:05,929 Or, what's left of it, 309 00:18:05,931 --> 00:18:07,431 because it's all smashed to pieces. 310 00:18:07,433 --> 00:18:09,967 Well, that's what you get, 311 00:18:09,969 --> 00:18:12,669 trying to change the world. 312 00:18:12,671 --> 00:18:15,139 Well, the poor thing didn't manage 313 00:18:15,141 --> 00:18:17,842 to change it for very long. 314 00:18:17,844 --> 00:18:22,048 Do not fool around with the gods. 315 00:18:26,553 --> 00:18:32,390 Well, Akhenaten's experiment in monotheism failed. 316 00:18:32,392 --> 00:18:36,460 But I can't help wondering if what happened, 317 00:18:36,462 --> 00:18:39,529 oh, around 1300bc, 318 00:18:39,531 --> 00:18:42,333 didn't influence the beginning of another religion. 319 00:18:42,335 --> 00:18:45,169 But it was here on the banks of the nile that 320 00:18:45,171 --> 00:18:47,037 Jewish tradition says, 321 00:18:47,039 --> 00:18:49,573 Moses was found among the bulrushes. 322 00:18:49,575 --> 00:18:52,377 And from that period, belief in a single god began 323 00:18:52,379 --> 00:18:57,981 to spread around the world. 324 00:18:57,983 --> 00:19:00,985 How did the belief of a small band of israelites 325 00:19:00,987 --> 00:19:03,854 spread so far and wide? 326 00:19:03,856 --> 00:19:07,557 Today, almost 4 billion muslims, 327 00:19:07,559 --> 00:19:13,133 christians and Jews worship the same, single god. 328 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:16,636 What was so special about this god? 329 00:19:23,375 --> 00:19:26,075 I'm traveling around the world to find out 330 00:19:26,077 --> 00:19:29,545 how people of different faiths connect to the divine. 331 00:19:29,547 --> 00:19:33,883 And uncovering how our ideas of who god is have 332 00:19:33,885 --> 00:19:37,289 evolved over the millennia. 333 00:19:39,256 --> 00:19:42,290 My quest brings me to Jerusalem, 334 00:19:42,292 --> 00:19:45,294 because half the people on the planet can trace their 335 00:19:45,296 --> 00:19:48,698 god to this ancient city. 336 00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:51,768 It was here, around 3,000 years ago, 337 00:19:51,770 --> 00:19:56,308 that belief in a single, all-powerful deity took root. 338 00:19:57,474 --> 00:20:01,344 I meet Jewish philosopher, yoram hazony to find out how 339 00:20:01,346 --> 00:20:05,414 one god won out over many. 340 00:20:05,416 --> 00:20:07,316 This is the old city, old Jerusalem. 341 00:20:07,318 --> 00:20:09,751 The old city of Jerusalem, 342 00:20:09,753 --> 00:20:12,020 and stores like this have been lining these streets 343 00:20:12,022 --> 00:20:13,923 for thousands of years. 344 00:20:13,925 --> 00:20:15,991 Except, you know, that thousands of years ago, 345 00:20:15,993 --> 00:20:17,727 they actually sold idols. 346 00:20:17,729 --> 00:20:20,563 Like representations of gods, like little figurines. 347 00:20:20,565 --> 00:20:25,167 In fact, there's an old rabbinic story from about the 348 00:20:25,169 --> 00:20:27,470 time of the talmud, that Abraham's father was 349 00:20:27,472 --> 00:20:29,905 a idol shop owner. 350 00:20:29,907 --> 00:20:31,574 So, these idols, 351 00:20:31,576 --> 00:20:33,041 what were these gods for? 352 00:20:33,043 --> 00:20:35,744 So, the gods, they represent, 353 00:20:35,746 --> 00:20:38,780 in the old pagan religions, they represent anything 354 00:20:38,782 --> 00:20:40,883 that a human being could want or need. 355 00:20:40,885 --> 00:20:44,056 There's a god that brings the rain. 356 00:20:45,790 --> 00:20:47,123 Just a rain god. 357 00:20:47,125 --> 00:20:48,825 You want victory on the battlefield, 358 00:20:48,827 --> 00:20:49,959 so there's a god of war. 359 00:20:53,397 --> 00:20:54,997 But you would have to figure out 360 00:20:54,999 --> 00:20:56,665 how you're gonna please all the different gods and 361 00:20:56,667 --> 00:20:57,967 get what you wanted from them, wouldn't you? 362 00:20:57,969 --> 00:20:59,367 Right, exactly. 363 00:20:59,369 --> 00:21:00,903 So some of those gods, all they want is like, 364 00:21:00,905 --> 00:21:02,337 you know, a party. 365 00:21:02,339 --> 00:21:04,574 They want wine and song, and some good food. 366 00:21:04,576 --> 00:21:06,741 That's not such a bad thing. 367 00:21:06,743 --> 00:21:10,415 But, some of those gods demanded bloodshed. 368 00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:13,816 So, "you want something from here, here it is", 369 00:21:13,818 --> 00:21:14,983 I want something from you. 370 00:21:14,985 --> 00:21:16,719 "I want you to sacrifice your son," or something. 371 00:21:16,721 --> 00:21:18,554 Okay, all right, all right, all right. 372 00:21:18,556 --> 00:21:20,323 How do I get now, from the rain god, 373 00:21:20,325 --> 00:21:22,991 I got a god of fire, to one I can't see, 374 00:21:22,993 --> 00:21:26,194 I can't touch, I don't know for sure is there? 375 00:21:26,196 --> 00:21:27,730 Well, that's what this story about 376 00:21:27,732 --> 00:21:29,164 Abraham is about. 377 00:21:29,166 --> 00:21:31,701 Abraham looks around at all these different gods. 378 00:21:31,703 --> 00:21:33,903 There's gotta be one set of rules. 379 00:21:33,905 --> 00:21:35,770 One set of laws of nature, 380 00:21:35,772 --> 00:21:39,808 one set of laws of morals that apply to all human beings. 381 00:21:39,810 --> 00:21:41,143 So, what does he do? 382 00:21:41,145 --> 00:21:42,411 Where's he gonna go? 383 00:21:42,413 --> 00:21:43,779 All right, let's take a walk and 384 00:21:43,781 --> 00:21:44,881 I'll show you, come on. 385 00:21:44,883 --> 00:21:48,153 Okay, all right. 386 00:21:50,120 --> 00:21:53,422 So, right here, we're looking at the absolute 387 00:21:53,424 --> 00:21:55,724 centre of the religious world. 388 00:21:55,726 --> 00:21:56,893 This is it. 389 00:21:56,895 --> 00:22:01,396 This is the place. 390 00:22:01,398 --> 00:22:05,800 We have, over there, the dome of the rock. 391 00:22:05,802 --> 00:22:08,336 Over there, Al-aqsa mosque. 392 00:22:08,338 --> 00:22:10,439 The mount of olives. 393 00:22:10,441 --> 00:22:13,308 And the valley of gethsemane. 394 00:22:13,310 --> 00:22:15,744 And down below, the western wall, 395 00:22:15,746 --> 00:22:19,548 the holiest prayer shrine of judaism. 396 00:22:19,550 --> 00:22:20,816 Why here? 397 00:22:20,818 --> 00:22:24,056 For one reason exactly. 398 00:22:27,425 --> 00:22:31,827 When Abraham almost sacrificed his son, Isaac, 399 00:22:31,829 --> 00:22:36,699 it took place right up there on that spot. 400 00:22:36,701 --> 00:22:40,269 Now, let's remember, Abraham's surrounded by 401 00:22:40,271 --> 00:22:43,573 idolaters who were sacrificing their children. 402 00:22:43,575 --> 00:22:45,040 Murdering their own children. 403 00:22:45,042 --> 00:22:47,742 Abraham thought that he was following 404 00:22:47,744 --> 00:22:52,013 god's commandments by taking Isaac up there and... 405 00:22:52,015 --> 00:22:55,586 But god says to him, 406 00:22:56,854 --> 00:22:59,121 "you're not gonna touch your son. 407 00:22:59,123 --> 00:23:04,492 Not this time, not for all time." 408 00:23:04,494 --> 00:23:06,828 "There's one god," and he says, 409 00:23:06,830 --> 00:23:09,965 "you are not gonna sacrifice another child ever again." 410 00:23:09,967 --> 00:23:12,567 And commemorating that "never again" is the 411 00:23:12,569 --> 00:23:14,804 reason that the Jews built the temple here, 412 00:23:14,806 --> 00:23:16,305 and from there, 413 00:23:16,307 --> 00:23:18,607 judaism and christianity make this the holiest place 414 00:23:18,609 --> 00:23:21,143 in the history of the world. 415 00:23:21,145 --> 00:23:23,078 That brings up a question though. 416 00:23:23,080 --> 00:23:24,846 This is an invisible god, 417 00:23:24,848 --> 00:23:29,585 there's no way that you can make some approximation of him. 418 00:23:29,587 --> 00:23:31,252 Right, there's no idols. 419 00:23:31,254 --> 00:23:33,823 It's a single force that gives order, 420 00:23:33,825 --> 00:23:37,326 the physical order and the moral order to all of mankind 421 00:23:37,328 --> 00:23:39,127 and to our whole world. 422 00:23:39,129 --> 00:23:42,565 There's no representation, 'cause he's not a local power. 423 00:23:42,567 --> 00:23:44,733 Temples to the single, 424 00:23:44,735 --> 00:23:46,769 Jewish god stood on this spot for almost 425 00:23:46,771 --> 00:23:48,237 a thousand years. 426 00:23:48,239 --> 00:23:50,905 Until the romans destroyed the one that was standing 427 00:23:50,907 --> 00:23:52,974 in 70ad. 428 00:23:52,976 --> 00:23:56,679 But that destruction did not end this faith. 429 00:23:56,681 --> 00:23:58,213 The one incredible thing about this is 430 00:23:58,215 --> 00:24:02,350 that the one invisible god that's beyond all things, 431 00:24:02,352 --> 00:24:05,086 it turns out that, you know, when you destroy the temple 432 00:24:05,088 --> 00:24:06,355 to that one god... 433 00:24:06,357 --> 00:24:07,956 You don't destroy the god. 434 00:24:07,958 --> 00:24:09,724 You don't destroy the god. 435 00:24:09,726 --> 00:24:12,060 It turns out, he's just as much there as he was before. 436 00:24:12,062 --> 00:24:13,863 And that's well put. 437 00:24:13,865 --> 00:24:15,798 It's understandable. 438 00:24:17,534 --> 00:24:20,001 The god of Abraham was a god you could commune with 439 00:24:20,003 --> 00:24:22,971 without any temples, without idols. 440 00:24:22,973 --> 00:24:26,174 For Jews, and also for christians and muslims, 441 00:24:26,176 --> 00:24:28,644 this invisible god is always with them, 442 00:24:28,646 --> 00:24:33,315 no matter when or where they turn to him. 443 00:24:33,317 --> 00:24:37,286 It's truly amazing that three of the world's great 444 00:24:37,288 --> 00:24:41,856 faiths exist in such close proximity. 445 00:24:41,858 --> 00:24:46,494 All worshipping one god, the same god, 446 00:24:46,496 --> 00:24:49,298 a god who has survived calamities from the 447 00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:54,306 destruction of the holy temple to religious violence. 448 00:24:56,773 --> 00:25:02,079 But how do you connect with a god who has no physical form? 449 00:25:11,254 --> 00:25:16,594 How do you know what's divine and what isn't? 450 00:25:18,762 --> 00:25:21,763 I have decided to return to Cairo to try and 451 00:25:21,765 --> 00:25:25,667 understand who god is to muslims. 452 00:25:25,669 --> 00:25:29,238 Islam believes in the same god as Jews and christians, 453 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:32,173 but I wanna know if there are differences in how 454 00:25:32,175 --> 00:25:37,445 they think about the divine. 455 00:25:37,447 --> 00:25:40,883 Historian of islam, Ahmed Ragab has brought me 456 00:25:40,885 --> 00:25:45,253 to the Al-Hussein mosque. 457 00:25:45,255 --> 00:25:46,989 And you can just come in here, 458 00:25:46,991 --> 00:25:48,523 just like a catholic church? 459 00:25:48,525 --> 00:25:49,825 So it always open for prayer. 460 00:25:49,827 --> 00:25:51,292 Yeah, yeah. 461 00:25:51,294 --> 00:25:52,994 If you wanna come in here and just 462 00:25:52,996 --> 00:25:55,530 hang out with yourself and Allah? 463 00:25:55,532 --> 00:25:58,099 Yeah, absolutely. 464 00:25:58,101 --> 00:26:00,435 I'm just in time to hear what muslims 465 00:26:00,437 --> 00:26:04,874 believe is one of the most beautiful sounds in the world, 466 00:26:04,876 --> 00:26:07,809 the call to prayer. 467 00:26:23,828 --> 00:26:27,229 For the faithful, the song of the muezzin is a 468 00:26:27,231 --> 00:26:33,371 manifestation of god himself. 469 00:26:38,643 --> 00:26:41,577 So that the end of the prayer is by saying, 470 00:26:41,579 --> 00:26:43,179 "as-salaam-alaikum" 471 00:26:43,181 --> 00:26:45,713 much like you end an encounter with anybody. 472 00:26:45,715 --> 00:26:47,683 And it is because the prayer is, essentially, 473 00:26:47,685 --> 00:26:50,885 a meeting with god, the function is goodbye. 474 00:26:50,887 --> 00:26:52,421 Like, "hey," you know, 475 00:26:52,423 --> 00:26:54,088 "see you later, nice talking to you." 476 00:26:54,090 --> 00:26:56,925 Exactly, see you the next time. 477 00:26:59,896 --> 00:27:01,830 Prayer to Allah seems like a 478 00:27:01,832 --> 00:27:06,067 conversation with a person. 479 00:27:06,069 --> 00:27:10,471 But how do you speak to a person who has no human form? 480 00:27:10,473 --> 00:27:13,875 To help me understand, Ahmed has arranged a meeting with 481 00:27:13,877 --> 00:27:19,882 the mosque's spiritual leader, imam Al-Amir mahfouz. 482 00:27:19,884 --> 00:27:22,084 Thank you so much for speaking with us. 483 00:27:22,086 --> 00:27:23,484 Welcome. 484 00:27:23,486 --> 00:27:26,055 In the Christian religion, 485 00:27:26,057 --> 00:27:29,124 god is so manifested, 486 00:27:29,126 --> 00:27:33,494 but there is no such thing in islam. 487 00:27:33,496 --> 00:27:35,330 So, who am I talking to? 488 00:27:35,332 --> 00:27:37,333 Do I envision anything? 489 00:27:46,977 --> 00:27:49,278 You cannot imagine god. 490 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:51,012 God is beyond imagination. 491 00:27:51,014 --> 00:27:53,816 Whatever you would imagine with our human minds, 492 00:27:53,818 --> 00:27:55,917 god would be different from it. 493 00:27:55,919 --> 00:28:01,723 One of the most haunting and beautiful 494 00:28:01,725 --> 00:28:06,997 sounds in the world is the Muslim call to prayer. 495 00:28:08,131 --> 00:28:11,634 What is the origin of that? 496 00:28:11,636 --> 00:28:14,068 It is said that one of Muhammad's 497 00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:17,640 companions had a vision while he was asleep, 498 00:28:17,642 --> 00:28:20,442 where he heard this call for prayer. 499 00:28:20,444 --> 00:28:22,443 And then, when he woke up, 500 00:28:22,445 --> 00:28:24,613 he went to Muhammad and told him about it. 501 00:28:24,615 --> 00:28:27,715 And he's made it into this ritual of using it to 502 00:28:27,717 --> 00:28:31,619 call for prayers every day, five times every day. 503 00:28:31,621 --> 00:28:33,788 The muezzin, how is he chosen? 504 00:28:33,790 --> 00:28:36,090 Do you hold auditions? 505 00:28:44,234 --> 00:28:47,104 There are auditions where they would listen to 506 00:28:48,136 --> 00:28:49,637 people and the one who has the best voice will 507 00:28:49,639 --> 00:28:52,907 be given the position. 508 00:28:52,909 --> 00:28:58,446 Allahhhhhhhhhhu-aqbar. 509 00:28:58,448 --> 00:28:59,815 How does that sound? 510 00:29:04,855 --> 00:29:06,321 You have to work on it. 511 00:29:06,323 --> 00:29:07,722 I have to work on it. 512 00:29:07,724 --> 00:29:09,625 Okay, I get it. 513 00:29:11,561 --> 00:29:14,296 Mosques are designed to be filled with beautiful sounds 514 00:29:14,298 --> 00:29:17,665 and images that delight the senses, 515 00:29:17,667 --> 00:29:21,302 from elaborate architecture, to versus of the quran, 516 00:29:21,304 --> 00:29:24,073 written in the finest calligraphy. 517 00:29:24,075 --> 00:29:27,076 Many muslims see this beauty as a manifestation 518 00:29:27,078 --> 00:29:29,912 of god himself. 519 00:29:29,914 --> 00:29:33,414 Islam sees god in all things that are beautiful, 520 00:29:33,416 --> 00:29:36,085 because god has not physical form, 521 00:29:36,087 --> 00:29:40,055 he can be experienced anywhere with any of the senses. 522 00:29:40,057 --> 00:29:44,625 But these experiences only have an aspect of the divine, 523 00:29:44,627 --> 00:29:50,164 god is always more than we can imagine. 524 00:29:50,166 --> 00:29:52,867 Across so many faiths around the world, 525 00:29:52,869 --> 00:29:57,573 and throughout time, people have emulated the divine in 526 00:29:57,575 --> 00:30:01,042 the beauty of their temples, and glimpsed god in the 527 00:30:01,044 --> 00:30:04,379 splendour of nature. 528 00:30:04,381 --> 00:30:09,186 But some faiths believe god can take a physical form. 529 00:30:10,287 --> 00:30:14,726 And that form is a person. 530 00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:19,193 I'm in shiprock, new Mexico in the heart 531 00:30:19,195 --> 00:30:21,930 of the Navajo nation. 532 00:30:21,932 --> 00:30:26,602 I'm about to witness something that few outsiders ever see, 533 00:30:26,604 --> 00:30:31,140 a sacred ceremony where a god and a human become 534 00:30:31,142 --> 00:30:34,279 one single being. 535 00:30:42,787 --> 00:30:44,086 Welcome. 536 00:30:44,088 --> 00:30:45,988 Thank you, thank you, thank you. 537 00:30:45,990 --> 00:30:47,321 You're welcome. 538 00:30:47,323 --> 00:30:48,490 Hi, Morgan. 539 00:30:48,492 --> 00:30:49,657 How are you? 540 00:30:49,659 --> 00:30:51,125 We have something for you too. 541 00:30:51,127 --> 00:30:52,361 Oh, you do? 542 00:30:52,363 --> 00:30:53,494 Yes. 543 00:30:53,496 --> 00:30:55,998 Look out! 544 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:57,331 Thank you. 545 00:30:57,333 --> 00:30:58,767 You're welcome. 546 00:30:58,769 --> 00:31:00,136 Now, where are we going now? 547 00:31:00,171 --> 00:31:01,302 We're going inside. 548 00:31:01,304 --> 00:31:02,404 Are we? 549 00:31:02,406 --> 00:31:03,704 Yes. 550 00:31:03,706 --> 00:31:05,273 All right, I'll follow. 551 00:31:05,275 --> 00:31:09,010 Inside the traditional Navajo ritual hut, or hogan, 552 00:31:09,012 --> 00:31:11,680 the Peterson family has agreed to share with me the 553 00:31:11,682 --> 00:31:13,981 ceremony that allows their youngest daughter, 554 00:31:13,983 --> 00:31:17,688 maysun to pass from girlhood to womanhood. 555 00:31:22,025 --> 00:31:24,358 By the end of the four day long ritual, 556 00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:29,431 one of the Navajo deities will be living inside her. 557 00:31:29,433 --> 00:31:31,365 Yeah, just like that, and make a cone... 558 00:31:31,367 --> 00:31:32,567 Oh, yeah. 559 00:31:32,569 --> 00:31:34,269 Like a cone, like this. 560 00:31:34,271 --> 00:31:36,070 The core of the ceremony is the 561 00:31:36,072 --> 00:31:38,339 making of a giant corn cake in honor of the sun. 562 00:31:38,341 --> 00:31:39,942 How big is the cake gonna be? 563 00:31:39,944 --> 00:31:41,309 It's gonna be huge. 564 00:31:41,311 --> 00:31:44,348 Huge. 565 00:31:51,321 --> 00:31:52,621 Are you the fire tender? 566 00:31:52,623 --> 00:31:53,989 Yes. 567 00:31:53,991 --> 00:31:55,557 Okay. 568 00:31:55,559 --> 00:31:58,460 Maysun's older sister, Kayla went through this same 569 00:31:58,462 --> 00:32:01,696 ritual four years ago, and learned about her connection 570 00:32:01,698 --> 00:32:05,600 to the Navajo gods, or holy people. 571 00:32:05,602 --> 00:32:10,372 Do me a favor, tell me about this ritual. 572 00:32:10,374 --> 00:32:13,442 So, it's referred to as, the Kinaalda ceremony. 573 00:32:13,444 --> 00:32:14,510 Say that again. 574 00:32:14,512 --> 00:32:15,810 Kinaalda. 575 00:32:15,812 --> 00:32:17,346 Kinaalda. 576 00:32:17,348 --> 00:32:19,882 I had my ceremony when I was about 12. 577 00:32:19,884 --> 00:32:23,452 And it's a puberty ceremony, so it actually originates from 578 00:32:23,454 --> 00:32:25,287 changing woman who, we call her, 579 00:32:25,289 --> 00:32:26,855 asdza'a' nádleehé. 580 00:32:26,857 --> 00:32:28,557 Asdza'a' nádleehé? 581 00:32:28,559 --> 00:32:29,691 Yes. 582 00:32:29,693 --> 00:32:31,093 Close though. 583 00:32:31,095 --> 00:32:32,794 Close for the first. 584 00:32:32,796 --> 00:32:34,629 Asdza'a' nádleehé. 585 00:32:34,631 --> 00:32:36,964 The story originated because they wanted changing 586 00:32:36,966 --> 00:32:38,666 woman to bear children. 587 00:32:38,668 --> 00:32:42,770 So, it all starts when first woman and first man see 588 00:32:42,772 --> 00:32:47,175 a dark cloud come over gobernador knob and 589 00:32:47,177 --> 00:32:48,943 they hear a baby crying. 590 00:33:05,262 --> 00:33:08,329 And him and first woman were instructed to care 591 00:33:08,331 --> 00:33:12,236 for the baby by the holy people. 592 00:33:13,537 --> 00:33:17,138 So, within 12 days, she grew from an infant into 593 00:33:17,140 --> 00:33:18,773 a 12-year-old girl. 594 00:33:18,775 --> 00:33:20,142 In 12 days? 595 00:33:20,144 --> 00:33:21,442 Yes. 596 00:33:21,444 --> 00:33:24,613 She was ready to become a woman. 597 00:33:24,615 --> 00:33:26,581 To grow into a woman, 598 00:33:26,583 --> 00:33:28,817 maysun must connect with the divine spirit of 599 00:33:28,819 --> 00:33:31,286 changing woman, which the Navajo believe still 600 00:33:31,288 --> 00:33:33,654 inhabits the landscape. 601 00:33:33,656 --> 00:33:37,692 Each day, she has to run toward the rising sun. 602 00:33:37,694 --> 00:33:41,195 Do the young ladies always run east in the morning? 603 00:33:41,197 --> 00:33:42,663 Yes. 604 00:33:42,665 --> 00:33:45,000 So it goes back on the story with changing woman, 605 00:33:45,002 --> 00:33:46,635 as she becomes a woman. 606 00:33:46,637 --> 00:33:51,475 When she does bear children, it is with the sun. 607 00:33:55,512 --> 00:33:59,651 The holy people are around us right now. 608 00:34:08,392 --> 00:34:10,158 This is an opportunity for the ceremony 609 00:34:10,160 --> 00:34:14,528 where these prayers come upon her and push on her. 610 00:34:14,530 --> 00:34:16,330 And it's all about her. 611 00:34:16,332 --> 00:34:19,468 Yes, yes, yes it is. 612 00:34:19,470 --> 00:34:22,169 So she gets all the prayers, 613 00:34:22,171 --> 00:34:24,272 and your hopes and your dreams... 614 00:34:24,274 --> 00:34:26,174 And whatever it is that you 615 00:34:26,176 --> 00:34:27,508 want for her. 616 00:34:27,510 --> 00:34:29,845 Just whatever positive you can push into the cake and 617 00:34:29,847 --> 00:34:31,647 make sure that her life is strong and complete, 618 00:34:31,649 --> 00:34:33,781 and that she knows that she has all these prayers 619 00:34:33,783 --> 00:34:35,651 that will got with her. 620 00:34:35,653 --> 00:34:38,819 Go with her. 621 00:34:41,658 --> 00:34:44,191 As the corn cake begins its slow overnight 622 00:34:44,193 --> 00:34:48,363 bake maysun begins the final night of her Kinaalda. 623 00:34:48,365 --> 00:34:51,533 Tonight, she'll be joined with the spirit of the Navajo 624 00:34:51,535 --> 00:34:54,403 deity, changing woman. 625 00:34:58,642 --> 00:35:02,209 She and her family will stay in the hogan until dawn, 626 00:35:02,211 --> 00:35:06,147 while the Navajo medicine man sings sacred songs. 627 00:35:08,718 --> 00:35:13,354 Are all of these songs prayers and blessings for 628 00:35:13,356 --> 00:35:17,459 the young girl? 629 00:35:17,461 --> 00:35:19,328 Yeah, these can help her 630 00:35:19,330 --> 00:35:21,062 along the way, 631 00:35:21,064 --> 00:35:23,665 that she's already changing into a young adult. 632 00:35:23,667 --> 00:35:25,767 So I just sing for them at the Kinaalda, okay, 633 00:35:25,769 --> 00:35:27,301 to give them strength. 634 00:35:27,303 --> 00:35:28,903 It's what the run is about, okay. 635 00:35:28,905 --> 00:35:33,075 With an endorsement, build the muscles, and everything, 636 00:35:33,077 --> 00:35:36,310 so they will be changed slowly into womanhood. 637 00:35:38,749 --> 00:35:41,515 There are many more songs to be sung tonight, 638 00:35:41,517 --> 00:35:43,285 but hearing them all is prohibited for 639 00:35:43,287 --> 00:35:45,653 outsiders like me. 640 00:35:45,655 --> 00:35:46,721 Thank you. 641 00:35:46,723 --> 00:35:48,990 You're welcome. 642 00:35:48,992 --> 00:35:50,158 See you. 643 00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:52,327 We'll see you in a bit. 644 00:35:52,329 --> 00:35:54,899 Okay. 645 00:36:05,575 --> 00:36:08,209 At dawn, maysun makes the final and 646 00:36:08,211 --> 00:36:12,416 longest run of her Kinaalda. 647 00:36:39,843 --> 00:36:41,008 How are you feeling? 648 00:36:41,010 --> 00:36:42,644 I think I'm gonna pass out. 649 00:36:42,646 --> 00:36:43,812 You're gonna pass out? 650 00:36:43,814 --> 00:36:44,912 Yes. 651 00:36:44,914 --> 00:36:46,481 She's hot, she's gonna pass out. 652 00:36:46,483 --> 00:36:47,549 Yeah. 653 00:36:47,551 --> 00:36:48,816 I'm glad it's cold out here. 654 00:36:48,818 --> 00:36:50,218 Okay, you're glad it's cold. 655 00:36:50,220 --> 00:36:51,586 Otherwise you would pass out, right? 656 00:36:51,588 --> 00:36:53,220 No. 657 00:36:53,222 --> 00:36:54,890 On this morning, 658 00:36:54,892 --> 00:36:57,359 the spirit of the Navajo deity has moved inside maysun 659 00:36:57,361 --> 00:37:00,095 and made her a holy person. 660 00:37:00,097 --> 00:37:01,696 Be proud, your cake is good. 661 00:37:01,698 --> 00:37:05,533 That means things are gonna work out just fine. 662 00:37:05,535 --> 00:37:08,939 Right, right? 663 00:37:10,073 --> 00:37:12,307 The cake can only be eaten once it's been 664 00:37:12,309 --> 00:37:15,109 blessed by maysun. 665 00:37:15,111 --> 00:37:16,377 I can take a bite of it? 666 00:37:16,379 --> 00:37:20,318 Yeah, yeah, don't burn your tongue. 667 00:37:24,153 --> 00:37:28,924 Now that it's over, how do you feel? 668 00:37:28,926 --> 00:37:32,093 I feel like, I say this, I'm just like, 669 00:37:32,095 --> 00:37:35,729 "mom, I survived, it felt like boot camp!" 670 00:37:37,834 --> 00:37:39,468 Great. 671 00:37:39,470 --> 00:37:42,736 In the Kinaalda, Navajo girls have a personal experience 672 00:37:42,738 --> 00:37:45,106 of the changing woman. 673 00:37:45,108 --> 00:37:47,575 One that can only be gained through rare 674 00:37:47,577 --> 00:37:49,410 moments of insight. 675 00:37:49,412 --> 00:37:56,186 She is the spirit that infuses the entire Navajo landscape. 676 00:37:59,622 --> 00:38:03,024 If we believe that god not only surrounds us, 677 00:38:03,026 --> 00:38:08,598 but also has the power to move inside us... 678 00:38:10,434 --> 00:38:14,269 Can we, perhaps, discover what god is by 679 00:38:14,271 --> 00:38:17,341 looking inside our minds? 680 00:38:18,996 --> 00:38:20,830 For thousands of years, 681 00:38:20,832 --> 00:38:23,866 to many people, god has been invisible, 682 00:38:23,868 --> 00:38:27,670 intangible, a presence believers can sense but 683 00:38:27,672 --> 00:38:30,639 not see or touch. 684 00:38:30,641 --> 00:38:35,244 But science may be about to change that. 685 00:38:35,246 --> 00:38:38,148 I took a train to Philadelphia to meet a 686 00:38:38,150 --> 00:38:41,951 neuroscientist who studies what happens in our brains when 687 00:38:41,953 --> 00:38:44,721 we have religious experiences. 688 00:38:44,723 --> 00:38:49,092 I'm about to see whether I can find the presence of god, 689 00:38:49,094 --> 00:38:52,031 in my brain. 690 00:38:57,935 --> 00:39:01,304 Doctor Andy Newberg is pioneering an new field of 691 00:39:01,306 --> 00:39:05,741 study he calls, neurotheology. 692 00:39:05,743 --> 00:39:09,878 And I know that you have done a lot of research on the 693 00:39:09,880 --> 00:39:16,585 brain, how the brain reacts to say, spiritual meditation. 694 00:39:16,587 --> 00:39:18,755 Can you elaborate on that for me? 695 00:39:18,757 --> 00:39:20,956 Well, certainly, you know, 696 00:39:20,958 --> 00:39:23,226 as we look at the brain, we can see very substantial 697 00:39:23,228 --> 00:39:26,228 differences when people are either religious or spiritual 698 00:39:26,230 --> 00:39:28,464 in their practices, when they're trying to pray, 699 00:39:28,466 --> 00:39:30,065 meditate on god. 700 00:39:30,067 --> 00:39:33,235 You know, we can see what's going on in us as 701 00:39:33,237 --> 00:39:37,206 we think about god, experience god and pray to god, 702 00:39:37,208 --> 00:39:38,775 whatever the person is doing. 703 00:39:38,777 --> 00:39:40,509 So, you're looking for physical 704 00:39:40,511 --> 00:39:42,212 manifestations of god? 705 00:39:42,214 --> 00:39:43,846 Yes, you are looking for physical 706 00:39:43,848 --> 00:39:45,281 manifestations of god. 707 00:39:45,283 --> 00:39:46,648 Okay. 708 00:39:46,650 --> 00:39:49,118 So, I'm interested in find out if there is any 709 00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:52,355 manifestation of god within me, in my brain. 710 00:39:52,357 --> 00:39:54,924 Right, we can take a look at that. 711 00:39:54,926 --> 00:39:55,958 Come on. 712 00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:58,927 See if we can find it. 713 00:39:58,929 --> 00:40:00,230 Little pinch. 714 00:40:00,232 --> 00:40:01,364 Ow! 715 00:40:01,366 --> 00:40:02,531 I'm sorry. 716 00:40:02,533 --> 00:40:04,266 No, I'm kidding. 717 00:40:04,268 --> 00:40:07,337 The process begins with an injection of radioactive dye. 718 00:40:07,339 --> 00:40:09,038 What happens if you drop that? 719 00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:10,505 Well, if we spill it on the floor, 720 00:40:10,507 --> 00:40:14,244 we have to close that room, and evacuate everybody. 721 00:40:14,246 --> 00:40:15,511 So, don't spill it, okay. 722 00:40:15,513 --> 00:40:17,179 Don't spill it. 723 00:40:17,181 --> 00:40:19,081 With the radioactive tracer 724 00:40:19,083 --> 00:40:21,884 in my bloodstream, Andy can measure how much blood flows 725 00:40:21,886 --> 00:40:24,353 through the various parts of my brain. 726 00:40:24,355 --> 00:40:26,456 The more I'm using a part of my brain, 727 00:40:26,458 --> 00:40:29,726 the more radioactive dye it will accumulate. 728 00:40:29,728 --> 00:40:33,061 I already did a baseline scan while I was just resting 729 00:40:33,063 --> 00:40:35,297 with my eyes closed. 730 00:40:35,299 --> 00:40:38,368 Now, I'm attempting to meditate on the divine 731 00:40:38,370 --> 00:40:41,270 to see whether anything changes. 732 00:40:41,272 --> 00:40:42,971 It's time to start focusing 733 00:40:42,973 --> 00:40:44,040 on your breath. 734 00:40:44,042 --> 00:40:45,275 All right. 735 00:40:45,277 --> 00:40:46,775 Now, just try to get in as good a 736 00:40:46,777 --> 00:40:48,344 state as you can, focusing on the breath, 737 00:40:48,346 --> 00:40:49,712 just trying to really bring really deep 738 00:40:49,714 --> 00:40:51,014 concentration to it. 739 00:40:51,016 --> 00:40:52,215 I think that'll be great. 740 00:40:52,217 --> 00:40:53,516 So shall I start now? 741 00:40:53,518 --> 00:40:55,250 You can go ahead and start now. 742 00:40:55,252 --> 00:40:58,022 Okay. 743 00:41:08,632 --> 00:41:14,973 ♪ ♪ 744 00:41:24,214 --> 00:41:30,488 ♪ ♪ 745 00:41:31,656 --> 00:41:36,893 Okay, you can finish the meditation. 746 00:41:36,895 --> 00:41:39,161 How did it go? 747 00:41:39,163 --> 00:41:41,397 Fine, how long was that? 748 00:41:41,399 --> 00:41:44,837 It was about 11 or 12 minutes. 749 00:41:46,603 --> 00:41:48,670 Before the radioactive tracer flushes 750 00:41:48,672 --> 00:41:50,139 out of my system... 751 00:41:50,141 --> 00:41:51,607 So you'll be on your back. 752 00:41:51,609 --> 00:41:53,509 I have to quickly climb into this 753 00:41:53,511 --> 00:41:58,781 3D scanner and see whether my brain has changed because 754 00:41:58,783 --> 00:42:02,788 I mediated on god. 755 00:42:11,763 --> 00:42:12,962 All right. 756 00:42:12,964 --> 00:42:14,397 Well, look at that, two eyes, 757 00:42:14,399 --> 00:42:16,299 a nose and the mouth. 758 00:42:16,301 --> 00:42:17,967 Well, but to me, 759 00:42:17,969 --> 00:42:19,935 it looks like you're smiling a little bit. 760 00:42:23,607 --> 00:42:27,476 What do you see or do you see anything? 761 00:42:27,478 --> 00:42:29,645 So these are your two scans side-by-side. 762 00:42:29,647 --> 00:42:31,147 Here's your resting scan. 763 00:42:31,149 --> 00:42:32,581 Here's the meditation scan. 764 00:42:32,583 --> 00:42:35,451 And you can see, if you look at the frontal lobes here, 765 00:42:35,453 --> 00:42:37,953 it's mostly yellow, just a little bit of red, whereas, 766 00:42:37,955 --> 00:42:39,554 if you look during your meditation, 767 00:42:39,556 --> 00:42:42,525 the whole frontal lobe just kind of has blossomed. 768 00:42:42,527 --> 00:42:44,293 So, if you are concentrating on something, 769 00:42:44,295 --> 00:42:47,063 if you're saying a prayer, or if you're focusing on god, 770 00:42:47,065 --> 00:42:48,730 if you're trying to connect with god, 771 00:42:48,732 --> 00:42:52,502 then you tend to increase the activity in the frontal lobes. 772 00:42:52,504 --> 00:42:54,871 How do I compare with say, 773 00:42:54,873 --> 00:42:59,342 a nun praying, or, let's say, a Buddhist monk 774 00:42:59,344 --> 00:43:02,545 who is meditating, do I compare at all? 775 00:43:02,547 --> 00:43:05,415 As with the nuns who were concentrating on 776 00:43:05,417 --> 00:43:09,185 a prayer, the Buddhists who were focusing on an image, 777 00:43:09,187 --> 00:43:11,788 they all activated their frontal lobes. 778 00:43:11,790 --> 00:43:13,656 And that's exactly what you did too. 779 00:43:13,658 --> 00:43:15,357 And if I was contemplating the 780 00:43:15,359 --> 00:43:17,493 image of god, could you tell the difference? 781 00:43:17,495 --> 00:43:19,494 We actually scanned an atheist, 782 00:43:19,496 --> 00:43:21,730 who was a very good meditator, and we asked him 783 00:43:21,732 --> 00:43:25,368 to concentrate on god, to meditate on god and he 784 00:43:25,370 --> 00:43:27,804 wasn't able to activate his frontal lobes very much. 785 00:43:27,806 --> 00:43:29,337 So, in fact, if anything, as you can see... 786 00:43:29,339 --> 00:43:30,806 It went down a bit. 787 00:43:30,808 --> 00:43:32,674 It's sort of decreased a little bit. 788 00:43:32,676 --> 00:43:34,110 Yeah, so, even though they said, 789 00:43:34,112 --> 00:43:35,677 "yeah, I'm concentrating; 790 00:43:35,679 --> 00:43:37,112 I'm trying to contemplate god," 791 00:43:37,114 --> 00:43:38,848 they just were not able to do a very good job 792 00:43:38,850 --> 00:43:40,248 of doing it, 793 00:43:40,250 --> 00:43:41,918 'cause they didn't really believe it. 794 00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:44,286 So, I think, part of what that told me is that 795 00:43:44,288 --> 00:43:46,621 regardless of what our practice is, 796 00:43:46,623 --> 00:43:48,824 the key is, "do you believe it?" 797 00:43:48,826 --> 00:43:50,125 Do you buy into it? 798 00:43:50,127 --> 00:43:51,793 "Is it important to you?" 799 00:43:51,795 --> 00:43:53,895 It's amazing that somebody came up with the 800 00:43:53,897 --> 00:43:55,965 idea that you could shoot somebody full of radioactive 801 00:43:55,967 --> 00:43:57,866 drugs and look at their brain. 802 00:43:57,868 --> 00:43:59,768 The brain is just so unbelievably 803 00:43:59,770 --> 00:44:02,070 complex that it's not that there's one god spot, 804 00:44:02,072 --> 00:44:03,371 or one god part of the brain, 805 00:44:03,373 --> 00:44:05,842 but it seems to be the whole brain that gets involved. 806 00:44:05,844 --> 00:44:08,744 And, ultimately, these change the way you think and 807 00:44:08,746 --> 00:44:13,181 feel about the world. 808 00:44:13,183 --> 00:44:15,217 So, apparently, 809 00:44:15,219 --> 00:44:19,554 it is possible to see physical manifestations of 810 00:44:19,556 --> 00:44:22,324 god inside us. 811 00:44:22,326 --> 00:44:24,326 Whether you're Christian, Buddhist, 812 00:44:24,328 --> 00:44:27,096 or any kind of spiritual person, 813 00:44:27,098 --> 00:44:31,666 experiencing the divine actually changes the brain, 814 00:44:31,668 --> 00:44:35,170 changes the way we see the world. 815 00:44:35,172 --> 00:44:39,474 That's really something. 816 00:44:39,476 --> 00:44:42,545 The evidence that experiencing god changes us 817 00:44:42,547 --> 00:44:47,284 on the inside will come as no surprise to believers, 818 00:44:50,355 --> 00:44:54,393 including the people at lakewood church in Houston. 819 00:44:58,062 --> 00:45:01,764 I've come to see how 10,000 christians can all 820 00:45:01,766 --> 00:45:06,071 have a meaningful, personal experience with their god. 821 00:45:13,844 --> 00:45:16,112 The pastors of this mega-church, 822 00:45:16,114 --> 00:45:19,681 Joel and Victoria Osteen, have agreed to meet with me 823 00:45:19,683 --> 00:45:21,984 before the service begins, 824 00:45:21,986 --> 00:45:24,719 and let me in on their philosophy. 825 00:45:26,491 --> 00:45:28,223 I wanna leave them something that 826 00:45:28,225 --> 00:45:29,659 they can use this afternoon. 827 00:45:29,661 --> 00:45:32,728 So, I don't do a lotta doctrine and, you know, 828 00:45:32,730 --> 00:45:34,197 I go practical. 829 00:45:34,199 --> 00:45:36,232 Today, I'm talking about, you know, using what 830 00:45:36,234 --> 00:45:37,333 god's given you. 831 00:45:37,335 --> 00:45:38,534 And so, when you leave, you'll say, 832 00:45:38,536 --> 00:45:40,536 "you know what, it was worth me going to church today." 833 00:45:40,538 --> 00:45:41,837 Let me ask you, can we pray? 834 00:45:41,839 --> 00:45:43,072 We got about one minute, and we're gonna pop out there. 835 00:45:43,074 --> 00:45:44,206 So, I'm just gonna pray, okay, yeah, look, 836 00:45:44,208 --> 00:45:45,741 will you pray with us, Morgan? 837 00:45:45,743 --> 00:45:47,109 Thank you for this day. 838 00:45:47,111 --> 00:45:48,543 And lord, all the people that have come out and 839 00:45:48,545 --> 00:45:49,978 many who are gonna watch on television and 840 00:45:49,980 --> 00:45:51,714 listen on the radio, and we just ask you that you 841 00:45:51,716 --> 00:45:53,215 give us the words to speak. 842 00:45:53,217 --> 00:45:55,585 That every person would feel your presence, 843 00:45:55,587 --> 00:45:58,253 your power, that they'd feel encouragement and hope, 844 00:45:58,255 --> 00:45:59,621 and inspiration. 845 00:45:59,623 --> 00:46:01,489 That you'd know that you have them in the palm 846 00:46:01,491 --> 00:46:02,724 of your hand. 847 00:46:02,726 --> 00:46:05,161 I just ask you, father for a great service 848 00:46:05,163 --> 00:46:06,596 in Jesus' name... 849 00:46:06,598 --> 00:46:08,029 Amen. 850 00:46:08,031 --> 00:46:09,232 Amen. 851 00:46:09,234 --> 00:46:10,465 Thank you, very honored to have you. 852 00:46:10,467 --> 00:46:11,701 Thank you, I'm very honored to be here. 853 00:46:11,703 --> 00:46:13,002 We'll catch you afterwards. 854 00:46:13,004 --> 00:46:14,069 You gotta watch it. 855 00:46:14,071 --> 00:46:15,904 You'll be dancing before you know it. 856 00:46:15,906 --> 00:46:19,076 It doesn't much to get me started. 857 00:46:23,413 --> 00:46:28,219 ♪ ♪ 858 00:46:41,833 --> 00:46:46,201 ♪ ♪ 859 00:46:49,107 --> 00:46:50,873 Yes, it is good to be in the house of 860 00:46:50,875 --> 00:46:53,676 the lord and I am excited to be here today, with you! 861 00:46:55,480 --> 00:46:59,215 See, we were designed to function at our best when we 862 00:46:59,217 --> 00:47:01,683 are connected to god. 863 00:47:01,685 --> 00:47:04,753 You've got power on the inside, you can rely on. 864 00:47:07,225 --> 00:47:09,991 Don't live life in neutral, not passionate, 865 00:47:09,993 --> 00:47:15,230 not intentional, not focused, stir up what god's given you. 866 00:47:15,232 --> 00:47:17,766 Dare to take those steps of faith. 867 00:47:19,370 --> 00:47:20,835 I'm gonna ask a flat out question, 868 00:47:20,837 --> 00:47:22,038 who is god? 869 00:47:22,040 --> 00:47:24,473 I believe god is our father, the creator, 870 00:47:24,475 --> 00:47:26,942 somebody that gives us purpose and destiny. 871 00:47:26,944 --> 00:47:28,710 Well, sometimes it's hard for people to say, 872 00:47:28,712 --> 00:47:31,080 "how can I believe in something I can't see?" 873 00:47:31,082 --> 00:47:33,315 But it's what you choose to believe through faith. 874 00:47:33,317 --> 00:47:37,152 It's what you choose to believe through faith. 875 00:47:37,154 --> 00:47:39,154 When Jesus came, he said, 876 00:47:39,156 --> 00:47:40,822 "look, I want you to come to me." 877 00:47:40,824 --> 00:47:42,558 So I tell people, 878 00:47:42,560 --> 00:47:44,226 "you can talk to god all through the day," 879 00:47:44,228 --> 00:47:45,728 like you talk to your friend. 880 00:47:45,730 --> 00:47:47,228 In your thoughts, you can say, 881 00:47:47,230 --> 00:47:49,531 "god, you know, thank you for this day." 882 00:47:49,533 --> 00:47:52,335 I think, that god can be as involved in your life 883 00:47:52,337 --> 00:47:53,735 as much as you want him to be. 884 00:47:53,737 --> 00:47:55,638 So that's what we try to teach people, 885 00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:58,574 to get god out of your Sunday morning box. 886 00:47:58,576 --> 00:48:00,476 God has been a lot of things to 887 00:48:00,478 --> 00:48:03,244 a lot of people and now, 888 00:48:03,246 --> 00:48:08,416 here, you're making god personal. 889 00:48:08,418 --> 00:48:09,918 Yes. 890 00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:11,087 Approachable... 891 00:48:11,089 --> 00:48:13,621 And, helpful. 892 00:48:13,623 --> 00:48:16,192 Yes, that's right. 893 00:48:16,194 --> 00:48:19,895 The life of god lives and dwells in us. 894 00:48:19,897 --> 00:48:21,964 And it's a spiritual life. 895 00:48:21,966 --> 00:48:26,302 It's your spiritual power on the inside of you. 896 00:48:26,304 --> 00:48:30,142 And that is what we need to tap into. 897 00:48:37,315 --> 00:48:39,447 That was quite a show. 898 00:48:39,449 --> 00:48:44,018 Maybe 10,000 people worshiping, celebrating, 899 00:48:44,020 --> 00:48:47,822 each of them having his own personal experience with god. 900 00:48:47,824 --> 00:48:53,128 This is clearly a faith in the god in you. 901 00:48:53,130 --> 00:48:58,904 Your inspiration, your power. 902 00:49:00,471 --> 00:49:04,509 God is so many things to so many people. 903 00:49:06,444 --> 00:49:10,614 The warm light of the sun. 904 00:49:11,681 --> 00:49:15,650 The sound of sweet music. 905 00:49:15,652 --> 00:49:19,487 An inner voice that drives us forward. 906 00:49:19,489 --> 00:49:22,791 A friend. 907 00:49:22,793 --> 00:49:26,127 If you ask me who god is, I would say, 908 00:49:26,129 --> 00:49:28,831 there's a bit of the divine in all of us. 909 00:49:28,833 --> 00:49:32,500 There's god in you, there's god in me. 910 00:49:32,502 --> 00:49:38,209 The god in me is who I really am, at my core. 911 00:49:40,210 --> 00:49:44,448 The god in me is the best version of me. 912 00:49:46,217 --> 00:49:51,487 The god in me is who I strive to be. 913 00:49:51,489 --> 00:49:55,427 Who I was meant to be. 63549

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