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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:07,174 --> 00:00:09,051 NARRATOR: In the immediate aftermath of the crucifixion, 2 00:00:09,135 --> 00:00:11,846 the followers of Jesus numbered barely 100. 3 00:00:11,887 --> 00:00:14,932 They were a persecuted underground cult on the verge 4 00:00:15,015 --> 00:00:16,684 of being wiped out. 5 00:00:16,726 --> 00:00:20,563 Yet within a few decades, this cult had thousands of followers 6 00:00:20,646 --> 00:00:23,065 throughout the Roman Empire. 7 00:00:23,107 --> 00:00:26,068 It spread through mighty cities like Ephesus, 8 00:00:26,152 --> 00:00:28,320 where previously pagan worshippers had built 9 00:00:28,404 --> 00:00:30,781 the Temple of Artemis, one of the wonders 10 00:00:30,906 --> 00:00:32,283 of the ancient world. 11 00:00:32,408 --> 00:00:36,412 It swept away the old beliefs. 12 00:00:36,495 --> 00:00:39,081 It traveled as far as the deserts of Turkey, 13 00:00:39,165 --> 00:00:42,251 to Cappodocia, where a mysterious people carved 14 00:00:42,334 --> 00:00:45,171 underground cities and extraordinary churches 15 00:00:45,254 --> 00:00:47,840 from volcanic rock. 16 00:00:47,923 --> 00:00:50,760 And in the beginning, the message of Christianity 17 00:00:50,801 --> 00:00:54,597 was carried on the roads that Rome had built for its soldiers 18 00:00:54,680 --> 00:01:00,686 by one man, a preacher named Paul. 19 00:01:00,770 --> 00:01:03,981 In his life, he walked 20,000 miles 20 00:01:04,064 --> 00:01:08,110 bringing change and upheaval wherever he went. 21 00:01:08,152 --> 00:01:11,530 Now, using the latest research and computer graphic imaging, 22 00:01:11,614 --> 00:01:15,534 a team of experts will try to reveal the world that he knew, 23 00:01:15,618 --> 00:01:18,871 the places that he traveled to and transformed. 24 00:01:18,954 --> 00:01:25,628 This is the lost world of St. Paul and the first Christians. 25 00:01:25,669 --> 00:01:28,214 [music playing] 26 00:01:40,684 --> 00:01:44,563 36 AD in the city of Jerusalem Jewish leaders 27 00:01:44,647 --> 00:01:46,232 are doing everything in their power 28 00:01:46,315 --> 00:01:50,361 to crush a dangerous new cult, the cult of Christ. 29 00:01:52,738 --> 00:01:55,825 Just three years after Jesus' crucifixion, 30 00:01:55,908 --> 00:01:58,953 only a handful of his followers survives. 31 00:01:59,036 --> 00:02:05,167 If they can all be killed, their religion will die too. 32 00:02:05,251 --> 00:02:09,672 A conservative Jewish teacher presides over this persecution. 33 00:02:09,713 --> 00:02:11,215 His name is Saul. 34 00:02:11,298 --> 00:02:14,134 And he personally supervises the execution 35 00:02:14,176 --> 00:02:18,889 by stoning of one of the Christian leaders. 36 00:02:18,973 --> 00:02:22,726 Yet in time, this man will become Jesus' greatest 37 00:02:22,810 --> 00:02:24,645 messenger. 38 00:02:24,728 --> 00:02:26,730 More than half of the New Testament 39 00:02:26,856 --> 00:02:29,108 is made up from his writings. 40 00:02:29,191 --> 00:02:34,196 Many argue that without him, there would be no Christianity. 41 00:02:34,238 --> 00:02:38,200 Saul became Paul and he shaped our world. 42 00:02:38,284 --> 00:02:42,121 Now, our investigators want to uncover the world that 43 00:02:42,204 --> 00:02:44,623 shaped him. 44 00:02:44,707 --> 00:02:47,293 The story starts in Southwest Turkey, 45 00:02:47,376 --> 00:02:49,670 in Paul's hometown of Tarsus. 46 00:02:52,214 --> 00:02:55,384 It's still a busy town today. 47 00:02:55,426 --> 00:02:57,386 But historian, Mark Wilson, wants 48 00:02:57,469 --> 00:03:00,389 to find traces of the city that Paul knew 49 00:03:00,472 --> 00:03:03,976 and which helped mold an extraordinary character. 50 00:03:04,059 --> 00:03:06,729 MARK WILSON: It lies in the very fertile plane 51 00:03:06,812 --> 00:03:09,356 with much agriculture in the area. 52 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:13,319 Textile production is prevalent in the area as well. 53 00:03:13,402 --> 00:03:16,113 So as you look around Tarsus today, 54 00:03:16,196 --> 00:03:20,159 it's a very prosperous and booming city. 55 00:03:20,242 --> 00:03:23,537 NARRATOR: It's become a site of Christian pilgrimage. 56 00:03:23,621 --> 00:03:26,290 This is the area on Tarsus where Paul lived. 57 00:03:26,373 --> 00:03:29,585 And all pilgrims to the city visit this area. 58 00:03:29,668 --> 00:03:32,296 NARRATOR: It's widely believed that this Well was in use 59 00:03:32,421 --> 00:03:36,300 2,000 years ago and that St. Paul drank its water. 60 00:03:36,425 --> 00:03:38,761 MARK WILSON: This would have been a water source 61 00:03:38,802 --> 00:03:39,929 for his family. 62 00:03:40,012 --> 00:03:41,680 Because of this, many people believe 63 00:03:41,764 --> 00:03:44,516 this is holy water in the well. 64 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:46,560 NARRATOR: There's little in Paul's own writings 65 00:03:46,644 --> 00:03:49,521 about his hometown but other sources reveal 66 00:03:49,605 --> 00:03:52,107 a striking and significant fact. 67 00:03:52,149 --> 00:03:55,819 Tarsus once stood on the shores of the Mediterranean. 68 00:03:55,903 --> 00:03:58,656 The sea has since receded several miles. 69 00:03:58,739 --> 00:04:00,741 But this was once a major port. 70 00:04:00,824 --> 00:04:02,242 MARK WILSON: In the first century, 71 00:04:02,284 --> 00:04:05,537 it was a very bustling city on a major crossroads. 72 00:04:05,621 --> 00:04:10,000 And also note a university town, the Athens of the East. 73 00:04:10,125 --> 00:04:12,419 NARRATOR: And just one block from Paul's will, 74 00:04:12,461 --> 00:04:16,590 new evidence is emerging that gives us new insight into life 75 00:04:16,674 --> 00:04:18,592 here at that time. 76 00:04:18,634 --> 00:04:20,219 Recent building works were halted 77 00:04:20,302 --> 00:04:24,306 when workers found ancient ruins buried right beneath the town 78 00:04:24,390 --> 00:04:25,849 center. 79 00:04:25,933 --> 00:04:28,310 Examining the find, the archaeologists 80 00:04:28,352 --> 00:04:31,438 realized that they were looking at a row of stores, 81 00:04:31,480 --> 00:04:37,486 an ancient mall dating back to the first century, Paul's time. 82 00:04:37,528 --> 00:04:40,906 The walls of this excavation pit are marked with layer 83 00:04:40,990 --> 00:04:42,658 on layer of artifacts. 84 00:04:42,741 --> 00:04:46,578 Successive generations lived here. 85 00:04:46,662 --> 00:04:49,915 But it's the discovery of a street at the bottom of the pit 86 00:04:49,999 --> 00:04:52,292 that provides the biggest clue. 87 00:04:52,334 --> 00:04:57,423 It's a paved road and it's dead straight. 88 00:04:57,506 --> 00:05:02,094 Only one civilization built like this, the Romans. 89 00:05:05,889 --> 00:05:08,183 Local archaeologist, Nadia Durgan, 90 00:05:08,267 --> 00:05:11,311 points out other evidence of Roman occupation. 91 00:05:24,533 --> 00:05:26,952 NARRATOR: As a port, Tarsus was wealthy. 92 00:05:27,036 --> 00:05:29,580 That made it an attractive target for the Romans 93 00:05:29,705 --> 00:05:34,084 and they occupied it in the decades before Paul's birth. 94 00:05:34,168 --> 00:05:37,880 This Roman presence would have a major influence on the way 95 00:05:37,921 --> 00:05:39,339 he would be brought up. 96 00:05:39,423 --> 00:05:42,426 This street is amazing because the young Paul probably 97 00:05:42,509 --> 00:05:44,428 played and walked along the street when he was 98 00:05:44,511 --> 00:05:46,805 a boy growing up in the city. 99 00:05:46,889 --> 00:05:48,682 NARRATOR: Archeological investigations 100 00:05:48,724 --> 00:05:51,935 enable us to recreate what ancient Tarsus would have 101 00:05:52,019 --> 00:05:53,395 looked like. 102 00:05:53,479 --> 00:05:56,565 This was a busy commercial center. 103 00:05:56,607 --> 00:05:58,150 Paul would have come into contact 104 00:05:58,233 --> 00:06:00,527 with people of different nationalities, 105 00:06:00,569 --> 00:06:02,571 different faiths. 106 00:06:02,613 --> 00:06:04,114 MARK WILSON: Perhaps Paul came down here 107 00:06:04,198 --> 00:06:07,951 and bought some groceries or traded in produce. 108 00:06:08,035 --> 00:06:11,038 His family, of course, were leather workers, tent makers, 109 00:06:11,121 --> 00:06:14,416 and they would have worked down in the central area of the city 110 00:06:14,500 --> 00:06:15,959 as well. 111 00:06:16,043 --> 00:06:18,337 NARRATOR: Tradition has it that his family were craftsmen 112 00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:19,588 and traders. 113 00:06:19,630 --> 00:06:21,507 They certainly had the means to give him 114 00:06:21,590 --> 00:06:23,717 a privileged education. 115 00:06:23,801 --> 00:06:26,553 He's raised a strict Jew and called 116 00:06:26,637 --> 00:06:29,431 by the Jewish name of Saul. 117 00:06:29,473 --> 00:06:31,934 But he's also a Roman citizen, something 118 00:06:31,975 --> 00:06:35,687 which will prove advantageous throughout his life. 119 00:06:35,771 --> 00:06:39,900 And he's taught Greek, the ancient international language 120 00:06:39,942 --> 00:06:41,652 of diplomacy. 121 00:06:41,735 --> 00:06:44,571 He grows up part of the establishment, a member 122 00:06:44,613 --> 00:06:46,949 of a learned Jewish elite. 123 00:06:47,032 --> 00:06:50,160 His first taste of travel is to Jerusalem. 124 00:06:50,244 --> 00:06:53,038 He goes there as part of his education. 125 00:06:53,122 --> 00:06:56,125 And this is where he first encounters the followers 126 00:06:56,208 --> 00:07:00,629 of Jesus, a young revolutionary teacher whose popular support 127 00:07:00,712 --> 00:07:03,924 makes him a major threat to the authorities. 128 00:07:04,007 --> 00:07:07,719 To Saul, Jesus is the enemy. 129 00:07:07,803 --> 00:07:09,972 In fact, he was so zealous that he was involved 130 00:07:10,055 --> 00:07:14,935 in persecuting this new cult of people who are following Jesus 131 00:07:14,977 --> 00:07:16,770 as the Messiah. 132 00:07:16,854 --> 00:07:19,898 NARRATOR: There's no evidence that Saul ever met Jesus 133 00:07:19,982 --> 00:07:23,360 but we know he considered his teachings blasphemous. 134 00:07:23,485 --> 00:07:26,113 And after the crucifixion, he devoted his life 135 00:07:26,196 --> 00:07:29,575 to wiping out his followers. 136 00:07:29,658 --> 00:07:31,743 MARK WILSON: This was basically a nascent group 137 00:07:31,827 --> 00:07:34,580 that was forming in cities throughout Palestine. 138 00:07:34,663 --> 00:07:37,207 And Paul thought if he could kill and deprive 139 00:07:37,332 --> 00:07:38,792 these communities of their leadership, 140 00:07:38,876 --> 00:07:42,129 perhaps they could snuff out this new religion. 141 00:07:42,171 --> 00:07:43,714 MARK WILSON: It is this background, 142 00:07:43,797 --> 00:07:47,593 conservative, traditional, violently anti-Christian, that 143 00:07:47,676 --> 00:07:50,721 makes the story of Paul's conversion all the more 144 00:07:50,804 --> 00:07:51,889 remarkable. 145 00:07:52,014 --> 00:07:53,974 The New Testament says that he pursued 146 00:07:54,016 --> 00:07:56,059 a group of Jesus' followers who had 147 00:07:56,185 --> 00:07:58,770 fled to the city of Damascus. 148 00:07:58,854 --> 00:08:02,733 On the road, he was struck down by a blinding light. 149 00:08:02,816 --> 00:08:05,360 It said that Jesus appeared to him in a vision 150 00:08:05,444 --> 00:08:09,448 and Saul repented, transforming himself from that moment 151 00:08:09,531 --> 00:08:13,994 on into a messenger of the gospel. 152 00:08:14,036 --> 00:08:15,704 Well, certainly, his dramatic conversion 153 00:08:15,746 --> 00:08:19,249 on the road to Damascus was the beginning 154 00:08:19,333 --> 00:08:20,792 of his own spiritual journey. 155 00:08:20,876 --> 00:08:25,464 Here, the persecutor now becomes the ardent follower of Jesus 156 00:08:25,547 --> 00:08:27,591 as the risen lord. 157 00:08:27,674 --> 00:08:31,428 NARRATOR: He continues on to Damascus where he is baptized, 158 00:08:31,511 --> 00:08:33,555 taking the name of Paul. 159 00:08:33,597 --> 00:08:36,141 And his mission begins. 160 00:08:36,225 --> 00:08:39,811 Paul begins a journey that will last the rest of his life 161 00:08:39,895 --> 00:08:44,441 and cover an estimated 20,000 miles. 162 00:08:44,524 --> 00:08:48,070 It is made easier by the enormous network of Roman 163 00:08:48,153 --> 00:08:49,529 roads. 164 00:08:49,571 --> 00:08:52,783 We're walking along a section of Roman road about 10 165 00:08:52,866 --> 00:08:54,618 miles north of Tarsus. 166 00:08:54,701 --> 00:08:57,955 This gives us a good idea of what Paul experienced as he 167 00:08:58,038 --> 00:09:01,458 traveled along these roads throughout the Eastern 168 00:09:01,541 --> 00:09:03,835 Mediterranean region. 169 00:09:03,919 --> 00:09:05,796 NARRATOR: These were being constructed by the Roman 170 00:09:05,921 --> 00:09:09,925 military to make long distance travel as fast as possible. 171 00:09:09,967 --> 00:09:13,220 Without them, the government of their vast and growing empire 172 00:09:13,303 --> 00:09:16,056 would have been impossible. 173 00:09:16,139 --> 00:09:18,642 The remarkable preservation of a Roman road like this 174 00:09:18,725 --> 00:09:20,435 shows how well they were made. 175 00:09:20,519 --> 00:09:23,021 We're looking here at the original stone pavement called 176 00:09:23,105 --> 00:09:26,692 the meddling that was on the surface of the road, 177 00:09:26,775 --> 00:09:29,027 as well as the original curbing. 178 00:09:29,111 --> 00:09:32,281 NARRATOR: Roman roads are built to a strict formula. 179 00:09:32,322 --> 00:09:36,034 First, the trench is dug, then packed with boulders and sand 180 00:09:36,118 --> 00:09:38,078 to make a solid base. 181 00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:41,999 This is topped with layers of smaller stone and clay. 182 00:09:42,082 --> 00:09:45,460 And then paving stones, often made of basalt, 183 00:09:45,502 --> 00:09:46,837 are laid on top. 184 00:09:46,962 --> 00:09:50,048 They're slope so that rainwater runs into the guttering 185 00:09:50,132 --> 00:09:51,508 at the sides. 186 00:09:51,591 --> 00:09:54,970 Paul starts his mission in Antioch, the provincial capital 187 00:09:55,053 --> 00:09:56,805 of Syria. 188 00:09:56,847 --> 00:09:59,016 His followers there are the first people 189 00:09:59,099 --> 00:10:01,893 to be called Christians. 190 00:10:01,977 --> 00:10:05,856 And he then keeps moving through all the big cities 191 00:10:05,939 --> 00:10:10,485 of the region, seeking the places where the old religions 192 00:10:10,569 --> 00:10:12,654 are most powerful. 193 00:10:12,696 --> 00:10:15,282 He will preach his message in the shadow 194 00:10:15,324 --> 00:10:16,825 of the Temple of Artemis. 195 00:10:16,908 --> 00:10:19,578 It is one of the wonders of the ancient world 196 00:10:19,661 --> 00:10:22,706 and the biggest pagan temple on the planet. 197 00:10:31,173 --> 00:10:34,301 In 52 AD, St. Paul comes to Ephesus, the fourth largest 198 00:10:34,384 --> 00:10:36,636 city in the ancient world. 199 00:10:36,678 --> 00:10:39,056 He is just one of tens of thousands 200 00:10:39,181 --> 00:10:41,224 of pilgrims visiting the city. 201 00:10:41,308 --> 00:10:44,561 Most have come to venerate the goddess, Artemis. 202 00:10:44,644 --> 00:10:47,272 Artemis was the goddess of the hunt. 203 00:10:47,356 --> 00:10:49,566 She was also the protectors of virgins. 204 00:10:49,691 --> 00:10:52,402 And we know that during the yearly festivals, 205 00:10:52,486 --> 00:10:55,822 this was a time when the young unmarried women would find 206 00:10:55,864 --> 00:10:57,324 their spouses. 207 00:10:57,366 --> 00:11:00,035 NARRATOR: Artemis was one of the most important gods 208 00:11:00,118 --> 00:11:02,287 in Greek and Roman religion. 209 00:11:02,371 --> 00:11:06,583 And here, she had a shrine to match her status. 210 00:11:06,708 --> 00:11:10,087 The Temple of Artemis was known far and wide. 211 00:11:10,170 --> 00:11:12,589 Its image was molded on the coins that 212 00:11:12,672 --> 00:11:14,424 circulated the region. 213 00:11:14,508 --> 00:11:17,219 This was one of the seven wonders of the world. 214 00:11:17,260 --> 00:11:20,680 And in Paul's time, the largest temple in existence. 215 00:11:23,308 --> 00:11:27,354 As a magnet for pagan pilgrims, it played a key role 216 00:11:27,396 --> 00:11:29,272 in Paul's plan. 217 00:11:29,398 --> 00:11:32,275 Ephesus became a wonderful base for him 218 00:11:32,401 --> 00:11:34,861 because the Temple of Artemis was here 219 00:11:34,945 --> 00:11:37,072 and he used it for his own benefit. 220 00:11:37,114 --> 00:11:39,366 Because the many people came into the city 221 00:11:39,449 --> 00:11:43,203 to participate in the various festivities 222 00:11:43,286 --> 00:11:46,832 were an audience for him to preach the gospel to. 223 00:11:46,915 --> 00:11:49,501 NARRATOR: Our investigators will reconstruct the Temple 224 00:11:49,584 --> 00:11:52,337 of Artemis as Paul would have seen it. 225 00:11:52,421 --> 00:11:55,257 The evidence suggests that the people of Ephesus 226 00:11:55,298 --> 00:11:59,094 used revolutionary construction techniques. 227 00:11:59,136 --> 00:12:02,806 But all that remains today are a few marble blocks recovered 228 00:12:02,931 --> 00:12:07,102 from beneath 20-feet of silt. 229 00:12:07,185 --> 00:12:08,937 EIREANN MARSHALL: To build this temple require 230 00:12:09,020 --> 00:12:10,105 a monumental task. 231 00:12:10,188 --> 00:12:11,440 Not only did they have to build it, 232 00:12:11,523 --> 00:12:13,233 they needed to figure out how to build it. 233 00:12:13,316 --> 00:12:15,819 They'd never done anything like this before. 234 00:12:15,944 --> 00:12:18,113 NARRATOR: In their desire to honor their goddess, 235 00:12:18,196 --> 00:12:19,948 the temples builders and engineers 236 00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:22,659 set themselves a challenging task. 237 00:12:22,742 --> 00:12:25,495 The decision was made to build the temple entirely 238 00:12:25,620 --> 00:12:26,955 from marble. 239 00:12:26,997 --> 00:12:32,210 And the nearest source of marble lay eight miles away. 240 00:12:32,294 --> 00:12:36,173 It all had to be transported back to the construction site. 241 00:12:36,298 --> 00:12:39,134 Archaeologist Julian Bennett is seeking 242 00:12:39,217 --> 00:12:43,221 to discover how it was done. 243 00:12:43,305 --> 00:12:47,809 Gangs of men will be working with metal chisels and hammers, 244 00:12:47,893 --> 00:12:52,230 all the way around to create another turf less than six 245 00:12:52,314 --> 00:12:53,607 inches wide. 246 00:12:53,690 --> 00:12:56,401 You can still see the surviving turf there. 247 00:12:56,485 --> 00:12:58,737 And then once they got the channel down 248 00:12:58,820 --> 00:13:00,572 to the level of the block they wanted, 249 00:13:00,655 --> 00:13:04,534 if you came from the side, you hit it with steel wedges 250 00:13:04,659 --> 00:13:06,912 and the block would lift off. 251 00:13:06,995 --> 00:13:12,876 NARRATOR: An estimated 51,000 tons of marble were needed. 252 00:13:12,959 --> 00:13:15,670 The Ephesians didn't do the hard work themselves, 253 00:13:15,712 --> 00:13:18,256 they delegated it to slaves and criminals. 254 00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:20,592 A common punishment for crime was 255 00:13:20,675 --> 00:13:23,094 to be sentenced to work in the quarries. 256 00:13:23,178 --> 00:13:28,183 You weren't expected to live too long and you probably didn't. 257 00:13:28,266 --> 00:13:29,851 NARRATOR: Once they'd carved out the blocks, 258 00:13:29,893 --> 00:13:33,188 they still had to get them to the temple construction site. 259 00:13:33,230 --> 00:13:38,026 In the 21st century, quarrymen rely on heavy machinery. 260 00:13:38,109 --> 00:13:40,570 A few yards from the ancient quarry, 261 00:13:40,695 --> 00:13:45,450 gray marble is still being extracted from the same site. 262 00:13:45,534 --> 00:13:49,788 The average block is 13 tons, about the same size 263 00:13:49,871 --> 00:13:53,041 as the blocks used to build the Temple of Artemis. 264 00:13:53,124 --> 00:13:56,711 Today, a machine makes it look easy. 265 00:13:56,753 --> 00:14:01,341 When the temple was built, sheer manpower. 266 00:14:01,383 --> 00:14:02,676 NARRATOR: But the temple architects 267 00:14:02,759 --> 00:14:06,304 used all their ingenuity to speed up the process. 268 00:14:06,388 --> 00:14:09,266 They invented a method that would make them better stone 269 00:14:09,349 --> 00:14:12,727 movers than even the Egyptians. 270 00:14:12,769 --> 00:14:16,856 They turned the square blocks into wheels. 271 00:14:16,940 --> 00:14:19,568 Wooden cradles were built around the cut rocks 272 00:14:19,651 --> 00:14:21,987 so that it could easily be rolled the eight 273 00:14:22,070 --> 00:14:23,363 miles into town. 274 00:14:25,907 --> 00:14:28,201 Once they had the raw materials, they 275 00:14:28,243 --> 00:14:31,871 could set about building one of the greatest temples the world 276 00:14:31,913 --> 00:14:33,415 has ever seen. 277 00:14:33,456 --> 00:14:37,085 In its heyday, it would attract more pilgrims than the temple 278 00:14:37,127 --> 00:14:40,505 of the Jews in Jerusalem. 279 00:14:40,589 --> 00:14:45,594 Today, the site where it once stood is a flooded marsh. 280 00:14:45,635 --> 00:14:49,097 It's hard to imagine why such a huge temple would be 281 00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:51,808 constructed here on a piece of land 282 00:14:51,933 --> 00:14:54,644 no modern builder would touch. 283 00:14:54,728 --> 00:14:57,981 The Roman historian Pliny claims the marshy ground 284 00:14:58,064 --> 00:15:01,651 was chosen as a precaution against frequent earthquakes. 285 00:15:01,776 --> 00:15:03,903 It would cushion the tremors. 286 00:15:03,987 --> 00:15:06,865 Another theory is that a meteor landed here. 287 00:15:06,948 --> 00:15:09,993 The ancients thought it was a god sent from heaven 288 00:15:10,076 --> 00:15:13,413 and constructed their temple around it. 289 00:15:13,496 --> 00:15:16,374 Either way, the location presented the builders 290 00:15:16,458 --> 00:15:18,752 with a serious problem. 291 00:15:18,793 --> 00:15:23,173 How to construct what would be one of the wonders of the world 292 00:15:23,298 --> 00:15:26,009 in a swamp? 293 00:15:26,092 --> 00:15:28,803 They started by creating a dry base, 294 00:15:28,887 --> 00:15:30,889 treading down a layer of charcoal, 295 00:15:30,972 --> 00:15:32,807 then covering it with sheep fleece 296 00:15:32,891 --> 00:15:35,352 to prevent water rising up. 297 00:15:35,435 --> 00:15:38,605 Slate blocks were put on top. 298 00:15:38,647 --> 00:15:42,192 The floor of slate and marble was built 8-feet high 299 00:15:42,275 --> 00:15:44,402 to stay above the water level. 300 00:15:48,031 --> 00:15:55,664 It spanned an area 255-feet wide and 425-feet long. 301 00:15:55,705 --> 00:16:00,377 This sturdy platform supported a forest of columns. 302 00:16:00,502 --> 00:16:04,089 This one is 45-feet high, but Pliny 303 00:16:04,172 --> 00:16:09,302 reveals that the originals were a massive 60-feet, 6 stories 304 00:16:09,386 --> 00:16:11,179 tall. 305 00:16:11,221 --> 00:16:14,057 To achieve this ambitious engineering task, 306 00:16:14,182 --> 00:16:16,393 the architects used scaffolding. 307 00:16:16,476 --> 00:16:19,854 They assembled the columns from a series of stack drums, 308 00:16:19,938 --> 00:16:22,941 each weighing more than eight tons. 309 00:16:23,024 --> 00:16:25,819 A column consisted of around 30 drums. 310 00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:29,823 And once assembled, they were flooded with hammer and chisel. 311 00:16:29,906 --> 00:16:35,495 This was done an incredible 127 time. 312 00:16:35,578 --> 00:16:37,247 Amongst the ruins, Eireann Marshall 313 00:16:37,330 --> 00:16:41,042 finds evidence of how they built the temple roof. 314 00:16:41,084 --> 00:16:43,128 So having gotten the columns up, 315 00:16:43,211 --> 00:16:46,506 now you had the task of actually erecting the lintels. 316 00:16:46,589 --> 00:16:49,426 The lintels are all those stone blocks which you have 317 00:16:49,551 --> 00:16:51,886 to put on top of the columns. 318 00:16:51,970 --> 00:16:55,098 NARRATOR: Again, it's Pliny who tells us how the lintels were 319 00:16:55,181 --> 00:16:56,349 positioned. 320 00:16:56,391 --> 00:16:59,728 It was crucial to get it precisely right. 321 00:16:59,769 --> 00:17:04,232 What they did was they erected a ramp of reed bags 322 00:17:04,315 --> 00:17:07,026 all the way up to the level of the top of the columns. 323 00:17:07,068 --> 00:17:09,696 Then they placed the lintels on top of them 324 00:17:09,779 --> 00:17:12,157 and then poked a hole in the reedbags 325 00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:13,491 so all the sand came out. 326 00:17:13,575 --> 00:17:17,579 Slow enough so that the lintels could be adjusted. 327 00:17:17,662 --> 00:17:20,623 And you have to bear in mind, these aren't mortared, 328 00:17:20,749 --> 00:17:22,876 they have to be exact. 329 00:17:22,917 --> 00:17:27,547 NARRATOR: It took 120 years to complete the temple. 330 00:17:27,589 --> 00:17:31,468 We can now bring to life this incredible part of St. Paul's 331 00:17:31,551 --> 00:17:35,096 lost world, an astonishing building that was bigger 332 00:17:35,180 --> 00:17:37,807 than anything that had gone before. 333 00:17:37,891 --> 00:17:41,019 It was the focal point of huge activity, 334 00:17:41,102 --> 00:17:43,772 all centered around the cult of the goddess. 335 00:17:43,813 --> 00:17:47,484 And awning in the roof bathed her statue in light. 336 00:17:55,784 --> 00:17:58,244 And the cult of Artemis was by no means 337 00:17:58,286 --> 00:18:00,789 the city's only religion. 338 00:18:00,830 --> 00:18:03,625 The Romans believed in many gods and they 339 00:18:03,708 --> 00:18:05,502 tolerated the traditional beliefs 340 00:18:05,585 --> 00:18:07,712 of the peoples they conquered. 341 00:18:07,796 --> 00:18:13,051 So at first, Paul and his new religion are well received. 342 00:18:13,134 --> 00:18:16,429 And a few miles from the temple in the city center, 343 00:18:16,471 --> 00:18:18,473 Paul discovered something that will allow 344 00:18:18,515 --> 00:18:24,729 him to deliver his message to an audience of unprecedented size. 345 00:18:24,813 --> 00:18:27,023 We're entering one of the most spectacular buildings 346 00:18:27,148 --> 00:18:28,399 in Ephesus. 347 00:18:28,483 --> 00:18:32,862 25,000 people came here for games and for protest. 348 00:18:32,987 --> 00:18:35,281 St. Paul entered here. 349 00:18:35,323 --> 00:18:38,493 NARRATOR: The city's theater, also built from white marble, 350 00:18:38,535 --> 00:18:43,331 was undergoing expansion while Paul was in the city. 351 00:18:43,414 --> 00:18:48,545 459-feet across, containing 66 rows of seats, 352 00:18:48,628 --> 00:18:51,756 it was once the largest theater in the country. 353 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:54,092 Paul would have come here and address one of the biggest 354 00:18:54,175 --> 00:18:56,386 audiences of his life. 355 00:18:56,511 --> 00:18:58,096 This was the perfect theater. 356 00:18:58,179 --> 00:19:01,516 It seated 25,000 people and acoustics 357 00:19:01,599 --> 00:19:03,184 allow for a dramatic impact. 358 00:19:06,396 --> 00:19:09,357 NARRATOR: The superb acoustics derive from the design 359 00:19:09,399 --> 00:19:11,609 of the theater seating. 360 00:19:11,693 --> 00:19:13,152 These seats are wider. 361 00:19:13,236 --> 00:19:16,614 And the further up you go, they're narrower. 362 00:19:16,698 --> 00:19:19,784 And this concave shape helps to retain 363 00:19:19,868 --> 00:19:22,078 the sound in the theater. 364 00:19:22,161 --> 00:19:24,330 NARRATOR: But the theater wasn't designed simply 365 00:19:24,372 --> 00:19:27,375 for speeches and plays. 366 00:19:27,417 --> 00:19:29,752 The partition that shields the front row 367 00:19:29,836 --> 00:19:33,214 indicates that Paul shared his stage with more dangerous 368 00:19:33,256 --> 00:19:35,049 entertainment. 369 00:19:35,133 --> 00:19:37,343 The wall is high to protect the spectators 370 00:19:37,385 --> 00:19:42,223 from the death and the blood and the guts of what went on here. 371 00:19:42,307 --> 00:19:45,101 NARRATOR: The recent discovery of a dedicated graveyard 372 00:19:45,184 --> 00:19:48,813 in Ephesus confirms that this theater was an arena where 373 00:19:48,897 --> 00:19:51,649 gladiators fought. 374 00:19:51,733 --> 00:19:56,696 These immensely popular contests drew large audiences. 375 00:19:56,779 --> 00:19:59,657 And as far as Paul was concerned, 376 00:19:59,741 --> 00:20:02,994 the gladiator games attracted even more people 377 00:20:03,077 --> 00:20:04,454 to hear his message. 378 00:20:07,290 --> 00:20:11,502 Because what separated St. Paul from Jesus's other disciples 379 00:20:11,586 --> 00:20:14,339 is that he doesn't just target Jews, 380 00:20:14,422 --> 00:20:18,718 he aims to convert people of all faiths. 381 00:20:18,801 --> 00:20:21,012 His methods would cause Christianity 382 00:20:21,095 --> 00:20:23,514 to become a worldwide religion. 383 00:20:23,598 --> 00:20:27,101 Ultimately, they would bring about the downfall of the Roman 384 00:20:27,185 --> 00:20:28,645 Empire. 385 00:20:28,770 --> 00:20:32,148 And yet it was the Roman's own engineering skill 386 00:20:32,273 --> 00:20:35,443 which gave St. Paul the opportunity he needed. 387 00:20:44,285 --> 00:20:46,120 St. Paul lived and preached in the city of Ephesus, part 388 00:20:46,204 --> 00:20:49,457 of modern day Turkey, for 2 and 1/2 years. 389 00:20:49,540 --> 00:20:52,543 The largest city in Roman Asia with an open minded 390 00:20:52,627 --> 00:20:56,547 and cosmopolitan population, it was the ideal place 391 00:20:56,631 --> 00:20:58,091 to seek new converts. 392 00:21:01,135 --> 00:21:03,471 Archaeologist Julian Bennett discovered 393 00:21:03,513 --> 00:21:05,890 that the way the Romans built their towns 394 00:21:05,974 --> 00:21:10,395 gave Paul a unique chance to bring huge numbers of people 395 00:21:10,478 --> 00:21:12,063 to Christianity. 396 00:21:12,146 --> 00:21:15,650 But he also finds that this city had its eye fixed 397 00:21:15,692 --> 00:21:18,653 on more otherworldly pursuits than theology 398 00:21:18,736 --> 00:21:20,405 and a new religion. 399 00:21:20,488 --> 00:21:23,366 Well, everyone in the city would have had a brothel. 400 00:21:23,449 --> 00:21:26,077 This is an everyday fact of Roman life. 401 00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:29,455 NARRATOR: Paul is in a city with a reputation for pleasure 402 00:21:29,497 --> 00:21:31,582 seeking. 403 00:21:31,666 --> 00:21:33,584 JULIAN BENNETT: A male dominated society 404 00:21:33,668 --> 00:21:38,131 when a young man would not marry until he was in his mid 20s 405 00:21:38,214 --> 00:21:39,632 or 30s. 406 00:21:39,716 --> 00:21:41,759 A place like Ephesus, the heart of the city, 407 00:21:41,843 --> 00:21:44,345 would have had several brothels. 408 00:21:44,429 --> 00:21:45,763 NARRATOR: Right in the center of town, 409 00:21:45,847 --> 00:21:49,600 early archaeologists found an intriguing signpost. 410 00:21:49,684 --> 00:21:53,354 It featured a foot and a heart. 411 00:21:53,438 --> 00:21:55,815 This particular building when they excavated it 412 00:21:55,857 --> 00:21:59,861 in the 19th century, they found a number of oil lamps 413 00:21:59,944 --> 00:22:02,947 here with scenes of erotic art on them 414 00:22:03,031 --> 00:22:07,452 and also an inscription referring to young people. 415 00:22:07,535 --> 00:22:10,455 And so the excavators came to the natural conclusion 416 00:22:10,538 --> 00:22:13,666 this was the main brothel of Ephesus. 417 00:22:13,708 --> 00:22:16,627 It occupies such a prominent corner. 418 00:22:16,711 --> 00:22:19,672 NARRATOR: Prostitution was an important source of income 419 00:22:19,756 --> 00:22:21,340 for the Roman administration. 420 00:22:21,424 --> 00:22:24,802 We even know that prostitutes pay the tax to the city 421 00:22:24,886 --> 00:22:26,220 and to the government. 422 00:22:26,304 --> 00:22:29,849 And that this tax was the equivalent of one sexual act 423 00:22:29,891 --> 00:22:33,186 and they had to pay this tax every month. 424 00:22:33,227 --> 00:22:35,188 NARRATOR: But it wasn't just about pleasure. 425 00:22:35,229 --> 00:22:37,899 The fundamental challenge for the town administrators 426 00:22:37,940 --> 00:22:43,654 was providing vital amenities for over 200,000 people. 427 00:22:43,738 --> 00:22:46,324 The most important was running water. 428 00:22:49,035 --> 00:22:53,081 The city source was eight miles away in the Meandros Valley. 429 00:22:53,164 --> 00:22:56,709 Diverting it into Ephesus required an extraordinary feat 430 00:22:56,751 --> 00:22:59,003 of engineering. 431 00:22:59,087 --> 00:23:01,089 Well, here we have it. 432 00:23:01,130 --> 00:23:04,383 This is the aqueduct bridge for Rome and Ephesus. 433 00:23:04,425 --> 00:23:08,179 This was built something like 2,000 years ago 434 00:23:08,262 --> 00:23:10,431 before the time of St. Paul's visit here 435 00:23:10,473 --> 00:23:13,601 but it's still an incredibly good condition. 436 00:23:13,684 --> 00:23:16,729 NARRATOR: An aqueduct this size needed funding beyond what 437 00:23:16,771 --> 00:23:20,233 the city could pay for but it gave politicians a chance 438 00:23:20,316 --> 00:23:22,360 to gain favor with the masses. 439 00:23:22,443 --> 00:23:27,865 It gives us the name of the man, Gaius Sextillius Pollio, 440 00:23:27,949 --> 00:23:31,410 with his wife, and also, their son. 441 00:23:31,494 --> 00:23:37,708 For the people of Ephesus, [non-english speech] We pay 442 00:23:37,792 --> 00:23:39,544 for this from our own pocket. 443 00:23:42,463 --> 00:23:45,550 It is a way of making certain the people of Ephesus remember 444 00:23:45,633 --> 00:23:48,719 who you are, or perhaps, more to the point, 445 00:23:48,803 --> 00:23:53,266 when election time comes around again, remember my stepson. 446 00:23:53,307 --> 00:23:55,643 NARRATOR: Whatever their motive, the private individuals 447 00:23:55,726 --> 00:23:58,646 who paid for projects like this did a great service 448 00:23:58,688 --> 00:24:00,231 for the city. 449 00:24:00,314 --> 00:24:04,402 Pollio's aqueduct carried vital water supplies into Ephesus, 450 00:24:04,485 --> 00:24:06,445 where they entered an elaborate cistern. 451 00:24:08,698 --> 00:24:10,950 This is precisely the sort of thing 452 00:24:10,992 --> 00:24:13,619 we're looking for when following an aqueduct. 453 00:24:13,703 --> 00:24:16,664 And they're absolutely jam-packed with calcium 454 00:24:16,706 --> 00:24:20,001 carbonate, and it's calcium that's been dissolved out 455 00:24:20,042 --> 00:24:22,587 of the water coming down with the aqueduct 456 00:24:22,670 --> 00:24:25,464 through these limestone hills, come into the city 457 00:24:25,506 --> 00:24:29,594 somewhere in this area, onto this structure. 458 00:24:29,677 --> 00:24:33,931 And over here, a section which has been broken loose. 459 00:24:34,015 --> 00:24:37,643 If I can lift this, you have the flange 460 00:24:37,685 --> 00:24:42,106 at one end, socket at the other end. 461 00:24:42,190 --> 00:24:45,484 The flange would always be on the downstream side. 462 00:24:45,526 --> 00:24:50,281 So a very good example of Roman technology. 463 00:24:50,364 --> 00:24:55,203 NARRATOR: Pipes like these ran in a network down the hill. 464 00:24:55,286 --> 00:24:58,456 There were 100 gallons a day for each Ephesian, 465 00:24:58,539 --> 00:25:02,627 comparable to the provision made in most modern cities. 466 00:25:02,710 --> 00:25:04,962 Paul and most other citizens got their water 467 00:25:05,046 --> 00:25:08,132 from communal fountains, but some buildings 468 00:25:08,216 --> 00:25:09,800 were supplied directly. 469 00:25:09,884 --> 00:25:12,345 One was the bathhouse. 470 00:25:12,428 --> 00:25:14,388 The Roman baths were the focal point 471 00:25:14,430 --> 00:25:15,890 of the city's social life. 472 00:25:15,973 --> 00:25:19,185 Here, the Ephesians discussed politics, philosophy, 473 00:25:19,268 --> 00:25:21,729 and Paul's religious ideas. 474 00:25:21,812 --> 00:25:23,981 Christianity spread by word of mouth, 475 00:25:24,065 --> 00:25:27,360 and it was from places like this that Paul's message began 476 00:25:27,443 --> 00:25:31,030 to pass to a wider audience. 477 00:25:31,113 --> 00:25:34,158 The bathhouses were places equipped with what was then 478 00:25:34,242 --> 00:25:37,703 high technology, including an underfloor heating 479 00:25:37,745 --> 00:25:40,748 system called a hypocaust. 480 00:25:40,831 --> 00:25:44,043 And we are, in fact, very lucky at this particular point. 481 00:25:44,085 --> 00:25:46,545 This is a very good, preserved cross-section 482 00:25:46,629 --> 00:25:49,340 of a typical hypocaust system. 483 00:25:49,423 --> 00:25:53,427 So you can see the pillars here, which support the main floor. 484 00:25:53,469 --> 00:25:57,473 A very thick, very hard pink Roman plaster 485 00:25:57,556 --> 00:25:59,100 known as opus signinum. 486 00:25:59,141 --> 00:26:00,726 It retains heat. 487 00:26:00,768 --> 00:26:03,271 On top of this, we're very lucky. 488 00:26:03,354 --> 00:26:06,565 Marble slabs from the floor. 489 00:26:06,649 --> 00:26:09,402 NARRATOR: Hot air flooded the underfloor space 490 00:26:09,485 --> 00:26:13,614 spreading up the walls to heat the room from all sides. 491 00:26:13,698 --> 00:26:16,867 Hot water was piped into the bath. 492 00:26:16,951 --> 00:26:20,246 The dirty water from the bath house was put to good use. 493 00:26:20,288 --> 00:26:22,915 It flushed out waste from other buildings. 494 00:26:22,957 --> 00:26:26,877 And just next door is one of the most important facilities found 495 00:26:26,961 --> 00:26:29,797 in any large Roman city. 496 00:26:29,880 --> 00:26:34,593 JULIAN BENNETT: And sure enough, a really nice Roman public 497 00:26:34,635 --> 00:26:35,803 latrine. 498 00:26:35,845 --> 00:26:39,724 Marble seats, nice and cool in the summer. 499 00:26:39,807 --> 00:26:42,226 Not so nice, perhaps, in the winter. 500 00:26:42,310 --> 00:26:45,396 And you would sit here next to your neighbor, talk 501 00:26:45,479 --> 00:26:50,109 about the weather, gladiatorial games, what life was like. 502 00:26:50,151 --> 00:26:52,778 You have a nice little water trough in front 503 00:26:52,862 --> 00:26:55,990 because the Romans did not have toilet paper. 504 00:26:56,073 --> 00:26:59,785 Instead, every Roman carried a personal sponge 505 00:26:59,827 --> 00:27:02,621 and they would have the sponge on the end of a stick, 506 00:27:02,705 --> 00:27:05,499 dip it in the end of the water, and now, you 507 00:27:05,583 --> 00:27:07,918 see what this is for. 508 00:27:08,002 --> 00:27:12,423 NARRATOR: Our evidence for this comes from an unusual source. 509 00:27:12,506 --> 00:27:14,133 JULIAN BENNETT: We are told one gladiator, 510 00:27:14,175 --> 00:27:16,677 rather than go out and fight his opponent, 511 00:27:16,719 --> 00:27:18,596 decided to commit suicide. 512 00:27:18,679 --> 00:27:22,266 And he did so by making the excuse of going to the latrine 513 00:27:22,350 --> 00:27:24,935 and grabbing hold of the sponge and choking himself 514 00:27:25,019 --> 00:27:26,103 to death with this. 515 00:27:26,187 --> 00:27:28,731 So that's how we know about the sponges. 516 00:27:28,814 --> 00:27:31,692 NARRATOR: While Paul would have used these public restrooms, 517 00:27:31,776 --> 00:27:35,321 the upper classes had the privacy of their luxury homes. 518 00:27:35,363 --> 00:27:37,782 Today, the remains of these lavish houses 519 00:27:37,865 --> 00:27:40,618 are protected in a climate-controlled shelter. 520 00:27:40,701 --> 00:27:43,746 Saint Paul would have seen them being built and furnished 521 00:27:43,829 --> 00:27:46,832 in exotic marble brought from across the Roman Empire 522 00:27:46,916 --> 00:27:49,502 to advertise their owners' wealth. 523 00:27:49,543 --> 00:27:52,546 Each house had a private bathroom constantly 524 00:27:52,630 --> 00:27:57,968 flushed by the continuous flow of the aqueduct system. 525 00:27:58,052 --> 00:28:00,304 This is a very high quality latrine. 526 00:28:00,388 --> 00:28:02,473 Small, private latrine. 527 00:28:02,556 --> 00:28:06,185 We know in Rome, at least, we assume in Ephesus as well, 528 00:28:06,268 --> 00:28:08,187 they had different sized water pipes 529 00:28:08,229 --> 00:28:12,233 and they calculated the tax you paid by the size of your water 530 00:28:12,274 --> 00:28:13,567 pipe. 531 00:28:13,609 --> 00:28:16,654 So to have a private toilet like this is very much 532 00:28:16,737 --> 00:28:19,031 a sign of status. 533 00:28:19,115 --> 00:28:20,908 NARRATOR: The wealthiest households could even 534 00:28:20,991 --> 00:28:25,496 afford an early form of air conditioning, walls of water. 535 00:28:25,579 --> 00:28:29,166 JULIAN BENNETT: You to water every day just to stay alive. 536 00:28:29,250 --> 00:28:32,002 You need water for washing, for cooking, 537 00:28:32,086 --> 00:28:34,505 but it helps to cool down the air as well. 538 00:28:34,588 --> 00:28:38,050 So all in all, this must have been an extremely pleasant 539 00:28:38,092 --> 00:28:41,429 place to be in, especially in the middle of the summer. 540 00:28:41,512 --> 00:28:44,515 NARRATOR: The Ephesian ruling classes enjoyed high quality 541 00:28:44,598 --> 00:28:48,394 of life, and suddenly, Paul threatened to disrupt that. 542 00:28:48,477 --> 00:28:51,063 Not only did he undermine their pagan beliefs, 543 00:28:51,147 --> 00:28:55,526 but with it, he damaged the city's most important trade. 544 00:28:55,609 --> 00:28:59,738 Religion was big business in this Ephesus. 545 00:28:59,780 --> 00:29:02,533 Its market fed off pilgrims to the temple. 546 00:29:02,616 --> 00:29:04,785 Silver statuettes of the goddess Artemis 547 00:29:04,869 --> 00:29:08,956 sold as charms brought in vast revenue. 548 00:29:08,998 --> 00:29:12,501 But the arrival of Christianity meant that people were turning 549 00:29:12,585 --> 00:29:15,379 their backs on Ephesus. 550 00:29:15,463 --> 00:29:18,632 25,000 people gathered in the great theater 551 00:29:18,716 --> 00:29:22,553 to hear a silversmith call Demetrius speak. 552 00:29:22,636 --> 00:29:26,390 He told them that Paul was not only insulting their goddess, 553 00:29:26,474 --> 00:29:30,561 but also, threatening their main source of income. 554 00:29:30,644 --> 00:29:32,396 He stirred the crowd to the point 555 00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:34,773 where an anti-Christian riot erupted. 556 00:29:38,194 --> 00:29:41,113 Tradition has it that to appease the angry mob, 557 00:29:41,197 --> 00:29:43,741 Paul was thrown into prison. 558 00:29:43,824 --> 00:29:46,285 It's thought that was where he would write some 559 00:29:46,327 --> 00:29:48,579 of the letters that would make up so much 560 00:29:48,662 --> 00:29:51,457 of the New Testament. 561 00:29:51,499 --> 00:29:55,961 On his release, he was told to leave Ephesus. 562 00:29:56,003 --> 00:29:58,631 But his new religion had already taken hold. 563 00:29:58,714 --> 00:30:03,427 The city was becoming a city of Christians. 564 00:30:03,511 --> 00:30:06,263 And the silversmith Demetrius was right. 565 00:30:06,347 --> 00:30:11,268 The city of Ephesus declined with the cult of Artemis. 566 00:30:11,352 --> 00:30:15,022 It was the beginning of a long, slow collapse that will see 567 00:30:15,064 --> 00:30:17,024 the temple fall into ruin. 568 00:30:20,027 --> 00:30:21,362 Paul moved on. 569 00:30:21,445 --> 00:30:24,281 His message would have an equally powerful effect 570 00:30:24,365 --> 00:30:25,658 elsewhere. 571 00:30:25,741 --> 00:30:28,285 It would reach to the very furthest parts of the Roman 572 00:30:28,369 --> 00:30:32,706 Empire, transforming every community it touched. 573 00:30:32,748 --> 00:30:36,335 Next, we investigate the religious society that sprung 574 00:30:36,418 --> 00:30:38,504 up in the wake of Saint Paul. 575 00:30:38,546 --> 00:30:40,923 In the strange land of Cappadocia, 576 00:30:41,006 --> 00:30:43,968 a mysterious group of Christians would seek safety 577 00:30:44,051 --> 00:30:53,561 by building a secret world underground. 578 00:30:53,602 --> 00:30:57,064 15 million years ago, a series of volcanic eruptions 579 00:30:57,147 --> 00:31:00,776 around the Mediterranean threw up immense clouds of ash, 580 00:31:00,901 --> 00:31:03,862 blanketing the land layer upon layer. 581 00:31:03,946 --> 00:31:08,117 Over time, this created a bizarre otherworldly place. 582 00:31:08,242 --> 00:31:11,787 Today, it's called Cappadocia. 583 00:31:11,912 --> 00:31:14,665 Some scholars believe that Saint Paul came here 584 00:31:14,748 --> 00:31:17,042 to preach his new religion. 585 00:31:17,084 --> 00:31:19,670 Our investigators are trying to understand the part 586 00:31:19,753 --> 00:31:25,301 that this alien landscape played in the birth of Christianity. 587 00:31:25,426 --> 00:31:29,972 And the best way to see what traces remain is from above. 588 00:31:33,267 --> 00:31:37,021 It stretches over 15,000 square miles. 589 00:31:37,104 --> 00:31:41,567 It's dotted with sculpted cones, pyramids, and obelisks. 590 00:31:41,650 --> 00:31:45,362 The ash is up to 300 feet thick. 591 00:31:45,446 --> 00:31:48,115 Each layer is of a different consistency, 592 00:31:48,157 --> 00:31:50,993 and this means that erosion by wind and rain 593 00:31:51,076 --> 00:31:54,496 has created a remarkable, uneven terrain. 594 00:31:54,622 --> 00:31:57,666 Early explorers thought the shapes must have been carved 595 00:31:57,791 --> 00:31:59,960 by some ancient race. 596 00:32:00,044 --> 00:32:03,714 The buildings do show the skill and craftsmanship of a highly 597 00:32:03,797 --> 00:32:05,299 sophisticated people. 598 00:32:05,341 --> 00:32:09,345 Their works can still be seen, and it still impresses. 599 00:32:09,470 --> 00:32:12,056 These are some steps there cutting into the rock, 600 00:32:12,139 --> 00:32:15,225 leading up to somebody's habitation. 601 00:32:15,309 --> 00:32:18,437 It's an incredible gorgeous place. 602 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:20,648 Beautiful. 603 00:32:20,731 --> 00:32:23,442 NARRATOR: The word Cappadocia derives from the Persian 604 00:32:23,525 --> 00:32:25,569 for land of beautiful horses. 605 00:32:25,653 --> 00:32:29,531 The Cappadocians were famed as suppliers of prize animals 606 00:32:29,657 --> 00:32:32,576 for the Roman army. 607 00:32:32,660 --> 00:32:36,205 Down on the ground, Veronica Kalas chooses the best form 608 00:32:36,288 --> 00:32:39,249 of local transport and heads for the Ihlara Valley, 609 00:32:39,333 --> 00:32:41,835 a canyon cut deep into the ash. 610 00:32:44,296 --> 00:32:47,049 She finds an extraordinary concentration 611 00:32:47,174 --> 00:32:50,719 of ancient churches carved into the rock face. 612 00:32:50,844 --> 00:32:55,974 There are over 100 of them in this 10-mile valley alone. 613 00:32:56,058 --> 00:33:01,146 It's clear that Paul's message had an immense impact. 614 00:33:01,188 --> 00:33:04,733 The churches are decorated with frescoes that depict stories 615 00:33:04,817 --> 00:33:07,820 from the New Testament. 616 00:33:07,861 --> 00:33:11,407 Veronica wants to trace Paul's story back further. 617 00:33:11,532 --> 00:33:14,493 She heads for a settlement a few miles north of the canyon 618 00:33:14,576 --> 00:33:19,623 to try to discover how early Cappadocians lived. 619 00:33:19,707 --> 00:33:23,377 What Paul would have come across was an extraordinary community 620 00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:24,628 of cave dwellers. 621 00:33:27,214 --> 00:33:29,925 This settlement has long since been abandoned, 622 00:33:30,050 --> 00:33:33,554 but its ancient inhabitants left behind tantalizing glimpses 623 00:33:33,637 --> 00:33:34,596 of their lives. 624 00:33:36,890 --> 00:33:41,145 It's a large, square room, and it has a conical vault 625 00:33:41,228 --> 00:33:45,482 that leads up into a ventilation shaft. 626 00:33:45,566 --> 00:33:46,650 NARRATOR: There's a chimney. 627 00:33:46,734 --> 00:33:48,777 They lit fires here. 628 00:33:48,902 --> 00:33:51,238 This is most likely where they cooked. 629 00:33:51,321 --> 00:33:56,326 This is an oven with fire burning down below and perhaps 630 00:33:56,410 --> 00:33:57,286 a grill. 631 00:33:59,913 --> 00:34:01,790 NARRATOR: To the trained eye, another room 632 00:34:01,915 --> 00:34:04,168 reveals evidence of industry. 633 00:34:04,251 --> 00:34:05,794 VERONICA KALAS: This is known as a pit loom. 634 00:34:05,878 --> 00:34:10,799 And this is a fine example where you might have a wooden frame 635 00:34:10,883 --> 00:34:17,514 erected around the sitter's lap in order to weave textiles. 636 00:34:17,598 --> 00:34:20,684 NARRATOR: There are also pits for storing clay jugs 637 00:34:20,768 --> 00:34:22,728 or amphoras. 638 00:34:22,770 --> 00:34:26,815 Using these clues sculpted 2,000 years ago from ash, 639 00:34:26,899 --> 00:34:29,234 Veronica is building up a picture of what 640 00:34:29,276 --> 00:34:32,196 the Cappadocians were like. 641 00:34:32,279 --> 00:34:33,405 VERONICA KALAS: The people who lived 642 00:34:33,489 --> 00:34:36,784 here were said to be very rugged, 643 00:34:36,867 --> 00:34:38,911 the cowboys of the empire. 644 00:34:38,952 --> 00:34:41,830 And there's a story that when a biker would 645 00:34:41,914 --> 00:34:44,208 buy the Cappadocian, the viper would die. 646 00:34:44,291 --> 00:34:47,377 This is how tough the Cappadocians were. 647 00:34:47,461 --> 00:34:49,963 NARRATOR: And yet, living on the trade route between Europe 648 00:34:50,047 --> 00:34:53,926 and Asia, these people were becoming rich. 649 00:34:54,009 --> 00:34:59,014 The Cappadocians' lifestyle was sophisticated and comfortable. 650 00:34:59,139 --> 00:35:02,810 A large ceremonial hall indicates the high status 651 00:35:02,851 --> 00:35:04,770 of the people living here. 652 00:35:04,812 --> 00:35:07,523 Most of the ancient world's freestanding buildings 653 00:35:07,606 --> 00:35:12,903 have long since crumbled away, but Cappadocia's volcanic ash 654 00:35:12,986 --> 00:35:15,614 retains a record of its architecture. 655 00:35:15,656 --> 00:35:19,034 It offers a unique glimpse of the lost world in which Saint 656 00:35:19,117 --> 00:35:20,536 Paul operated. 657 00:35:20,619 --> 00:35:23,956 And there is clear evidence that his religion gained a foothold 658 00:35:24,039 --> 00:35:25,249 here. 659 00:35:25,332 --> 00:35:26,959 This is a really nice church. 660 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:30,712 It's in a basilica style with columns and piers 661 00:35:30,838 --> 00:35:35,175 and arcades separating this very large barrel-vaulted nave 662 00:35:35,259 --> 00:35:36,468 from side aisles. 663 00:35:36,510 --> 00:35:38,846 And here, we're entering into the sanctuary 664 00:35:38,887 --> 00:35:41,181 where the altar should be. 665 00:35:41,265 --> 00:35:43,559 NARRATOR: Although these columns appear to have been built 666 00:35:43,642 --> 00:35:45,811 from bricks and mortar, they are actually 667 00:35:45,894 --> 00:35:47,938 cut from the volcanic ash. 668 00:35:48,021 --> 00:35:51,775 Their elaborate style simply mimics the building techniques 669 00:35:51,859 --> 00:35:53,735 of the time. 670 00:35:53,861 --> 00:35:57,072 Ash is easily worked with simple tools, 671 00:35:57,197 --> 00:35:59,700 but hollowing out a sophisticated home like this 672 00:35:59,741 --> 00:36:03,078 would have taken many months and a great deal of skill 673 00:36:03,161 --> 00:36:04,621 and planning. 674 00:36:04,705 --> 00:36:08,208 Veronica has analyzed each of the 15 rooms here, 675 00:36:08,250 --> 00:36:10,627 and now, using computer graphics, 676 00:36:10,711 --> 00:36:15,465 we can reveal the complex structure of this settlement. 677 00:36:15,549 --> 00:36:17,843 This residence is the largest and most 678 00:36:17,885 --> 00:36:22,514 elaborate in Cappadocia, covering 3,000 square yards, 679 00:36:22,556 --> 00:36:25,976 about half the size of a football field. 680 00:36:26,059 --> 00:36:29,313 The kitchen, ceremonial halls, and church mark it out 681 00:36:29,396 --> 00:36:31,773 as an estate for the elite. 682 00:36:31,857 --> 00:36:35,193 It was home to a large, aristocratic, and publicly 683 00:36:35,277 --> 00:36:36,278 Christian family. 684 00:36:40,282 --> 00:36:43,201 This place is part of Saint Paul's legacy. 685 00:36:46,330 --> 00:36:49,666 The architectural details of the Church of Durmus Kadir 686 00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:52,252 have been remarkably well preserved. 687 00:36:52,336 --> 00:36:55,672 They give us a rare insight into how early Christians 688 00:36:55,756 --> 00:36:58,634 worshipped. 689 00:36:58,759 --> 00:37:00,344 VERONICA KALAS: This is a nice representation 690 00:37:00,427 --> 00:37:04,181 of the kind of church that emerged immediately 691 00:37:04,264 --> 00:37:06,975 after Saint Paul's times. 692 00:37:07,059 --> 00:37:10,187 There's no paintings here, and yet, the architecture 693 00:37:10,270 --> 00:37:11,730 is very, very elegant. 694 00:37:11,813 --> 00:37:14,900 [music playing] 695 00:37:17,277 --> 00:37:19,988 You can imagine what an amazing place this would have been 696 00:37:20,113 --> 00:37:22,783 around the fourth to the sixth century. 697 00:37:22,866 --> 00:37:24,743 This was known as an ambo. 698 00:37:24,826 --> 00:37:26,370 That is a pulpit. 699 00:37:26,453 --> 00:37:29,581 This is a very important feature in early Christian churches. 700 00:37:29,623 --> 00:37:33,418 So this is the closest thing we have to the time of Saint Paul. 701 00:37:33,460 --> 00:37:35,629 They mostly stood then. 702 00:37:35,712 --> 00:37:38,340 It seems that people prayed with their hands 703 00:37:38,465 --> 00:37:42,177 open and their chest up to the sky, not bowing down 704 00:37:42,302 --> 00:37:44,054 and closed. 705 00:37:44,137 --> 00:37:45,722 NARRATOR: The congregation stood around 706 00:37:45,806 --> 00:37:49,977 the ambo in the nave facing the altar in the central apse. 707 00:37:50,018 --> 00:37:52,229 To left and right were side aisles 708 00:37:52,312 --> 00:37:54,731 containing a baptismal font. 709 00:37:54,815 --> 00:37:58,568 Behind them was the church entrance, the narthex. 710 00:37:58,652 --> 00:38:01,738 Today, it is lined with empty tombs. 711 00:38:01,822 --> 00:38:04,408 But it was not always easy for the Cappadocians 712 00:38:04,491 --> 00:38:07,369 to hold on to their Christian faith. 713 00:38:07,452 --> 00:38:09,913 The more the early Church grew, the more 714 00:38:09,997 --> 00:38:13,500 Rome saw it as a threat. 715 00:38:13,583 --> 00:38:16,545 So it went literally underground. 716 00:38:16,670 --> 00:38:20,257 Next, we reveal the extraordinary subterranean 717 00:38:20,340 --> 00:38:22,384 world created by the Cappadocians 718 00:38:22,467 --> 00:38:25,887 to provide shelter and safety for tens of thousands 719 00:38:26,013 --> 00:38:26,888 of people. 720 00:38:34,688 --> 00:38:36,064 For 30 years, Paul traveled the Roman world 721 00:38:36,189 --> 00:38:39,192 spreading the message of Christianity. 722 00:38:39,276 --> 00:38:43,530 His journey entered its final phase in Jerusalem. 723 00:38:43,613 --> 00:38:48,618 Around 60 AD, he was arrested for a breach of Jewish law. 724 00:38:48,702 --> 00:38:52,664 He faced death, but exercised his right as a Roman citizen 725 00:38:52,748 --> 00:38:55,709 to go to trial in Rome itself. 726 00:38:55,792 --> 00:38:57,669 This was a dangerous gamble. 727 00:38:57,711 --> 00:39:02,049 The Roman emperor, Nero, saw Christians as a threat. 728 00:39:02,132 --> 00:39:04,968 By the mid 60s, the situation of the Christians in Rome 729 00:39:05,052 --> 00:39:06,553 was quite precarious. 730 00:39:06,595 --> 00:39:09,389 The Romans recognized that they were not a sect of Judaism, 731 00:39:09,473 --> 00:39:11,850 but were a separate religion. 732 00:39:11,892 --> 00:39:15,145 NARRATOR: And when fire engulfed the city, destroying hundreds 733 00:39:15,228 --> 00:39:18,899 of buildings, Nero needed someone to blame. 734 00:39:18,982 --> 00:39:21,193 MARK WILSON: After the fire in Rome in 64, 735 00:39:21,276 --> 00:39:24,154 Nero was looking for a convenient scapegoat, 736 00:39:24,237 --> 00:39:27,991 and he pointed to the Christians as the cause of the fire, 737 00:39:28,075 --> 00:39:31,828 and this brought great persecution. 738 00:39:31,912 --> 00:39:34,873 NARRATOR: Paul was well-known as a Christian leader. 739 00:39:34,956 --> 00:39:39,419 Tradition says that Nero singled him out. 740 00:39:39,503 --> 00:39:42,881 He had him beheaded. 741 00:39:42,964 --> 00:39:46,051 But he couldn't kill Paul's message. 742 00:39:46,134 --> 00:39:47,928 In the lands where he had preached, 743 00:39:48,011 --> 00:39:50,180 the Christian faith had taken root, 744 00:39:50,263 --> 00:39:53,141 and slowly, over centuries, Christianity 745 00:39:53,225 --> 00:39:55,560 came to rule the Roman Empire. 746 00:39:58,105 --> 00:40:04,111 In 313 AD, the Roman emperor Constantine became a Christian. 747 00:40:04,194 --> 00:40:06,738 The pagan gods were swept aside, their temples 748 00:40:06,780 --> 00:40:11,701 destroyed, replaced with the first Christian churches. 749 00:40:11,785 --> 00:40:14,996 And yet, that golden age is short-lived. 750 00:40:17,833 --> 00:40:20,627 [music playing] 751 00:40:22,003 --> 00:40:27,467 It meant the fate of the empire and the church became linked. 752 00:40:27,551 --> 00:40:30,846 Christianity grew while Rome remained strong, 753 00:40:30,929 --> 00:40:33,431 and when Rome declined, her enemies 754 00:40:33,515 --> 00:40:35,142 became the church's enemies. 755 00:40:38,937 --> 00:40:41,106 This shift in fortunes was felt even 756 00:40:41,148 --> 00:40:45,694 by the remote cave-dwelling Christians of Cappadocia. 757 00:40:45,777 --> 00:40:48,989 By the fifth century AD, as Rome fell, 758 00:40:49,030 --> 00:40:52,492 they found themselves at the mercy of Arab warlords. 759 00:40:52,576 --> 00:40:54,953 They had no means to fight back. 760 00:40:54,995 --> 00:40:58,999 They took an incredible course of action. 761 00:40:59,082 --> 00:41:02,836 In their tens of thousands, Cappadocia's Christians 762 00:41:02,919 --> 00:41:05,463 went underground. 763 00:41:05,547 --> 00:41:09,342 It wasn't until the 1960s that this extraordinary story 764 00:41:09,384 --> 00:41:11,344 was revealed. 765 00:41:11,428 --> 00:41:15,098 The chance find of a secret passageway led to a series 766 00:41:15,182 --> 00:41:17,309 of bizarre discoveries. 767 00:41:17,392 --> 00:41:19,811 Beneath this landscape are hundreds 768 00:41:19,895 --> 00:41:22,606 of miles of manmade tunnels. 769 00:41:22,689 --> 00:41:25,692 Their entrances are incredibly well-hidden. 770 00:41:25,775 --> 00:41:29,029 But opening these cunningly concealed doorways gives us 771 00:41:29,112 --> 00:41:32,657 a new insight into the story of the first Christian's. 772 00:41:32,699 --> 00:41:35,410 Investigations have revealed that the tunnels formed 773 00:41:35,493 --> 00:41:39,206 self-contained settlements with all the features 774 00:41:39,289 --> 00:41:41,333 of a sophisticated society. 775 00:41:41,374 --> 00:41:45,712 People survived down here thanks to ingenious ventilation shafts 776 00:41:45,795 --> 00:41:48,089 carved into the rock. 777 00:41:48,173 --> 00:41:50,592 VERONICA KALAS: It's quite amazing. 778 00:41:50,675 --> 00:41:54,054 If you stand here, you feel a breeze. 779 00:41:54,137 --> 00:41:59,601 And we are several meters underneath ground level. 780 00:41:59,684 --> 00:42:01,394 In fact, they reached the water table. 781 00:42:01,478 --> 00:42:05,440 So these function both as ventilation shaft and as wells 782 00:42:05,523 --> 00:42:08,443 to pump water from down below. 783 00:42:08,526 --> 00:42:12,072 We have a large square, what looks like a room, 784 00:42:12,155 --> 00:42:15,951 but, in fact, it's a den for grapes, 785 00:42:16,034 --> 00:42:18,578 and the grapes would be pressed. 786 00:42:18,662 --> 00:42:21,873 And so wine, the liquid from pressing, 787 00:42:21,915 --> 00:42:26,962 would come through here and then be deposited in this rock cut 788 00:42:27,045 --> 00:42:28,630 space here. 789 00:42:28,713 --> 00:42:30,966 NARRATOR: Life underground cannot have been easy. 790 00:42:31,049 --> 00:42:34,594 It's hard to imagine how these people survived without seeing 791 00:42:34,678 --> 00:42:36,263 the sun. 792 00:42:36,304 --> 00:42:38,640 They didn't have a sense of day and night down there, 793 00:42:38,723 --> 00:42:41,309 and I think that must have created some very strange 794 00:42:41,393 --> 00:42:44,020 psychology in people. 795 00:42:44,104 --> 00:42:46,690 NARRATOR: They were clearly desperate. 796 00:42:46,773 --> 00:42:49,234 They secured the entrances to these complexes 797 00:42:49,317 --> 00:42:51,152 with heavy wheel-like doors. 798 00:42:51,236 --> 00:42:54,072 Some remain sealed to this day. 799 00:42:56,616 --> 00:43:01,788 And 2 stories down, there's hard proof of what drove them here. 800 00:43:04,541 --> 00:43:07,419 VERONICA KALAS: This is what looks like an altar. 801 00:43:07,460 --> 00:43:09,587 We don't really know why this is here in the middle. 802 00:43:09,629 --> 00:43:12,257 The altar usually is in the apse. 803 00:43:12,340 --> 00:43:16,428 To apses side by side, that's how we know that it's a church. 804 00:43:16,469 --> 00:43:18,054 NARRATOR: They'd been forced underground 805 00:43:18,138 --> 00:43:19,431 because of their faith. 806 00:43:19,514 --> 00:43:24,602 It was natural that they would build altars to worship. 807 00:43:24,686 --> 00:43:28,440 40 settlements like this have been discovered. 808 00:43:28,481 --> 00:43:33,611 The largest is 8 stories deep, sinking 90 yards underground, 809 00:43:33,653 --> 00:43:36,114 with 20 miles of tunnels. 810 00:43:36,156 --> 00:43:40,285 It's believed that up to 20,000 people could hide in this one 811 00:43:40,327 --> 00:43:41,828 complex alone. 812 00:43:41,870 --> 00:43:45,665 And it's believed that there are many more such networks still 813 00:43:45,749 --> 00:43:47,125 to be found. 814 00:43:47,208 --> 00:43:50,628 It would be another five centuries before peace return 815 00:43:50,670 --> 00:43:52,255 to this region. 816 00:43:52,339 --> 00:43:55,800 For 300 years, Christians used these tunnels 817 00:43:55,842 --> 00:44:00,263 and endured enormous hardship to preserve their faith. 818 00:44:00,347 --> 00:44:05,268 That faith was Saint Paul's legacy. 819 00:44:05,352 --> 00:44:06,811 Paul's role in early Christianity 820 00:44:06,895 --> 00:44:09,647 has been said by some to be really the founder 821 00:44:09,689 --> 00:44:10,732 of Christianity. 822 00:44:10,815 --> 00:44:12,150 But really, the message he proclaimed 823 00:44:12,233 --> 00:44:14,861 was that of Jesus himself. 824 00:44:14,944 --> 00:44:16,529 He wrote half of the New Testament. 825 00:44:16,613 --> 00:44:18,698 13 books are attributed to Paul. 826 00:44:18,782 --> 00:44:22,660 He established churches all the way from Antioch to Rome, 827 00:44:22,744 --> 00:44:26,331 and these became the foundation for later Christianity. 828 00:44:26,414 --> 00:44:28,833 NARRATOR: Saint Paul spent a lifetime traveling 829 00:44:28,875 --> 00:44:30,960 through the cities of the ancient world. 830 00:44:31,044 --> 00:44:34,172 He challenged the might of the Roman Empire. 831 00:44:34,255 --> 00:44:36,758 When he began, Christianity was a faith 832 00:44:36,841 --> 00:44:41,179 in danger of extinction, but through the efforts of this one 833 00:44:41,262 --> 00:44:45,433 man, it not only survived, but flourished to become one 834 00:44:45,517 --> 00:44:47,685 of the world's major religions. 835 00:44:50,230 --> 00:44:54,025 [music playing] 68305

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