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1
00:00:01,602 --> 00:00:04,271
Narrator: AN MD-11 SPEEDS
TOWARDS A RUNWAY IN JAPAN.
2
00:00:04,271 --> 00:00:07,241
Pilot: YEE-HAW!
RIDE 'EM COWBOY.
3
00:00:07,241 --> 00:00:09,142
Man: CLEARLY IT WAS
A WILD RIDE ON APPROACH.
4
00:00:09,142 --> 00:00:11,144
Narrator: A CHALLENGING LANDING
BECOMES A DISASTER.
5
00:00:12,713 --> 00:00:14,715
Controller: THERE'S A CRASH
ON 34-LEFT, AND THERE'S FIRE.
6
00:00:14,715 --> 00:00:16,650
Narrator: A CATASTROPHE
CAUGHT ON TAPE.
7
00:00:16,650 --> 00:00:19,920
Man: THERE WAS SECURITY CAMERA
VIDEO OF THE CRASH SEQUENCE.
8
00:00:19,920 --> 00:00:21,688
Narrator:
BUT EVEN MORE SHOCKING...
9
00:00:21,688 --> 00:00:24,992
Man: HE HITS THE RUNWAY
HARD ENOUGH TO BOUNCE.
10
00:00:24,992 --> 00:00:27,194
Narrator: IT'S NOT THE FIRST
TIME THIS HAS HAPPENED.
11
00:00:27,194 --> 00:00:30,998
Man: THE INDUSTRY THOUGHT THAT
THE PROBLEM HAD BEEN DEALT WITH.
12
00:00:30,998 --> 00:00:32,966
Man: WE'RE MISSING
SOMETHING HERE.
13
00:00:32,966 --> 00:00:35,335
Man: PEOPLE WERE SURPRISED
WHEN NARITA HAPPENED.
14
00:00:35,335 --> 00:00:37,037
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS
NEED TO FIGURE OUT
15
00:00:37,037 --> 00:00:39,806
WHY THIS DEADLY PROBLEM
HAS STRUCK AGAIN.
16
00:00:39,806 --> 00:00:43,110
Pilot: FIRE!
17
00:00:43,110 --> 00:00:45,145
Flight attendant:
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
WE ARE STARTING OUR APPROACH.
18
00:00:45,145 --> 00:00:46,380
Pilot: WE LOST BOTH ENGINES!
19
00:00:46,380 --> 00:00:47,648
Flight attendant:
PUT THE MASK OVER YOUR NOSE.
20
00:00:47,648 --> 00:00:48,482
EMERGENCY DESCENT.
21
00:00:48,482 --> 00:00:49,549
Pilot: MAYDAY, MAYDAY.
22
00:00:49,549 --> 00:00:51,585
Flight attendant:
BRACE FOR IMPACT!
23
00:00:51,585 --> 00:00:52,586
Controller: I THINK I LOST ONE.
24
00:00:52,586 --> 00:00:54,721
Man: INVESTIGATION STARTING...
25
00:00:55,822 --> 00:00:57,524
Man: HE'S GONNA CRASH!
26
00:01:08,368 --> 00:01:10,871
Narrator: FEDEX FLIGHT 14
IS ON FINAL APPROACH
27
00:01:10,871 --> 00:01:14,007
TO NEWARK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.
28
00:01:14,007 --> 00:01:15,208
Controller: BE ADVISED,
29
00:01:15,208 --> 00:01:18,645
SURFACE WINDS 2-5-0 DEGREES
AT FIVE KNOTS.
30
00:01:18,645 --> 00:01:22,115
Narrator: THE BOEING MD-11 IS
A STRETCH VERSION OF THE DC-10,
31
00:01:22,115 --> 00:01:24,952
IDEAL FOR HAULING CARGO.
32
00:01:24,952 --> 00:01:28,155
FLIGHT 14 IS SECONDS
FROM THE NEWARK RUNWAY--
33
00:01:28,155 --> 00:01:33,293
A LANDING THAT WILL HAVE MAJOR
REPERCUSSIONS FOR YEARS TO COME.
34
00:01:33,293 --> 00:01:35,095
Altimeter: 50...40...
35
00:01:35,095 --> 00:01:37,531
Robert Benzon: THE FLIGHT DOWN
TO ABOUT 50 FEET OFF THE GROUND
36
00:01:37,531 --> 00:01:40,167
WAS PERFECTLY NORMAL.
37
00:01:40,167 --> 00:01:42,235
Altimeter: 20...
38
00:01:42,235 --> 00:01:44,471
Narrator: NOW THE PLANE
IS DROPPING TOO QUICKLY.
39
00:01:48,809 --> 00:01:51,678
IT HITS HARD AND BOUNCES.
40
00:01:51,678 --> 00:01:55,115
CATASTROPHE STRIKES AS
THE RIGHT WING HITS THE GROUND.
41
00:01:58,585 --> 00:02:02,990
AMAZINGLY, NO ONE ON THE GROUND
IS KILLED.
42
00:02:02,990 --> 00:02:06,026
Benzon: WE WERE ELATED
VERY EARLY ON TO FIND OUT
43
00:02:06,026 --> 00:02:08,962
THAT THE PEOPLE ON BOARD
THE AIRCRAFT ESCAPED
44
00:02:08,962 --> 00:02:13,367
WITH VERY, VERY MINOR INJURIES.
45
00:02:13,367 --> 00:02:14,835
Narrator: A VIOLENT CRASH
46
00:02:14,835 --> 00:02:16,937
AT ONE OF THE BUSIEST AIRPORTS
IN THE UNITED STATES
47
00:02:16,937 --> 00:02:19,373
COULD EASILY HAVE LED
TO A FATAL TRAGEDY.
48
00:02:19,373 --> 00:02:21,975
IT DEMANDS A FULL INVESTIGATION.
49
00:02:24,811 --> 00:02:28,148
THE NTSB'S BOB BENZON
LEADS THE TEAM.
50
00:02:28,148 --> 00:02:32,853
A DESIGN QUIRK OF THE MD-11
IMMEDIATELY GRABS HIS ATTENTION.
51
00:02:32,853 --> 00:02:35,389
TO SAVE ON FUEL,
ENGINEERS GAVE THE JET
52
00:02:35,389 --> 00:02:39,426
AN UNUSUALLY SMALL TAIL
THAT REDUCES DRAG.
53
00:02:39,426 --> 00:02:41,061
Benzon:
DURING THE INVESTIGATION,
54
00:02:41,061 --> 00:02:46,433
IT BECAME APPARENT TO US THAT
THE MD-11 HAD DESIGN FEATURES,
55
00:02:46,433 --> 00:02:51,138
IF YOU WILL, THAT MADE IT
SOMEWHAT MORE DIFFICULT TO LAND.
56
00:02:53,340 --> 00:02:55,042
Narrator:
THE PLANE'S SMALL TAIL SURFACE
57
00:02:55,042 --> 00:02:58,578
MAKES THE MD-11
TEND TO PITCH UP.
58
00:02:58,578 --> 00:03:03,483
THE SOLUTION IS TO FLY FASTER TO
INCREASE AIRFLOW OVER THE TAIL.
59
00:03:03,483 --> 00:03:07,854
THE MD-11 LANDS FASTER THAN
ANY OTHER AIRLINER ON EARTH.
60
00:03:07,854 --> 00:03:10,257
TO LIFT THE TAIL
AND PUSH THE NOSE DOWN,
61
00:03:10,257 --> 00:03:14,294
IT NEEDS TO COME IN
AT MORE THAN 175 MILES AN HOUR.
62
00:03:14,294 --> 00:03:17,197
ONLY A FIGHTER JET
HITS THE GROUND FASTER.
63
00:03:19,199 --> 00:03:21,835
Bill Bramble: ON SHORT FINAL
AT HIGH APPROACH SPEEDS,
64
00:03:21,835 --> 00:03:23,837
EVENTS ARE SOMEWHAT COMPRESSED,
65
00:03:23,837 --> 00:03:28,442
SO GOOD REACTION TIME,
GOOD REFLEXES ARE IMPORTANT.
66
00:03:28,442 --> 00:03:30,977
Narrator: BENZON EVENTUALLY
CONCLUDES THAT PILOT ERROR
67
00:03:30,977 --> 00:03:34,614
IS TO BLAME FOR THE FIERY CRASH
AT NEWARK.
68
00:03:34,614 --> 00:03:35,916
Benzon:
THE WINGS WERE ROCKING
69
00:03:35,916 --> 00:03:37,751
A LITTLE BIT MORE
THAN THEY SHOULD HAVE,
70
00:03:37,751 --> 00:03:40,220
AND HE BOUNCED
THE FIRST LANDING.
71
00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:42,656
Narrator: THE PILOTS
THEN PUSH THE NOSE DOWN,
72
00:03:42,656 --> 00:03:45,058
MAKING THE SECOND IMPACT
EVEN WORSE.
73
00:03:45,058 --> 00:03:46,793
Benzon: THIS WAS
A VERY, VERY HARD TOUCHDOWN
74
00:03:46,793 --> 00:03:48,428
THE SECOND TIME AROUND,
75
00:03:48,428 --> 00:03:51,298
DESTROYING THE LANDING GEAR
ON THAT SIDE OF THE AIRCRAFT.
76
00:03:51,298 --> 00:03:55,802
SO IT WAS A VERY QUICK
COMBINATION OF MINOR ERRORS
77
00:03:55,802 --> 00:04:01,441
THAT KIND OF SNOWBALLED
INTO AN ACCIDENT.
78
00:04:01,441 --> 00:04:04,010
Narrator: IN HIS FINAL REPORT
ON THE CRASH AT NEWARK,
79
00:04:04,010 --> 00:04:07,447
BENZON CALLS
FOR BETTER PILOT TRAINING.
80
00:04:07,447 --> 00:04:08,682
THE RESULT?
81
00:04:08,682 --> 00:04:09,950
AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE
82
00:04:09,950 --> 00:04:12,052
FOR RECOVERING
FROM BOUNCED LANDINGS.
83
00:04:12,052 --> 00:04:14,721
MD-11 PILOTS LEARN
HOW TO USE THEIR THROTTLES
84
00:04:14,721 --> 00:04:17,757
TO BRING THE PLANE
BACK TO THE GROUND GENTLY.
85
00:04:17,757 --> 00:04:20,894
Paul Misencik:
ADD A LITTLE POWER
TO MAINTAIN A LANDING ATTITUDE
86
00:04:20,894 --> 00:04:22,028
AND ADD A LITTLE BIT OF POWER
87
00:04:22,028 --> 00:04:23,864
AND THEN JUST GENTLY
LET THE THING COME
88
00:04:23,864 --> 00:04:27,601
BACK DOWN TO THE RUNWAY.
89
00:04:27,601 --> 00:04:31,238
Narrator: THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY
MOVES ON FROM THE NEWARK CRASH,
90
00:04:31,238 --> 00:04:34,508
CONFIDENT THAT AN IMPORTANT
LESSON HAS BEEN LEARNED.
91
00:04:39,246 --> 00:04:41,448
ALMOST 12 YEARS LATER...
92
00:04:41,448 --> 00:04:45,118
Controller: NIPPON CARGO 37,
RUNWAY 34-LEFT, CLEARED TO LAND.
93
00:04:45,118 --> 00:04:47,320
Narrator: THE MD-11 IS STILL
A POPULAR WORKHORSE
94
00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:49,956
FOR FLYING CARGO.
95
00:04:49,956 --> 00:04:53,360
FEDEX RELIES ON THE PLANE TO
HAUL MILLIONS OF TON OF FREIGHT
96
00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:56,696
IN AND OUT OF CRUCIAL HUBS
LIKE TOKYO'S NARITA AIRPORT,
97
00:04:56,696 --> 00:04:59,566
ONE OF THE BUSIEST AIRPORTS
IN THE WORLD.
98
00:05:04,871 --> 00:05:07,841
Donald Wilson:
FLYING CARGO WENT FROM BEING
KIND OF ON THE LOWER RUNGS
99
00:05:07,841 --> 00:05:11,745
OF THE AVIATION PROFESSIONAL
LADDER, IF YOU WILL,
100
00:05:11,745 --> 00:05:13,213
TO BEING AT THE TOP
101
00:05:13,213 --> 00:05:16,983
BECAUSE IT WAS DEPENDABLE,
IT WAS GOOD, IT PAID THE SAME.
102
00:05:16,983 --> 00:05:18,785
PLUS, THE OTHER BENEFITS OF,
103
00:05:18,785 --> 00:05:22,989
WHILE THERE'S PRESSURE ALWAYS TO
BE AS EFFICIENT AS POSSIBLE,
104
00:05:22,989 --> 00:05:25,525
THE FREIGHT SELDOM
COMPLAINS ITSELF.
105
00:05:30,497 --> 00:05:31,998
Kevin Mosley:
NARITA TOWER, FEDEX 80.
106
00:05:31,998 --> 00:05:34,634
13 MILES FOR 34-LEFT.
107
00:05:34,634 --> 00:05:40,006
Narrator:
54-YEAR-OLD KEVIN MOSLEY IS
THE CAPTAIN ON FEDEX FLIGHT 80.
108
00:05:40,006 --> 00:05:44,044
HIS FIRST OFFICER IS 49-YEAR-OLD
ANTHONY PINO.
109
00:05:44,044 --> 00:05:45,512
THE TWO VETERAN PILOTS
110
00:05:45,512 --> 00:05:48,181
ARE SECOND IN LINE
TO LAND AT NARITA.
111
00:05:48,181 --> 00:05:49,616
Controller: FEDEX 80,
NARITA TOWER.
112
00:05:49,616 --> 00:05:50,717
ON RUNWAY 34-LEFT.
113
00:05:50,717 --> 00:05:52,185
CONTINUE APPROACH.
114
00:05:52,185 --> 00:05:54,321
Mosley: FEDEX 80, ROGER.
115
00:05:54,321 --> 00:05:56,356
Wilson: WITHIN THAT LAST
200 MILES OR SO
116
00:05:56,356 --> 00:05:58,658
BEFORE YOU'RE GONNA LAND,
117
00:05:58,658 --> 00:06:01,561
A PILOT WOULD START THINKING
ABOUT WHAT THE CONDITIONS ARE,
118
00:06:01,561 --> 00:06:04,231
RECHECK THE WEATHER,
119
00:06:04,231 --> 00:06:07,867
START PAYING ATTENTION TO WHAT
WAS HAPPENING TO OTHER TRAFFIC.
120
00:06:11,171 --> 00:06:13,907
Narrator: AFTER AN OVERNIGHT
FLIGHT FROM GUANGZHOU, CHINA,
121
00:06:13,907 --> 00:06:16,076
THE CREW IS LESS THAN 10 MINUTES
FROM TOUCHING DOWN
122
00:06:16,076 --> 00:06:18,712
ON NARITA'S MAIN RUNWAY.
123
00:06:18,712 --> 00:06:22,082
TODAY, FIRST OFFICER PINO
IS FLYING THE PLANE,
124
00:06:22,082 --> 00:06:24,784
WHILE THE CAPTAIN
MONITORS THE INSTRUMENTS.
125
00:06:24,784 --> 00:06:26,019
Anthony Pino: ALL RIGHT.
126
00:06:26,019 --> 00:06:27,287
LET'S BEGIN
THE BEFORE-LANDING CHECKLIST.
127
00:06:27,287 --> 00:06:28,521
Mosley: GOT IT.
128
00:06:28,521 --> 00:06:31,091
LANDING LIGHTS ON.
129
00:06:31,091 --> 00:06:36,096
Controller: FEDEX 80,
SURFACE WIND IS 320 AT 28 KNOTS.
130
00:06:36,096 --> 00:06:37,631
Narrator:
SEVEN MINUTES FROM LANDING,
131
00:06:37,631 --> 00:06:39,232
THE CONTROLLER
GIVES THE CREW AN UPDATE
132
00:06:39,232 --> 00:06:41,901
ABOUT THE WIND CONDITIONS
ON THE RUNWAY.
133
00:06:41,901 --> 00:06:44,170
Mosley: OKAY. COPY THAT.
134
00:06:44,170 --> 00:06:46,673
Narrator: THE PILOTS ARE IN
THE MIDST OF THEIR APPROACH,
135
00:06:46,673 --> 00:06:49,843
A CRUCIAL TIME IN ANY FLIGHT.
136
00:06:49,843 --> 00:06:51,878
THE CREW MUST PERFORM
DOZENS OF STEPS
137
00:06:51,878 --> 00:06:55,949
TO LOSE ALTITUDE AND DROP ABOUT
400 MILES AN HOUR OF AIRSPEED
138
00:06:55,949 --> 00:06:57,751
BEFORE THEY TOUCH DOWN.
139
00:06:57,751 --> 00:07:00,787
IT'S A VERY BUSY TIME
IN THE COCKPIT.
140
00:07:00,787 --> 00:07:02,489
Benzon: THE PILOT'S GOT
A ZILLION THINGS
141
00:07:02,489 --> 00:07:04,357
GOING THROUGH HIS HEAD.
142
00:07:04,357 --> 00:07:07,827
HIS EYEBALLS ARE
ALL OVER THE PLACE,
143
00:07:07,827 --> 00:07:11,631
MAKING SURE THAT THE PROPOSED
LANDING IS GOING FINE.
144
00:07:11,631 --> 00:07:13,300
Narrator: ON THIS FLIGHT,
THE PILOTS HAVE
145
00:07:13,300 --> 00:07:16,903
AN ADDITIONAL CHALLENGE
TO CONTEND WITH--POWERFUL WINDS.
146
00:07:16,903 --> 00:07:19,239
Pino: ANY THOUGHTS
ON LANDING SPEED?
147
00:07:19,239 --> 00:07:24,311
Mosley: LET'S ADD 10 KNOTS,
MAKE IT 164 KNOTS.
148
00:07:24,311 --> 00:07:26,279
Narrator: THEY NEED TO COME IN
FASTER THAN USUAL
149
00:07:26,279 --> 00:07:28,415
TO COMBAT THE GUSTY CONDITIONS.
150
00:07:28,415 --> 00:07:30,917
Wilson: IF YOU HAVE GUSTS,
THEN YOU HAVE TO FIGURE OUT
151
00:07:30,917 --> 00:07:33,553
THAT IT WILL AFFECT AND CHANGE
152
00:07:33,553 --> 00:07:35,488
THE LIFT CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE AIRPLANE
153
00:07:35,488 --> 00:07:39,025
AS WELL AS THE SPEED
OF THE AIRPLANE.
154
00:07:39,025 --> 00:07:41,594
Pino: LANDING GEAR.
155
00:07:41,594 --> 00:07:45,532
Mosley: GEAR DOWN.
156
00:07:45,532 --> 00:07:48,735
FOUR GREEN.
157
00:07:48,735 --> 00:07:51,705
Altimeter: 500...
158
00:07:51,705 --> 00:07:53,206
Mosley: OH, YEAH.
159
00:07:53,206 --> 00:07:56,943
CLEARED TO LAND 34-LEFT.
160
00:07:56,943 --> 00:07:59,779
STABLE.
161
00:07:59,779 --> 00:08:03,483
Pino: SHEEE.
162
00:08:03,483 --> 00:08:06,386
Wilson: YOU'RE REALLY WORKING
IF YOU'RE THE PILOT FLYING
163
00:08:06,386 --> 00:08:09,522
ON A REALLY GUSTY, WINDY DAY.
164
00:08:12,826 --> 00:08:16,162
Narrator: THE PLANE IS DROPPING
13 FEET PER SECOND.
165
00:08:16,162 --> 00:08:19,165
Altimeter: 50...40...30...
166
00:08:19,165 --> 00:08:22,902
Narrator:
IT WILL BE ON THE GROUND
IN LESS THAN FIVE SECONDS.
167
00:08:22,902 --> 00:08:24,270
Altimeter: 20.
168
00:08:32,846 --> 00:08:34,013
Narrator: WITHOUT WARNING,
169
00:08:34,013 --> 00:08:38,318
THE MD-11 IS UPSIDE DOWN
IN FLAMES.
170
00:08:39,886 --> 00:08:43,356
Controller: THERE'S A CRASH
ON 34-LEFT, AND THERE'S FIRE.
171
00:08:43,356 --> 00:08:45,091
Narrator:
FIRE CREWS RACE TO THE RUNWAY,
172
00:08:45,091 --> 00:08:47,160
WHERE A MASSIVE BLAZE
HAS ENGULFED THE COCKPIT
173
00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:49,229
OF FEDEX FLIGHT 80.
174
00:08:52,665 --> 00:08:56,202
IT'S THE BIGGEST AIR DISASTER
THE TOKYO AIRPORT HAS EVER SEEN.
175
00:08:59,172 --> 00:09:02,442
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS MUST NOW
REDIRECT INCOMING FLIGHTS
176
00:09:02,442 --> 00:09:05,078
AWAY FROM THE BURNING DEBRIS.
177
00:09:09,015 --> 00:09:11,117
IT TAKES ALMOST HALF AN HOUR
FOR FIREFIGHTERS
178
00:09:11,117 --> 00:09:14,421
TO DOUSE THE FLAMES
SURROUNDING THE COCKPIT.
179
00:09:14,421 --> 00:09:19,459
BY THE TIME RESCUERS GET INSIDE,
IT'S TOO LATE FOR THE PILOTS.
180
00:09:19,459 --> 00:09:20,960
TWO PEOPLE ARE DEAD,
181
00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:25,398
AND ANOTHER MD-11 LIES BURNING
AT THE SIDE OF A RUNWAY.
182
00:09:28,201 --> 00:09:29,636
Masaru Chiba, translated:
THE FIRST THING I NOTICED
183
00:09:29,636 --> 00:09:31,471
WHEN I ARRIVED
AT THE ACCIDENT SITE
184
00:09:31,471 --> 00:09:32,939
WAS THAT THE PIECES
OF THE AIRCRAFT
185
00:09:32,939 --> 00:09:35,875
WERE SCATTERED
ACROSS A WIDE AREA.
186
00:09:38,678 --> 00:09:40,647
Narrator: THIS IS
THE FIRST FATAL ACCIDENT
187
00:09:40,647 --> 00:09:43,817
IN NARITA AIRPORT'S
31-YEAR HISTORY.
188
00:09:45,885 --> 00:09:48,721
MASARU CHIBA OF THE JAPAN
TRANSPORT SAFETY BOARD
189
00:09:48,721 --> 00:09:51,191
TAKES CHARGE
OF THE INVESTIGATION.
190
00:09:55,495 --> 00:09:57,297
Chiba: WHEN WE SAW
THE ACCIDENT SITE,
191
00:09:57,297 --> 00:10:00,934
MORE THAN HALF THE AIRCRAFT
HAD BEEN COMPLETELY BURNED.
192
00:10:00,934 --> 00:10:02,368
SO I WAS AT A LOSS AT FIRST
193
00:10:02,368 --> 00:10:05,905
TO DECIDE WHERE WE SHOULD START
THE INVESTIGATION.
194
00:10:07,474 --> 00:10:09,142
Narrator: THE AVIATION WORLD
NEEDS TO KNOW
195
00:10:09,142 --> 00:10:12,812
WHY THIS MD-11 LANDING
WENT SO WRONG.
196
00:10:12,812 --> 00:10:17,951
HAVE THE LESSONS FROM NEWARK
BEEN FORGOTTEN?
197
00:10:17,951 --> 00:10:20,620
OR IS THIS
AN ENTIRELY NEW PROBLEM?
198
00:10:26,092 --> 00:10:27,627
TWO PEOPLE ARE DEAD
199
00:10:27,627 --> 00:10:30,029
AND THE REMAINS
OF AN MD-11 CARGO PLANE
200
00:10:30,029 --> 00:10:32,932
LIE SMOLDERING
AT NARITA AIRPORT.
201
00:10:32,932 --> 00:10:34,767
INVESTIGATORS EXAMINE
THE RUNWAY,
202
00:10:34,767 --> 00:10:36,503
SEARCHING FOR CLUES
THAT MIGHT REVEAL
203
00:10:36,503 --> 00:10:39,339
HOW THIS LANDING WENT SO WRONG.
204
00:10:39,339 --> 00:10:40,640
Chiba:
I WAS TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
205
00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:43,076
WHERE THE PLANE
FIRST TOUCHED DOWN.
206
00:10:43,076 --> 00:10:46,079
THERE WERE VERY CLEAR TRACES
FROM THE TIRES.
207
00:10:46,079 --> 00:10:48,681
THEREFORE, THE INITIAL CONTACT
WITH THE GROUND
208
00:10:48,681 --> 00:10:52,318
WAS THE PLACE WHERE THERE WERE
CLEAR TIRE MARKS.
209
00:10:52,318 --> 00:10:53,786
LOOK AT ALL THIS RUBBER.
210
00:10:53,786 --> 00:10:57,724
THIS IS WHERE THEY FIRST
TOUCHED DOWN.
211
00:10:57,724 --> 00:10:59,125
Narrator: THE MARKS REVEAL
212
00:10:59,125 --> 00:11:02,829
WHERE THE PLANE FIRST SLAMMED
ONTO THE RUNWAY.
213
00:11:02,829 --> 00:11:06,399
Chiba: THE SECOND CONTACT
WAS WITH THE NOSE GEAR,
214
00:11:06,399 --> 00:11:08,234
AND WE FOUND PIECES
OF THE FRONT WHEEL
215
00:11:08,234 --> 00:11:11,604
NEAR THE AREA WHERE IT HIT.
216
00:11:11,604 --> 00:11:13,473
Narrator: THEY ALSO SHOW
THE PLANE HIT THE RUNWAY
217
00:11:13,473 --> 00:11:14,874
MORE THAN ONCE.
218
00:11:14,874 --> 00:11:18,878
Chiba: AND THIS IS WHERE
THEY FINALLY CAME DOWN.
219
00:11:18,878 --> 00:11:21,514
EXTREMELY HARD,
BY THE LOOKS OF IT.
220
00:11:26,819 --> 00:11:29,422
THE THIRD AREA
THAT THE PLANE TOUCHED DOWN
221
00:11:29,422 --> 00:11:31,090
HAD A LOT OF SPILLED FUEL
222
00:11:31,090 --> 00:11:35,361
AND A BIG PORTION
OF THE AIRCRAFT'S REMAINS.
223
00:11:35,361 --> 00:11:38,197
SO WE CONCLUDED THAT THERE WERE
THREE CONTACT ZONES
224
00:11:38,197 --> 00:11:41,701
WHERE THE AIRCRAFT
HIT THE GROUND.
225
00:11:41,701 --> 00:11:44,604
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS
CATCH AN EARLY BREAK.
226
00:11:44,604 --> 00:11:46,639
THOUGH IT'S EXTREMELY RARE
FOR A PLANE CRASH
227
00:11:46,639 --> 00:11:48,508
TO BE CAUGHT ON VIDEO,
228
00:11:48,508 --> 00:11:50,410
IT'S HAPPENED HERE.
229
00:11:54,447 --> 00:11:57,417
AN AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE CAMERA
CONFIRMS CHIBA'S THEORY
230
00:11:57,417 --> 00:11:59,586
ABOUT THE VIOLENT LANDING.
231
00:12:02,121 --> 00:12:07,360
FLIGHT 80 BOUNCED TWICE BEFORE
FINALLY SLAMMING INTO THE RUNWAY
232
00:12:07,360 --> 00:12:09,662
AND FLIPPING OVER IN FLAMES.
233
00:12:17,604 --> 00:12:20,506
Chiba: I ALSO SAW THE PICTURES
FROM THE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS.
234
00:12:20,506 --> 00:12:25,411
I WAS CONVINCED THAT
THE AIRCRAFT HIT THREE TIMES.
235
00:12:25,411 --> 00:12:29,616
I'VE NEVER SEEN SUCH
A TERRIBLE ACCIDENT BEFORE.
236
00:12:31,184 --> 00:12:33,152
Narrator: THE SIMILARITIES
BETWEEN THIS ACCIDENT
237
00:12:33,152 --> 00:12:37,023
AND THE CRASH OF FLIGHT 14
IN NEWARK ARE VERY DISTURBING.
238
00:12:37,023 --> 00:12:39,559
INVESTIGATORS FACE IMMEDIATE
PRESSURE TO FIGURE OUT
239
00:12:39,559 --> 00:12:43,029
EXACTLY WHO OR WHAT
IS TO BLAME THIS TIME.
240
00:12:43,029 --> 00:12:44,464
Bramble: IT HAD BEEN 10 YEARS
241
00:12:44,464 --> 00:12:47,400
SINCE THE LAST ACCIDENT
INVOLVING AN MD-11,
242
00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:49,936
AND WHEN NARITA OCCURRED
IT WAS CLEAR
243
00:12:49,936 --> 00:12:54,307
THAT THE PROBLEM OF THESE TYPES
OF MD-11 ACCIDENTS
244
00:12:54,307 --> 00:12:57,076
HAD NOT BEEN SOLVED.
245
00:12:59,112 --> 00:13:01,381
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS
INTERVIEW THE TOWER CONTROLLERS
246
00:13:01,381 --> 00:13:05,585
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE MOMENTS
LEADING UP TO THE CRASH.
247
00:13:05,585 --> 00:13:08,054
THEY HEAR THAT PILOTS LANDING
AHEAD OF FLIGHT 80
248
00:13:08,054 --> 00:13:09,856
REPORTED VERY TURBULENT
CONDITIONS
249
00:13:09,856 --> 00:13:12,291
ON APPROACH TO THE RUNWAY.
250
00:13:13,826 --> 00:13:16,062
Pilot: NARITA TOWER, BE ADVISED,
251
00:13:16,062 --> 00:13:19,298
WE HIT SOME WIND SHEAR ON FINAL
JUST BELOW 2,000.
252
00:13:22,568 --> 00:13:25,471
Chiba:
THE ACCIDENT HAPPENED RIGHT
AFTER A COLD FRONT HAD PASSED,
253
00:13:25,471 --> 00:13:28,508
SO IT WAS VERY WINDY.
254
00:13:28,508 --> 00:13:31,044
THE PILOT OF THE PREVIOUS FLIGHT
ACTUALLY REPORTED
255
00:13:31,044 --> 00:13:35,782
THEY EXPERIENCED WIND SHEAR
DURING THEIR FLIGHT.
256
00:13:35,782 --> 00:13:37,750
Narrator: WIND SHEAR
IS THE TERM PILOTS USE
257
00:13:37,750 --> 00:13:40,753
TO DESCRIBE
DANGEROUSLY SHIFTING WINDS.
258
00:13:40,753 --> 00:13:42,388
Wilson:
THAT'S A REALLY RAPID CHANGE
259
00:13:42,388 --> 00:13:44,390
IN THE DIRECTION
OR VELOCITY OF WIND,
260
00:13:44,390 --> 00:13:46,192
AND IT CAN REALLY AFFECT
THE FLYING CHARACTERISTICS
261
00:13:46,192 --> 00:13:48,528
OF THE AIRPLANE.
262
00:13:48,528 --> 00:13:51,964
Narrator:
STRONG WIND SHEAR CAN PUSH
A PLANE VIOLENTLY UP OR DOWN,
263
00:13:51,964 --> 00:13:54,434
CAUSING IT TO LOSE LIFT.
264
00:13:54,434 --> 00:13:58,571
NEAR A RUNWAY, IT CAN BE FATAL.
265
00:13:58,571 --> 00:14:02,008
IN 1985,
DELTA AIRLINES FLIGHT 191
266
00:14:02,008 --> 00:14:05,578
HIT WIND SHEAR WHILE LANDING
AT DALLAS-FORT WORTH AIRPORT.
267
00:14:05,578 --> 00:14:08,915
137 PEOPLE WERE KILLED
IN THE CRASH.
268
00:14:12,485 --> 00:14:15,922
AFTER THAT ACCIDENT, AIRPORTS
INSTALLED DOPPLER RADAR,
269
00:14:15,922 --> 00:14:17,957
WHICH CAN DETECT WIND SHEAR
ON RUNWAYS
270
00:14:17,957 --> 00:14:21,694
AND WARN PILOTS WHEN LANDING
MIGHT BE DANGEROUS.
271
00:14:23,129 --> 00:14:25,965
CONTROLLERS AT NARITA
WERE RELYING ON THAT TECHNOLOGY
272
00:14:25,965 --> 00:14:29,168
AS FEDEX FLIGHT 80 CAME IN
FOR ITS LANDING.
273
00:14:29,168 --> 00:14:31,938
Controller: RUNWAY 34-LEFT,
WIND SHEAR ON FINAL.
274
00:14:31,938 --> 00:14:33,639
Mosley:
IT'S GONNA BE A BUMPY ONE.
275
00:14:33,639 --> 00:14:37,110
Pino: ALL OVER IT.
276
00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:38,778
Narrator: THE CONTROLLER
TELLS INVESTIGATORS
277
00:14:38,778 --> 00:14:42,615
HE WARNED THE FEDEX CREW
TO BE ON GUARD FOR WIND SHEAR.
278
00:14:42,615 --> 00:14:46,052
WHAT INVESTIGATORS NEED NOW
IS MORE DETAILED WIND ANALYSIS
279
00:14:46,052 --> 00:14:48,421
FROM SENSORS AROUND THE AIRPORT,
280
00:14:48,421 --> 00:14:51,424
BUT COLLECTING THE DATA
WILL TAKE SOME TIME.
281
00:14:51,424 --> 00:14:52,925
THEY'LL HAVE TO WAIT TO FIND OUT
282
00:14:52,925 --> 00:14:55,495
JUST HOW DANGEROUS
THE WIND CONDITIONS WERE
283
00:14:55,495 --> 00:14:58,464
DURING FLIGHT 80'S
FATAL LANDING.
284
00:15:04,237 --> 00:15:08,508
MEANWHILE, A RECOVERY TEAM
HAS MADE A MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH.
285
00:15:08,508 --> 00:15:12,378
THEY'VE PULLED THE BLACK BOXES
FROM THE SCORCHED WRECKAGE.
286
00:15:12,378 --> 00:15:15,114
THE DATA ON THE RECORDERS
COULD EXPLAIN WHAT HAPPENED
287
00:15:15,114 --> 00:15:18,951
IN THE LAST FEW MOMENTS
OF THE MD-11 LANDING--
288
00:15:18,951 --> 00:15:22,488
UNLESS THAT DATA
HAS BEEN DESTROYED BY FIRE.
289
00:15:22,488 --> 00:15:26,259
Chiba:
THESE ARE A LOT MORE DAMAGED
THAN I THOUGHT THEY'D BE.
290
00:15:26,259 --> 00:15:30,029
I HOPE THEY CAN GET SOMETHING
OUT OF THESE.
291
00:15:30,029 --> 00:15:31,664
IT WAS HEAVILY DAMAGED.
292
00:15:31,664 --> 00:15:34,801
IT WAS EXPOSED
TO EXTREMELY HIGH HEAT.
293
00:15:37,170 --> 00:15:39,172
LET'S GET THEM PACKING.
294
00:15:43,442 --> 00:15:47,013
WE WANTED TO BE ABSOLUTELY SURE
WE WOULD GET THE DATA,
295
00:15:47,013 --> 00:15:48,748
SO WE ASSIGNED AN INVESTIGATOR
296
00:15:48,748 --> 00:15:52,752
TO TAKE THE RECORDERS
TO THE UNITED STATES.
297
00:15:52,752 --> 00:15:54,487
Narrator: THE BLACK BOXES
ARE ON THE NEXT FLIGHT
298
00:15:54,487 --> 00:15:56,222
TO WASHINGTON, D.C.,
299
00:15:56,222 --> 00:16:00,459
WHERE NTSB EXPERTS WILL TRY
TO RECOVER THE CRITICAL DATA.
300
00:16:03,196 --> 00:16:05,965
WHILE INVESTIGATORS WAIT
FOR NEWS FROM WASHINGTON,
301
00:16:05,965 --> 00:16:08,201
THEY CONSIDER
ANOTHER POSSIBILITY--
302
00:16:08,201 --> 00:16:10,136
THAT FLIGHT 80 WAS THROWN
OFF BALANCE
303
00:16:10,136 --> 00:16:12,505
BY THE LOAD IT WAS CARRYING.
304
00:16:15,908 --> 00:16:22,014
Chiba: WHAT IF THE CARGO
SHIFTED AT THE LAST MINUTE?
305
00:16:22,014 --> 00:16:24,884
Benzon:
THERE ARE SEVERAL THINGS THAT
CAN AFFECT THE CARGO AIRCRAFT
306
00:16:24,884 --> 00:16:26,919
DURING TAKEOFFS OR LANDINGS.
307
00:16:26,919 --> 00:16:32,325
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT PILOTS
ALWAYS FEAR IS SHIFTING CARGO.
308
00:16:32,325 --> 00:16:35,862
Narrator:
FEDEX FLIGHT 80 WAS CARRYING
MORE THAN 50 TONS OF CARGO,
309
00:16:35,862 --> 00:16:38,598
DELIVERIES LARGE AND SMALL.
310
00:16:41,767 --> 00:16:44,437
LOADING CARGO
IS AN EXACT SCIENCE,
311
00:16:44,437 --> 00:16:45,838
DISTRIBUTING WEIGHT IN A WAY
312
00:16:45,838 --> 00:16:48,241
THAT DOES NOT UNBALANCE
THE AIRCRAFT.
313
00:16:48,241 --> 00:16:51,978
THAT'S ESPECIALLY TRUE IN
THE ALREADY TEMPERAMENTAL MD-11.
314
00:16:54,280 --> 00:16:56,749
THE FASTENERS THAT HOLD
THE CARGO IN PLACE
315
00:16:56,749 --> 00:16:59,185
HAVE SURVIVED THE FIRE.
316
00:16:59,185 --> 00:17:01,387
THERE IS NO EVIDENCE
THEY FAILED.
317
00:17:01,387 --> 00:17:02,855
Chiba: THEY LOOK FINE.
318
00:17:02,855 --> 00:17:05,558
LET'S CHECK OUT THE OTHERS.
319
00:17:08,594 --> 00:17:14,500
AS FAR AS I COULD TELL
FROM THE REMAINS OF THE CARGO,
320
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:16,936
THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE
OF THE CARGO SHIFTING
321
00:17:16,936 --> 00:17:20,673
EITHER TO THE FRONT OF THE PLANE
OR TO THE BACK OF THE PLANE.
322
00:17:24,310 --> 00:17:26,379
Narrator: BUT IF THE CARGO
DIDN'T SHIFT,
323
00:17:26,379 --> 00:17:31,284
WHAT CAUSED FLIGHT 80 TO CRASH
ON LANDING, KILLING TWO PILOTS?
324
00:17:32,785 --> 00:17:35,321
MASARU CHIBA STUDIES
DOPPLER RADAR RECORDS
325
00:17:35,321 --> 00:17:40,126
OF THE WIND SPEEDS ON RUNWAY 34.
326
00:17:40,126 --> 00:17:42,995
ANY SIGN OF WIND SHEAR
IN THE MOMENTS BEFORE THE CRASH
327
00:17:42,995 --> 00:17:45,765
COULD BE THE LEAD
HE'S BEEN WAITING FOR.
328
00:17:45,765 --> 00:17:48,234
BUT IT'S ANOTHER DEAD END.
329
00:17:48,234 --> 00:17:52,738
Chiba:
NO WIND SHEAR ON RUNWAY 34-LEFT
WHEN THEY WERE TOUCHING DOWN.
330
00:17:52,738 --> 00:17:55,374
AFTER EXAMINING DATA
ABOUT THE AIR CURRENTS
331
00:17:55,374 --> 00:17:57,576
BEFORE AND AFTER THE ACCIDENT,
332
00:17:57,576 --> 00:17:59,779
IT SEEMED VERY UNLIKELY
THAT WIND SHEAR
333
00:17:59,779 --> 00:18:02,248
COULD HAVE CAUSED THIS ACCIDENT.
334
00:18:05,584 --> 00:18:10,856
Narrator: WHILE INVESTIGATORS IN
JAPAN STRUGGLE FOR A SOLID LEAD,
335
00:18:10,856 --> 00:18:13,326
THERE'S BETTER NEWS
FROM WASHINGTON.
336
00:18:13,326 --> 00:18:15,895
NTSB TECHNICIANS
HAVE RECOVERED THE SOUNDS
337
00:18:15,895 --> 00:18:20,299
CAPTURED BY FLIGHT 80'S
DAMAGED COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER.
338
00:18:20,299 --> 00:18:23,769
THEY EXPECT TO RECOVER
THE FLIGHT DATA SOON AS WELL.
339
00:18:23,769 --> 00:18:26,706
Misencik: FLIGHT RECORDERS
ARE VERY ROBUST INSTRUMENTS.
340
00:18:26,706 --> 00:18:30,710
THEY'RE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND
AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF G-FORCE
341
00:18:30,710 --> 00:18:34,747
AND, UH, OR HEAT.
342
00:18:34,747 --> 00:18:38,651
Chiba: AH, MR. MISENCIK.
WELCOME ABOARD.
343
00:18:38,651 --> 00:18:40,820
NICE TO MEET YOU.
344
00:18:40,820 --> 00:18:43,289
MY NAME IS MASARU CHIBA.
345
00:18:43,289 --> 00:18:45,825
Narrator: BECAUSE THE PLANE
IS AMERICAN MADE,
346
00:18:45,825 --> 00:18:48,694
PAUL MISENCIK OF THE NATIONAL
TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD
347
00:18:48,694 --> 00:18:50,863
JOINS THE TEAM IN JAPAN.
348
00:18:50,863 --> 00:18:52,264
Paul Misencik:
WE HAD THE EXPERTISE
349
00:18:52,264 --> 00:18:54,233
THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE
TO THE JAPANESE INVESTIGATION
350
00:18:54,233 --> 00:18:56,502
AS FAR AS PROCEDURES,
351
00:18:56,502 --> 00:18:59,772
WHAT TYPE OF REGULATIONS
THE CREW WAS FLYING UNDER,
352
00:18:59,772 --> 00:19:01,073
AND WE COULD DO AN AWFUL LOT
353
00:19:01,073 --> 00:19:03,776
OF THE FOLLOW-UP
INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES
354
00:19:03,776 --> 00:19:06,312
HERE IN THE UNITED STATES,
WHICH IS WHAT WE DID.
355
00:19:06,312 --> 00:19:07,980
Chiba: OKAY, THIS WAY, PLEASE.
356
00:19:07,980 --> 00:19:09,548
Narrator:
FLIGHT 80'S COCKPIT RECORDING
357
00:19:09,548 --> 00:19:12,318
IS NOW IN THE HANDS
OF INVESTIGATORS,
358
00:19:12,318 --> 00:19:14,186
BUT WILL IT TELL THEM
WHY THE PILOTS
359
00:19:14,186 --> 00:19:18,290
COULDN'T GET THEIR PLANE
SAFELY ON THE GROUND?
360
00:19:18,290 --> 00:19:21,961
Chiba: LET'S HEAR
THE ENTIRE APPROACH FROM...
361
00:19:25,031 --> 00:19:28,267
FROM FIRST CONTACT
WITH NARITA AT 6:41.
362
00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:32,071
Mosley: NARITA TOWER, FEDEX 80.
363
00:19:32,071 --> 00:19:35,041
13 MILES FOR 34-LEFT.
364
00:19:35,041 --> 00:19:37,443
Controller: FEDEX 80,
NARITA TOWER ON RUNWAY 34-LEFT.
365
00:19:37,443 --> 00:19:39,011
CONTINUE APPROACH.
366
00:19:39,011 --> 00:19:40,679
Mosley: FEDEX 80, ROGER.
367
00:19:40,679 --> 00:19:43,416
Pino: ALL RIGHT. LET'S BEGIN
THE BEFORE-LANDING CHECKLIST.
368
00:19:43,416 --> 00:19:45,918
Mosley: GOT IT.
369
00:19:45,918 --> 00:19:49,555
Chiba: SO FAR SO GOOD.
370
00:19:49,555 --> 00:19:52,491
Narrator: THE APPROACH TO NARITA
IS TEXTBOOK.
371
00:19:52,491 --> 00:19:54,326
Pino: LANDING GEAR.
372
00:19:54,326 --> 00:19:56,562
Mosley: GEAR DOWN.
373
00:19:56,562 --> 00:19:57,596
WINDS ARE 320.
374
00:19:57,596 --> 00:19:58,931
MAXIMUM AT 34 KNOTS.
375
00:19:58,931 --> 00:20:00,699
Chiba: OKAY.
STOP FOR A SECOND.
376
00:20:02,968 --> 00:20:06,839
WINDS...
377
00:20:06,839 --> 00:20:09,442
320.
378
00:20:09,442 --> 00:20:11,844
MAXIMUM 34.
379
00:20:11,844 --> 00:20:14,580
IT'S RIGHT IN THEIR FACE.
380
00:20:14,580 --> 00:20:16,749
Narrator: THE RECORDING REVEALS
THE CREW WAS FLYING
381
00:20:16,749 --> 00:20:18,851
INTO A STRONG HEADWIND,
382
00:20:18,851 --> 00:20:22,188
BUT IT WASN'T DANGEROUS ENOUGH
TO EXPLAIN THE CRASH.
383
00:20:22,188 --> 00:20:25,157
Chiba: OKAY. LET'S GO ON.
384
00:20:25,157 --> 00:20:27,560
Altimeter: 1,000...
385
00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:30,229
Mosley: YEE-HAW!
RIDE 'EM COWBOY!
386
00:20:31,997 --> 00:20:35,734
Wilson: DON'T LET THE AIRPLANE
FLY YOU, YOU FLY THE AIRPLANE,
387
00:20:35,734 --> 00:20:39,438
AND ON A GUSTY, BLUSTERY DAY,
388
00:20:39,438 --> 00:20:42,241
THAT'S IN FACT
WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO.
389
00:20:42,241 --> 00:20:44,477
Altimeter: 500...
390
00:20:44,477 --> 00:20:46,011
Narrator:
DESPITE THE BUMPY RIDE,
391
00:20:46,011 --> 00:20:49,882
THE PILOTS DON'T SEEM
VERY CONCERNED.
392
00:20:49,882 --> 00:20:52,118
Mosley: CLEARED TO LAND,
34-LEFT.
393
00:20:52,118 --> 00:20:55,754
STABLE.
394
00:20:55,754 --> 00:20:57,490
Pino: SHEEE.
395
00:20:57,490 --> 00:20:59,692
Wilson: STABLE APPROACH
IS ONE OF THE CALL-OUTS
396
00:20:59,692 --> 00:21:01,127
THAT MORE AND MORE CARRIERS
397
00:21:01,127 --> 00:21:03,629
HAVE PUT INTO THEIR
OPERATION SPECIFICATIONS
398
00:21:03,629 --> 00:21:05,331
THAT YOU CALL OUT,
399
00:21:05,331 --> 00:21:07,900
BECAUSE GENERALLY THAT'S
A PRETTY WELL UNDERSTOOD THING.
400
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:12,304
IF YOU'RE STABLE, YOU CAN LAND.
401
00:21:12,304 --> 00:21:16,075
Pino: SHEEE.
402
00:21:16,075 --> 00:21:18,811
Chiba: ONE MINUTE FROM
THE RUNWAY, AND THEY'RE JOKING.
403
00:21:18,811 --> 00:21:23,282
SEEMS LIKE THERE'S
NOTHING WRONG.
404
00:21:23,282 --> 00:21:25,151
FROM THE RECORDING, WE CAN TELL
405
00:21:25,151 --> 00:21:29,054
THAT THEY WERE REALLY RELAXED
AND TEASING EACH OTHER.
406
00:21:29,054 --> 00:21:32,191
I THINK WHAT HAPPENED WAS THAT
THE AIR CURRENTS WERE SO ROUGH
407
00:21:32,191 --> 00:21:34,593
THAT IT FELT LIKE THEY WERE
IN A RODEO,
408
00:21:34,593 --> 00:21:38,531
RIDING AN UNTAMED HORSE,
LIKE COWBOYS.
409
00:21:38,531 --> 00:21:41,767
Narrator: THEN, AN AUTOMATED
VOICE FROM THE ALTIMETER
410
00:21:41,767 --> 00:21:44,436
GIVES INVESTIGATORS
AN IMPORTANT CLUE.
411
00:21:44,436 --> 00:21:47,273
Altimeter: 40...30...
20...10...
412
00:21:55,581 --> 00:21:57,983
Misencik: THAT LAST PART
AGAIN, PLEASE.
413
00:22:00,219 --> 00:22:03,989
Altimeter: 50...40...30...
20...10...
414
00:22:08,127 --> 00:22:10,062
Misencik: IT SHOULD SLOW DOWN.
415
00:22:10,062 --> 00:22:13,866
50, 40, 30...
416
00:22:13,866 --> 00:22:15,067
20...
417
00:22:15,067 --> 00:22:16,702
10.
418
00:22:16,702 --> 00:22:19,972
THE PILOT,
IN MAKING AN APPROACH,
419
00:22:19,972 --> 00:22:23,776
HE CAN JUDGE HIS RATE OF DESCENT
420
00:22:23,776 --> 00:22:25,678
BY THE CADENCE
OF THOSE CALL-OUTS.
421
00:22:25,678 --> 00:22:30,883
LIKE NORMALLY YOU'LL HAVE
100 FEET, 50, 30,
422
00:22:30,883 --> 00:22:32,484
AND AS YOU GET DOWN TO 10 FEET
423
00:22:32,484 --> 00:22:34,687
THEY'LL EVEN SLOW DOWN
A LITTLE BIT MORE.
424
00:22:34,687 --> 00:22:36,789
Altimeter: 20...10...
425
00:22:36,789 --> 00:22:38,123
Wilson: IF IT'S CALLING THEM
VERY QUICKLY,
426
00:22:38,123 --> 00:22:41,126
YOU'RE GOING,
YOU'RE SINKING TOO RAPIDLY.
427
00:22:41,126 --> 00:22:42,995
Narrator: THE RECORDING
TELLS INVESTIGATORS
428
00:22:42,995 --> 00:22:46,398
THE PLANE'S DESCENT DIDN'T
SLOW DOWN WHEN IT SHOULD HAVE,
429
00:22:46,398 --> 00:22:49,935
BUT INSTEAD CONTINUED DROPPING
AT A RAPID RATE.
430
00:22:49,935 --> 00:22:55,441
IT EXPLAINS THE HARD LANDING,
BUT NOT THE CRASH.
431
00:22:55,441 --> 00:22:57,710
ANOTHER CRITICAL QUESTION
REMAINS.
432
00:22:57,710 --> 00:23:01,146
WHY DIDN'T THE PILOTS
SLOW THEIR DESCENT?
433
00:23:01,146 --> 00:23:03,215
UNTIL THEY CAN ANSWER
THAT QUESTION,
434
00:23:03,215 --> 00:23:05,618
INVESTIGATORS WON'T KNOW
THE FULL STORY
435
00:23:05,618 --> 00:23:08,454
BEHIND THE CRASH
OF FEDEX FLIGHT 80.
436
00:23:13,726 --> 00:23:17,229
WHILE THEY PREPARE THE FEDEX 80
FLIGHT DATA FOR ANALYSIS,
437
00:23:17,229 --> 00:23:20,132
INVESTIGATORS IN TOKYO
FOLLOW A NEW LEAD.
438
00:23:20,132 --> 00:23:24,536
Chiba: LET'S SEE
WHAT THESE CAN TELL US.
439
00:23:24,536 --> 00:23:26,071
Narrator:
A SECOND SECURITY CAMERA
440
00:23:26,071 --> 00:23:29,675
CAPTURED A SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS
DURING THE DEADLY TOUCHDOWN.
441
00:23:29,675 --> 00:23:34,446
THE CAMERA WAS SET TO RECORD
FOUR IMAGES PER SECOND.
442
00:23:34,446 --> 00:23:36,315
WITH LUCK,
ONE OF THEM MIGHT REVEAL
443
00:23:36,315 --> 00:23:39,318
WHY THE LANDING WENT SO WRONG.
444
00:23:40,953 --> 00:23:42,488
Chiba: WHEN WE LOOKED
AT THE PHOTOGRAPHS,
445
00:23:42,488 --> 00:23:44,023
WE COULD TELL VERY CLEARLY
446
00:23:44,023 --> 00:23:47,860
HOW THE AIRCRAFT CAME
INTO THE RUNWAY.
447
00:23:47,860 --> 00:23:50,696
THE SURVEILLANCE PHOTOS
WERE MORE HELPFUL AND ACCURATE
448
00:23:50,696 --> 00:23:53,265
THAN INTERVIEWING
HUNDREDS OF WITNESSES.
449
00:23:55,200 --> 00:24:00,906
30 FEET OFF THE GROUND, LOOKS
LIKE HE'S STRAIGHT AND LEVEL.
450
00:24:00,906 --> 00:24:02,441
STABLE.
451
00:24:03,542 --> 00:24:05,511
STABLE.
452
00:24:05,511 --> 00:24:08,681
20 FEET AND STILL STABLE.
453
00:24:12,017 --> 00:24:13,719
Wilson: YOU WANT THE AIRPLANE
POINTED DOWN THE RUNWAY
454
00:24:13,719 --> 00:24:15,087
WHEN YOU TOUCH DOWN,
455
00:24:15,087 --> 00:24:17,856
AND YOU WANT THE WINGS
AS LEVEL AS YOU CAN HAVE THEM.
456
00:24:17,856 --> 00:24:21,727
THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING
TO ACCOMPLISH.
457
00:24:21,727 --> 00:24:25,798
Chiba: EVERYTHING LOOKS FINE,
BUT IN A SPLIT SECOND
458
00:24:25,798 --> 00:24:28,100
HE HITS THE RUNWAY
HARD ENOUGH TO BOUNCE.
459
00:24:31,203 --> 00:24:35,274
Narrator:
THE PHOTOS CAPTURE IN DETAIL
WHAT HAPPENED ON RUNWAY 34-LEFT
460
00:24:35,274 --> 00:24:38,544
BUT SHED LITTLE LIGHT
ON WHY IT HAPPENED.
461
00:24:40,112 --> 00:24:43,782
Chiba: WE'RE MISSING
SOMETHING HERE.
462
00:24:43,782 --> 00:24:46,485
Narrator:
THEY TURN TO THE INFORMATION
FROM THE FLIGHT DATA RECORDER.
463
00:24:46,485 --> 00:24:50,989
Chiba: ALL RIGHT.
WHAT DOES THE DATA TELL US?
464
00:24:50,989 --> 00:24:53,292
Narrator: THEY HOPE IT WILL
REVEAL WHAT THE PILOTS DID
465
00:24:53,292 --> 00:24:57,129
DURING THE FINAL MOMENTS
OF THE LANDING.
466
00:24:57,129 --> 00:25:01,400
Chiba: 40 FEET, 30 FEET.
467
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:02,835
STRANGE.
468
00:25:02,835 --> 00:25:05,003
IT'S PRACTICALLY LEVEL.
469
00:25:05,003 --> 00:25:07,973
HE SHOULD BE NOSE UP HERE.
470
00:25:07,973 --> 00:25:09,441
Narrator:
30 FEET FROM THE GROUND,
471
00:25:09,441 --> 00:25:11,710
THE PILOTS SHOULD PULL THE NOSE
UP A FEW DEGREES
472
00:25:11,710 --> 00:25:15,214
TO SLOW THE DESCENT AND HELP
THE PLANE FLOAT TO THE GROUND.
473
00:25:15,214 --> 00:25:17,583
IT'S CALLED FLARING THE PLANE.
474
00:25:17,583 --> 00:25:21,653
Wilson: STARTING TO PULL BACK
ON THE CONTROL COLUMN
475
00:25:21,653 --> 00:25:25,724
TO START TO FLARE THE AIRPLANE,
TO START TO ARREST ITS DESCENT
476
00:25:25,724 --> 00:25:29,528
SO THAT YOU HAVE
ONE CONTINUAL MOTION OF POWER
477
00:25:29,528 --> 00:25:31,964
COMING OFF OF THE AIRPLANE.
478
00:25:37,002 --> 00:25:38,771
Narrator:
25 FEET FROM THE GROUND,
479
00:25:38,771 --> 00:25:41,273
THE PILOT STILL
HADN'T DONE THAT.
480
00:25:41,273 --> 00:25:44,410
Chiba: HE STARTS THE FLARE HERE,
481
00:25:44,410 --> 00:25:46,145
BUT IT'S ONLY TWO SECONDS
FROM TOUCHDOWN.
482
00:25:46,145 --> 00:25:47,546
HE'S TOO LATE.
483
00:25:47,546 --> 00:25:50,315
Narrator: THE PILOTS FINALLY
START TO FLARE AT 20 FEET--
484
00:25:50,315 --> 00:25:55,020
SO LATE THEY'RE STILL PULLING UP
WHEN THEY SLAM INTO THE GROUND.
485
00:25:55,020 --> 00:25:58,323
Chiba: THAT EXPLAINS WHY THEY
WERE DROPPING SO FAST.
486
00:26:00,826 --> 00:26:04,730
Narrator: A PROPERLY TIMED FLARE
HELPS ENSURE A SMOOTH LANDING.
487
00:26:04,730 --> 00:26:07,232
BY DELAYING THE FLARE,
THE PILOTS WERE DESCENDING
488
00:26:07,232 --> 00:26:10,068
MUCH MORE QUICKLY
THAN THEY SHOULD HAVE BEEN.
489
00:26:14,139 --> 00:26:16,809
Chiba: THEY BEGAN THE FLARE
AT 20 FEET.
490
00:26:16,809 --> 00:26:19,978
THAT'S WHEN THINGS
STARTED GOING WRONG.
491
00:26:22,047 --> 00:26:25,684
TWO SECONDS FROM TOUCHDOWN
HE'S ALREADY BEHIND THE GAME.
492
00:26:25,684 --> 00:26:27,753
LET'S SEE HOW HE GOT THERE.
493
00:26:27,753 --> 00:26:29,755
Misencik: SO IT WAS A,
IT WAS A HIGH SINK RATE,
494
00:26:29,755 --> 00:26:33,158
AND WE WERE WONDERING
WHY A PILOT WOULD, UH,
495
00:26:33,158 --> 00:26:34,560
WOULD ALLOW THAT TO HAPPEN.
496
00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:35,694
Altimeter: 1,000...
497
00:26:35,694 --> 00:26:37,062
Narrator:
IN SEARCH OF AN ANSWER,
498
00:26:37,062 --> 00:26:40,532
INVESTIGATORS SCRUTINIZE
AN EARLIER PART OF THE FLIGHT,
499
00:26:40,532 --> 00:26:42,568
THE LAST 1,000 FEET
OF THE LANDING.
500
00:26:42,568 --> 00:26:44,903
Pino: SHEEE.
501
00:26:44,903 --> 00:26:47,806
Chiba: THIS IS WHERE THINGS
START TO GET HAIRY.
502
00:26:47,806 --> 00:26:51,643
RIGHT UP, LEFT DOWN,
503
00:26:51,643 --> 00:26:55,547
RIGHT UP, LEFT UP.
504
00:26:55,547 --> 00:26:58,383
Mosley: YEE-HAW!
RIDE 'EM COWBOY.
505
00:26:59,818 --> 00:27:01,353
Bramble: THEY WERE WORKING HARD
506
00:27:01,353 --> 00:27:04,189
TO ADJUST
FOR THE CHANGING HEADWINDS
507
00:27:04,189 --> 00:27:06,725
AND RISING AND SINKING
OF THE AIRPLANE
508
00:27:06,725 --> 00:27:09,294
WITH THE TURBULENCE
THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THAT.
509
00:27:09,294 --> 00:27:10,762
Mosley: STABLE.
510
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:16,268
Pino: SHEEE.
511
00:27:16,268 --> 00:27:18,370
Wilson: IF YOU HAVE
A REALLY STRONG HEADWIND
512
00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:20,272
ON THE AIRPLANE
BLOWING RIGHT ON,
513
00:27:20,272 --> 00:27:22,441
RIGHT DOWN THE RUNWAY
TOWARD THE AIRPLANE
514
00:27:22,441 --> 00:27:25,611
AND THAT WIND SUDDENLY
DIMINISHES GREATLY,
515
00:27:25,611 --> 00:27:27,045
THE AIRPLANE HAS
A TENDENCY TO FEEL
516
00:27:27,045 --> 00:27:29,314
LIKE IT'S FALLING
OUT FROM UNDER YOU.
517
00:27:29,314 --> 00:27:33,986
IT'S LOST SOME OF THAT AIRFLOW
THAT'S GOING OVER THE WING.
518
00:27:33,986 --> 00:27:36,021
Narrator: THE MD-11 IS HEADING
FOR THE RUNWAY
519
00:27:36,021 --> 00:27:41,093
AT ALMOST 200 MILES AN HOUR AND
DROPPING AT 13 FEET PER SECOND.
520
00:27:41,093 --> 00:27:42,561
PINO HAS HIS HANDS FULL
521
00:27:42,561 --> 00:27:45,864
TRYING TO KEEP HIS PLANE
PROPERLY POSITIONED FOR LANDING.
522
00:27:45,864 --> 00:27:47,199
Altimeter: 100...
523
00:27:51,970 --> 00:27:56,375
Chiba:
JUST WHEN THEY NEED POWER,
THE ENGINES GO TO IDLE.
524
00:27:57,676 --> 00:28:00,178
Altimeter: 50...
525
00:28:00,178 --> 00:28:04,449
Narrator: AT 50 FEET,
THE SITUATION GETS MUCH WORSE.
526
00:28:04,449 --> 00:28:06,118
THE MD-11'S AUTO THROTTLES
527
00:28:06,118 --> 00:28:09,321
ARE DESIGNED TO GO TO IDLE
AUTOMATICALLY AT 50 FEET.
528
00:28:09,321 --> 00:28:11,557
THE SYSTEM WORKS WELL
ON CALM DAYS,
529
00:28:11,557 --> 00:28:13,825
BUT THIS TIME
THE DECREASE IN POWER
530
00:28:13,825 --> 00:28:16,194
MAKES THE PLANE DROP
EVEN FASTER.
531
00:28:16,194 --> 00:28:17,896
Misencik: WHEN THEY HAD
A HIGH SINK RATE,
532
00:28:17,896 --> 00:28:20,165
THEY NEEDED POWER
RIGHT AT 50 FEET,
533
00:28:20,165 --> 00:28:22,901
AND THEY DIDN'T APPLY IT.
534
00:28:22,901 --> 00:28:24,703
Narrator: BECAUSE OF
THE POWERFUL WINDS,
535
00:28:24,703 --> 00:28:26,505
PINO SHOULD HAVE ADDED
MORE THRUST
536
00:28:26,505 --> 00:28:28,774
TO KEEP THE LANDING ON TRACK.
537
00:28:28,774 --> 00:28:30,075
Altimeter: 30...
538
00:28:30,075 --> 00:28:33,946
Narrator: PINO REACTS
LESS THAN A SECOND TOO LATE.
539
00:28:33,946 --> 00:28:36,882
HE PULLS THE NOSE UP
TO BEGIN HIS FLARE,
540
00:28:36,882 --> 00:28:41,520
BUT THE PLANE IS FALLING
TOO FAST.
541
00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:43,622
Misencik:
IN WINDY, GUSTY CONDITIONS,
542
00:28:43,622 --> 00:28:46,692
IT'S INCUMBENT ON THE PILOT
TO GUARD HIS THROTTLES
543
00:28:46,692 --> 00:28:49,695
AND TO OVERRIDE
THE AUTO THROTTLES
544
00:28:49,695 --> 00:28:53,765
TO MAKE SURE THAT HE HAS
THE ADEQUATE POWER COMPONENT
545
00:28:53,765 --> 00:28:57,202
TO CONTROL HIS RATE OF DESCENT
TO THE RUNWAY.
546
00:28:58,971 --> 00:29:01,073
Narrator: JUST LIKE
IN THE NEWARK ACCIDENT,
547
00:29:01,073 --> 00:29:02,507
FLIGHT 80 HITS THE RUNWAY
548
00:29:02,507 --> 00:29:05,177
WHILE DROPPING TWICE AS FAST
AS RECOMMENDED.
549
00:29:08,947 --> 00:29:12,317
Chiba: THEY BOTH
BOTCHED THE FLARE.
550
00:29:12,317 --> 00:29:14,353
THEY BOTH HIT HARD.
551
00:29:14,353 --> 00:29:15,954
TSUGI.
552
00:29:15,954 --> 00:29:18,056
Misencik: IF A PILOT
IS LATE WITH HIS FLARE,
553
00:29:18,056 --> 00:29:21,660
JUST LIKE ISAAC NEWTON SAYS,
EVERY ACTION HAS A REACTION.
554
00:29:21,660 --> 00:29:22,928
YOU'RE GONNA HIT THE RUNWAY,
555
00:29:22,928 --> 00:29:24,830
AND YOU'RE GONNA BOUNCE
BACK OFF THE RUNWAY.
556
00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:28,333
THIS IS WHAT'S HAPPENED
IN SEVERAL OF THESE MD-11s
557
00:29:28,333 --> 00:29:30,402
WHERE ONE WING WOULD SHEAR OFF
558
00:29:30,402 --> 00:29:32,437
AND THE OTHER WING WOULD FLY
UP OVER THE TOP
559
00:29:32,437 --> 00:29:35,340
AND TURN THE AIRPLANE INVERTED.
560
00:29:38,410 --> 00:29:41,613
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS IN JAPAN
LEARN THAT BOTH MOSLEY AND PINO
561
00:29:41,613 --> 00:29:43,615
RECEIVED
THE BOUNCE RECOVERY TRAINING
562
00:29:43,615 --> 00:29:47,052
THAT BENZON RECOMMENDED
AFTER THE NEWARK ACCIDENT.
563
00:29:49,921 --> 00:29:52,524
Misencik: LOOKS LIKE THEY HAD
THE PROPER TRAINING.
564
00:29:52,524 --> 00:29:56,962
Chiba: SO HOW DID THEY GET
THE LANDING SO WRONG?
565
00:29:56,962 --> 00:29:59,665
Narrator: THE FATAL DESCENT
ONTO RUNWAY 34-LEFT
566
00:29:59,665 --> 00:30:01,667
REMAINS A MYSTERY.
567
00:30:07,506 --> 00:30:09,574
INVESTIGATORS
DIG INTO THE BACKGROUND
568
00:30:09,574 --> 00:30:12,477
OF THE TWO PILOTS WHO DIED
ON FEDEX FLIGHT 80.
569
00:30:12,477 --> 00:30:14,146
Wilson: FEDEX DOESN'T HAVE
A LOT OF PEOPLE
570
00:30:14,146 --> 00:30:19,084
THAT ARE NEW
TO THE FLYING BUSINESS.
571
00:30:19,084 --> 00:30:23,622
THEY JUST DON'T MAKE THE CUT.
572
00:30:23,622 --> 00:30:25,257
Narrator:
BEFORE WORKING FOR FEDEX,
573
00:30:25,257 --> 00:30:28,660
CAPTAIN MOSLEY FLEW F-4s
FOR THE U.S. MARINES.
574
00:30:28,660 --> 00:30:32,364
ONLY THE BEST PILOTS ARE EVEN
CONSIDERED FOR THE JOB.
575
00:30:32,364 --> 00:30:38,270
AS A CIVILIAN PILOT, HE HAD
FLOWN MORE THAN 8,000 HOURS.
576
00:30:38,270 --> 00:30:41,673
BUT CAPTAIN MOSLEY HAD ONLY
RECENTLY RETURNED TO FLYING...
577
00:30:41,673 --> 00:30:44,009
Chiba: SICK LEAVE.
578
00:30:44,009 --> 00:30:49,047
Narrator: ...AFTER AN EXTENDED
SICK LEAVE FOR A BAD BACK.
579
00:30:49,047 --> 00:30:54,553
Chiba: FIRST OFFICER PINO
WAS HARDLY A ROOKIE.
580
00:30:54,553 --> 00:30:58,790
Narrator: ANTHONY PINO WAS
A VETERAN OF THE FIRST GULF WAR.
581
00:30:58,790 --> 00:31:01,593
HE SERVED WITH THE
U.S. AIR FORCE FOR 23 YEARS,
582
00:31:01,593 --> 00:31:06,331
FLYING C-5 TRANSPORTS, ONE OF
THE LARGEST PLANES EVER BUILT.
583
00:31:06,331 --> 00:31:08,200
Misencik: NOBODY HAD
ANYTHING BAD TO SAY
584
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:09,701
ABOUT EITHER OF THESE PILOTS.
585
00:31:09,701 --> 00:31:11,269
THEY TRAINED WELL.
586
00:31:11,269 --> 00:31:14,306
THEY NEVER FAILED
A PROFICIENCY CHECK.
587
00:31:16,475 --> 00:31:19,478
Narrator: BUT INVESTIGATORS
DO FIND ONE SIGNIFICANT DETAIL
588
00:31:19,478 --> 00:31:22,247
IN FIRST OFFICER PINO'S RECORD.
589
00:31:24,616 --> 00:31:28,120
HE HAD TO BE RECERTIFIED
TO LAND MD-11s ON A SIMULATOR
590
00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:31,022
JUST SIX WEEKS BEFORE.
591
00:31:31,022 --> 00:31:34,693
Chiba: LOTS OF HOURS.
592
00:31:34,693 --> 00:31:36,461
NOT SO MANY LANDINGS.
593
00:31:36,461 --> 00:31:40,365
Misencik:
WE FOUND OUT THAT HE HAD
WITHIN THE PREVIOUS SIX MONTHS
594
00:31:40,365 --> 00:31:43,769
VERY FEW, VERY FEW
ACTUAL LANDINGS.
595
00:31:43,769 --> 00:31:45,604
Narrator:
LACK OF EXPERIENCE IN LANDING
596
00:31:45,604 --> 00:31:48,840
HAS LED TO TRAGEDY IN THE PAST.
597
00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:52,077
JUST A MONTH EARLIER,
A TURKISH AIRLINES 737
598
00:31:52,077 --> 00:31:56,648
WAS ON APPROACH
TO AMSTERDAM'S SCHIPHOL AIRPORT.
599
00:31:56,648 --> 00:32:00,986
THE PILOT FLYING WAS
AN INEXPERIENCED TRAINEE.
600
00:32:00,986 --> 00:32:02,521
HE FAILED TO RECOGNIZE
601
00:32:02,521 --> 00:32:04,256
A CRITICAL CHANGE
IN THROTTLE SETTINGS
602
00:32:04,256 --> 00:32:06,792
BROUGHT ON BY
A MALFUNCTIONING ALTIMETER.
603
00:32:10,128 --> 00:32:12,931
THE PLANE LOST POWER
AND SLAMMED INTO THE GROUND,
604
00:32:12,931 --> 00:32:16,368
KILLING NINE
OF THE 135 PEOPLE ON BOARD.
605
00:32:21,773 --> 00:32:25,610
AT FEDEX, PINO USUALLY FLEW
AS THE RELIEF PILOT,
606
00:32:25,610 --> 00:32:29,514
TAKING THE CONTROLS ONLY IN
THE MIDDLE OF LONG HAUL FLIGHTS.
607
00:32:29,514 --> 00:32:34,186
IT'S A ROLE THAT CALLS
FOR VERY FEW LANDINGS.
608
00:32:34,186 --> 00:32:37,022
Bramble: THE PILOT WHO
WAS FLYING THIS AIRPLANE
609
00:32:37,022 --> 00:32:40,425
ONLY HAD ABOUT 73 LANDINGS IN
THE LAST TWO AND A HALF YEARS,
610
00:32:40,425 --> 00:32:45,130
WHICH AVERAGES OUT TO ABOUT
TWO AND A HALF LANDINGS A MONTH.
611
00:32:45,130 --> 00:32:46,998
TWO AND A HALF LANDINGS A MONTH.
612
00:32:46,998 --> 00:32:50,435
THAT'S NOT A LOT
OF LANDING PRACTICE.
613
00:32:50,435 --> 00:32:53,338
Chiba: THE FIRST BOUNCE THROWS
THE PLANE BACK IN THE AIR.
614
00:32:53,338 --> 00:32:57,108
HE GETS 10 FEET OFF THE GROUND
AND BRINGS HIS NOSE DOWN.
615
00:33:00,278 --> 00:33:05,684
HE HITS THE GROUND
FOR THE SECOND TIME HERE.
616
00:33:05,684 --> 00:33:08,320
HE CONTINUES TO PUSH
HIS CONTROLS FORWARD,
617
00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:10,922
PUSHING DOWN THE NOSE.
618
00:33:10,922 --> 00:33:13,358
HE'S MAKING THINGS WORSE HERE.
619
00:33:13,358 --> 00:33:17,229
SECOND BOUNCE SENDS THEM
16 FEET BACK IN THE AIR,
620
00:33:17,229 --> 00:33:20,699
AND THE THIRD TOUCHDOWN
IS LETHAL.
621
00:33:20,699 --> 00:33:21,766
Mosley: FIRE!
622
00:33:30,308 --> 00:33:32,577
Chiba: OKAY,
A RUSTY FIRST OFFICER
623
00:33:32,577 --> 00:33:35,080
AND A CAPTAIN WITH A BAD BACK.
624
00:33:36,948 --> 00:33:40,185
THERE MUST BE
MORE TO IT THAN THAT.
625
00:33:40,185 --> 00:33:42,621
GO AHEAD.
626
00:33:42,621 --> 00:33:45,891
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS RETURN
TO THE COCKPIT VOICE RECORDING
627
00:33:45,891 --> 00:33:48,760
AND LISTEN FOR OTHER FACTORS
THAT MIGHT HAVE COME INTO PLAY.
628
00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:51,563
Pino: OH, IT'LL BE GOOD
TO GET SOME REAL SLEEP.
629
00:33:51,563 --> 00:33:53,765
Narrator:
THEY HEAR A CRITICAL CLUE--
630
00:33:53,765 --> 00:33:58,036
A REMARK MADE 45 MINUTES
BEFORE THE CATASTROPHIC LANDING.
631
00:33:58,036 --> 00:34:01,339
Pino: I AM EXHAUSTED.
632
00:34:01,339 --> 00:34:04,309
Mosley: OH, YEAH.
GONNA SLEEP LIKE A BABY.
633
00:34:04,309 --> 00:34:05,777
Pino: JUST KEEP AN EYE
ON ME, WOULD YA?
634
00:34:05,777 --> 00:34:08,847
IF I SUDDENLY GET REALLY QUIET,
SAY SOMETHING,
635
00:34:08,847 --> 00:34:12,217
ESPECIALLY IF WE'RE
CLOSE TO FLARE.
636
00:34:12,217 --> 00:34:14,152
Bramble: IT WAS CLEAR
FROM LISTENING TO THE CREW
637
00:34:14,152 --> 00:34:16,655
THAT THEY WERE TIRED
DURING THE APPROACH.
638
00:34:16,655 --> 00:34:19,858
Chiba: SO THEY WERE TIRED
AFTER FLYING ALL NIGHT LONG.
639
00:34:19,858 --> 00:34:22,894
LET'S FIND OUT
JUST HOW TIRED THEY WERE.
640
00:34:22,894 --> 00:34:25,997
Bramble:
RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT FATIGUE
CAN DECREASE PERFORMANCE
641
00:34:25,997 --> 00:34:31,036
IN WAYS SIMILAR
TO ALCOHOL INTOXICATION.
642
00:34:31,036 --> 00:34:34,172
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS LEARN
THAT OVER THE PAST 10 DAYS
643
00:34:34,172 --> 00:34:36,675
THE TWO MEN FLEW 38 1/2 HOURS,
644
00:34:36,675 --> 00:34:41,646
TRAVELED ALMOST 11,000 MILES
AND CROSSED EIGHT TIME ZONES.
645
00:34:41,646 --> 00:34:44,382
THEIR WEEK STARTS
IN ANCHORAGE...
646
00:34:44,382 --> 00:34:46,318
A FLIGHT TO NARITA ...
647
00:34:46,318 --> 00:34:49,254
THEN FROM TOKYO
TO GUANGZHOU, CHINA...
648
00:34:49,254 --> 00:34:52,490
TO MALAYSIA...
THEN TO THE PHILIPPINES...
649
00:34:52,490 --> 00:34:54,192
BACK TO GUANGZHOU.
650
00:34:54,192 --> 00:34:55,360
AND THE FINAL LEG--
651
00:34:55,360 --> 00:34:58,096
AN OVERNIGHT FLIGHT
BACK TO NARITA.
652
00:34:58,096 --> 00:35:00,932
Wilson:
BECAUSE YOU'VE LONG HAUL FLOWN
653
00:35:00,932 --> 00:35:04,169
AND NOW YOU'RE ARRIVING
SOMEWHERE
654
00:35:04,169 --> 00:35:05,704
AT EIGHT O'CLOCK IN THE MORNING
655
00:35:05,704 --> 00:35:09,741
AND IT FEELS LIKE EIGHT O'CLOCK
AT NIGHT TO YOUR BODY.
656
00:35:09,741 --> 00:35:14,679
Misencik: SO HOW MUCH SLEEPING
DID THEY DO BETWEEN FLIGHTS?
657
00:35:14,679 --> 00:35:16,381
Bramble: WE CAN USUALLY BUILD
A TIMELINE
658
00:35:16,381 --> 00:35:17,816
THAT GIVES US A BETTER IDEA
659
00:35:17,816 --> 00:35:21,353
OF HOW MUCH SLEEP THE PILOT
MIGHT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO OBTAIN
660
00:35:21,353 --> 00:35:24,022
AND WHAT THEIR SCHEDULE
WAS LIKE.
661
00:35:27,592 --> 00:35:29,327
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS
LEARN WHAT THEY CAN
662
00:35:29,327 --> 00:35:30,996
ABOUT THE TWO PILOTS' ACTIVITIES
663
00:35:30,996 --> 00:35:33,298
IN THE DAYS LEADING
TO THE CRASH.
664
00:35:33,298 --> 00:35:36,167
THEY STUDY
THEIR COMPUTER RECORDS,
665
00:35:36,167 --> 00:35:40,438
CONTACT FRIENDS AND FAMILY,
666
00:35:40,438 --> 00:35:44,242
AND INTERVIEW HOTEL EMPLOYEES
ABOUT THEIR COMINGS AND GOINGS.
667
00:35:44,242 --> 00:35:46,378
Bramble: THE MOST IMPORTANT
THINGS THAT WE WANT TO KNOW
668
00:35:46,378 --> 00:35:48,747
ARE WHEN WERE THE PILOTS AWAKE,
WHEN WERE THEY WORKING,
669
00:35:48,747 --> 00:35:50,215
WHEN WERE THEY SLEEPING,
670
00:35:50,215 --> 00:35:51,883
AND KIND OF WHAT OTHER
GENERAL KINDS OF ACTIVITIES
671
00:35:51,883 --> 00:35:53,818
WERE THEY ENGAGED IN.
672
00:35:53,818 --> 00:35:56,688
Narrator:
THEY EVEN GO THROUGH RECEIPTS
AND KEY CARD INFORMATION
673
00:35:56,688 --> 00:35:58,456
TO HELP PAINT A DETAILED PICTURE
674
00:35:58,456 --> 00:36:02,894
OF WHEN THE PILOTS
WERE MOST LIKELY SLEEPING.
675
00:36:02,894 --> 00:36:05,697
BRAMBLE DISCOVERS
THAT IN THE PAST 24 HOURS,
676
00:36:05,697 --> 00:36:07,032
CAPTAIN MOSLEY HAD NO MORE
677
00:36:07,032 --> 00:36:11,536
THAN FOUR HOURS AND 38 MINUTES
OF STRAIGHT SLEEP.
678
00:36:11,536 --> 00:36:14,139
FIRST OFFICER PINO
LIKELY EVEN HAD LESS--
679
00:36:14,139 --> 00:36:17,876
JUST THREE HOURS AND 17 MINUTES.
680
00:36:17,876 --> 00:36:19,444
Bramble: WELL, YOU'D LIKE TO SEE
PILOTS RECEIVING
681
00:36:19,444 --> 00:36:20,779
ABOUT EIGHT HOURS OF SLEEP
682
00:36:20,779 --> 00:36:23,181
IN A CONSOLIDATED FASHION
PER NIGHT.
683
00:36:23,181 --> 00:36:24,916
THAT WOULD ALLOW THEM
TO BE FULLY RESTED
684
00:36:24,916 --> 00:36:27,619
AND PERFORM OPTIMALLY.
685
00:36:27,619 --> 00:36:31,756
Misencik: NEITHER ONE GOT CLOSE
TO EIGHT HOURS STRAIGHT.
686
00:36:31,756 --> 00:36:33,291
Narrator:
ACCORDING TO REGULATIONS,
687
00:36:33,291 --> 00:36:36,327
THERE WAS ENOUGH REST TIME
BUILT INTO THEIR SCHEDULE.
688
00:36:36,327 --> 00:36:39,731
BUT AIRLINES CAN'T DICTATE
HOW PILOTS USE THAT TIME
689
00:36:39,731 --> 00:36:42,600
OR FORCE THEIR PILOTS TO SLEEP.
690
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:44,269
Pino: OH, IT'LL BE GOOD
TO GET SOME REAL SLEEP.
691
00:36:44,269 --> 00:36:46,404
I AM EXHAUSTED.
692
00:36:46,404 --> 00:36:47,338
Mosley: OH, YEAH.
693
00:36:47,338 --> 00:36:48,873
GONNA SLEEP LIKE A BABY.
694
00:36:48,873 --> 00:36:53,311
Misencik: THESE PEOPLE WERE NOT
HITTING ON ALL CYLINDERS.
695
00:36:53,311 --> 00:36:56,014
Mosley: YEE-HAW!
RIDE 'EM COWBOY.
696
00:36:56,014 --> 00:36:59,317
Misencik: THEIR REACTION TIMES
WERE A LITTLE SLOWER.
697
00:36:59,317 --> 00:37:01,052
Mosley: OH, YEAH.
698
00:37:01,052 --> 00:37:03,288
Bramble: YOU'D EXPECT TO SEE
LAPSES IN PERFORMANCE
699
00:37:03,288 --> 00:37:05,723
AND DELAYS IN RESPONSE.
700
00:37:07,459 --> 00:37:10,161
Pino: SHEEE.
701
00:37:10,161 --> 00:37:13,098
Wilson: IT'S A MENTAL FATIGUE
THAT SETS IN THAT--
702
00:37:13,098 --> 00:37:14,466
AND THAT'S THE INSIDIOUS PART.
703
00:37:14,466 --> 00:37:17,702
YOU KNOW MUCH FASTER
WHEN YOUR BODY'S TIRED
704
00:37:17,702 --> 00:37:20,705
THAN YOU DO
WHEN YOUR MIND IS TIRED.
705
00:37:20,705 --> 00:37:23,174
Altimeter: 50...40...
30...20...
706
00:37:23,174 --> 00:37:24,642
Narrator:
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TIME
707
00:37:24,642 --> 00:37:27,112
WHEN PINO SHOULD HAVE FLARED
AND WHEN HE ACTUALLY DID
708
00:37:27,112 --> 00:37:28,713
IS MINISCULE.
709
00:37:28,713 --> 00:37:31,549
HE WAS .7 SECONDS LATE.
710
00:37:31,549 --> 00:37:35,887
THAT FRACTION OF A SECOND
COST TWO MEN THEIR LIVES.
711
00:37:35,887 --> 00:37:38,523
Bramble: INCREASED REACTION TIME
IS A KIND OF PERFORMANCE DEFICIT
712
00:37:38,523 --> 00:37:40,825
THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH FATIGUE.
713
00:37:40,825 --> 00:37:45,797
SO THAT COULD EXPLAIN
THE PILOT'S DELAYED FLARE.
714
00:37:45,797 --> 00:37:48,933
Narrator:
BUT BOUNCED LANDINGS ARE COMMON
IN COMMERCIAL AVIATION
715
00:37:48,933 --> 00:37:51,336
AND RARELY CAUSE A CRASH.
716
00:37:51,336 --> 00:37:53,104
IN FACT, THE FEDEX PLANE BOUNCED
717
00:37:53,104 --> 00:37:56,141
DURING TWO OF
ITS PREVIOUS 60 LANDINGS.
718
00:37:59,677 --> 00:38:02,680
Chiba: BOUNCING AN AIRCRAFT
IS SOMETHING THAT OFTEN HAPPENS.
719
00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:04,415
BOUNCING IS NOT RARE.
720
00:38:04,415 --> 00:38:09,120
BUT EVEN SO IT DOESN'T USUALLY
CAUSE A FIERY CRASH.
721
00:38:09,120 --> 00:38:12,524
Narrator: SO WHAT MADE
THIS BOUNCED LANDING SO DEADLY?
722
00:38:12,524 --> 00:38:15,460
THOUGH IT LOOKS LIKE FATIGUE
COULD WELL HAVE BEEN A FACTOR,
723
00:38:15,460 --> 00:38:18,997
INVESTIGATORS SUSPECT
THERE'S MORE TO THE STORY.
724
00:38:18,997 --> 00:38:21,065
Mosley: FIRE! OH, GOD!
725
00:38:23,768 --> 00:38:26,638
Chiba: CAN YOU RUN THEM
ALL TOGETHER NOW?
726
00:38:26,638 --> 00:38:27,939
Narrator: THE INVESTIGATIVE TEAM
727
00:38:27,939 --> 00:38:31,476
COMBINES THE SEQUENCE OF STILLS
CAPTURED ON THE RUNWAY
728
00:38:31,476 --> 00:38:36,214
TO CREATE A REVEALING PORTRAIT
OF FLIGHT 80'S DEADLY LANDING.
729
00:38:36,214 --> 00:38:38,650
IT LEADS MASARU CHIBA
TO A STARK REALIZATION
730
00:38:38,650 --> 00:38:42,253
ABOUT THE FEDEX PILOTS.
731
00:38:42,253 --> 00:38:44,455
Chiba: LOOKS LIKE THEY IGNORED
WHAT THEY WERE TAUGHT
732
00:38:44,455 --> 00:38:46,591
ABOUT BOUNCE RECOVERY.
733
00:38:52,030 --> 00:38:54,866
Narrator:
IN AN MD-11 FLIGHT SIMULATOR,
734
00:38:54,866 --> 00:38:56,968
A SENIOR FEDEX PILOT
DEMONSTRATES
735
00:38:56,968 --> 00:39:01,439
THE STANDARD PROCEDURE
FOR RECOVERING FROM A BOUNCE.
736
00:39:01,439 --> 00:39:04,142
ESTABLISH A 7.5-DEGREE
NOSE-UP ATTITUDE
737
00:39:04,142 --> 00:39:07,745
AND INCREASE THRUST.
738
00:39:07,745 --> 00:39:10,481
Chiba: ARE WE READY?
739
00:39:10,481 --> 00:39:14,018
Wilson: I THINK MOST PILOTS
AT THAT LEVEL ARE SKILLED ENOUGH
740
00:39:14,018 --> 00:39:16,521
TO EFFECTIVELY HANDLE
THE BOUNCE.
741
00:39:27,665 --> 00:39:32,036
Chiba: SO IF IT'S THAT EASY,
WHY DID THEY DO THE OPPOSITE?
742
00:39:34,205 --> 00:39:36,708
Narrator: FLIGHT DATA SHOWS
PINO DID THE OPPOSITE
743
00:39:36,708 --> 00:39:38,443
OF WHAT HE WAS TRAINED TO DO.
744
00:39:38,443 --> 00:39:41,212
INSTEAD OF LIFTING THE NOSE UP
AFTER THE FIRST BOUNCE
745
00:39:41,212 --> 00:39:43,014
HE PUSHED HIS COLUMN FORWARD,
746
00:39:43,014 --> 00:39:46,618
DRIVING THE NOSE OF HIS PLANE
INTO THE GROUND.
747
00:39:46,618 --> 00:39:51,189
THAT MISTAKE BOUNCED THE PLANE
AGAIN, 16 FEET INTO THE AIR.
748
00:39:51,189 --> 00:39:52,490
Misencik:
AND THAT WAS ONE OF THE THINGS
749
00:39:52,490 --> 00:39:55,260
THAT WE REALLY TRIED TO WRAP
OUR MINDS AROUND
750
00:39:55,260 --> 00:39:58,730
WAS WHAT WOULD CAUSE A PILOT
WHO HAD BOUNCED
751
00:39:58,730 --> 00:40:02,734
TO PUSH THE NOSE OVER
BACK DOWN TOWARD THE RUNWAY.
752
00:40:04,769 --> 00:40:06,170
Narrator: 12 SECONDS LATER,
753
00:40:06,170 --> 00:40:09,474
THE PLANE IS UPSIDE DOWN
AND IN FLAMES.
754
00:40:11,342 --> 00:40:13,578
Mosley: FIRE! OH, GOD!
755
00:40:17,482 --> 00:40:20,885
Narrator: THE MD-11 IS
A STRETCH VERSION OF THE DC-10.
756
00:40:20,885 --> 00:40:23,221
INVESTIGATORS WONDER
IF THE EXTRA LENGTH
757
00:40:23,221 --> 00:40:25,390
COULD HAVE BEEN A FACTOR
IN THE CRASH.
758
00:40:25,390 --> 00:40:28,593
Chiba: I WONDER WHAT THE PILOTS
COULD SEE FROM THAT COCKPIT.
759
00:40:31,062 --> 00:40:33,865
Narrator:
INVESTIGATORS ASK BOEING
TO CREATE A SIMULATION
760
00:40:33,865 --> 00:40:36,901
OF WHAT THE PILOTS WOULD HAVE
SEEN FROM THE COCKPIT.
761
00:40:36,901 --> 00:40:38,636
Chiba: HERE'S WHERE THEY FLARE.
762
00:40:38,636 --> 00:40:41,239
THEY GO BACK IN THE AIR
RIGHT HERE.
763
00:40:41,239 --> 00:40:44,375
Narrator: AS THE MAIN
LANDING GEAR BOUNCES UPWARD,
764
00:40:44,375 --> 00:40:48,346
THE PLANE PIVOTS, SO THE NOSE
DOESN'T ACTUALLY GO UP AT ALL.
765
00:40:48,346 --> 00:40:52,517
FOR THE PILOTS IN THE COCKPIT,
IT'S A VISUAL DECEPTION.
766
00:40:52,517 --> 00:40:56,487
Chiba: THEY HAD NO IDEA
THEY HAD BOUNCED.
767
00:40:56,487 --> 00:41:00,992
HERE'S WHERE THEY SEE THE RUNWAY
AGAIN, BUT IT'S TOO LATE.
768
00:41:04,962 --> 00:41:07,565
Wilson: YOU'VE GOT
A LONGER AMOUNT OF AIRPLANE
769
00:41:07,565 --> 00:41:09,100
IN FRONT OF THE WHEELS,
770
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:11,769
SO YOU CAN GET A FALSE SENSE
OF WHERE YOU ARE
771
00:41:11,769 --> 00:41:13,604
IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE GROUND
772
00:41:13,604 --> 00:41:19,744
BECAUSE THESE JET AIRCRAFT LAND
WITH THE NOSE UP.
773
00:41:19,744 --> 00:41:24,415
Narrator:
THE DISCOVERY HELPS EXPLAIN WHY
PINO PUSHED HIS COLUMN FORWARD.
774
00:41:24,415 --> 00:41:26,317
HE LIKELY BELIEVED
HIS MAIN LANDING GEAR
775
00:41:26,317 --> 00:41:28,853
WAS ON THE GROUND.
776
00:41:28,853 --> 00:41:31,055
Wilson: YOU WANT TO GET THAT
NOSE DOWN AS QUICKLY AS YOU CAN
777
00:41:31,055 --> 00:41:35,393
BECAUSE YOU WANT THAT AIRPLANE
FIRMLY PLANTED ON THE GROUND.
778
00:41:35,393 --> 00:41:37,528
Bramble: THIS APPROACH
WENT VERY QUICKLY
779
00:41:37,528 --> 00:41:43,701
FROM WHAT WAS A CHALLENGING
BUT RELATIVELY NORMAL APPROACH
780
00:41:43,701 --> 00:41:48,239
TO A DISASTROUS SITUATION
IN A VERY SHORT SPAN OF TIME.
781
00:41:48,239 --> 00:41:50,575
Misencik: THERE'S REALLY NOT
ONE GOLDEN NUGGET
782
00:41:50,575 --> 00:41:52,510
THAT, UH, THAT SAID AH-HA,
783
00:41:52,510 --> 00:41:54,278
THIS IS WHAT CAUSED
THE ACCIDENT.
784
00:41:54,278 --> 00:41:58,883
IN MOST CASES IT'S A CUMULATIVE
EFFECT OF A NUMBER OF FACTORS.
785
00:42:00,385 --> 00:42:02,553
Narrator: INVESTIGATORS
NOW BELIEVE THAT A PILOT
786
00:42:02,553 --> 00:42:06,958
SUFFERING FROM FATIGUE
AND BATTLING STRONG WINDS
787
00:42:06,958 --> 00:42:10,094
FLARED HIS PLANE
A SPLIT SECOND TOO LATE,
788
00:42:10,094 --> 00:42:14,165
BRINGING IT
TO THE RUNWAY TOO FAST.
789
00:42:14,165 --> 00:42:17,034
THE STRETCH DESIGN OF THE MD-11
PREVENTED THE PILOT
790
00:42:17,034 --> 00:42:19,804
FROM REALIZING
HE'D BOUNCED THE LANDING,
791
00:42:19,804 --> 00:42:23,508
LEADING HIM TO THE FATAL MISTAKE
OF PUSHING DOWN THE NOSE.
792
00:42:27,612 --> 00:42:31,048
Chiba: THIS ACCIDENT BEGAN
WITH A VERY SMALL ERROR.
793
00:42:31,048 --> 00:42:33,518
THE RESPONSE TO THAT LED
TO ANOTHER ERROR,
794
00:42:33,518 --> 00:42:39,190
AND THE RESPONSE TO THAT
WORSENED THE SITUATION.
795
00:42:39,190 --> 00:42:40,992
IT WAS A SNOWBALL EFFECT.
796
00:42:40,992 --> 00:42:43,961
THE SITUATION GOT
WORSE AND WORSE.
797
00:42:47,131 --> 00:42:49,200
Narrator:
IN THE WAKE OF THE ACCIDENT,
798
00:42:49,200 --> 00:42:51,602
INVESTIGATORS MAKE
SEVERAL KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
799
00:42:51,602 --> 00:42:54,372
TO PREVENT
A SIMILAR CATASTROPHE.
800
00:42:54,372 --> 00:42:56,808
THEY SUGGEST THAT MANUFACTURERS
INSTALL A LIGHT
801
00:42:56,808 --> 00:42:59,110
IN THE MD-11 COCKPIT
802
00:42:59,110 --> 00:43:02,713
TO TELL THE PILOTS IF THEIR
WHEELS ARE ON THE GROUND.
803
00:43:02,713 --> 00:43:04,549
Chiba: WE LEARNED THAT
IN LONG AIRCRAFT
804
00:43:04,549 --> 00:43:08,319
IT'S VERY HARD TO KNOW WHETHER
THE PLANE IS BOUNCING OR NOT.
805
00:43:08,319 --> 00:43:11,456
SO THEY INSTALLED A SYSTEM
TO LET THE PILOTS KNOW
806
00:43:11,456 --> 00:43:14,025
IF THE PLANE HAS BOUNCED.
807
00:43:14,025 --> 00:43:15,927
Narrator: THEY ALSO RECOMMEND
THAT PILOTS BE READY
808
00:43:15,927 --> 00:43:17,628
TO OVERRIDE THEIR AUTO THROTTLES
809
00:43:17,628 --> 00:43:20,498
TO MAINTAIN SPEED
THROUGHOUT THE APPROACH.
810
00:43:20,498 --> 00:43:21,766
Misencik: AND IF THE THROTTLES
AREN'T DOING
811
00:43:21,766 --> 00:43:23,000
WHAT YOU WANT THEM TO DO
812
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:24,502
OR YOU WANT THEM
TO DO SOMETHING ELSE,
813
00:43:24,502 --> 00:43:29,040
YOUR HAND IS RIGHT THERE TO
APPLY WHATEVER POWER YOU NEED.
814
00:43:29,040 --> 00:43:31,275
Narrator: MOST IMPORTANTLY,
THEY RECOMMEND THAT PILOTS
815
00:43:31,275 --> 00:43:32,910
BE TRAINED TO GO AROUND
816
00:43:32,910 --> 00:43:35,813
EVERY TIME THEY BOUNCE
A LANDING.
817
00:43:35,813 --> 00:43:39,183
Wilson: WE'VE MOVED
MORE AND MORE TOWARD A MINDSET
818
00:43:39,183 --> 00:43:42,787
OF LOOK, LET'S GO AROUND
AND COME BACK
819
00:43:42,787 --> 00:43:44,889
AND DO IT ANOTHER TIME.
820
00:43:44,889 --> 00:43:47,925
LET'S DON'T TAKE THE CHANCE.
821
00:43:47,925 --> 00:43:52,163
IT IS NONETHELESS TRAGIC THAT
IT TOOK THE LOSS OF AN AIRCRAFT
822
00:43:52,163 --> 00:43:54,632
AND MORE IMPORTANTLY
THE LOSS OF A CREW
823
00:43:54,632 --> 00:43:57,632
TO ARRIVE AT THAT KIND
OF CONCLUSION.
65986
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