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narrator: Across the universe,
an endless war rages,
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a bitter struggle
between invisible forces.
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Tegmark: We've seen this
cosmic battle go on
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for the past 14 billion years.
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Like two navies, fighting it out
in the ocean of space time.
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[ crackling ]
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narrator:
Dark matter...
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And dark energy
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battling for control
of the universe.
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They've shaped the entire
history of the universe.
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They're not about to stop now.
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Narrator: Shadowy forces
dictating our past,
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our present, and our future.
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Thaller: The dark universe
is kind of a puppet master
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behind the scenes,
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guiding the universe
that we can see.
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Oluseyi: It's taken over
the universe and, eventually,
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it may well
destroy the universe.
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[ rumbling ]
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[ crackling, bursting ]
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-- captions by vitac --
www.Vitac.Com
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captions paid for by
discovery communications
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narrator: As we look out
across the universe,
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we see nebulas,
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stars,
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and planets,
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all constructed
from visible matter.
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But what we see is just
a small part of the cosmos.
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The rest is invisible,
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unknown...
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The dark universe.
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Dark universe is a very common
phrase to describe our universe,
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because it turns out
most of our cosmos is dark.
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Dark not as in night.
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Dark as in,
doesn't interact with light,
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and dark as in, we don't
really understand it.
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All the objects
in our daily experience --
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our bodies, the air, the chair
that you're sitting in,
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the planets and stars,
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all of that only adds up
to 5 percent of the universe.
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It's the other 95 percent
that is the dark stuff,
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the dark universe.
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narrator: The dark universe
is made of two forces --
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dark matter and dark energy.
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In a way, the dark matter
and dark energy
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sort of oppose each other.
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[ whooshing ]
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dark matter has positive gravity
that pulls things together,
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and dark energy
has repulsive gravity
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that pushes things apart.
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Freese: To encapsulate that
in one sentence,
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dark matter is attractive,
dark energy is repulsive.
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Narrator:
Since the dawn of time,
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two forces slugging it out
for control of the universe.
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Dark matter and dark energy
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are locked
in this epic struggle.
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The dark matter is trying
to bring things together.
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The dark energy is trying
to drive everything apart.
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So it's basically a battle.
Who's going to win?
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[ rumbling ]
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narrator:
It's a struggle that started
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13.8 billion years ago
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in the cosmic furnace
of the big bang.
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the infant universe was a super
hot ball of intense radiation,
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but suddenly...
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[ bursting ]
...It started to transform.
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It cooled and expanded,
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triggering the birth
of the regular universe
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and the dark universe.
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Scientists believe that both
dark matter and dark energy
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formed in the first moments
of the big bang.
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It would have formed probably
just fractions of a second
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after the big bang,
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around the time
that normal matter formed,
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and the processes that created
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the normal matter
we know all about.
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Similar processes probably
created the dark matter.
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narrator: During these
first microseconds,
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the universe was a hot, dense
ball of matter and energy.
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They're two sides
of the same coin.
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Matter can convert
into energy...
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[ crackling ]
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...And energy can convert
directly into matter,
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visible particles of regular
matter forming atoms,
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planets, stars, and us --
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and other particles.
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They are invisible.
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They are dark matter.
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One of the big mysteries that we
as astronomers have to solve
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is what this dark matter is.
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We just don't know.
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The idea of a type of matter
that you can't see
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and that acts differently
than normal matter
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is sort of out there.
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It's sort of weird.
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Narrator: But the dark universe
does leave clues.
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It's like a crime scene.
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You know that a crime
has been committed,
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even though you don't know
the perpetrator yet.
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We see the hints.
We see the signs.
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We see the signals
that something funny
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is happening
in our universe,
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even though we don't know
exactly what's causing it.
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Narrator:
There are several contenders
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for what dark matter could be.
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It could be normal matter
that we just don't see,
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or it could be some
sort of exotic matter,
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a particle of some sort
that we haven't detected yet.
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Sutter: It could be
a species of particle,
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like an electron,
like a proton,
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like a quark,
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but a special kind that
doesn't interact with light.
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One of the favorite possible
models of dark matter
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are wimps, weakly interacting
massive particles.
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narrator: Wimps may not
interact strongly
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with other matter or light,
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but they do exert
a gravitational pull.
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[ crackling ]
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so they're the best candidates
for the particles of dark matter
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that formed in the big bang.
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the early universe was
intensely hot and dense,
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full of new particles
of both visible matter
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and invisible dark matter.
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But another force
was present --
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dark energy.
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Dark energy has existed
since the time of the big bang.
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Freese:
Dark energy was always there.
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We don't know how much
of it there was,
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but it's possible that
the same amount of dark energy
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was always there.
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[ rumbling ]
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narrator: Our understanding of
what that dark energy is
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is very limited.
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Sutter:
If you were to ask a roomful of 10 theoretical physicists
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on the nature of dark energy,
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you'd get about
12 different answers.
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We're not sure
what dark energy is.
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Dark energy is just a fancy
name for our ignorance.
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Dark energy is nothing
more than a placeholder name
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for this enormous gap
in our understanding
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of how the cosmos works.
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But we don't understand
it at all.
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[ chuckles ] it's true.
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narrator: One potential answer
to what dark energy
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actually is may be found
in so-called empty space.
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Could this be the source
of dark energy?
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Tegmark: We used to think of
space as just boring emptiness.
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But now, I think it's healthier
to think of space
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as a kind of substance.
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Narrator:
A substance that carries
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a strange type of energy.
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Every small region of space
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has a little bit
of energy in it,
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just associated
with the vacuum itself.
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Vacuum energy is the idea
that vacuum isn't empty,
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that there is something there.
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There's an energy in it
with a kind of antigravity.
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[ crackling ]
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narrator:
Perhaps this vacuum energy
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that pushes against gravity
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is the mysterious dark energy.
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We simply don't know.
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We're not sure that the dark
energy is the vacuum energy.
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It could be a new type of energy
that permeates all of space.
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This is what we're
trying to measure now.
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Narrator:
Dark energy and dark matter,
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forged in the intense heat
of the big bang,
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opposing forces,
one attractive, one repulsive.
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But together,
over 13.8 billions years,
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they will shape
the history of the universe.
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[ rumbling ]
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[ rumbling ]
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narrator: The story of
the universe is dominated
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by two powerful
opposing forces --
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dark matter and dark energy.
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For 13.8 billions years,
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they've battled it out
for control of the cosmos.
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Dark matter and dark energy
are out there,
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and they've shaped the entire
history of the universe.
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Our universe is actually
the balance between dark forces.
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Dark matter is trying to draw
everything together,
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and dark energy is trying
to rip everything apart.
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Narrator: After the big bang,
the infant universe was small,
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intensely hot
and intensely dense.
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[ whooshing, rumbling ]
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dark matter, the force bent
on bringing things together,
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thrived.
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But in this compressed space,
dark energy,
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the force trying to drive things
apart, had no room to act.
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When things were
closer together,
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the density of matter
and radiation was bigger,
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so big that the dark energy
didn't matter.
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Narrator: The environment was
also tough for normal matter.
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It was so hot,
intense radiation
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prevented visible matter from
bunching together to form atoms.
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If any normal matter
tried to clump together
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through gravity
or some other force,
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this energy would just
basically blast it apart.
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In the very early universe,
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when our universe
was a lot smaller
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and a lot hotter
and a lot denser,
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matter, normal matter,
tried to collect together,
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wanted to join the party.
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But it was prevented
from doing so
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because there was also radiation
that would throw it out.
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Narrator:
Unable to stick together,
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normal visible matter
sped out
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across the infant cosmos
in a blizzard of particles.
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[ crackling ]
219
00:11:00,227 --> 00:11:02,327
but then dark matter,
220
00:11:02,329 --> 00:11:05,897
the force that brings things
together, intervened.
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00:11:05,899 --> 00:11:07,599
[ crackling ]
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00:11:07,601 --> 00:11:10,201
dark matter doesn't talk
to radiation,
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doesn't talk to light.
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Can do whatever it wants.
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It starts clumping together.
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00:11:16,343 --> 00:11:19,044
Narrator: Radiation
pushes normal matter apart,
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00:11:19,046 --> 00:11:22,781
stopping it
from forming dense regions.
228
00:11:22,783 --> 00:11:27,052
But photons simply pass straight
through the dark matter,
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00:11:27,054 --> 00:11:32,724
allowing it to clump and fall
into dense pockets or wells.
230
00:11:32,726 --> 00:11:36,895
The dark matter begins to clump
together gravitationally,
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and this means that the matter
is going to fall into
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00:11:39,599 --> 00:11:42,834
those dark matter wells.
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00:11:42,836 --> 00:11:45,737
Narrator: Over time,
more and more regular matter
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00:11:45,739 --> 00:11:48,840
is pulled into
the dark matter wells.
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00:11:48,842 --> 00:11:50,542
The regions that have
a little bit more stuff,
236
00:11:50,544 --> 00:11:52,010
gravity makes them bigger,
237
00:11:52,012 --> 00:11:54,846
and the regions that have
less stuff, those expand more.
238
00:11:54,848 --> 00:11:58,616
So you have little pockets
of slight extra matter,
239
00:11:58,618 --> 00:12:00,819
have more and more
and more matter over time.
240
00:12:00,821 --> 00:12:02,854
[ rumbling ]
241
00:12:02,856 --> 00:12:05,156
narrator: Gravity-rich pockets
of dark matter
242
00:12:05,158 --> 00:12:08,226
pull particles
of regular matter together.
243
00:12:08,228 --> 00:12:10,095
[ whistling, rumbling ]
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00:12:10,097 --> 00:12:13,431
gradually, they form
giant clouds of hydrogen
245
00:12:13,433 --> 00:12:16,801
and helium gas.
246
00:12:16,803 --> 00:12:21,473
Dark matter has laid the
foundation stones of the cosmos.
247
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This force may be dark,
but it's highly creative.
248
00:12:25,712 --> 00:12:29,280
249
00:12:29,282 --> 00:12:34,352
and now, 180 million years
after the big bang,
250
00:12:34,354 --> 00:12:35,854
everything is in place
251
00:12:35,856 --> 00:12:39,290
for the next dark matter
construction milestone --
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00:12:39,292 --> 00:12:42,761
the creation of stars.
253
00:12:42,763 --> 00:12:44,129
We know stars,
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00:12:44,131 --> 00:12:46,331
in the very early universe
at the edge of time,
255
00:12:46,333 --> 00:12:48,900
had to form from
the collapse of gas clouds
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00:12:48,902 --> 00:12:50,368
under their own gravity.
257
00:12:50,370 --> 00:12:53,271
258
00:12:53,273 --> 00:12:54,939
narrator:
But there's a problem.
259
00:12:54,941 --> 00:13:00,478
The clouds of hydrogen in the
infant universe can't collapse,
260
00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:04,616
and no collapse
means no stars.
261
00:13:04,618 --> 00:13:07,218
Bullock: The gas in the early
universe has a lot of pressure,
262
00:13:07,220 --> 00:13:09,387
and this pressure
keeps it from collapsing.
263
00:13:09,389 --> 00:13:10,655
The dark matter
doesn't experience
264
00:13:10,657 --> 00:13:12,023
that kind of pressure.
265
00:13:12,025 --> 00:13:13,491
So the dark matter can clump up
266
00:13:13,493 --> 00:13:17,262
and make sites
for structure formation.
267
00:13:17,264 --> 00:13:19,430
Narrator: So dark matter comes
to the rescue,
268
00:13:19,432 --> 00:13:23,067
creating regions
of higher gravity,
269
00:13:23,069 --> 00:13:25,170
dragging in hydrogen gas,
270
00:13:25,172 --> 00:13:29,641
forcing the clouds to get
denser and denser,
271
00:13:29,643 --> 00:13:34,445
creating the conditions
for collapse and then creation.
272
00:13:34,447 --> 00:13:37,448
[ rumbling ]
273
00:13:37,450 --> 00:13:40,852
274
00:13:40,854 --> 00:13:44,289
so it's only when the gravity
of the dark matter
275
00:13:44,291 --> 00:13:46,691
overwhelms the pressure of gases
276
00:13:46,693 --> 00:13:50,862
that the gases can collapse
and turn into stars.
277
00:13:50,864 --> 00:13:52,263
Bullock: As soon as the gas
cools down,
278
00:13:52,265 --> 00:13:53,965
it can fall into those
potential wells
279
00:13:53,967 --> 00:13:55,900
that the dark matter created,
280
00:13:55,902 --> 00:13:58,603
almost like little nurseries
for stars,
281
00:13:58,605 --> 00:14:00,638
and they start
forming in earnest.
282
00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:02,640
283
00:14:02,642 --> 00:14:05,210
narrator: Dark matter provides
a boost of gravity
284
00:14:05,212 --> 00:14:10,782
to kick-start hydrogen into
constructing the first stars,
285
00:14:10,784 --> 00:14:14,652
stars that are the seeds
of the first galaxies.
286
00:14:14,654 --> 00:14:17,355
Tremblay: So it's dark matter
that would have coalesced
287
00:14:17,357 --> 00:14:20,692
in the early universe
and grown from there,
288
00:14:20,694 --> 00:14:22,627
and then the luminous
component of the universe,
289
00:14:22,629 --> 00:14:24,963
the things that we think of
as being the universe itself,
290
00:14:24,965 --> 00:14:26,497
like stars and galaxies,
291
00:14:26,499 --> 00:14:28,900
would have just been along
for the ride.
292
00:14:28,902 --> 00:14:34,239
Without the presence of dark
matter to seed structures,
293
00:14:34,241 --> 00:14:39,043
there wasn't enough time in the
early universe to form galaxies,
294
00:14:39,045 --> 00:14:42,914
which means you and me
have to thank dark matter
295
00:14:42,916 --> 00:14:45,149
for our existence.
296
00:14:45,151 --> 00:14:47,252
Narrator:
And dark matter now begins
297
00:14:47,254 --> 00:14:51,890
a much more ambitious
architectural project --
298
00:14:51,892 --> 00:14:56,194
to shape the entire
universe itself,
299
00:14:56,196 --> 00:15:00,431
to build the biggest structure
ever constructed --
300
00:15:00,433 --> 00:15:02,000
the cosmic web.
301
00:15:02,002 --> 00:15:06,170
302
00:15:12,646 --> 00:15:16,948
[ rumbling ]
303
00:15:16,950 --> 00:15:20,418
304
00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:23,254
narrator: The war between
dark matter and dark energy
305
00:15:23,256 --> 00:15:25,990
has been raging
since the birth of time.
306
00:15:25,992 --> 00:15:29,060
[ rumbling ]
307
00:15:29,062 --> 00:15:33,865
but in the early years,
it's a one-sided contest.
308
00:15:33,867 --> 00:15:36,200
In the early universe, the only
thing that really mattered
309
00:15:36,202 --> 00:15:39,771
was the dark matter
and the normal matter.
310
00:15:39,773 --> 00:15:41,873
Narrator: Dark matter,
311
00:15:41,875 --> 00:15:45,677
the force that brings things
together,
312
00:15:45,679 --> 00:15:47,345
is in the driver's seat.
313
00:15:47,347 --> 00:15:50,949
[ rumbling ]
314
00:15:50,951 --> 00:15:55,019
dark energy, the force
that pulls things apart,
315
00:15:55,021 --> 00:15:57,021
is the underdog.
316
00:15:57,023 --> 00:15:59,590
We've seen this
cosmic battle go on
317
00:15:59,592 --> 00:16:01,693
for the past 14 billion years.
318
00:16:01,695 --> 00:16:06,798
Fortunately for us, the dark
energy got off to a slow start.
319
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:10,201
Narrator: Meanwhile, dark matter
is busy at work,
320
00:16:10,203 --> 00:16:12,870
building the universe.
321
00:16:12,872 --> 00:16:17,742
Not only does it trigger
the birth of the first stars,
322
00:16:17,744 --> 00:16:19,978
it embarks on an even
more formidable
323
00:16:19,980 --> 00:16:22,947
construction project --
324
00:16:22,949 --> 00:16:26,451
the cosmic web.
325
00:16:26,453 --> 00:16:30,521
Straughn:
There's this large-scale structure of filaments
326
00:16:30,523 --> 00:16:32,757
that galaxies
seem to form on,
327
00:16:32,759 --> 00:16:35,526
and that's what we call
the cosmic web.
328
00:16:35,528 --> 00:16:38,429
And we can trace the formation
of this cosmic web
329
00:16:38,431 --> 00:16:41,265
all the way back
to the early universe.
330
00:16:41,267 --> 00:16:43,034
Now this is such a huge
structure,
331
00:16:43,036 --> 00:16:44,736
we don't think there's time
in the universe
332
00:16:44,738 --> 00:16:47,338
for matter's gravity alone
to do this.
333
00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:49,507
There must have been
an underlying scaffold
334
00:16:49,509 --> 00:16:51,242
of dark matter.
335
00:16:51,244 --> 00:16:53,578
Plait: The dark matter started
forming into these filaments,
336
00:16:53,580 --> 00:16:55,580
and when the universe
cooled enough,
337
00:16:55,582 --> 00:16:57,281
normal matter
could start to stream
338
00:16:57,283 --> 00:17:00,385
into this gravitational
attraction of the dark matter.
339
00:17:00,387 --> 00:17:01,986
That became the scaffolding
340
00:17:01,988 --> 00:17:05,857
on which this large-scale
structure was built.
341
00:17:05,859 --> 00:17:08,793
Narrator: The filaments of
dark matter joined together,
342
00:17:08,795 --> 00:17:12,630
drawing in more
and more hydrogen gas.
343
00:17:12,632 --> 00:17:16,801
Dense clouds of gas build up at
the junctions of the filaments,
344
00:17:16,803 --> 00:17:19,871
the point where gravity
is at its strongest.
345
00:17:19,873 --> 00:17:22,907
346
00:17:22,909 --> 00:17:24,842
slowly and surely,
347
00:17:24,844 --> 00:17:29,380
a familiar-looking structure
starts to take shape.
348
00:17:29,382 --> 00:17:30,715
If you've ever gone outside,
349
00:17:30,717 --> 00:17:34,519
and you can see a spider web
covered in dew,
350
00:17:34,521 --> 00:17:37,355
that's kind of like
what happened with the universe.
351
00:17:37,357 --> 00:17:38,890
In this case, the spider web
352
00:17:38,892 --> 00:17:40,792
is the structure
of the dark matter.
353
00:17:40,794 --> 00:17:43,327
It's all of these filaments,
and the moisture in the air
354
00:17:43,329 --> 00:17:44,862
is what condenses around them,
355
00:17:44,864 --> 00:17:48,699
just like the normal matter
fell into the dark matter web
356
00:17:48,701 --> 00:17:51,769
to form these gigantic
structures in the universe.
357
00:17:51,771 --> 00:17:55,373
Narrator: Dark matter,
the universe's master builder,
358
00:17:55,375 --> 00:17:59,677
succeeds in stitching
together a cosmic web.
359
00:17:59,679 --> 00:18:04,682
This will be the framework
for the entire universe.
360
00:18:04,684 --> 00:18:07,618
And so it is dark matter
that would choreograph
361
00:18:07,620 --> 00:18:10,121
and sculpt the shape
of the universe itself.
362
00:18:10,123 --> 00:18:12,090
One of the amazing things
about dark matter is,
363
00:18:12,092 --> 00:18:14,325
without it, we wouldn't be here.
364
00:18:14,327 --> 00:18:16,828
It's hard to imagine how you
could have structure
365
00:18:16,830 --> 00:18:19,730
in the universe
without dark matter.
366
00:18:19,732 --> 00:18:22,366
Narrator: Galaxies,
and then galactic clusters,
367
00:18:22,368 --> 00:18:25,169
form at the junctions
of the filaments.
368
00:18:25,171 --> 00:18:30,675
Slowly, but surely, the universe
begins to take shape.
369
00:18:30,677 --> 00:18:33,711
When we look at this structure
over a cosmic scale,
370
00:18:33,713 --> 00:18:35,847
we see that it looks
kind of like a sponge.
371
00:18:35,849 --> 00:18:39,383
You see voids with galaxies
all over the edges of them.
372
00:18:39,385 --> 00:18:41,552
That is the structure
that was formed
373
00:18:41,554 --> 00:18:45,523
by the dark matter
in the early universe.
374
00:18:45,525 --> 00:18:47,658
Dark matter is the thing
that enabled,
375
00:18:47,660 --> 00:18:49,660
that provided enough gravity
376
00:18:49,662 --> 00:18:53,331
for the initial seeds of
structure formation to coalesce,
377
00:18:53,333 --> 00:18:55,500
for galaxies themselves to form.
378
00:18:55,502 --> 00:18:57,301
[ rumbling ]
379
00:18:57,303 --> 00:18:58,936
and, of course,
without galaxies,
380
00:18:58,938 --> 00:19:01,005
there are no stars,
and there's no planets,
381
00:19:01,007 --> 00:19:02,907
and there's no us.
382
00:19:02,909 --> 00:19:04,509
Narrator:
For 9 billion years,
383
00:19:04,511 --> 00:19:08,012
dark matter orchestrates the
construction of the universe.
384
00:19:08,014 --> 00:19:09,981
[ rumbling ]
385
00:19:09,983 --> 00:19:12,984
in these, the first battles
of the cosmos,
386
00:19:12,986 --> 00:19:17,021
this constructive force
is the clear victor.
387
00:19:17,023 --> 00:19:19,590
For the time being,
the dark matter has won.
388
00:19:19,592 --> 00:19:21,459
Galaxies continue to form.
389
00:19:21,461 --> 00:19:23,861
Clusters of galaxies
are getting bigger over time.
390
00:19:23,863 --> 00:19:27,064
[ rumbling ]
391
00:19:27,066 --> 00:19:30,067
narrator:
But dark matter's success in building up the universe
392
00:19:30,069 --> 00:19:33,404
sets in motion
its potential downfall.
393
00:19:33,406 --> 00:19:37,808
[ whooshing, rumbling ]
394
00:19:37,810 --> 00:19:41,679
as the cosmic web evolves
into a more complex structure...
395
00:19:41,681 --> 00:19:44,415
396
00:19:44,417 --> 00:19:48,953
...Gaps form between
the filaments, the cosmic voids.
397
00:19:48,955 --> 00:19:50,721
398
00:19:50,723 --> 00:19:55,493
the cosmic voids formed because
other, more dense regions
399
00:19:55,495 --> 00:20:00,364
of the universe gravitationally
stole material away from them.
400
00:20:00,366 --> 00:20:02,400
So the dense parts
of the universe
401
00:20:02,402 --> 00:20:07,038
accumulated more matter at the
expense of the less dense parts,
402
00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:10,174
which then became voids.
403
00:20:10,176 --> 00:20:14,378
Narrator: And lurking
in these voids, dark energy.
404
00:20:14,380 --> 00:20:15,980
Since the dawn of time,
405
00:20:15,982 --> 00:20:19,717
it's been waiting
for its opportunity.
406
00:20:19,719 --> 00:20:23,754
Now it's preparing an offensive
that may help it
407
00:20:23,756 --> 00:20:26,123
conquer the universe.
408
00:20:26,125 --> 00:20:27,825
In the very earliest times,
409
00:20:27,827 --> 00:20:29,460
the dark matter dominated
everything.
410
00:20:29,462 --> 00:20:32,797
It was the big brother pushing
the little brother around.
411
00:20:32,799 --> 00:20:34,232
But in the long run,
412
00:20:34,234 --> 00:20:37,001
the dark energy is going
to overpower dark matter,
413
00:20:37,003 --> 00:20:39,370
and so the relationship
is entirely flipped.
414
00:20:39,372 --> 00:20:41,005
415
00:20:41,007 --> 00:20:43,874
plait: We used to think
the fate of the cosmos itself
416
00:20:43,876 --> 00:20:45,276
depended on dark matter,
417
00:20:45,278 --> 00:20:47,878
and it turns out
that's not the case at all.
418
00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:51,916
The fate of the universe
depends entirely on dark energy.
419
00:20:51,918 --> 00:20:54,151
Narrator:
The long reign of dark matter
420
00:20:54,153 --> 00:20:56,153
may be coming to an end.
421
00:20:56,155 --> 00:20:58,889
Dark energy,
the great destroyer,
422
00:20:58,891 --> 00:21:01,892
is hoping to take control.
423
00:21:01,894 --> 00:21:06,330
This destructive force
has one overriding aim --
424
00:21:06,332 --> 00:21:09,533
to tear the universe apart.
425
00:21:09,535 --> 00:21:13,204
[ rumbling ]
426
00:21:19,612 --> 00:21:22,647
[ rumbling ]
427
00:21:25,084 --> 00:21:28,119
narrator:
Our universe is at war,
428
00:21:28,121 --> 00:21:32,490
a relentless conflict
between dark forces.
429
00:21:32,492 --> 00:21:38,429
For the first 9 billion years,
dark energy is subjugated.
430
00:21:38,431 --> 00:21:42,700
Dark matter has the upper hand.
431
00:21:42,702 --> 00:21:45,036
Frenk: When the universe
emerged from the big bang,
432
00:21:45,038 --> 00:21:47,638
the dark energy played no role.
433
00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:48,806
It was insignificant.
434
00:21:48,808 --> 00:21:50,608
[ rumbling ]
435
00:21:50,610 --> 00:21:53,144
narrator: But at some stage
in the 14 billion years
436
00:21:53,146 --> 00:21:58,316
since the big bang,
these roles became reversed.
437
00:21:58,318 --> 00:22:02,620
Dark energy came to be
the more powerful force.
438
00:22:02,622 --> 00:22:05,756
The question was, when?
439
00:22:05,758 --> 00:22:09,627
The answer came at the end
of the 20th century.
440
00:22:09,629 --> 00:22:12,830
So it was an amazing
breakthrough, really important.
441
00:22:12,832 --> 00:22:14,065
442
00:22:14,067 --> 00:22:15,733
narrator: In 1999,
443
00:22:15,735 --> 00:22:18,903
scientists measure
the expansion of the universe.
444
00:22:18,905 --> 00:22:20,404
[ whooshing ]
445
00:22:20,406 --> 00:22:23,374
what they find shocks them.
446
00:22:23,376 --> 00:22:28,145
They expect the speed
of expansion to be decreasing.
447
00:22:28,147 --> 00:22:31,349
In fact,
it's actually increasing
448
00:22:31,351 --> 00:22:34,752
and getting faster all the time.
449
00:22:34,754 --> 00:22:38,155
The data indicate that for about
the first 9 billion years,
450
00:22:38,157 --> 00:22:39,590
it was slowing down.
451
00:22:39,592 --> 00:22:41,992
But then,
in the past 5 billion years,
452
00:22:41,994 --> 00:22:46,230
it started accelerating
faster and faster.
453
00:22:46,232 --> 00:22:49,033
Narrator: Alex filippenko
was part of the team
454
00:22:49,035 --> 00:22:52,503
that made this
explosive discovery.
455
00:22:52,505 --> 00:22:53,938
Filippenko:
It befuddled us.
456
00:22:53,940 --> 00:22:56,974
This isn't how nature
was supposed to be behaving,
457
00:22:56,976 --> 00:22:59,043
and, in fact,
initially we thought
458
00:22:59,045 --> 00:23:00,444
that there was something wrong
459
00:23:00,446 --> 00:23:03,347
with either the observations
or the measurements.
460
00:23:03,349 --> 00:23:05,816
I didn't believe it
for the longest time.
461
00:23:05,818 --> 00:23:07,385
When the first data came out,
I'm like,
462
00:23:07,387 --> 00:23:09,453
"nah, I don't believe this,
no way."
463
00:23:09,455 --> 00:23:10,921
but it's in the data.
464
00:23:10,923 --> 00:23:12,723
It's there.
You can't escape it.
465
00:23:12,725 --> 00:23:16,460
This is as shocking as if you
held up a rock, let go of it,
466
00:23:16,462 --> 00:23:17,762
and it went up into the air.
467
00:23:17,764 --> 00:23:20,798
468
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:22,433
narrator:
Five billion years ago,
469
00:23:22,435 --> 00:23:26,370
galaxies started moving apart
faster than before.
470
00:23:26,372 --> 00:23:29,473
The question is, why?
471
00:23:29,475 --> 00:23:32,777
What could be causing that?
Well, one thing is clear.
472
00:23:32,779 --> 00:23:35,513
It must be getting some
extra energy from somewhere.
473
00:23:35,515 --> 00:23:37,848
Narrator:
There is one main contender
474
00:23:37,850 --> 00:23:41,519
for what may be supplying
this extra energy,
475
00:23:41,521 --> 00:23:44,422
a force with repulsive gravity,
476
00:23:44,424 --> 00:23:47,825
a force
that pushes things apart.
477
00:23:47,827 --> 00:23:50,327
This is what astronomers
call dark energy.
478
00:23:50,329 --> 00:23:53,164
It's this mysterious
repulsive force
479
00:23:53,166 --> 00:23:55,166
that we know exists
in the universe,
480
00:23:55,168 --> 00:23:58,202
and we have no idea what it is.
481
00:23:58,204 --> 00:24:01,806
Narrator: Physicists may not
agree on what dark energy is,
482
00:24:01,808 --> 00:24:03,240
but there is a consensus
483
00:24:03,242 --> 00:24:08,312
on where this repulsive force
has the most influence --
484
00:24:08,314 --> 00:24:13,184
in the regions between galaxies
and galaxy clusters,
485
00:24:13,186 --> 00:24:15,186
the cosmic voids.
486
00:24:15,188 --> 00:24:19,690
They're actually filled
to the brim with dark energy.
487
00:24:19,692 --> 00:24:21,392
The first time dark energy
is really going to make
488
00:24:21,394 --> 00:24:24,161
its mark in the universe
is going to be the time
489
00:24:24,163 --> 00:24:26,864
when the first cosmic voids
begin to appear.
490
00:24:26,866 --> 00:24:28,933
[ whooshing ]
491
00:24:28,935 --> 00:24:33,237
sutter:
We see dark energy's effects throughout the universe.
492
00:24:33,239 --> 00:24:36,407
But when we look into
the cosmic voids,
493
00:24:36,409 --> 00:24:39,577
which are the most empty regions
of our universe,
494
00:24:39,579 --> 00:24:42,413
this is where dark energy
is strongest.
495
00:24:42,415 --> 00:24:45,249
496
00:24:45,251 --> 00:24:47,518
narrator: Dark energy
is the repulsive force
497
00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:49,286
pushing things apart.
498
00:24:49,288 --> 00:24:52,690
It prefers the voids
where gravity is weak.
499
00:24:52,692 --> 00:24:54,558
[ rumbling ]
500
00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:56,994
bullock: These are areas where
there's a lot less dark matter,
501
00:24:56,996 --> 00:24:59,396
and because the overall density
is low,
502
00:24:59,398 --> 00:25:01,398
that's where the dark energy
starts to peek out
503
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,201
and can really drive
those voids to expand.
504
00:25:04,203 --> 00:25:07,438
So the expansion and
acceleration of the universe
505
00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:10,174
are driven by the dark energy
in those regions.
506
00:25:10,176 --> 00:25:11,609
[ whooshing ]
507
00:25:11,611 --> 00:25:14,879
narrator: Dark energy
pushes thing apart,
508
00:25:14,881 --> 00:25:17,781
things that get in its way,
509
00:25:17,783 --> 00:25:21,585
things like the cosmic web.
510
00:25:21,587 --> 00:25:26,957
Dark matter and normal matter
are also in its path
511
00:25:26,959 --> 00:25:30,594
and are bulldozed out
across the cosmos.
512
00:25:30,596 --> 00:25:34,865
Slowly, but surely, the balance
between dark energy
513
00:25:34,867 --> 00:25:37,368
and dark matter is changing.
514
00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:39,904
[ whooshing ]
515
00:25:39,906 --> 00:25:41,672
imagine you have
a giant swimming pool,
516
00:25:41,674 --> 00:25:44,241
and at the very bottom
there's a puddle of water
517
00:25:44,243 --> 00:25:45,476
with a splash of whiskey.
518
00:25:45,478 --> 00:25:47,311
So you have sort of a strong
whiskey drink
519
00:25:47,313 --> 00:25:49,446
down at the bottom of your pool.
520
00:25:49,448 --> 00:25:52,950
But now you start dumping water
into your pool, no more whiskey,
521
00:25:52,952 --> 00:25:54,952
and it begins to get diluted
and diluted,
522
00:25:54,954 --> 00:25:57,821
and eventually, you just have
a swimming pool full of water,
523
00:25:57,823 --> 00:25:59,657
with one shot of whiskey
mixed in.
524
00:25:59,659 --> 00:26:01,158
That's not a very strong drink.
525
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:03,294
It's basically a water
swimming pool.
526
00:26:03,296 --> 00:26:05,563
That's pretty much happening
with the dark energy.
527
00:26:05,565 --> 00:26:07,197
At first,
it's a one-to-one mixture
528
00:26:07,199 --> 00:26:08,899
of dark matter and dark energy.
529
00:26:08,901 --> 00:26:11,335
But in the long run,
it's all dark energy
530
00:26:11,337 --> 00:26:13,370
and pretty much
no dark matter left over.
531
00:26:13,372 --> 00:26:15,472
532
00:26:15,474 --> 00:26:17,975
narrator:
The forces of dark energy
533
00:26:17,977 --> 00:26:20,511
are on an unstoppable March,
534
00:26:20,513 --> 00:26:22,513
picking up more and more power
535
00:26:22,515 --> 00:26:26,183
from the vast scale
of the cosmic voids.
536
00:26:26,185 --> 00:26:28,953
Dark energy is intrinsically
very weak.
537
00:26:28,955 --> 00:26:30,854
There's very little dark energy
538
00:26:30,856 --> 00:26:34,825
and this repulsive effect
in every cubic centimeter.
539
00:26:34,827 --> 00:26:36,594
But the universe is vast.
540
00:26:36,596 --> 00:26:38,829
Space is big.
541
00:26:38,831 --> 00:26:42,633
So cumulatively, all this
small amount of stuff
542
00:26:42,635 --> 00:26:45,202
adds up to a very large amount,
543
00:26:45,204 --> 00:26:48,872
and over a scale encompassing
the entire universe,
544
00:26:48,874 --> 00:26:51,442
the dark energy dominates.
545
00:26:51,444 --> 00:26:53,310
[ rumbling ]
546
00:26:53,312 --> 00:26:55,913
narrator: But it's been
a very long process.
547
00:26:55,915 --> 00:26:57,615
After the big bang,
548
00:26:57,617 --> 00:27:01,318
dark matter dominates
for the first 9 billion years.
549
00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:03,554
550
00:27:03,556 --> 00:27:06,023
then, 5 billion years ago,
551
00:27:06,025 --> 00:27:08,959
dark energy starts
to get the upper hand.
552
00:27:08,961 --> 00:27:12,730
It causes the expansion
of the universe to accelerate
553
00:27:12,732 --> 00:27:16,467
and the space in the voids
to grow more rapidly.
554
00:27:16,469 --> 00:27:20,404
As the space expands, there's
more and more dark energy
555
00:27:20,406 --> 00:27:22,172
because you have a bigger space.
556
00:27:22,174 --> 00:27:26,744
It sort of creates itself
with the expansion of space.
557
00:27:26,746 --> 00:27:29,380
Tegmark: Dark energy has
a sneaky way of taking over
558
00:27:29,382 --> 00:27:30,914
because it causes the space
559
00:27:30,916 --> 00:27:32,616
to stretch out
and get twice as big.
560
00:27:32,618 --> 00:27:36,153
So now there's twice
as much dark energy.
561
00:27:36,155 --> 00:27:39,623
Narrator: Dark energy
just can't stop pushing,
562
00:27:39,625 --> 00:27:42,393
causing the empty space
of the voids
563
00:27:42,395 --> 00:27:44,194
to continuously expand.
564
00:27:44,196 --> 00:27:47,131
[ rumbling ]
565
00:27:47,133 --> 00:27:50,701
as the universe expands
because of dark energy,
566
00:27:50,703 --> 00:27:53,170
more and more dark energy
is being created.
567
00:27:53,172 --> 00:27:54,738
Dark energy is
definitely gaining
568
00:27:54,740 --> 00:27:56,507
the upper hand on dark matter.
569
00:27:56,509 --> 00:28:01,545
It was always there, but it took
over compared to other stuff.
570
00:28:01,547 --> 00:28:03,080
571
00:28:03,082 --> 00:28:06,450
narrator: Eventually creating
enough energy to supercharge
572
00:28:06,452 --> 00:28:08,552
the expansion of the universe.
573
00:28:08,554 --> 00:28:10,921
574
00:28:10,923 --> 00:28:13,023
this acceleration continues.
575
00:28:13,025 --> 00:28:15,893
The universe is getting bigger
and bigger,
576
00:28:15,895 --> 00:28:19,430
and it's all powered
by the forces of repulsion,
577
00:28:19,432 --> 00:28:20,831
dark energy.
578
00:28:20,833 --> 00:28:25,836
And for the universe,
that could be very bad news.
579
00:28:25,838 --> 00:28:30,174
If that's the case, dark energy
may destroy the universe.
580
00:28:30,176 --> 00:28:31,642
It will get stronger
and stronger
581
00:28:31,644 --> 00:28:34,878
until it literally rips apart
the fabric of space-time.
582
00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:37,381
[ rumbling ]
583
00:28:43,823 --> 00:28:48,125
[ rumbling ]
584
00:28:48,127 --> 00:28:49,760
585
00:28:49,762 --> 00:28:51,695
narrator:
Dark matter and dark energy
586
00:28:51,697 --> 00:28:56,433
have been battling each other
for 13.8 billion years.
587
00:28:56,435 --> 00:29:01,171
For the first 9 billion years,
dark matter dominates.
588
00:29:01,173 --> 00:29:04,775
Dark matter exerts
positive gravity,
589
00:29:04,777 --> 00:29:09,913
but pulling everything together
leads to one inevitable outcome.
590
00:29:09,915 --> 00:29:14,118
If the universe was totally
dominated by matter,
591
00:29:14,120 --> 00:29:16,787
eventually our expansion
would slow down,
592
00:29:16,789 --> 00:29:20,023
glide to a stop,
and then turn around
593
00:29:20,025 --> 00:29:24,027
and collapse into
a small, dense state
594
00:29:24,029 --> 00:29:29,099
from where it came from,
an event we call the big crunch.
595
00:29:29,101 --> 00:29:30,868
Narrator:
During the big crunch,
596
00:29:30,870 --> 00:29:34,605
gravity would play havoc
with the cosmos.
597
00:29:34,607 --> 00:29:38,375
Galaxies
would be dragged together.
598
00:29:38,377 --> 00:29:42,479
Stars and planets
would smash into each other.
599
00:29:42,481 --> 00:29:46,216
The universe would collapse
in a blazing inferno
600
00:29:46,218 --> 00:29:48,886
of superdense matter
and energy.
601
00:29:48,888 --> 00:29:52,923
[ rumbling ]
602
00:29:52,925 --> 00:29:55,993
fortunately, none of this
will probably happen.
603
00:29:55,995 --> 00:29:59,062
604
00:29:59,064 --> 00:30:03,233
scientists have now dismissed
the possibility of a big crunch.
605
00:30:03,235 --> 00:30:06,336
606
00:30:06,338 --> 00:30:08,739
sutter: We don't face that,
because we have a universe
607
00:30:08,741 --> 00:30:11,108
filled with dark energy.
608
00:30:11,110 --> 00:30:14,144
Dark energy is causing the
universe to do something else,
609
00:30:14,146 --> 00:30:16,914
something it would prefer
not to do.
610
00:30:16,916 --> 00:30:20,751
It is accelerating the expansion
of the universe.
611
00:30:20,753 --> 00:30:23,287
Narrator:
As dark energy gets stronger,
612
00:30:23,289 --> 00:30:26,590
it supercharges this expansion.
613
00:30:26,592 --> 00:30:32,396
The presence of dark energy
is like a high-octane additive
614
00:30:32,398 --> 00:30:34,198
into a gas tank,
615
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:37,835
where a car isn't
just coasting along.
616
00:30:37,837 --> 00:30:40,137
It's boosting along,
617
00:30:40,139 --> 00:30:42,973
and that's what's happening
with our universe.
618
00:30:42,975 --> 00:30:45,943
Narrator: If that's correct,
this supercharged expansion
619
00:30:45,945 --> 00:30:49,980
will continue
for the next few billion years.
620
00:30:49,982 --> 00:30:54,418
The repulsive force of dark
energy will become invincible,
621
00:30:54,420 --> 00:31:00,123
and such unbridled power
will come with a high cost.
622
00:31:00,125 --> 00:31:03,627
I know of three ultimate
doomsday weapons.
623
00:31:03,629 --> 00:31:07,397
One is galactus'
ultimate nullifier.
624
00:31:07,399 --> 00:31:11,268
Another is the infinity stones
in the hands of thanos.
625
00:31:11,270 --> 00:31:13,136
But those two are make-believe.
626
00:31:13,138 --> 00:31:15,272
The real one is dark energy.
627
00:31:15,274 --> 00:31:18,642
It's the real ultimate
universe destroyer.
628
00:31:18,644 --> 00:31:20,711
629
00:31:20,713 --> 00:31:23,747
narrator: The universe may pay
the ultimate price
630
00:31:23,749 --> 00:31:28,352
for this ever-increasing
expansion driven by dark energy.
631
00:31:28,354 --> 00:31:29,853
Carroll:
And if that continues forever,
632
00:31:29,855 --> 00:31:33,056
the future of the universe
is very, very simple.
633
00:31:33,058 --> 00:31:35,492
It continues to expand,
to accelerate.
634
00:31:35,494 --> 00:31:37,394
Everything moves apart
from everything else,
635
00:31:37,396 --> 00:31:40,497
and the universe
becomes empty.
636
00:31:40,499 --> 00:31:42,332
There'll be nothing left
637
00:31:42,334 --> 00:31:46,003
but cold, desolate,
empty space forever.
638
00:31:46,005 --> 00:31:47,671
639
00:31:47,673 --> 00:31:49,573
narrator:
Dark energy will finally win
640
00:31:49,575 --> 00:31:52,242
the long war with dark matter.
641
00:31:52,244 --> 00:31:55,178
But the result
won't be pretty.
642
00:31:55,180 --> 00:32:00,684
This future universe
will be cold, dark, and empty.
643
00:32:00,686 --> 00:32:02,486
Eventually it's going
to get so cold
644
00:32:02,488 --> 00:32:05,022
that really nothing
can happen in it.
645
00:32:05,024 --> 00:32:06,690
It's the big chill.
646
00:32:06,692 --> 00:32:10,160
It gets colder and colder
and darker and darker.
647
00:32:10,162 --> 00:32:13,530
Everything will fade out,
and though it began with a bang,
648
00:32:13,532 --> 00:32:14,998
it's going to die in a whimper.
649
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:19,036
The universe flatlines
because of dark energy.
650
00:32:19,038 --> 00:32:22,539
Narrator: The universe dies
in a big chill.
651
00:32:22,541 --> 00:32:24,841
Galaxies are so far apart,
652
00:32:24,843 --> 00:32:29,112
they're distant islands
in a sea of darkness.
653
00:32:29,114 --> 00:32:32,282
Gradually,
the galaxies dies, too.
654
00:32:32,284 --> 00:32:36,954
Star birth stops,
and the universe fades away.
655
00:32:38,991 --> 00:32:40,757
Or maybe not.
656
00:32:40,759 --> 00:32:45,429
There's another,
far more violent scenario.
657
00:32:45,431 --> 00:32:50,767
Here, dark energy just goes
from strength to strength.
658
00:32:50,769 --> 00:32:54,705
It could be that dark energy
is so strong
659
00:32:54,707 --> 00:32:58,008
that it will multiply
upon itself
660
00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:00,377
as the universe gets bigger.
661
00:33:00,379 --> 00:33:05,048
This is a process that
we call phantom dark energy.
662
00:33:05,050 --> 00:33:09,753
Narrator: Phantom energy is
dark energy on steroids.
663
00:33:09,755 --> 00:33:13,623
It multiplies uncontrollably
in the voids,
664
00:33:13,625 --> 00:33:16,026
tearing at the fabric
of the universe
665
00:33:16,028 --> 00:33:20,597
in a process
called the big rip.
666
00:33:20,599 --> 00:33:24,935
Dark energy is weird enough,
but imagine the possibility
667
00:33:24,937 --> 00:33:28,405
that there is more and more
of it as time goes on,
668
00:33:28,407 --> 00:33:32,509
and it's called phantom energy,
and in that case,
669
00:33:32,511 --> 00:33:35,679
it would rip everything apart,
even black holes.
670
00:33:35,681 --> 00:33:39,883
[ whooshing ]
671
00:33:39,885 --> 00:33:42,586
it will start to rip apart
galaxies themselves...
672
00:33:42,588 --> 00:33:45,655
[ rumbling ]
673
00:33:45,657 --> 00:33:47,691
...Rip apart solar systems...
674
00:33:47,693 --> 00:33:51,561
[ rumbling ]
675
00:33:51,563 --> 00:33:53,230
...Rip apart people,
676
00:33:53,232 --> 00:33:56,666
rip apart atoms...
677
00:33:56,668 --> 00:33:57,868
Rip apart nuclei.
678
00:33:57,870 --> 00:34:01,138
[ rumbling ]
679
00:34:01,140 --> 00:34:03,774
until finally,
space itself is pulled apart.
680
00:34:03,776 --> 00:34:05,042
[ whooshes ]
681
00:34:05,044 --> 00:34:06,610
narrator:
The universe, as we know it,
682
00:34:06,612 --> 00:34:08,378
will be destroyed,
683
00:34:08,380 --> 00:34:11,782
but the big rip may not be
the end of everything.
684
00:34:11,784 --> 00:34:15,819
685
00:34:15,821 --> 00:34:20,724
there will be no normal matter
and no dark matter.
686
00:34:20,726 --> 00:34:22,826
And with nothing
left to conquer,
687
00:34:22,828 --> 00:34:27,464
phantom energy may use its
powers to become a creator,
688
00:34:27,466 --> 00:34:29,232
triggering a rebirth.
689
00:34:29,234 --> 00:34:30,967
[ bursting ]
690
00:34:30,969 --> 00:34:35,405
eventually, when you get to this
ultimate stage of emptiness,
691
00:34:35,407 --> 00:34:36,873
because of the phantom energy,
692
00:34:36,875 --> 00:34:38,675
we're actually able to turn
the universe around
693
00:34:38,677 --> 00:34:41,178
and get it
to collapse again,
694
00:34:41,180 --> 00:34:44,114
and then go through
a series of bounces.
695
00:34:44,116 --> 00:34:45,782
So we call it
the phantom bounce.
696
00:34:45,784 --> 00:34:47,350
697
00:34:47,352 --> 00:34:49,219
narrator:
With this phantom bounce,
698
00:34:49,221 --> 00:34:51,721
universal life energy left
in this dead universe
699
00:34:51,723 --> 00:34:54,357
starts to collapse.
700
00:34:54,359 --> 00:34:56,426
Freese: And eventually
it becomes hotter and hotter
701
00:34:56,428 --> 00:34:59,463
and denser and denser,
and then the fiery inferno
702
00:34:59,465 --> 00:35:02,933
eventually pushes you back out
into another big bang,
703
00:35:02,935 --> 00:35:05,469
and this just keeps
going on indefinitely.
704
00:35:05,471 --> 00:35:07,137
705
00:35:07,139 --> 00:35:10,474
narrator: So the destructive
and repulsive dark energy
706
00:35:10,476 --> 00:35:16,213
spawns a force that becomes
the ultimate universe recycler.
707
00:35:16,215 --> 00:35:18,582
The end state of our universe
708
00:35:18,584 --> 00:35:20,851
would lead you back
into another cycle,
709
00:35:20,853 --> 00:35:22,953
a whole new big bang
from the beginning.
710
00:35:22,955 --> 00:35:28,125
[ bursting, rumbling ]
711
00:35:28,127 --> 00:35:31,962
narrator: In the end,
dark energy may kill the cosmos,
712
00:35:31,964 --> 00:35:35,198
or it may create a new one.
713
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:36,800
Dark energy is mysterious.
714
00:35:36,802 --> 00:35:38,335
Dark energy is unknown.
715
00:35:38,337 --> 00:35:41,705
Dark energy is going to do
whatever it feels like.
716
00:35:41,707 --> 00:35:43,707
Maybe dark energy will go away.
717
00:35:43,709 --> 00:35:45,809
Maybe dark energy will decay
718
00:35:45,811 --> 00:35:48,912
and become a flood
of new matter and radiation.
719
00:35:48,914 --> 00:35:51,781
Maybe dark matter
will get stronger.
720
00:35:51,783 --> 00:35:52,916
We don't know.
721
00:35:52,918 --> 00:35:56,253
722
00:35:56,255 --> 00:35:58,822
narrator:
For now, we think dark energy
723
00:35:58,824 --> 00:36:02,159
will determine the fate
of the universe.
724
00:36:02,161 --> 00:36:05,929
But all of our evidence
is speculative.
725
00:36:05,931 --> 00:36:07,797
What if we have it all wrong?
726
00:36:07,799 --> 00:36:11,601
What if there is
no dark universe at all?
727
00:36:11,603 --> 00:36:16,239
728
00:36:22,581 --> 00:36:26,983
[ rumbling ]
729
00:36:26,985 --> 00:36:29,819
730
00:36:29,821 --> 00:36:31,888
narrator: A large part of
our understanding
731
00:36:31,890 --> 00:36:33,490
of the universe's past,
732
00:36:33,492 --> 00:36:37,227
present, and future is based
on educated guesswork
733
00:36:37,229 --> 00:36:39,763
about two invisible forces --
734
00:36:39,765 --> 00:36:42,065
[ crackling ]
735
00:36:42,067 --> 00:36:45,669
...Dark matter and dark energy.
736
00:36:45,671 --> 00:36:49,072
But it's pure speculation.
737
00:36:49,074 --> 00:36:53,577
Perhaps dark matter
and dark energy don't exist.
738
00:36:53,579 --> 00:36:56,279
There's not new stuff
in the universe.
739
00:36:56,281 --> 00:36:57,514
Anything is possible.
740
00:36:57,516 --> 00:36:58,949
Dark energy, in particular,
741
00:36:58,951 --> 00:37:01,651
might not be real,
so maybe there's something else
742
00:37:01,653 --> 00:37:03,353
that could be pushing
the universe apart.
743
00:37:03,355 --> 00:37:05,021
Tremblay: So we could
absolutely be wrong
744
00:37:05,023 --> 00:37:07,257
about dark energy
and dark matter.
745
00:37:07,259 --> 00:37:08,959
Maybe they don't exist.
746
00:37:08,961 --> 00:37:11,962
Maybe tomorrow we'll discover
that our understanding
747
00:37:11,964 --> 00:37:14,698
was wrong all along.
748
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:16,733
Narrator:
That's an awful lot of maybes.
749
00:37:16,735 --> 00:37:19,035
Let's add one more.
750
00:37:19,037 --> 00:37:21,638
When it comes to finding
answers,
751
00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:24,241
maybe we're looking
in the wrong place.
752
00:37:26,345 --> 00:37:29,713
Filippenko: One possibility is
that there are other universes
753
00:37:29,715 --> 00:37:34,484
out there pulling outward,
so to speak, on our universe.
754
00:37:34,486 --> 00:37:35,885
That might be the answer.
755
00:37:35,887 --> 00:37:38,555
But most theoretical physicists
and astrophysicists
756
00:37:38,557 --> 00:37:41,625
these days think
that dark energy is real
757
00:37:41,627 --> 00:37:44,728
because that seems to be
the simplest explanation
758
00:37:44,730 --> 00:37:47,564
for a wide variety
of observations.
759
00:37:47,566 --> 00:37:49,099
760
00:37:49,101 --> 00:37:52,736
narrator: No one really knows
what dark energy is made of.
761
00:37:52,738 --> 00:37:56,273
Maybe the answer lies
in the past.
762
00:37:56,275 --> 00:37:58,508
The best theory for dark energy
we have right now
763
00:37:58,510 --> 00:38:00,810
is the simplest one
and the oldest one,
764
00:38:00,812 --> 00:38:03,246
and that's the idea that
it's a cosmological constant.
765
00:38:03,248 --> 00:38:05,148
766
00:38:05,150 --> 00:38:07,384
narrator: Albert einstein
came up with the idea
767
00:38:07,386 --> 00:38:12,289
of a cosmological constant
in 1917.
768
00:38:12,291 --> 00:38:16,159
He suggested that space
has its own energy,
769
00:38:16,161 --> 00:38:19,396
energy that can affect
the way the universe expands.
770
00:38:19,398 --> 00:38:21,865
771
00:38:21,867 --> 00:38:24,934
when edwin hubble proved
the universe is expanding,
772
00:38:24,936 --> 00:38:27,937
einstein thought
the cosmological constant
773
00:38:27,939 --> 00:38:30,073
was his biggest blunder.
774
00:38:30,075 --> 00:38:33,877
But observations that the
expansion of the universe
775
00:38:33,879 --> 00:38:35,412
is accelerating
776
00:38:35,414 --> 00:38:38,948
reveal einstein
was right all along.
777
00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:42,919
Filippenko: Well, here we are.
We've reintroduced the idea.
778
00:38:42,921 --> 00:38:46,756
So einstein's biggest blunder
may have actually
779
00:38:46,758 --> 00:38:49,292
conceptually been
his greatest triumph.
780
00:38:49,294 --> 00:38:52,829
781
00:38:52,831 --> 00:38:56,199
narrator:
But to understand the true nature of the dark universe,
782
00:38:56,201 --> 00:39:00,537
we may need to re-evaluate what
we think we know about gravity.
783
00:39:00,539 --> 00:39:02,806
[ rumbling ]
784
00:39:02,808 --> 00:39:05,542
when we're trying to understand
dark energy and dark matter,
785
00:39:05,544 --> 00:39:09,379
there's a chance that just our
fundamental theories of gravity
786
00:39:09,381 --> 00:39:13,783
are wrong, that general
relativity isn't quite right.
787
00:39:13,785 --> 00:39:16,152
Narrator: Einstein's theory
of general relativity
788
00:39:16,154 --> 00:39:18,455
explains how gravity works,
789
00:39:18,457 --> 00:39:21,124
how stars orbit in galaxies,
790
00:39:21,126 --> 00:39:23,593
and planets orbit stars.
791
00:39:23,595 --> 00:39:25,462
792
00:39:25,464 --> 00:39:28,398
some scientists wonder
if altering this theory
793
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:32,669
will help us understand
the dark universe.
794
00:39:32,671 --> 00:39:34,704
Tremblay: So you need not
absolutely believe
795
00:39:34,706 --> 00:39:37,907
that there is something
actually called dark matter.
796
00:39:37,909 --> 00:39:39,876
You need to only understand
that there is something
797
00:39:39,878 --> 00:39:42,746
in the universe
which behaves like dark matter.
798
00:39:42,748 --> 00:39:45,715
For example, you could
effectively mimic the behavior
799
00:39:45,717 --> 00:39:49,986
of dark matter by modifying
our current theory of gravity.
800
00:39:49,988 --> 00:39:51,921
Narrator:
But successfully modifying
801
00:39:51,923 --> 00:39:56,493
einstein's theories on gravity
is a big challenge.
802
00:39:56,495 --> 00:39:58,795
Einstein's equations
are very robust.
803
00:39:58,797 --> 00:40:02,399
You don't fluff around
with einstein with impunity.
804
00:40:02,401 --> 00:40:05,101
[ rumbling ]
805
00:40:05,103 --> 00:40:07,370
narrator: For decades,
theoretical physicists
806
00:40:07,372 --> 00:40:10,507
have toyed
with einstein's equations,
807
00:40:10,509 --> 00:40:14,744
looking for ways to explain
dark matter and dark energy,
808
00:40:14,746 --> 00:40:17,180
or make them go away.
809
00:40:17,182 --> 00:40:19,649
As yet, no one has managed.
810
00:40:19,651 --> 00:40:22,185
The dark universe persists.
811
00:40:22,187 --> 00:40:23,720
[ whooshing ]
812
00:40:23,722 --> 00:40:26,156
I think that the best
description of the observations
813
00:40:26,158 --> 00:40:29,359
we have today
is that dark matter exists.
814
00:40:29,361 --> 00:40:31,761
It's out there,
as well as dark energy.
815
00:40:31,763 --> 00:40:33,730
I think dark energy exists.
816
00:40:33,732 --> 00:40:35,365
I think dark energy is real,
817
00:40:35,367 --> 00:40:38,435
but I must admit that sometimes,
at 3 o'clock in the morning,
818
00:40:38,437 --> 00:40:41,771
I wake up screaming,
worried that, in fact,
819
00:40:41,773 --> 00:40:44,741
we've settled
on the wrong answer,
820
00:40:44,743 --> 00:40:46,810
and that in
a couple hundred years,
821
00:40:46,812 --> 00:40:48,745
they're going to be
laughing at us.
822
00:40:48,747 --> 00:40:51,681
823
00:40:51,683 --> 00:40:54,884
narrator: Until then, our
observations tell us the battle
824
00:40:54,886 --> 00:40:59,522
between dark matter and dark
energy has shaped the universe.
825
00:40:59,524 --> 00:41:02,926
826
00:41:02,928 --> 00:41:06,329
dark matter dictated the past,
827
00:41:06,331 --> 00:41:09,632
built the galaxies,
the stars, and the planets.
828
00:41:09,634 --> 00:41:11,501
829
00:41:11,503 --> 00:41:14,604
dark energy will determine
its future,
830
00:41:14,606 --> 00:41:18,041
potentially tearing
the universe apart.
831
00:41:18,043 --> 00:41:21,511
Just because we can't see dark
matter and dark energy directly
832
00:41:21,513 --> 00:41:24,347
doesn't mean they have not
had a profound effect
833
00:41:24,349 --> 00:41:26,683
on the evolution
of the entire universe.
834
00:41:26,685 --> 00:41:30,019
The dark universe was there at
the beginning of the universe,
835
00:41:30,021 --> 00:41:32,489
shaping it, and actually
creating the conditions
836
00:41:32,491 --> 00:41:36,159
for us to be here, and it's
taken over the universe.
837
00:41:36,161 --> 00:41:39,529
And, eventually, it may well
destroy the universe.
838
00:41:39,531 --> 00:41:41,164
839
00:41:41,166 --> 00:41:42,999
narrator:
Our universe may be dominated
840
00:41:43,001 --> 00:41:47,470
by the long struggle between
dark matter and dark energy.
841
00:41:47,472 --> 00:41:51,341
But all of this conflict
has led to a creative outcome,
842
00:41:51,343 --> 00:41:55,678
an outcome for which
we should all be grateful.
843
00:41:55,680 --> 00:41:59,849
The name dark matter suggests
that it's something nefarious
844
00:41:59,851 --> 00:42:02,252
and somehow bad for us,
but actually it's turned out
845
00:42:02,254 --> 00:42:04,821
that dark matter
is very much our friend.
846
00:42:04,823 --> 00:42:07,390
Because if it weren't
for the dark matter,
847
00:42:07,392 --> 00:42:08,691
we wouldn't be here.
848
00:42:08,693 --> 00:42:09,893
[ rumbling ]
849
00:42:09,895 --> 00:42:11,227
thaller:
There's a wonderful irony
850
00:42:11,229 --> 00:42:13,096
to calling it
the dark universe,
851
00:42:13,098 --> 00:42:14,998
because now we're actually
beginning to shed light
852
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:16,499
on how the universe began,
853
00:42:16,501 --> 00:42:18,935
how the largest structures
in the universe evolved.
854
00:42:18,937 --> 00:42:20,803
We wouldn't be here
without this dark universe.
855
00:42:20,805 --> 00:42:22,305
It's not dark at all.
856
00:42:22,307 --> 00:42:24,140
It's shedding light
on our own reality.
857
00:42:24,142 --> 00:42:28,511
858
00:42:28,561 --> 00:42:33,111
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