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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:10,939 --> 00:00:14,242 March 15, 2000... the day of infamy, 2 00:00:14,234 --> 00:00:15,868 as far as I'm concerned. 3 00:00:24,535 --> 00:00:26,002 I woke up in the morning, 4 00:00:25,994 --> 00:00:28,829 started having coffee, telling our team of people 5 00:00:28,822 --> 00:00:31,191 that had just arrived that, you know, the chances 6 00:00:31,183 --> 00:00:35,886 of seeing a beaked whale in a 10‐day period are slim. 7 00:00:35,878 --> 00:00:37,112 My assistant, Dave, 8 00:00:37,104 --> 00:00:39,338 came running inside and saying, "Ken! 9 00:00:39,330 --> 00:00:40,964 Ken! There's a beaked whale right on the beach, 10 00:00:40,956 --> 00:00:42,558 right in front of the house!" 11 00:00:44,517 --> 00:00:47,453 And sure enough, there was a goose‐beaked whale swimming... 12 00:00:47,445 --> 00:00:49,479 Moving his tail anyway, 13 00:00:49,472 --> 00:00:53,742 as if it was trying to get up the beach. 14 00:00:53,734 --> 00:00:56,369 In my mind, or maybe out loud, 15 00:00:56,361 --> 00:00:59,363 I said, 16 00:00:59,355 --> 00:01:01,157 "what are you doing here?" 17 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:08,562 They're supposed to be in deep water. 18 00:01:11,589 --> 00:01:14,158 So I pushed it back out to sea. 19 00:01:17,086 --> 00:01:20,721 (Woman) Go, baby, go! 20 00:01:20,713 --> 00:01:23,950 It swam out a little ways. 21 00:01:23,943 --> 00:01:26,978 And it came back in. 22 00:01:26,970 --> 00:01:28,670 We did this two or three times. 23 00:01:28,662 --> 00:01:30,363 And then some neighbors came along and said, 24 00:01:30,355 --> 00:01:32,790 "there's another one down at the point." 25 00:01:38,321 --> 00:01:42,057 Covered it with, uh, sheets and kept splashing water on it, 26 00:01:42,049 --> 00:01:45,085 while the rest kept trying to push the other whale out. 27 00:01:47,378 --> 00:01:49,679 And then our neighbors came and said, "there's another whale 28 00:01:49,671 --> 00:01:53,475 just another 200 yards up the beach from us." 29 00:01:59,874 --> 00:02:02,742 As the day unfolded, we had people calling 30 00:02:02,734 --> 00:02:06,978 from all over the Northern Bahamas saying, 31 00:02:06,970 --> 00:02:09,772 "a whale strand here, whale strands there." 32 00:02:17,571 --> 00:02:19,840 Something was causing all these whales 33 00:02:19,832 --> 00:02:22,066 to wanna abandon the deep water 34 00:02:22,058 --> 00:02:24,527 and get the hell outta there. 35 00:02:27,054 --> 00:02:29,156 It was, uh, kinda devastating. 36 00:02:32,383 --> 00:02:34,751 Animals that I had grown to know 37 00:02:34,744 --> 00:02:38,949 over a 10‐year period were now dead. 38 00:02:40,942 --> 00:02:44,277 They were trying to get away. 39 00:02:44,269 --> 00:02:47,672 I was driven to find out why. 40 00:03:45,228 --> 00:03:46,596 (McAdams) Everywhere on Earth, 41 00:03:46,588 --> 00:03:49,455 we can hear the songs of life... 42 00:03:49,447 --> 00:03:52,483 From the smallest insects 43 00:03:52,475 --> 00:03:54,777 to the largest animals on the planet. 44 00:03:54,769 --> 00:03:56,402 [Whale singing] 45 00:03:56,395 --> 00:04:00,899 But most of us only hear half of this living symphony. 46 00:04:00,891 --> 00:04:02,925 There's a completely different orchestra 47 00:04:02,917 --> 00:04:05,493 playing beneath the surface of the sea. 48 00:04:08,053 --> 00:04:10,588 (Man) One of the most memorable moments 49 00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:12,982 I have in my life 50 00:04:12,974 --> 00:04:15,475 was the first time I put on headphones 51 00:04:15,467 --> 00:04:17,234 in the arctic. 52 00:04:17,226 --> 00:04:18,661 It's gray and white. 53 00:04:18,654 --> 00:04:20,955 It's almost sensory... Complete sensory deprivation. 54 00:04:20,947 --> 00:04:22,047 I can't smell anything. 55 00:04:22,039 --> 00:04:24,506 I can barely taste anything. 56 00:04:24,498 --> 00:04:26,734 We found a little opening of water, 57 00:04:26,726 --> 00:04:30,062 in which I dropped two underwater microphones. 58 00:04:32,455 --> 00:04:36,559 Put on the headphones, I was completely amazed. 59 00:04:38,085 --> 00:04:41,055 [Animals calling] 60 00:04:48,854 --> 00:04:51,455 Bearded seals coming out of the ether, 61 00:04:51,448 --> 00:04:54,684 as though they were from "the martian chronicles." 62 00:04:54,676 --> 00:04:57,646 [Animals calling] 63 00:05:00,573 --> 00:05:04,216 Beluga whales chirping and chattering and clicking. 64 00:05:07,578 --> 00:05:09,679 And then the bowhead whales, 65 00:05:09,671 --> 00:05:13,274 roaring low‐frequency moans. 66 00:05:17,269 --> 00:05:19,638 And I was like, "Oh, my God! 67 00:05:19,630 --> 00:05:21,732 This is fantastic!" 68 00:05:24,726 --> 00:05:26,660 (McAdams) Chris Clark has been recording 69 00:05:26,653 --> 00:05:29,555 the symphony of life on Earth 70 00:05:29,747 --> 00:05:33,617 for more than 40 years. 71 00:05:33,609 --> 00:05:35,776 He has built one of the largest collections 72 00:05:35,768 --> 00:05:39,538 of animal sounds on the planet. 73 00:05:39,530 --> 00:05:41,731 (Clark) I listen to the world. 74 00:05:41,723 --> 00:05:45,158 And to me, song is life. 75 00:05:45,150 --> 00:05:47,552 It is the essence of who we are. 76 00:05:47,544 --> 00:05:49,345 And it joins us all. 77 00:05:57,446 --> 00:05:59,481 The problem is, in the ocean, 78 00:05:59,473 --> 00:06:03,842 we are injecting enormous amounts of noise, 79 00:06:03,834 --> 00:06:05,575 so much so that we are basically 80 00:06:05,567 --> 00:06:10,370 acoustically bleaching the ocean. 81 00:06:10,362 --> 00:06:14,733 All the singing voices of the planet 82 00:06:14,725 --> 00:06:19,662 are lost in that cloud of noise. 83 00:06:19,654 --> 00:06:21,422 (McAdams) This accumulation of sound 84 00:06:21,414 --> 00:06:26,017 is changing the entire ecosystem underwater. 85 00:06:26,010 --> 00:06:28,445 Some of the animals most directly affected 86 00:06:28,437 --> 00:06:30,372 by this Sonic invasion 87 00:06:30,364 --> 00:06:33,400 are the largest ever to have lived on Earth. 88 00:06:45,870 --> 00:06:47,203 (Clark) They're so large. 89 00:06:47,195 --> 00:06:50,666 And they're so dramatic and magnificent. 90 00:06:59,231 --> 00:07:02,768 They are highly conscious animals. 91 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:05,603 They have self‐awareness. They think. 92 00:07:09,464 --> 00:07:14,569 They have intellectual capabilities that rival ours. 93 00:07:22,936 --> 00:07:26,005 And their graciousness... 94 00:07:25,997 --> 00:07:27,598 (Balcomb) They're mammals. They're just like us. 95 00:07:27,590 --> 00:07:30,758 They're a very specialized form 96 00:07:30,750 --> 00:07:33,085 of life on this planet that, 97 00:07:33,077 --> 00:07:35,179 basically, rules the ocean. 98 00:07:38,006 --> 00:07:41,108 All whales can hear. 99 00:07:41,100 --> 00:07:43,002 They have to for their survival. 100 00:07:46,697 --> 00:07:49,467 [Whales calling] 101 00:07:53,996 --> 00:07:56,931 (Clark) The ocean is a completely different place 102 00:07:56,923 --> 00:08:00,660 acoustically than in the air. 103 00:08:00,652 --> 00:08:05,296 Sound can travel enormous distances 104 00:08:05,288 --> 00:08:07,455 very, very fast, 105 00:08:07,447 --> 00:08:10,016 whereas light doesn't travel very far at all. 106 00:08:12,410 --> 00:08:16,080 And the whales have evolved to take advantage of that. 107 00:08:19,441 --> 00:08:23,345 They can hear storms that are 1,000 miles away. 108 00:08:28,475 --> 00:08:33,345 (Woman) For humans, well, it's important for us to hear, 109 00:08:33,338 --> 00:08:35,373 but not nearly as important 110 00:08:35,365 --> 00:08:37,866 as it is for whales, dolphins 111 00:08:37,858 --> 00:08:39,526 and many kinds of fish. 112 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,556 They're relying on being able 113 00:08:45,548 --> 00:08:48,184 to sense their environment acoustically. 114 00:08:55,014 --> 00:08:57,950 Whether it's finding their buddies, 115 00:08:57,942 --> 00:09:00,945 knowing where food is, knowing where the shoreline is. 116 00:09:03,772 --> 00:09:05,045 Well, they certainly have eyes. 117 00:09:05,038 --> 00:09:06,506 And they use their eyes. 118 00:09:06,498 --> 00:09:08,599 But they're far more reliant 119 00:09:08,591 --> 00:09:12,461 on their hearing to live. 120 00:09:12,453 --> 00:09:15,755 Think about it... even in the clearest ocean water, 121 00:09:15,747 --> 00:09:20,984 visibility is nothing close to what you have on the land. 122 00:09:20,976 --> 00:09:25,012 And 100 feet is considered to be really good. 123 00:09:25,004 --> 00:09:27,040 But you can look up at the stars 124 00:09:27,032 --> 00:09:29,633 and see light that has been transmitted 125 00:09:29,626 --> 00:09:32,328 over millions of miles on the land. 126 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:38,158 You can look and see mountains in the distance, miles away. 127 00:09:38,150 --> 00:09:43,221 (Man) Just as air is a brilliant medium for light, 128 00:09:43,213 --> 00:09:46,716 water is a brilliant medium for sound. 129 00:09:50,811 --> 00:09:53,279 To give you an example, 130 00:09:53,271 --> 00:09:55,106 in the early 1990s, 131 00:09:55,098 --> 00:09:56,598 a group of scientists 132 00:09:56,590 --> 00:09:59,325 put a noise-making device, uh, 133 00:09:59,318 --> 00:10:02,520 down in the Southern Indian ocean. 134 00:10:02,512 --> 00:10:06,956 They wanted to see just how far sound would travel. 135 00:10:06,948 --> 00:10:10,750 The sound that they produced carried into the Atlantic ocean, 136 00:10:10,742 --> 00:10:12,710 into the Pacific ocean. 137 00:10:12,702 --> 00:10:13,868 It carried as far 138 00:10:13,860 --> 00:10:15,761 as those researchers were listening. 139 00:10:15,753 --> 00:10:19,090 Their furthest hydrophone, or underwater microphone, 140 00:10:19,082 --> 00:10:22,450 was positioned off of Washington state, 141 00:10:22,443 --> 00:10:26,981 which means that the sound traveled some 17,000 kilometers 142 00:10:26,973 --> 00:10:28,774 and was still audible. 143 00:10:30,801 --> 00:10:32,101 [Whale calling] 144 00:10:32,093 --> 00:10:36,129 And the whales see the ocean through sound. 145 00:10:36,121 --> 00:10:39,524 So their mind's eye is their mind's ear. 146 00:10:51,092 --> 00:10:54,728 (Man) So I'm in this tent with an Inupiat whaling captain. 147 00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:58,089 And I want the ears for science. 148 00:10:58,081 --> 00:11:00,516 I wanna get the ear bones of the whale 149 00:11:00,509 --> 00:11:02,076 so that I can give 'em to a colleague, 150 00:11:02,068 --> 00:11:04,403 who is a scientist, to understand, 151 00:11:04,395 --> 00:11:05,829 how do they hear? 152 00:11:05,821 --> 00:11:10,197 What... what is so different about these animals? 153 00:11:10,189 --> 00:11:14,293 And this Inupiat whaling captain just looked at me. 154 00:11:14,285 --> 00:11:18,154 And very deliberately, he said, 155 00:11:18,146 --> 00:11:23,016 "do you know that the ears are the entrance 156 00:11:23,008 --> 00:11:25,545 to the soul of the whale?" 157 00:11:27,805 --> 00:11:31,476 And now, I even get emotional remembering that statement. 158 00:11:35,571 --> 00:11:37,672 The ears of this animal 159 00:11:37,664 --> 00:11:41,367 are the entrance to its self‐consciousness, 160 00:11:41,359 --> 00:11:44,595 to its life, to its history, to its future. 161 00:12:03,839 --> 00:12:05,339 (Man) The Bahamas stranding, well, 162 00:12:05,331 --> 00:12:08,807 we had specimens that had died within hours. 163 00:12:08,799 --> 00:12:10,467 And I knew 164 00:12:10,459 --> 00:12:13,561 that collecting a fresh specimen 165 00:12:13,554 --> 00:12:16,255 and freezing it as soon as possible 166 00:12:16,247 --> 00:12:18,181 would provide the best evidence 167 00:12:18,173 --> 00:12:20,475 that would show what sort of damage 168 00:12:20,467 --> 00:12:23,135 was going on internally. 169 00:12:23,127 --> 00:12:25,695 I transported two beaked whale heads 170 00:12:25,687 --> 00:12:29,690 and a dolphin from Bahamas 171 00:12:29,682 --> 00:12:31,883 and got 'em over to a commercial airplane 172 00:12:31,875 --> 00:12:33,910 going to Boston. 173 00:12:33,903 --> 00:12:36,271 Trucked the specimens right over to the cat scans 174 00:12:36,263 --> 00:12:38,664 at Harvard medical school and, 175 00:12:38,656 --> 00:12:40,191 by 2 A. M., 176 00:12:40,183 --> 00:12:43,551 had seen the evidence of sub-arachnoid hemorrhage 177 00:12:43,543 --> 00:12:48,382 around the brain and blood around the ears. 178 00:12:50,708 --> 00:12:54,512 Uh, they were definitely, uh, impacted. 179 00:12:56,572 --> 00:13:02,510 I knew that it was a human‐caused stranding. 180 00:13:02,502 --> 00:13:05,171 I was very concerned that, uh, we learn 181 00:13:05,164 --> 00:13:08,439 what specifically are we doing that 182 00:13:08,431 --> 00:13:10,932 is causing these mortalities, 183 00:13:10,924 --> 00:13:13,494 and not do this again. 184 00:13:18,090 --> 00:13:21,558 (McAdams) Humans have been changing the sound of the oceans 185 00:13:21,550 --> 00:13:24,719 since we first started exploring the seas. 186 00:13:24,711 --> 00:13:27,446 But our ocean presence has exploded 187 00:13:27,438 --> 00:13:29,574 over the last 5 decades. 188 00:13:37,939 --> 00:13:39,808 (Earle) The world that these long‐lived creatures 189 00:13:39,801 --> 00:13:44,105 have experienced is changed on a geologic scale. 190 00:13:46,198 --> 00:13:49,268 We are seeing just a different planet. 191 00:13:52,428 --> 00:13:58,300 (Man) Some whales, they live to be 150 to 200 years old. 192 00:13:58,292 --> 00:14:00,994 When those whales were teenagers, 193 00:14:00,986 --> 00:14:04,121 the world was quiet. Okay? 194 00:14:04,113 --> 00:14:07,689 So if I disrupt your ability to hunt, 195 00:14:07,681 --> 00:14:10,016 or if I disrupt the ability of a female 196 00:14:10,008 --> 00:14:12,076 to make a choice between the best singers 197 00:14:12,069 --> 00:14:14,036 because she can only hear the ones 198 00:14:14,028 --> 00:14:16,964 that are closest to her, 199 00:14:16,956 --> 00:14:19,024 what's the impact of that? 200 00:14:21,117 --> 00:14:22,852 (Earle) Getting lost in the ocean 201 00:14:22,844 --> 00:14:26,312 must be terrifying to a young whale. 202 00:14:26,304 --> 00:14:30,107 Can't find its mother. Can't find its family. 203 00:14:30,099 --> 00:14:33,035 A lost whale, in that sense, 204 00:14:33,027 --> 00:14:35,462 would be, likely, a dead whale. 205 00:14:39,658 --> 00:14:41,893 (Man) Uh, I've known about whale song for a long time. 206 00:14:41,885 --> 00:14:43,752 And I've heard it many times. 207 00:14:43,744 --> 00:14:46,679 And also astounded by how... 208 00:14:46,671 --> 00:14:49,207 The distance that their songs can travel, 209 00:14:49,199 --> 00:14:52,567 that they have to communicate, sometimes, ocean‐wide. 210 00:14:52,559 --> 00:14:54,461 Um, it's like a telephone. 211 00:14:57,790 --> 00:14:59,456 And so it would be logical 212 00:14:59,448 --> 00:15:01,884 that their hearing would be as powerful 213 00:15:01,877 --> 00:15:05,285 as their reach when... when they sing. 214 00:15:05,277 --> 00:15:07,045 I make my living as a musician. 215 00:15:07,037 --> 00:15:11,708 I've subjected myself to industrial levels of noise 216 00:15:11,700 --> 00:15:13,300 because of it. 217 00:15:13,292 --> 00:15:15,193 And my hearing is impaired. 218 00:15:15,185 --> 00:15:17,787 And so I'm increasingly more aware 219 00:15:17,779 --> 00:15:20,714 of the Sonic world we live in. 220 00:15:20,706 --> 00:15:22,407 I prefer silence. 221 00:15:24,568 --> 00:15:26,269 I was born and raised, um, 222 00:15:26,261 --> 00:15:28,428 next to a shipyard in the North of England. 223 00:15:28,420 --> 00:15:30,856 At the end of my street are some of the biggest, 224 00:15:30,848 --> 00:15:35,051 um, ships ever constructed on planet Earth. 225 00:15:35,043 --> 00:15:38,578 They would launch them with the, uh, timbers cracking 226 00:15:38,570 --> 00:15:40,872 and the drag chains being pulled. 227 00:15:40,864 --> 00:15:42,064 And as a small child, I... 228 00:15:42,056 --> 00:15:46,594 I found that, uh, stirring and frightening. 229 00:15:49,956 --> 00:15:52,925 No, you wouldn't think about what was going on under the sea. 230 00:15:52,917 --> 00:15:56,019 It was just some... A means of, you know, 231 00:15:56,011 --> 00:15:58,646 transporting things or transporting people, 232 00:15:58,638 --> 00:16:02,140 rather than, uh, to go underneath it. 233 00:16:02,132 --> 00:16:03,733 (Woman) The dominant change 234 00:16:03,725 --> 00:16:05,365 in the conditions of underwater noise 235 00:16:05,357 --> 00:16:08,426 has been from commercial shipping. 236 00:16:08,418 --> 00:16:11,654 So, ships are the way we really move goods 237 00:16:11,647 --> 00:16:13,915 on this planet. 238 00:16:13,907 --> 00:16:17,209 We move over 98 percent of the stuff 239 00:16:17,201 --> 00:16:21,105 we need to get from point A to point B using ships. 240 00:16:23,298 --> 00:16:24,699 (McAdams) At any given time, 241 00:16:24,691 --> 00:16:28,059 there are an estimated 60,000 commercial chips 242 00:16:28,051 --> 00:16:30,220 traversing the world's oceans. 243 00:16:34,215 --> 00:16:37,017 (Man) They're enormous. They're like cities on water 244 00:16:37,009 --> 00:16:39,644 with far fewer people. 245 00:16:39,637 --> 00:16:43,106 And the sound of all of those ships, 246 00:16:43,098 --> 00:16:44,966 all in the water at once, 247 00:16:44,958 --> 00:16:48,694 has literally filled our oceans with... 248 00:16:48,686 --> 00:16:50,554 With noise. 249 00:16:50,546 --> 00:16:54,582 (Man) One of the things about noise in the ocean 250 00:16:54,574 --> 00:16:57,208 is that humans are not aware of it at all. 251 00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:01,103 It's one of these out of sight, out of mind kind of things. 252 00:17:01,095 --> 00:17:03,296 It really is, in a... In a sense, a cacophony 253 00:17:03,289 --> 00:17:04,490 of sound 254 00:17:04,482 --> 00:17:08,459 that surrounds the whales at this point. 255 00:17:08,451 --> 00:17:11,619 (McAdams) Paul Spong is the Co‐Director of Orcalab, 256 00:17:11,611 --> 00:17:13,078 a Whale‐research Station 257 00:17:13,070 --> 00:17:16,273 on Hanson Island off British Columbia, Canada. 258 00:17:20,336 --> 00:17:22,803 He and his team use hydrophones to record 259 00:17:22,795 --> 00:17:24,663 and study the sounds of orca pods 260 00:17:24,655 --> 00:17:26,590 in the Pacific Northwest. 261 00:17:29,352 --> 00:17:32,722 (Spong) There are a host of reasons for caring about whales. 262 00:17:36,650 --> 00:17:40,387 Certainly the beauty and their lifestyle. 263 00:17:43,180 --> 00:17:45,282 With orcas, you have, for example, 264 00:17:45,274 --> 00:17:46,641 the most powerful creature in... 265 00:17:46,633 --> 00:17:51,003 On the planet living an utterly peaceful life. 266 00:17:50,995 --> 00:17:52,797 That's impressive. 267 00:17:55,324 --> 00:17:57,157 Each of the family groups has, uh, 268 00:17:57,149 --> 00:17:58,917 their own special dialect 269 00:17:58,910 --> 00:18:00,844 that we listen to. 270 00:18:00,836 --> 00:18:03,405 So we can understand a lot about who's there just from... 271 00:18:03,397 --> 00:18:06,272 Just from the sounds that they make. 272 00:18:06,264 --> 00:18:09,766 We know when they're hunting. We know when they're resting. 273 00:18:09,758 --> 00:18:11,726 We know when they're socializing. 274 00:18:11,718 --> 00:18:13,952 We know when they're having a great time together 275 00:18:13,944 --> 00:18:15,445 down at the rubbing beaches 276 00:18:15,437 --> 00:18:18,939 'cause we're listening all the time. 277 00:18:18,932 --> 00:18:20,700 Cruise ships, the freighters 278 00:18:20,692 --> 00:18:23,461 are very recent phenomena in their history. 279 00:18:23,453 --> 00:18:26,788 Now, sound is everywhere around them, 280 00:18:26,780 --> 00:18:29,014 much of the time. 281 00:18:29,006 --> 00:18:30,907 When a cruise ship comes along. 282 00:18:30,899 --> 00:18:32,834 And a cruise ship kinda comes around the corner 283 00:18:32,826 --> 00:18:36,094 into the acoustic field of that... of the whales. 284 00:18:36,086 --> 00:18:38,388 You can hear what happens. 285 00:18:38,381 --> 00:18:40,649 This is a group of G clan whales. 286 00:18:40,641 --> 00:18:45,379 [Whales calling, clicking] 287 00:18:48,307 --> 00:18:52,344 [Droning] 288 00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:03,302 Anyway, the whales, uh, are calling away. 289 00:19:03,294 --> 00:19:04,561 And they, uh, 290 00:19:04,554 --> 00:19:06,922 uh, try to continue it for a little while. 291 00:19:06,914 --> 00:19:10,750 Then they get totally drowned out. 292 00:19:10,742 --> 00:19:13,143 Noise interferes with hunting, 293 00:19:13,135 --> 00:19:16,605 with a whale's ability to find fish. 294 00:19:16,597 --> 00:19:19,732 Well, if you reduce the amount of food 295 00:19:19,724 --> 00:19:21,792 that whales can get, 296 00:19:21,784 --> 00:19:25,688 then you're directly impacting their well‐being, their lives. 297 00:19:29,949 --> 00:19:31,817 (Woman) I think when you listen to the hydrophones, 298 00:19:31,810 --> 00:19:33,144 it's hard to think 299 00:19:33,136 --> 00:19:36,205 that that noise does not have an impact on the whales. 300 00:19:36,197 --> 00:19:39,031 I mean, sometimes, it... Listening on the headphones 301 00:19:39,023 --> 00:19:41,692 gives you a headache within 10 minutes. 302 00:19:41,684 --> 00:19:43,084 You have to take the headphones off. 303 00:19:43,076 --> 00:19:44,944 You have to turn the volume down. 304 00:19:44,936 --> 00:19:47,971 And I just think, you know, "the whales, 305 00:19:47,963 --> 00:19:50,199 they can't turn the volume down." 306 00:19:51,492 --> 00:19:54,402 [Cacophony] 307 00:20:01,032 --> 00:20:03,033 (Man) Several years ago, I was at a meeting 308 00:20:03,025 --> 00:20:06,094 about ship noise in Hamburg, Germany. 309 00:20:06,086 --> 00:20:08,788 And we went down and saw some of the newest 310 00:20:08,780 --> 00:20:10,381 and largest container ships. 311 00:20:10,373 --> 00:20:13,308 And they're striking. 312 00:20:13,300 --> 00:20:16,168 They're basically skyscrapers turned sideways 313 00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:19,563 with giant engines put on the back of 'em. 314 00:20:19,556 --> 00:20:22,024 Some of the sound may come from the engines 315 00:20:22,016 --> 00:20:23,650 that's transmitted through the hull. 316 00:20:23,642 --> 00:20:27,512 But the majority of it comes from what is happening right 317 00:20:27,504 --> 00:20:29,271 at the propeller. 318 00:20:29,263 --> 00:20:31,831 [Bubbles bursting loudly] 319 00:20:31,823 --> 00:20:33,657 (McAdams) It's called cavitation. 320 00:20:33,649 --> 00:20:35,517 That's when the bubbles created by the blades 321 00:20:35,509 --> 00:20:39,179 of the propeller collapse and burst underwater. 322 00:20:39,172 --> 00:20:42,240 It's not so much the collapse of an individual bubble. 323 00:20:42,232 --> 00:20:43,899 It's all of them, eh, 324 00:20:43,891 --> 00:20:47,995 at once creating a very loud hiss. 325 00:20:50,556 --> 00:20:53,399 The ship's engines generate noise as well. 326 00:20:54,757 --> 00:20:58,960 Basically, the way ship engines are historically built 327 00:20:58,952 --> 00:21:02,189 is you bolt 'em to the frame. 328 00:21:02,181 --> 00:21:05,649 And then it vibrates the frame and makes that sound transmit 329 00:21:05,641 --> 00:21:08,077 through all the steel or the hull 330 00:21:08,070 --> 00:21:10,804 and out into the water. 331 00:21:10,796 --> 00:21:13,098 (Man) Over the last 60 years, 332 00:21:13,090 --> 00:21:16,625 the number of ships moving over the global surface 333 00:21:16,617 --> 00:21:19,354 of the world has increased dramatically. 334 00:21:21,313 --> 00:21:22,813 You can look at the curves. 335 00:21:22,805 --> 00:21:25,341 And it's just going up and up and up and up. 336 00:21:25,333 --> 00:21:27,700 It really is just like a highway, you know, 337 00:21:27,692 --> 00:21:30,461 the Los Angeles freeway or the long island expressway. 338 00:21:30,454 --> 00:21:33,089 And if you look at the taillights of those cars, 339 00:21:33,081 --> 00:21:35,049 it would be solid light. 340 00:21:35,041 --> 00:21:38,076 That's the shipping Lane, where, 341 00:21:38,068 --> 00:21:40,003 in this case, the light 342 00:21:39,995 --> 00:21:43,530 is all the noise from all the ships. 343 00:21:43,522 --> 00:21:45,523 Is there any evidence that all of this noise 344 00:21:45,515 --> 00:21:48,685 is making life difficult for whales and fishes? 345 00:21:52,713 --> 00:21:55,722 Most of humanity lives in the Northern hemisphere. 346 00:21:55,715 --> 00:21:57,816 There's a fraction of the percentage 347 00:21:57,808 --> 00:22:00,776 of commercial shipping in the Southern hemisphere. 348 00:22:00,768 --> 00:22:03,070 Well, we have Southern right whales. 349 00:22:03,062 --> 00:22:05,931 They're cousins of the Northern right whales. 350 00:22:05,923 --> 00:22:10,526 Those populations are going gangbusters. 351 00:22:10,518 --> 00:22:12,953 But up North, their cousins... 352 00:22:12,945 --> 00:22:15,346 Same kind of habitat, everything else... 353 00:22:15,338 --> 00:22:19,408 They're struggling to get by. 354 00:22:19,401 --> 00:22:21,335 Why is that? 355 00:22:21,327 --> 00:22:23,896 You can say, "how many ships are going through the area?" 356 00:22:23,888 --> 00:22:25,856 But so what? 357 00:22:25,848 --> 00:22:29,150 How... how do you show that that has any influence 358 00:22:29,142 --> 00:22:32,177 or any impact or makes any difference? 359 00:22:32,169 --> 00:22:34,337 (Woman) Well, we really needed a laboratory for that. 360 00:22:34,329 --> 00:22:36,130 We needed a place where you could draw a line 361 00:22:36,122 --> 00:22:38,356 around it and ask, "okay. 362 00:22:38,349 --> 00:22:41,952 Within these waters, what are those contributions?" 363 00:22:41,944 --> 00:22:45,413 (McAdams) Researchers chose Cape Cod Bay near Boston, 364 00:22:45,405 --> 00:22:49,374 an important habitat of North Atlantic right whales. 365 00:22:49,366 --> 00:22:55,211 (Man) And what was surprising in that was how bad it was. 366 00:22:55,203 --> 00:22:58,372 (Man) You see right whale calls illuminated 367 00:22:58,364 --> 00:23:00,766 like little firefly light. 368 00:23:00,758 --> 00:23:02,726 And then, every so often, 369 00:23:02,719 --> 00:23:05,087 several times a day, a ship will come in. 370 00:23:08,515 --> 00:23:10,182 Comes in like a flood light. 371 00:23:10,174 --> 00:23:14,012 It obliterates the whale's ability to hear. 372 00:23:16,138 --> 00:23:18,973 (McAdams) The study revealed that North Atlantic right whales lost 373 00:23:18,965 --> 00:23:20,299 up to 80 percent 374 00:23:20,291 --> 00:23:21,992 of their ability to hear the songs 375 00:23:21,984 --> 00:23:24,585 of their friends and mates. 376 00:23:24,577 --> 00:23:27,445 That's a really dramatic loss of space for these animals 377 00:23:27,438 --> 00:23:29,406 during really critical time periods. 378 00:23:29,398 --> 00:23:33,434 It's just ripping the communicate system apart. 379 00:23:33,426 --> 00:23:35,461 Are they not getting enough to eat? 380 00:23:35,453 --> 00:23:37,054 And are they stressed out? 381 00:23:37,046 --> 00:23:40,248 So there, you get a linkage to the whole reproductive cycle, 382 00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:43,108 to the whole biology. 383 00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:48,805 There may be 450 of them left in the entire ocean. 384 00:23:48,797 --> 00:23:52,808 That species is fighting for its life right now. 385 00:24:04,772 --> 00:24:08,474 (Balcomb) I joined the Navy in March, 1967. 386 00:24:08,466 --> 00:24:11,001 I learned how to fly, got my wings. 387 00:24:10,993 --> 00:24:13,161 And got stationed at a Sosus station, 388 00:24:13,153 --> 00:24:17,122 which was sound surveillance, undersea. 389 00:24:17,114 --> 00:24:20,450 The operations were that you listen to hydrophone systems 390 00:24:20,442 --> 00:24:23,078 in the ocean for enemy submarines. 391 00:24:24,203 --> 00:24:26,972 (Man) Sosus... 392 00:24:26,964 --> 00:24:32,035 That name was top‐secret. 393 00:24:32,028 --> 00:24:33,629 Now, in 1991, 394 00:24:33,621 --> 00:24:36,188 the Soviet union was collapsing. 395 00:24:36,180 --> 00:24:39,717 And the U. S. Navy offered up Sosus. 396 00:24:39,709 --> 00:24:41,209 I walk in the building, 397 00:24:41,201 --> 00:24:43,803 High security, the whole thing. 398 00:24:43,795 --> 00:24:48,531 And it's like there are maps all over the walls. 399 00:24:48,523 --> 00:24:50,758 There's all this machinery. 400 00:24:50,750 --> 00:24:53,619 And the way, I metaphorically speak of this... 401 00:24:53,612 --> 00:24:56,747 The world I've been living in fits underneath the head 402 00:24:56,739 --> 00:24:59,207 of a pin in the ocean. 403 00:24:59,199 --> 00:25:03,242 This system, this is the Hubble telescope. 404 00:25:03,234 --> 00:25:06,169 I can listen anywhere in the ocean 405 00:25:06,161 --> 00:25:08,730 I want to at any time. 406 00:25:08,722 --> 00:25:11,724 Someone says to me, "hey, doc. 407 00:25:11,716 --> 00:25:14,450 You think you could use this for studying whales?" 408 00:25:14,442 --> 00:25:17,745 And it was, like, "expletive deleted." 409 00:25:17,738 --> 00:25:21,374 "Are you blipping kidding me?" 410 00:25:21,366 --> 00:25:23,167 And it was in that room, 411 00:25:23,159 --> 00:25:25,994 I literally crossed the beams 412 00:25:25,986 --> 00:25:29,956 pointing to a blue whale singing off of Ireland. 413 00:25:29,948 --> 00:25:33,316 I was listening to it from Virginia. 414 00:25:33,308 --> 00:25:38,179 [Whale calling] 415 00:25:38,171 --> 00:25:41,407 (McAdams) Since biologists have been given access to Sosus, 416 00:25:41,399 --> 00:25:43,967 it has become the single most important tool 417 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:47,563 for listening to whales ocean‐wide. 418 00:25:47,555 --> 00:25:51,157 This listening system has also allowed scientist to track 419 00:25:51,149 --> 00:25:53,451 the rise of human‐produced noise 420 00:25:53,443 --> 00:25:56,478 in the ocean over time. 421 00:25:56,470 --> 00:25:58,438 (Balcomb) Large commercial shipping 422 00:25:58,430 --> 00:26:01,004 has kind of a rumbling like a distant, 423 00:26:00,996 --> 00:26:05,934 uh, thunderstorm all the time. 424 00:26:05,926 --> 00:26:08,628 When I was in the Navy, that was just a fact of life 425 00:26:08,621 --> 00:26:11,456 in the '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s 426 00:26:11,448 --> 00:26:13,816 and even today as it... 427 00:26:13,808 --> 00:26:16,376 The noise environment in the ocean 428 00:26:16,368 --> 00:26:18,803 is doubling every 10 years. 429 00:26:18,795 --> 00:26:21,764 [Growing static] 430 00:26:24,958 --> 00:26:27,560 (Woman) There's different ways that sounds can affect animals. 431 00:26:27,552 --> 00:26:30,354 I mean, there's that underlying ambient noise level 432 00:26:30,346 --> 00:26:32,547 that's rising and rising and rising that interferes 433 00:26:32,540 --> 00:26:37,044 with communication and their movement patterns. 434 00:26:37,036 --> 00:26:38,936 And then there's the more acute, 435 00:26:38,928 --> 00:26:41,197 kind of, traumatic impact of sound. 436 00:26:41,189 --> 00:26:43,890 And that's causing physical damage 437 00:26:43,882 --> 00:26:46,717 or just a really strong behavioral response. 438 00:26:46,709 --> 00:26:49,678 It's fight or flight. 439 00:26:49,670 --> 00:26:51,004 Basically, all my professional life, 440 00:26:50,996 --> 00:26:53,931 I've been responding to marine mammal strandings, 441 00:26:53,924 --> 00:26:56,326 Dolphins, whales and seals. 442 00:26:56,318 --> 00:26:58,252 Sometimes, when we think of a mass stranding, 443 00:26:58,244 --> 00:26:59,377 it's not much animals 444 00:26:59,369 --> 00:27:00,609 throwing themselves on the beach, 445 00:27:00,601 --> 00:27:03,537 but being out of habitat. 446 00:27:03,529 --> 00:27:07,398 One example is in Madagascar in 2008. 447 00:27:07,390 --> 00:27:08,690 As we flew in, 448 00:27:08,682 --> 00:27:11,118 going into this very small, very rural area, 449 00:27:11,111 --> 00:27:13,878 we asked the pilot if he would do a tour. 450 00:27:13,870 --> 00:27:17,573 We had been told there were 100 to 200 melon‐headed whales 451 00:27:17,565 --> 00:27:19,033 in an estuary. 452 00:27:19,025 --> 00:27:23,261 They were 65 kilometers away from the open ocean. 453 00:27:23,253 --> 00:27:24,420 And I think our hearts fell 454 00:27:24,412 --> 00:27:25,845 at that point because we looked at it. 455 00:27:25,837 --> 00:27:27,806 And we said, "it's a huge distance to go." 456 00:27:33,270 --> 00:27:36,405 Most of the animals were in pretty tough shape. 457 00:27:36,398 --> 00:27:38,532 They looked thin, dehydrated. 458 00:27:38,524 --> 00:27:40,860 These are animals that probably were stranding 459 00:27:40,852 --> 00:27:43,153 at some point during the day, getting sunburned, 460 00:27:43,145 --> 00:27:44,979 abrasions, like, cuts and bruises 461 00:27:44,971 --> 00:27:47,006 from being up in the mangrove swamps. 462 00:27:52,569 --> 00:27:54,470 We herd the whales 463 00:27:54,462 --> 00:27:56,463 just like, uh, like how we would herd cattle. 464 00:27:56,455 --> 00:27:58,356 We... we move boats the way 465 00:27:58,349 --> 00:28:02,525 you would ride a horse behind cattle. 466 00:28:02,517 --> 00:28:04,285 One right there. 467 00:28:04,277 --> 00:28:09,782 Trying to move these animals very slowly out into open water. 468 00:28:09,774 --> 00:28:11,574 As the day would wear on, 469 00:28:11,566 --> 00:28:12,967 you could just see them deteriorating. 470 00:28:12,959 --> 00:28:15,393 They were becoming slower, less responsive 471 00:28:15,385 --> 00:28:17,353 to what we were trying to do. 472 00:28:17,345 --> 00:28:20,415 In the end, we probably saved a handful of whales. 473 00:28:22,675 --> 00:28:24,244 Most of them died. 474 00:28:26,270 --> 00:28:27,771 And then our job was to go in 475 00:28:27,763 --> 00:28:29,932 and figure out why they were there. 476 00:28:34,097 --> 00:28:36,498 (Woman) In the end, we probably saved a handful of whales. 477 00:28:37,090 --> 00:28:39,758 Most of them died. 478 00:28:39,950 --> 00:28:41,084 And then our job was to go in 479 00:28:41,076 --> 00:28:43,077 and figure out why they were there. 480 00:28:31,969 --> 00:28:33,370 These animals weren't sick. 481 00:28:33,363 --> 00:28:34,663 They weren't injured. 482 00:28:34,655 --> 00:28:38,224 We ruled out the things that we knew it wasn't. 483 00:28:38,216 --> 00:28:41,017 And the only smoking gun left 484 00:28:41,009 --> 00:28:44,145 was this oil and gas exploration work 485 00:28:44,137 --> 00:28:46,011 being done offshore that coincided 486 00:28:46,003 --> 00:28:50,106 in time and location with this event. 487 00:28:50,098 --> 00:28:51,266 (McAdams) Prospecting teams, 488 00:28:51,258 --> 00:28:53,925 commissioned by an Exxonmobil subsidiary, 489 00:28:53,918 --> 00:28:56,620 were hunting for oil off the coast of Madagascar, 490 00:28:56,612 --> 00:28:58,880 near the mouth of the river. 491 00:28:58,872 --> 00:29:02,075 They were using a special industrial echo sounder 492 00:29:02,067 --> 00:29:04,435 that emits sound waves to map the sea floor. 493 00:29:04,427 --> 00:29:06,861 [High‐pitched beeping] 494 00:29:06,853 --> 00:29:09,255 (Moore) Exxonmobil stopped all of the work that they were doing. 495 00:29:09,247 --> 00:29:13,017 And they provided volumes of data. 496 00:29:13,009 --> 00:29:15,343 When I was reading through all of it, one thing caught my eye. 497 00:29:15,336 --> 00:29:18,038 And it was a series of satellite photographs 498 00:29:18,030 --> 00:29:19,263 of this region. 499 00:29:19,255 --> 00:29:22,925 And they were claiming these images showed 500 00:29:22,917 --> 00:29:25,118 that there were animals stranded prior to the work 501 00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:28,312 that they were doing offshore, so they couldn't have caused it. 502 00:29:28,304 --> 00:29:30,505 In the images, there were these dark objects 503 00:29:30,497 --> 00:29:33,632 lined up perpendicular to the water. 504 00:29:33,624 --> 00:29:35,525 And they were claiming 505 00:29:35,518 --> 00:29:37,386 that these were all whales that had stranded. 506 00:29:37,378 --> 00:29:39,179 And I'm looking at 'em, like... I've been doing strandings 507 00:29:39,171 --> 00:29:40,371 for almost 20 years. 508 00:29:40,363 --> 00:29:42,331 And I've never seen animals beach themselves 509 00:29:42,323 --> 00:29:46,266 in such a perfect pattern. 510 00:29:46,258 --> 00:29:47,960 And I was like, "those are boats." 511 00:29:49,953 --> 00:29:52,654 Those are dugout canoes used by local fishermen. 512 00:29:52,646 --> 00:29:54,781 That was the moment that... That I got really angry. 513 00:29:54,774 --> 00:29:56,374 And I was, like, "you know, now you're just... 514 00:29:56,366 --> 00:29:58,567 There's no way you can believe that." 515 00:29:58,559 --> 00:29:59,993 They were throwing everything at us 516 00:29:59,985 --> 00:30:01,019 to say it couldn't have been us. 517 00:30:01,011 --> 00:30:02,812 And I looked at that and I said, "no. 518 00:30:02,804 --> 00:30:05,271 There's no way." 519 00:30:05,263 --> 00:30:07,932 (McAdams) An independent scientific review panel 520 00:30:07,924 --> 00:30:11,493 came to the same conclusion as Moore and her team. 521 00:30:11,486 --> 00:30:14,321 The whales were most likely trying to escape the noise 522 00:30:14,313 --> 00:30:16,548 of the industrial echo sounder. 523 00:30:20,343 --> 00:30:23,245 But fossil fuel companies are doing much more 524 00:30:23,237 --> 00:30:27,207 than just mapping the ocean with waves of sound. 525 00:30:27,199 --> 00:30:28,867 (Man) More and more and more, what you're seeing 526 00:30:28,859 --> 00:30:33,929 is deep ocean prospecting for oil and gas. 527 00:30:33,921 --> 00:30:36,522 So the modern form of dynamite 528 00:30:36,514 --> 00:30:39,952 is found in the form of airguns... 529 00:30:40,678 --> 00:30:44,188 [Air blasting loudly] 530 00:30:47,048 --> 00:30:50,717 Most of which goes vertically down into the ocean. 531 00:30:50,709 --> 00:30:53,211 It reflects off the Earth's crust. 532 00:30:53,203 --> 00:30:56,072 And then you create an image of the composition of the Earth, 533 00:30:56,064 --> 00:30:58,665 and you search for oil and gas. 534 00:30:58,657 --> 00:31:00,691 And then you have sets of them, 535 00:31:00,683 --> 00:31:02,785 10, 20, 30, 40 of them in a... 536 00:31:02,777 --> 00:31:03,977 What's called an array. 537 00:31:03,970 --> 00:31:06,104 It's a big matrix of them behind a ship. 538 00:31:06,096 --> 00:31:09,265 And they all explode simultaneously. 539 00:31:09,257 --> 00:31:12,359 And there are multiple surveys, all setting off these charges 540 00:31:12,351 --> 00:31:14,219 at a regular rate of 10 seconds 541 00:31:14,211 --> 00:31:15,644 or 12 seconds. 542 00:31:15,636 --> 00:31:18,972 And the survey goes on for months at a time. 543 00:31:18,964 --> 00:31:20,699 If you were listening in the ocean, 544 00:31:20,691 --> 00:31:23,125 you could hear the regular explosions of these sounds 545 00:31:23,118 --> 00:31:25,419 coming from Africa, South America, 546 00:31:25,411 --> 00:31:27,579 Great Britain, Canada. 547 00:31:27,571 --> 00:31:33,242 And now it's also invading into the Arctic. 548 00:31:33,234 --> 00:31:34,702 Airguns have been shown to have 549 00:31:34,694 --> 00:31:38,496 an enormous environmental footprint. 550 00:31:38,488 --> 00:31:41,190 In baleen whales, the great whales, 551 00:31:41,182 --> 00:31:44,117 they have been shown to silence animals. 552 00:31:44,109 --> 00:31:47,652 They've been shown to cause animals to flee, uh, 553 00:31:47,645 --> 00:31:51,381 large areas of habitat. 554 00:31:51,373 --> 00:31:54,341 The areas we're talking about are enormous... in some cases, 555 00:31:54,333 --> 00:31:56,034 documented over literally 556 00:31:56,026 --> 00:31:58,762 hundreds of thousands of... of square miles. 557 00:31:58,754 --> 00:32:02,691 [ Whales calling, air gun blasts in distance ] 558 00:32:06,218 --> 00:32:10,255 These companies are able to take resources 559 00:32:10,247 --> 00:32:12,481 from the global commons... 560 00:32:12,473 --> 00:32:14,742 Hydrocarbons, in this case... 561 00:32:14,735 --> 00:32:16,736 And exploit those 562 00:32:16,728 --> 00:32:22,966 and damage the ocean ecosystem without cost. 563 00:32:22,958 --> 00:32:26,962 That, to me, is intolerable. 564 00:32:31,157 --> 00:32:34,192 (McAdams) The sound of seismic prospecting for oil and gas 565 00:32:34,184 --> 00:32:36,620 is changing life in the oceans. 566 00:32:36,612 --> 00:32:38,378 But it's also changing life for people 567 00:32:38,370 --> 00:32:41,508 who depend on the oceans, living on land. 568 00:32:44,134 --> 00:32:47,109 (Man) This coast has made 569 00:32:47,102 --> 00:32:52,006 thousands of generations able to survive. 570 00:32:51,998 --> 00:32:57,437 All my relatives before me lived from this. 571 00:32:57,429 --> 00:33:00,097 I've been a fisherman for many years. 572 00:33:10,165 --> 00:33:13,968 What is happening now is a disaster to us. 573 00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:18,964 Oil industry is hunting oil and gas on our fishing grounds. 574 00:33:18,956 --> 00:33:21,024 [Airgun blasts] 575 00:33:21,016 --> 00:33:24,084 Catches immediately were reduced 576 00:33:24,076 --> 00:33:27,045 by 60 percent. 577 00:33:27,038 --> 00:33:28,806 This was massive. 578 00:33:28,798 --> 00:33:31,433 And this was clearly the seismic shootings, 579 00:33:31,425 --> 00:33:33,626 the blastings. 580 00:33:33,618 --> 00:33:37,320 Then, after some time, not coming back... 581 00:33:37,312 --> 00:33:39,781 It's not coming back. Why is that so? 582 00:33:39,773 --> 00:33:40,839 It should come back 583 00:33:40,831 --> 00:33:43,500 if everything was normal in the sea. 584 00:33:43,492 --> 00:33:46,000 If this is going to... to go on, 585 00:33:45,993 --> 00:33:48,160 those blastings in the sea, 586 00:33:48,152 --> 00:33:50,354 in all the world's sea, 587 00:33:50,346 --> 00:33:52,381 we are going to kill ourselves in the end. 588 00:33:52,373 --> 00:33:55,808 Because we are killing our food. 589 00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:58,034 This is happening all around... around the world. 590 00:33:58,026 --> 00:34:00,528 We know it. But we... 591 00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:03,690 It seems like we are not able to do anything about it. 592 00:34:11,953 --> 00:34:13,354 (McAdams) We've been successful before 593 00:34:13,747 --> 00:34:15,781 in acting to protect the health of the oceans 594 00:34:16,373 --> 00:34:19,375 and the largest animals on Earth. 595 00:34:19,567 --> 00:34:21,968 There was a time when the oil of whales 596 00:34:21,960 --> 00:34:26,163 was the natural resource used to fuel our world. 597 00:34:26,155 --> 00:34:28,557 (Man) The great whales were literally pushed 598 00:34:28,549 --> 00:34:30,483 to the brink of extinction 599 00:34:30,475 --> 00:34:32,310 when everything was fair game. 600 00:34:32,302 --> 00:34:34,203 It was a total horror story. 601 00:34:34,396 --> 00:34:36,863 What happened in the early 20th century 602 00:34:36,855 --> 00:34:39,691 is that that practice became industrialized. 603 00:34:39,683 --> 00:34:43,085 Whalers started using large factory ships. 604 00:34:43,077 --> 00:34:47,013 And they began decimating populations. 605 00:34:47,005 --> 00:34:49,279 (McAdams) The consequences of human consumption 606 00:34:49,271 --> 00:34:51,607 were apparent to legendary oceanographer 607 00:34:51,599 --> 00:34:55,067 Jacques Cousteau, who battled against commercial whaling. 608 00:34:55,059 --> 00:34:58,161 Most countries agreed to stop whaling in the 1980s, 609 00:34:58,154 --> 00:35:01,957 and some whale populations have rebounded since then. 610 00:35:01,949 --> 00:35:05,586 Jacques' son, Jean‐Michel, driven by a similar passion 611 00:35:05,578 --> 00:35:08,413 for the oceans and the largest animals on Earth, 612 00:35:08,405 --> 00:35:10,707 continues his father's legacy. 613 00:35:13,301 --> 00:35:14,801 (Cousteau) My father, when I was a kid, 614 00:35:14,793 --> 00:35:16,794 created a movie, very well‐known, 615 00:35:16,786 --> 00:35:20,622 which has put the ocean in everybody's home, 616 00:35:20,614 --> 00:35:22,516 called "the silent world." 617 00:35:29,114 --> 00:35:30,982 Well, it was pretty silent then. 618 00:35:30,974 --> 00:35:34,644 The big difference between the past and today 619 00:35:34,636 --> 00:35:38,405 is that we've created a lot of noise. 620 00:35:38,397 --> 00:35:41,867 I wish we were making music, but we're not. 621 00:35:43,660 --> 00:35:45,127 When you're in a place 622 00:35:45,119 --> 00:35:47,887 where there may be whales and dolphins, 623 00:35:47,879 --> 00:35:50,321 put a mask on with a snorkel. 624 00:35:50,313 --> 00:35:53,649 Go in 5 feet of water 625 00:35:53,642 --> 00:35:57,077 and close your eyes and listen. 626 00:35:57,069 --> 00:35:59,771 [Animals calling] 627 00:35:59,763 --> 00:36:01,565 It's fascinating. 628 00:36:04,792 --> 00:36:10,030 My first real encounter with a whale was in Patagonia. 629 00:36:10,022 --> 00:36:13,558 The first time I saw a really, really friendly humpback whale 630 00:36:13,550 --> 00:36:15,418 was at silver bank, Dominican Republic. 631 00:36:15,410 --> 00:36:20,079 It was three humpback whales in Hawaii. 632 00:36:20,071 --> 00:36:23,141 (Man) When we first came to Hanson island, 633 00:36:23,134 --> 00:36:24,967 we brought a little kayak along with us. 634 00:36:24,959 --> 00:36:28,329 And I started paddling around with the whales 635 00:36:28,321 --> 00:36:31,090 to see if I could understand more about them. 636 00:36:31,082 --> 00:36:34,050 We had two guys onboard. 637 00:36:34,042 --> 00:36:36,577 They were just, sort of, like, space cadets. 638 00:36:36,569 --> 00:36:39,337 One of 'em was a... a Vietnam vet 639 00:36:39,329 --> 00:36:41,964 that had been shot I don't know how many times. 640 00:36:41,956 --> 00:36:43,523 And had... every bone in his body 641 00:36:43,516 --> 00:36:46,118 had some kinda metal plate or shrapnel. 642 00:36:46,110 --> 00:36:48,111 Anyway, he just wanted to see a whale, you know? 643 00:36:48,103 --> 00:36:49,810 And we're telling him, "well, you're on the wrong trip, guy. 644 00:36:49,802 --> 00:36:51,369 We're not gonna get near one." 645 00:36:51,361 --> 00:36:54,130 Big fog bank came in and surrounded me. 646 00:36:54,122 --> 00:36:56,656 And I got totally lost. 647 00:36:56,648 --> 00:36:57,915 I didn't know what to do. 648 00:36:57,907 --> 00:36:59,241 I didn't know where the whales were. 649 00:36:59,234 --> 00:37:00,534 I didn't know where I was. 650 00:37:00,526 --> 00:37:03,428 The current was taking me. 651 00:37:03,420 --> 00:37:04,955 I had my flute onboard. 652 00:37:04,947 --> 00:37:07,481 And I picked up my flute and started play, 653 00:37:07,473 --> 00:37:09,474 probably to calm me down. 654 00:37:09,466 --> 00:37:12,602 And after a few minutes, uh, the whales came by. 655 00:37:12,594 --> 00:37:14,861 As they were moving, they were coming toward me. 656 00:37:14,853 --> 00:37:16,922 They could've gone somewhere else. 657 00:37:16,915 --> 00:37:18,548 They knew I was there. 658 00:37:18,540 --> 00:37:21,977 And all of a sudden, I felt something under my flippers. 659 00:37:21,969 --> 00:37:23,469 And then the whale came under the boat 660 00:37:23,461 --> 00:37:25,262 and the first mate was freaking out, 661 00:37:25,254 --> 00:37:27,121 like they're all gonna die. 662 00:37:27,113 --> 00:37:29,982 And just lifted me out of the water. 663 00:37:29,974 --> 00:37:33,143 Whale lifted the boat up on its back and, you know, 664 00:37:33,135 --> 00:37:34,668 it was clear out of the water. 665 00:37:34,661 --> 00:37:36,629 I put down my flute and picked up the paddle 666 00:37:36,621 --> 00:37:38,522 and started following them. 667 00:37:38,514 --> 00:37:41,783 And, uh, after a little while, I got lost again. 668 00:37:41,775 --> 00:37:44,076 So I stopped paddling and picked up my flute 669 00:37:44,068 --> 00:37:45,735 and started playing it. 670 00:37:45,727 --> 00:37:47,803 And they came back around me again. 671 00:37:54,067 --> 00:37:57,436 (Clark) And I dove down, 672 00:37:57,428 --> 00:37:58,829 and I looked her in the eye. 673 00:37:58,822 --> 00:38:00,889 We were looking at each other. 674 00:38:00,881 --> 00:38:03,582 When you look in the eyes of a whale, uh, 675 00:38:03,574 --> 00:38:05,609 they're actually looking... 676 00:38:05,601 --> 00:38:08,336 They're seeing your soul, you know? 677 00:38:08,328 --> 00:38:11,498 And if you're perceptive, you'll see their soul. 678 00:38:17,595 --> 00:38:19,629 And I reached out and touched her. 679 00:38:19,621 --> 00:38:21,589 I could have touched them. 680 00:38:21,581 --> 00:38:25,685 Took its flipper, and just... 681 00:38:25,678 --> 00:38:28,412 Laid it on the head of this guy 682 00:38:28,404 --> 00:38:31,239 from... you know, the guy that was all shot up. 683 00:38:31,231 --> 00:38:32,598 You know, he was just so excited. 684 00:38:32,590 --> 00:38:33,590 He was sitting there playing 685 00:38:33,582 --> 00:38:35,383 with the barnacles and stuff on it. 686 00:38:35,375 --> 00:38:37,476 And... and the first mate was thinking, 687 00:38:37,468 --> 00:38:40,103 well, he's gonna get his head chopped off. 688 00:38:40,095 --> 00:38:44,065 When you are little wee, wee diver there, 689 00:38:44,058 --> 00:38:46,092 they know you're there. 690 00:38:46,084 --> 00:38:49,694 They flip them and fold them back. 691 00:38:49,686 --> 00:38:54,657 Because they're totally aware of your presence. 692 00:38:54,649 --> 00:38:56,751 And they don't wanna hurt you. 693 00:38:59,077 --> 00:39:01,712 (Man) Finally, uh, I came to an island 694 00:39:01,704 --> 00:39:03,104 that loomed up out of the fog, 695 00:39:03,096 --> 00:39:06,265 and landed and waited until the fog cleared. 696 00:39:06,257 --> 00:39:08,692 And I would say, one of the... 697 00:39:08,685 --> 00:39:11,554 One of the profound experiences I had... 698 00:39:11,546 --> 00:39:13,747 To me, these are some of the most, uh, 699 00:39:13,739 --> 00:39:16,073 emotional experiences I've had. 700 00:39:16,065 --> 00:39:16,500 That was it. I was in love. 701 00:39:17,492 --> 00:39:19,458 Right? It was... that was it. 702 00:39:19,450 --> 00:39:22,420 [Whale calling] 703 00:39:29,552 --> 00:39:31,052 (Sting) I was listening to the noise 704 00:39:31,044 --> 00:39:33,880 that sea mammals and fish are all subjected to, 705 00:39:33,873 --> 00:39:35,306 which was painful to me. 706 00:39:35,298 --> 00:39:38,400 I... I can see that it would... it would cause a... 707 00:39:38,392 --> 00:39:41,161 A psychosis, you know? 708 00:39:41,153 --> 00:39:42,955 Day after day... 709 00:39:45,749 --> 00:39:49,392 (Man) Hearing really developed as an animal detection system, 710 00:39:49,384 --> 00:39:53,753 the primary means of establishing an alert 711 00:39:53,745 --> 00:39:56,080 that you had to get away, get away quickly. 712 00:39:56,072 --> 00:39:59,040 Because really, it was a matter of flight or hide is... 713 00:39:59,033 --> 00:40:01,535 Were your only modes of survival. 714 00:40:01,527 --> 00:40:05,697 Our system's stress in response to noise 715 00:40:05,689 --> 00:40:09,091 comes from this environmentally animal necessity 716 00:40:09,083 --> 00:40:10,517 of avoiding a threat. 717 00:40:10,509 --> 00:40:14,512 So we hear sirens on the street... 718 00:40:14,504 --> 00:40:16,372 Every one of those sirens, it can be shown, 719 00:40:16,364 --> 00:40:18,898 you're going to get some elevation in heart rate, 720 00:40:18,890 --> 00:40:22,527 some vasoconstriction, release of stress hormones. 721 00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:25,788 All of these different stress markers happen to you. 722 00:40:25,780 --> 00:40:30,818 So we're getting this barrage of stress 723 00:40:30,810 --> 00:40:32,511 even when we don't perceive it as such. 724 00:40:32,503 --> 00:40:34,637 If you've ever been 725 00:40:34,629 --> 00:40:36,963 in an incredibly loud club 726 00:40:36,955 --> 00:40:38,690 or a loud party or a loud restaurant, 727 00:40:38,682 --> 00:40:40,082 and there was a moment when you actually 728 00:40:40,075 --> 00:40:42,410 felt vertigo and nausea 729 00:40:42,402 --> 00:40:43,702 because you didn't think 730 00:40:43,694 --> 00:40:45,828 that you could survive there another moment, 731 00:40:45,820 --> 00:40:47,562 and you burst out the door... 732 00:40:51,324 --> 00:40:53,325 Imagine what it is for these marine species 733 00:40:53,317 --> 00:40:56,252 that have no door to pass through to get away. 734 00:40:56,244 --> 00:40:58,112 There's nowhere to go. 735 00:41:04,142 --> 00:41:06,678 (Man) Few years ago, there were a group of researchers 736 00:41:06,671 --> 00:41:08,605 who had been taking fecal samples 737 00:41:08,597 --> 00:41:11,599 of North Atlantic right whales. 738 00:41:11,591 --> 00:41:14,092 They saw something really funny 739 00:41:14,084 --> 00:41:17,387 in their data taken from 2001. 740 00:41:17,379 --> 00:41:22,016 Those fecal samples registered fewer and fewer stress hormones. 741 00:41:23,509 --> 00:41:25,043 They looked more closely 742 00:41:25,035 --> 00:41:28,171 and they found that their samples 743 00:41:28,163 --> 00:41:30,063 seemed to turn around at a particular date. 744 00:41:30,056 --> 00:41:32,497 And that was September 11th. 745 00:41:35,279 --> 00:41:36,645 (Man) After September 11th, 746 00:41:36,637 --> 00:41:39,780 there was a halt to so much of shipping traffic. 747 00:41:39,772 --> 00:41:42,741 And that fall in shipping traffic 748 00:41:42,733 --> 00:41:47,669 seemed to correlate with a dramatic fall 749 00:41:47,661 --> 00:41:49,797 in stress hormones in right whales. 750 00:41:49,789 --> 00:41:52,256 They didn't see this in any other year. 751 00:41:52,248 --> 00:41:55,317 There's a direct, significant correlation 752 00:41:55,310 --> 00:41:57,979 between the amount of ship noise 753 00:41:57,971 --> 00:41:59,137 and the physiology 754 00:41:59,129 --> 00:42:03,499 and the stress levels in these animals. 755 00:42:03,491 --> 00:42:06,260 It's a devastating finding. 756 00:42:06,252 --> 00:42:09,454 It's shocking because it's so measurable, 757 00:42:09,446 --> 00:42:12,215 what was found in the wake of the attacks. 758 00:42:17,679 --> 00:42:20,147 (Balcomb) One of the first things they teach you at, 759 00:42:20,139 --> 00:42:22,073 uh, the naval officer academy 760 00:42:22,066 --> 00:42:25,268 is he who rules the ocean, 761 00:42:25,260 --> 00:42:28,262 rules the world. 762 00:42:28,254 --> 00:42:30,089 And it's true. 763 00:42:33,517 --> 00:42:36,519 I talked a friend into going for a flight 764 00:42:36,511 --> 00:42:38,986 the following morning of the stranding. 765 00:42:38,978 --> 00:42:42,447 We searched around and found more specimens. 766 00:42:42,439 --> 00:42:46,142 But we also saw military ships, 767 00:42:46,134 --> 00:42:47,535 U.S. Navy destroyer 768 00:42:47,528 --> 00:42:50,830 and some other warships. 769 00:42:50,822 --> 00:42:54,225 So then I just put the two and two together. 770 00:42:57,085 --> 00:42:59,587 (McAdams) The missing piece of the puzzle for Ken balcomb 771 00:42:59,579 --> 00:43:01,313 was the U. S. Navy, 772 00:43:01,305 --> 00:43:02,939 an institution he had served in 773 00:43:02,931 --> 00:43:06,734 with distinction during his early career. 774 00:43:06,726 --> 00:43:09,561 (Balcomb) The warships were bouncing their sonars 775 00:43:09,553 --> 00:43:13,390 with very high intensity and frequency sound. 776 00:43:13,716 --> 00:43:17,051 [Sonar squealing] 777 00:43:17,043 --> 00:43:21,346 A screeching tone is hard to listen to. 778 00:43:21,338 --> 00:43:25,476 It's just overpowering. 779 00:43:25,468 --> 00:43:27,535 I can't imagine anything more absurd 780 00:43:27,527 --> 00:43:31,531 than dropping acoustic bombs in downtown cities. 781 00:43:32,957 --> 00:43:34,825 It's... it's equivalent. 782 00:43:36,952 --> 00:43:39,093 (McAdams) Naval warships use a technique 783 00:43:39,085 --> 00:43:41,352 that mimics the natural abilities 784 00:43:41,345 --> 00:43:43,346 of whales and dolphins. 785 00:43:43,338 --> 00:43:46,441 (Balcomb) They'll send out a click 786 00:43:46,433 --> 00:43:49,134 and listen for the echo off a target, 787 00:43:49,126 --> 00:43:50,461 and know how far away it is 788 00:43:50,453 --> 00:43:54,155 and how fast it's moving and even what kinda target. 789 00:43:54,147 --> 00:43:56,815 Sonar is the principal submarine detection system 790 00:43:56,807 --> 00:43:58,074 used by the U. S. Navy 791 00:43:58,066 --> 00:44:00,369 and other navies of the world. 792 00:44:03,897 --> 00:44:06,298 (McAdams) Joel Reynolds has spent much of his career 793 00:44:06,290 --> 00:44:09,394 fighting in the courts to protect the oceans. 794 00:44:12,622 --> 00:44:16,525 (Reynolds) The Navy developed something called active sonar. 795 00:44:16,517 --> 00:44:18,584 And this is the system that they use to protect 796 00:44:18,576 --> 00:44:22,447 our massive aircraft carriers with 5,000 sailors on them. 797 00:44:25,941 --> 00:44:27,575 In its simplest terms, 798 00:44:27,567 --> 00:44:30,903 it involves generating extremely loud sound underwater 799 00:44:30,895 --> 00:44:32,630 to detect targets. 800 00:44:36,125 --> 00:44:37,933 (Balcomb) It's in a sweep. 801 00:44:37,925 --> 00:44:40,660 So when the sweep is pointed right at you, 802 00:44:40,652 --> 00:44:43,554 you get the full intensity of it. 803 00:44:43,546 --> 00:44:47,549 And then, about a minute later, it does it again. 804 00:44:47,541 --> 00:44:49,842 (Reynolds) We began to investigate. 805 00:44:49,834 --> 00:44:52,135 We learned that they had no permits. 806 00:44:52,127 --> 00:44:54,396 They'd done no environmental reviews. 807 00:44:54,388 --> 00:44:56,455 There were no safeguards, 808 00:44:56,448 --> 00:44:57,848 uh, built into the program 809 00:44:57,840 --> 00:45:01,177 to protect the marine environment. 810 00:45:01,169 --> 00:45:04,571 (McAdams) The impact of active sonar on whales and dolphins 811 00:45:04,563 --> 00:45:07,465 has been clearly documented in the Bahamas case 812 00:45:07,457 --> 00:45:11,493 and others where animals have been killed. 813 00:45:11,485 --> 00:45:15,087 (Man) When biologists have studied their bodies, 814 00:45:15,079 --> 00:45:19,883 they have seen an array of very disturbing pathologies. 815 00:45:19,875 --> 00:45:22,144 Bleeding around the brain, uh, 816 00:45:22,137 --> 00:45:24,138 lesions in organ tissue, 817 00:45:24,130 --> 00:45:26,264 all consistent with, 818 00:45:26,256 --> 00:45:29,459 uh, decompression sickness or the bends. 819 00:45:32,453 --> 00:45:36,956 Divers know that they have to surface gradually, uh, 820 00:45:36,948 --> 00:45:39,857 when they're ending a dive. 821 00:45:39,849 --> 00:45:43,285 Otherwise, nitrogen can build up in the blood 822 00:45:43,277 --> 00:45:47,247 to the point where it damages the body. 823 00:45:47,239 --> 00:45:48,705 That is precisely 824 00:45:48,698 --> 00:45:52,735 what seems to be happening to beaked whales. 825 00:45:52,727 --> 00:45:55,329 (Balcomb) They're deep‐water animals, 826 00:45:55,321 --> 00:45:58,289 all of a sudden they just leave the water. 827 00:45:58,281 --> 00:46:00,517 And now they can't decompress. 828 00:46:02,543 --> 00:46:04,611 (Jasny) After the Bahamas strandings occurred, 829 00:46:04,603 --> 00:46:07,105 the Navy denied it was involved. 830 00:46:07,097 --> 00:46:09,198 It took the better part of 2 years 831 00:46:09,190 --> 00:46:11,724 for it to admit culpability. 832 00:46:11,717 --> 00:46:13,285 The chief of naval operations, 833 00:46:13,277 --> 00:46:14,710 the head guy, 834 00:46:14,702 --> 00:46:17,071 was convinced, finally, 835 00:46:17,063 --> 00:46:20,531 that, uh, yeah, that it's their fault. 836 00:46:20,523 --> 00:46:22,292 They did it. 837 00:46:25,686 --> 00:46:27,620 (Man) There are many other navies in the world 838 00:46:27,612 --> 00:46:29,680 that use this same kind of technology 839 00:46:29,672 --> 00:46:31,806 to detect submarines. 840 00:46:31,799 --> 00:46:35,069 Many of them follow our lead, of course. 841 00:46:35,061 --> 00:46:39,037 It's a global problem in its truest sense. 842 00:46:39,029 --> 00:46:41,564 (Man) Probably the most visible effect 843 00:46:41,556 --> 00:46:43,323 of ocean noise, uh, 844 00:46:43,315 --> 00:46:46,417 has been this series of mass strandings 845 00:46:46,409 --> 00:46:49,946 of whales on the beaches around the world. 846 00:46:49,938 --> 00:46:52,005 Time and again, in the Bahamas, 847 00:46:51,997 --> 00:46:55,733 in the canary islands, off Spain, off Greece, 848 00:46:55,726 --> 00:47:01,197 they have turned up along the coast. 849 00:47:01,189 --> 00:47:04,425 The Navy was acting lawlessly for years, uh, 850 00:47:04,417 --> 00:47:08,153 before we started taking them to court. 851 00:47:08,145 --> 00:47:12,115 It's not an easy thing to... to fight the U. S. Navy. 852 00:47:12,107 --> 00:47:14,741 I think a lot of us look at the Navy 853 00:47:14,733 --> 00:47:16,968 as people acting in the public interest. 854 00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:19,595 And it's a little painful to have to go after them. 855 00:47:19,587 --> 00:47:21,554 But once we did, uh, 856 00:47:21,547 --> 00:47:23,515 they started doing environmental reviews. 857 00:47:23,507 --> 00:47:25,575 They started getting permits. 858 00:47:25,567 --> 00:47:27,568 They started a research program 859 00:47:27,560 --> 00:47:30,495 which is now the largest source 860 00:47:30,487 --> 00:47:34,657 of marine mammal research funds, probably, on the planet. 861 00:47:34,649 --> 00:47:39,293 The trick is to get the Navy to move beyond research. 862 00:47:39,285 --> 00:47:40,886 We're at the point 863 00:47:40,878 --> 00:47:42,845 where we know enough to say 864 00:47:42,838 --> 00:47:44,873 that the Navy has to do more 865 00:47:44,865 --> 00:47:47,867 to reduce harm from its exercises. 866 00:47:47,859 --> 00:47:49,926 (Reynolds) We don't believe there's an inconsistency 867 00:47:49,918 --> 00:47:53,755 between defending the United States 868 00:47:53,747 --> 00:47:55,648 and protecting the environment. 869 00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:59,777 Whales and other marine life should not die for practice. 870 00:48:02,738 --> 00:48:05,272 (McAdams) Three years after the Bahamas stranding, 871 00:48:05,264 --> 00:48:07,132 Ken balcomb was watching orcas 872 00:48:07,125 --> 00:48:10,593 from his new home in Washington state. 873 00:48:10,585 --> 00:48:13,655 (Balcomb) The ship was about 3 miles out. 874 00:48:13,647 --> 00:48:17,417 It was just, like, deja vu of the Bahamas. 875 00:48:30,700 --> 00:48:33,335 (McAdams) Three years after the Bahamas stranding, 876 00:48:33,327 --> 00:48:35,094 Ken balcomb was watching orcas 877 00:48:35,086 --> 00:48:37,988 from his new home in Washington state. 878 00:48:37,980 --> 00:48:41,990 (Balcomb) It was just, like, deja vu of the Bahamas. 879 00:48:41,982 --> 00:48:45,385 Uh, I was just dumbfounded. 880 00:48:45,378 --> 00:48:47,144 Yeah. 881 00:48:47,136 --> 00:48:50,707 [Sonar screeching] 882 00:48:59,106 --> 00:49:00,974 Shut the damn thing off. 883 00:49:00,966 --> 00:49:04,069 [Sonar screeching] 884 00:49:07,730 --> 00:49:10,932 Before the ship started utilizing its sonar, 885 00:49:10,924 --> 00:49:12,892 the whales were feeding at salmon bank, 886 00:49:12,884 --> 00:49:14,952 south end of this island. 887 00:49:14,944 --> 00:49:16,711 Something very unusual was happening. 888 00:49:16,704 --> 00:49:19,173 All the whales gathered together in groups 889 00:49:19,165 --> 00:49:22,066 and went very close to the shore. 890 00:49:22,058 --> 00:49:23,726 We started seeing every porpoise. 891 00:49:23,718 --> 00:49:26,320 They were all just streaking, 892 00:49:26,312 --> 00:49:29,414 as fast as they could go, away from the sound. 893 00:49:29,406 --> 00:49:33,542 And a minke whale was going away from the sound. 894 00:49:33,534 --> 00:49:36,403 (McAdams) Navy sonar is like an enormous predator. 895 00:49:36,395 --> 00:49:40,364 When whales hear it, some go silent, stop foraging 896 00:49:40,357 --> 00:49:43,466 and abandon their habitat. 897 00:49:43,458 --> 00:49:48,429 Repeated exposure to sonar can harm whole populations. 898 00:49:48,421 --> 00:49:51,289 You didn't have to have a hydrophone to hear the sonar. 899 00:49:51,281 --> 00:49:55,784 It was virtually unbearable for us on the porch. 900 00:49:55,776 --> 00:49:59,879 I can't imagine what it must've been like underwater. 901 00:49:59,871 --> 00:50:03,074 In the following days, 11 porpoises 902 00:50:03,066 --> 00:50:06,835 were found on the beach, dead. 903 00:50:06,827 --> 00:50:10,063 You know, one of the complaints from an admiral was that, 904 00:50:10,056 --> 00:50:13,993 "well, you know, we can't worry about the fish." 905 00:50:13,985 --> 00:50:16,452 Nobody comes in the Navy, that I know of, 906 00:50:16,444 --> 00:50:19,246 to say they wanna hurt a whale. 907 00:50:19,238 --> 00:50:21,106 When I was in the Navy, I had the honor 908 00:50:21,098 --> 00:50:23,032 of commanding 3 warships... 909 00:50:23,024 --> 00:50:25,259 The commodore of 13 warships 910 00:50:25,251 --> 00:50:30,555 and then chief of staff of naval surface forces. 911 00:50:30,547 --> 00:50:34,716 If you know that there is a whale in the area, 912 00:50:34,709 --> 00:50:36,410 unless you're at war, 913 00:50:36,402 --> 00:50:39,504 you're... you're trying to avoid using those sonars. 914 00:50:39,496 --> 00:50:42,405 [Sonar screeching] 915 00:50:42,397 --> 00:50:45,566 (Man) Mid‐frequency sonar can be pretty loud. 916 00:50:45,558 --> 00:50:49,694 Putting sound in the water can have an impact 917 00:50:49,686 --> 00:50:53,456 upon whales and other mammals that inhabit the ocean. 918 00:50:53,448 --> 00:50:56,050 It's also important to understand 919 00:50:56,042 --> 00:50:59,677 that what the sound is looking for 920 00:50:59,670 --> 00:51:01,839 are a potential enemy 921 00:51:01,831 --> 00:51:04,999 whose intent is to kill sailors 922 00:51:04,991 --> 00:51:07,526 and destroy our ships. 923 00:51:07,518 --> 00:51:08,718 (Parker) What's at stake 924 00:51:08,710 --> 00:51:11,512 if we are not good at anti‐submarine warfare 925 00:51:11,504 --> 00:51:13,405 is not only the threat 926 00:51:13,397 --> 00:51:15,965 of loss of life of America's sons and daughters 927 00:51:15,957 --> 00:51:17,424 and our friends and allies, 928 00:51:17,417 --> 00:51:20,319 but also those capital ships that we invest in. 929 00:51:20,311 --> 00:51:21,879 Ships are expensive, 930 00:51:21,871 --> 00:51:24,172 and obviously human beings can't be replaced. 931 00:51:24,164 --> 00:51:27,901 So we have to be very good at anti‐submarine warfare. 932 00:51:29,260 --> 00:51:31,627 (Honigman) I don't believe that National Security 933 00:51:31,619 --> 00:51:34,856 and Environmental Protection are inconsistent at all. 934 00:51:34,848 --> 00:51:37,482 I think there has to be an accommodation 935 00:51:37,474 --> 00:51:39,675 between those two principles, 936 00:51:39,668 --> 00:51:42,243 where the Navy can operate in a way 937 00:51:42,235 --> 00:51:45,604 that has the minimal impact upon the environment 938 00:51:45,596 --> 00:51:48,065 and still perform its training 939 00:51:48,057 --> 00:51:50,092 and, if necessary, its mission. 940 00:51:54,320 --> 00:51:58,057 We all value security. 941 00:51:58,049 --> 00:52:01,117 We have to think of security, however, in the broader terms 942 00:52:01,109 --> 00:52:03,878 of what we're doing to our life support system. 943 00:52:03,870 --> 00:52:06,438 And that means considering life in the ocean 944 00:52:06,431 --> 00:52:09,199 as a part of what makes our lives possible. 945 00:52:09,191 --> 00:52:12,061 [Cacophony crescendos] 946 00:52:18,859 --> 00:52:21,427 (Balcomb) We can't support the human population, 947 00:52:21,419 --> 00:52:24,354 at the rate we're growing, 948 00:52:24,346 --> 00:52:27,048 with a diminishing ecosystem. 949 00:52:27,040 --> 00:52:29,710 [Whale song] 950 00:52:33,638 --> 00:52:35,438 And they're the sentinels of whether or not 951 00:52:35,430 --> 00:52:37,331 it's healthy out there. 952 00:52:37,324 --> 00:52:41,234 Killing 'em off is not sensible. 953 00:52:41,226 --> 00:52:43,628 The typical mode that we all have is status quo. 954 00:52:43,620 --> 00:52:45,787 It's easier, in some ways, not to do anything 955 00:52:45,779 --> 00:52:48,180 than it is do something. 956 00:52:48,172 --> 00:52:50,273 So, we are at this tipping point. 957 00:52:50,265 --> 00:52:53,101 This is a problem that we can solve. 958 00:52:53,093 --> 00:52:55,728 The question is whether we have the political will to solve it. 959 00:52:55,720 --> 00:52:59,389 That's really what it comes down to. 960 00:52:59,382 --> 00:53:02,084 (Earle) I attended a shipping conference not long ago 961 00:53:02,076 --> 00:53:05,278 where the organizers started the conference by saying, 962 00:53:05,270 --> 00:53:08,138 "if only we knew 50 years ago 963 00:53:08,130 --> 00:53:11,467 what we know today about sound in the ocean, 964 00:53:11,459 --> 00:53:13,860 we could design propellers 965 00:53:13,852 --> 00:53:18,088 that are not only much quieter, but are more efficient." 966 00:53:18,080 --> 00:53:20,449 Designing a quieter ship 967 00:53:20,441 --> 00:53:23,375 will result in increased fuel efficiency, 968 00:53:23,368 --> 00:53:26,370 which is reduced cost to the owner. 969 00:53:26,362 --> 00:53:28,631 We're talking about ships that have fuel costs, 970 00:53:28,623 --> 00:53:30,289 on a per‐vessel basis, 971 00:53:30,281 --> 00:53:32,383 tens of millions of dollars a year. 972 00:53:32,375 --> 00:53:34,710 So, designing more efficient vessels 973 00:53:34,702 --> 00:53:37,036 just makes a whole lot of sense. 974 00:53:37,028 --> 00:53:39,697 It is in the U. S. Navy's best interest 975 00:53:39,689 --> 00:53:43,398 to be as quiet as possible when we operate at sea. 976 00:53:43,391 --> 00:53:45,492 Hull forms are changing dramatically 977 00:53:45,484 --> 00:53:47,585 over the last several decades. 978 00:53:47,577 --> 00:53:49,211 And you can just look out and see 979 00:53:49,203 --> 00:53:52,071 that you have more catamaran‐shaped hulls, 980 00:53:52,063 --> 00:53:55,866 where you have less metal actually in the water. 981 00:53:55,858 --> 00:53:57,793 And so that is reducing the sound 982 00:53:57,785 --> 00:53:59,386 and also reduces the friction, 983 00:53:59,378 --> 00:54:03,246 which means that it's more fuel‐efficient and quieter. 984 00:54:03,239 --> 00:54:07,009 (Man) Researchers and Navies have been modifying their ships 985 00:54:07,001 --> 00:54:09,703 to reduce noise for... for years. 986 00:54:09,695 --> 00:54:12,196 Commercial ships can reduce the noise 987 00:54:12,188 --> 00:54:15,658 that they put in the water by some 90 percent. 988 00:54:15,650 --> 00:54:18,452 That's significant. 989 00:54:18,444 --> 00:54:22,247 Another way to reduce the noise is go a little slower. 990 00:54:22,239 --> 00:54:24,506 (McAdams) Chris Clark also advocates 991 00:54:24,498 --> 00:54:26,199 speed limits for cargo ships 992 00:54:26,192 --> 00:54:28,427 as well as rerouting shipping lanes 993 00:54:28,419 --> 00:54:30,986 where they are clearly impacting habitats. 994 00:54:30,978 --> 00:54:34,014 (Clark) The average waiting time for a ship 995 00:54:34,006 --> 00:54:35,640 when it gets to port, 996 00:54:35,632 --> 00:54:38,267 before it unloads its cargo, 997 00:54:38,259 --> 00:54:39,759 is 3 days. 998 00:54:39,751 --> 00:54:43,060 Wouldn't it make sense to maybe go a little slower 999 00:54:43,052 --> 00:54:45,854 and save billions of dollars in fuel costs? 1000 00:54:45,847 --> 00:54:48,716 And then when you get to shore you have a very efficient system 1001 00:54:48,708 --> 00:54:50,542 of getting your cargo off the ship, 1002 00:54:50,534 --> 00:54:53,103 rather than sitting there for 3 days. 1003 00:54:53,095 --> 00:54:56,763 So reducing noise could be a win‐win‐win. 1004 00:54:56,755 --> 00:55:01,058 A win for marine mammals having to deal with noise in the ocean. 1005 00:55:01,050 --> 00:55:03,519 A win for the climate and for humans 1006 00:55:03,511 --> 00:55:05,345 who have to deal with air pollution. 1007 00:55:05,337 --> 00:55:06,837 And even a... 1008 00:55:06,830 --> 00:55:09,533 A win for industry, saving money over the life of a ship. 1009 00:55:14,832 --> 00:55:16,900 (Balcomb) In terms of human life, there is a threat 1010 00:55:16,892 --> 00:55:20,428 that they have to prepare for and then practice for. 1011 00:55:20,420 --> 00:55:22,688 I think they should avoid the problems. 1012 00:55:22,680 --> 00:55:24,648 And you avoid 'em by not practicing 1013 00:55:24,640 --> 00:55:28,342 in where you know sensitive animals are. 1014 00:55:28,334 --> 00:55:31,369 Breeding areas, feeding areas, migratory routes... 1015 00:55:31,361 --> 00:55:34,931 When there are animals present, test someplace else. 1016 00:55:34,924 --> 00:55:38,767 [Blasting] 1017 00:55:38,759 --> 00:55:42,362 (Sting) We are searching harder every day 1018 00:55:42,354 --> 00:55:46,423 for more and more oil everywhere. 1019 00:55:46,415 --> 00:55:48,182 So if there are... there is a technology 1020 00:55:48,174 --> 00:55:50,108 to make it less, uh, 1021 00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:53,269 abusive to the... to the Sonic World, 1022 00:55:53,261 --> 00:55:54,895 then we should... We should embrace that, 1023 00:55:54,887 --> 00:55:56,388 no matter what the cost. 1024 00:55:56,381 --> 00:55:58,616 Are there alternative technologies, 1025 00:55:58,608 --> 00:56:01,676 other than setting off a bomb every 9 seconds, 1026 00:56:01,668 --> 00:56:03,736 that are available to us today? 1027 00:56:03,728 --> 00:56:06,497 And the answer is, you bet there are. 1028 00:56:06,489 --> 00:56:10,992 And you can be profoundly quieter than the explosion. 1029 00:56:10,984 --> 00:56:13,185 For example, there's an emerging technology 1030 00:56:13,177 --> 00:56:17,113 called marine vibroseis that doesn't produce an explosion. 1031 00:56:17,105 --> 00:56:20,475 It produces a continuous, very low‐frequency sound 1032 00:56:20,468 --> 00:56:24,471 that is thousands of times less intense and less invasive 1033 00:56:24,463 --> 00:56:26,264 than an explosion. 1034 00:56:26,256 --> 00:56:30,459 And it also produces a much higher resolution image 1035 00:56:30,451 --> 00:56:31,951 of the Earth. 1036 00:56:31,943 --> 00:56:33,444 It won't cure the problem. 1037 00:56:33,436 --> 00:56:34,836 There will still be impacts. 1038 00:56:34,828 --> 00:56:36,970 But it would at least reduce the fever. 1039 00:56:39,597 --> 00:56:41,365 The one good thing about ocean noise 1040 00:56:41,358 --> 00:56:43,725 is that when you stop making noise, 1041 00:56:43,717 --> 00:56:45,719 it goes away. 1042 00:56:50,048 --> 00:56:53,017 [Animals calling] 1043 00:56:57,480 --> 00:56:59,814 (Man) I've always believed, from the very beginning 1044 00:56:59,806 --> 00:57:02,775 of my struggle, my fight, that we... 1045 00:57:02,767 --> 00:57:04,569 We are going to win this. 1046 00:57:06,695 --> 00:57:09,531 I have become a grandfather. 1047 00:57:09,523 --> 00:57:13,892 I'm all the time thinking about who is coming behind us. 1048 00:57:13,885 --> 00:57:16,121 Our children, our grandchildren 1049 00:57:16,113 --> 00:57:19,348 and who comes behind them. 1050 00:57:19,340 --> 00:57:21,474 What are we leaving for the next generations? 1051 00:57:21,466 --> 00:57:24,968 Will they survive? 1052 00:57:24,960 --> 00:57:26,528 (Earle) Things that we could not know, 1053 00:57:26,520 --> 00:57:29,955 going back 50 years ago, now are coming into focus. 1054 00:57:31,347 --> 00:57:34,050 The ocean, through all of human history, 1055 00:57:34,042 --> 00:57:37,512 has made it possible for us to thrive, 1056 00:57:37,505 --> 00:57:40,881 to live, to have a secure future. 1057 00:57:41,073 --> 00:57:42,573 We can't go back. 1058 00:57:42,565 --> 00:57:45,401 But we can make things better going forward. 1059 00:57:45,393 --> 00:57:49,562 This is the time to return the favor. 1060 00:57:49,554 --> 00:57:53,491 My father used to say, "people protect what they love." 1061 00:57:53,483 --> 00:57:54,916 And I kept telling him, 1062 00:57:54,908 --> 00:57:58,411 "how can you protect what you don't understand?" 1063 00:57:58,403 --> 00:58:00,837 And now we're starting to understand. 1064 00:58:00,830 --> 00:58:02,231 And that information, 1065 00:58:02,223 --> 00:58:04,858 we need to bring it everywhere, in every school. 1066 00:58:04,850 --> 00:58:07,686 We need to get the kids out, wet. 1067 00:58:14,651 --> 00:58:17,019 I have a daughter who's 4 1/2, 1068 00:58:17,011 --> 00:58:19,312 and she hasn't seen a whale yet. 1069 00:58:19,304 --> 00:58:21,239 And I wanna make sure that she sees a whale 1070 00:58:21,231 --> 00:58:23,298 and that her kids see whales and their kids 1071 00:58:23,290 --> 00:58:24,557 see whales. 1072 00:58:24,550 --> 00:58:26,718 (Man) Oh, my God! 1073 00:58:26,710 --> 00:58:31,647 (Group) Oh, my God! 1074 00:58:31,639 --> 00:58:33,607 (Man) Look at his belly! Look at the white! 1075 00:58:33,599 --> 00:58:37,508 Wow! Whoa! 1076 00:58:37,500 --> 00:58:39,269 Oh, my God! 1077 00:58:43,064 --> 00:58:45,598 Okay, that might have been one of the greater moments 1078 00:58:45,590 --> 00:58:46,958 of my life. 1079 00:58:46,950 --> 00:58:49,819 There's something incredible about that experience. 1080 00:58:49,812 --> 00:58:51,913 And the planet is not just about us. 1081 00:58:51,905 --> 00:58:55,540 We're... we're one species here. 1082 00:58:55,532 --> 00:58:58,001 And it's incredibly irresponsible for us 1083 00:58:57,993 --> 00:59:00,961 not to be better stewards. 1084 00:59:00,953 --> 00:59:03,354 And it's not about science... Science plays a role in it. 1085 00:59:03,346 --> 00:59:05,014 You use science. 1086 00:59:05,006 --> 00:59:07,107 But it really comes down to, what do we... 1087 00:59:07,099 --> 00:59:08,332 What do we value? 1088 00:59:08,325 --> 00:59:10,928 We value a living ocean. 1089 00:59:13,922 --> 00:59:16,257 We're putting the ocean at risk. 1090 00:59:16,249 --> 00:59:17,883 And if you put the ocean at risk, 1091 00:59:17,875 --> 00:59:20,144 you're putting all of us at risk.83811

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