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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:23,357 --> 00:00:24,900 A meal can change you. 2 00:00:26,318 --> 00:00:32,616 That happened to me in the cornfields of the Yucatán nearly 20 years ago. 3 00:00:34,743 --> 00:00:37,325 It was my first trip to Mexico, 4 00:00:37,329 --> 00:00:40,995 and I found myself in the tiny village of Yaxuná, 5 00:00:40,999 --> 00:00:44,294 where a family cooked me a meal I can still taste today. 6 00:00:46,213 --> 00:00:49,212 A mind-bending mix of flavors and textures 7 00:00:49,216 --> 00:00:53,679 teased from ingredients grown just meters from where we ate. 8 00:00:55,180 --> 00:00:58,805 And there, at the center of it all, the mighty tortilla. 9 00:00:58,809 --> 00:01:03,397 Made just minutes before, from corn grown in the backyard. 10 00:01:04,897 --> 00:01:06,400 It was a revelation. 11 00:01:06,984 --> 00:01:11,029 So different from the hard shell tortillas I'd suffered in Denmark. 12 00:01:13,156 --> 00:01:14,324 It made me think, 13 00:01:15,075 --> 00:01:17,119 "What have I been missing out on?" 14 00:01:18,787 --> 00:01:20,873 Turns out a lot. 15 00:01:23,834 --> 00:01:29,460 Corn originated in Mexico approximately 10,000 years ago, 16 00:01:29,464 --> 00:01:32,384 growing as a wild grass called teocintle. 17 00:01:32,968 --> 00:01:38,052 Today, it covers more of the Earth's surface than any other crop, 18 00:01:38,056 --> 00:01:42,811 serving as a vital staple, from the Americas to central Africa. 19 00:01:47,524 --> 00:01:50,315 But corn is more than food. 20 00:01:50,319 --> 00:01:52,487 It's one of the building blocks of modern life. 21 00:01:54,198 --> 00:01:56,821 A multibillion-dollar global industry 22 00:01:56,825 --> 00:02:00,287 positioned at the center of our industrialized world. 23 00:02:05,792 --> 00:02:08,961 How did corn become the most powerful plant on earth? 24 00:02:09,963 --> 00:02:14,510 And what does it mean for the future of food, and us? 25 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:42,051 For ten days every August, 26 00:03:42,055 --> 00:03:46,055 Des Moines is home to America's greatest love letter to corn, 27 00:03:46,059 --> 00:03:47,603 the Iowa State Fair. 28 00:03:49,104 --> 00:03:52,478 Almost everything you can eat or drink here 29 00:03:52,482 --> 00:03:54,860 is made from some form of corn. 30 00:03:55,736 --> 00:03:58,030 But it all starts with the cob. 31 00:03:58,614 --> 00:04:03,035 Golden, delicious, sweet corn kernels 32 00:04:03,827 --> 00:04:07,623 bathed in a tide of melted butter. 33 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:13,791 There are few food memories 34 00:04:13,795 --> 00:04:17,716 that compare to that first bite of fresh summer corn. 35 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:24,932 The pop of the kernels paired with butter. 36 00:04:26,099 --> 00:04:29,603 The combination of sweet, savory, starchy. 37 00:04:30,312 --> 00:04:33,398 As a bite, it's close to perfect. 38 00:04:37,611 --> 00:04:43,071 But what makes corn truly unique is the myriad of other foods 39 00:04:43,075 --> 00:04:45,619 this ingredient can transform into. 40 00:04:47,913 --> 00:04:50,370 It thickens. It sweetens. 41 00:04:50,374 --> 00:04:52,918 It emulsifies. It adds texture. 42 00:04:54,670 --> 00:04:59,883 This is due to three main components: sugar, fat and starch. 43 00:05:01,802 --> 00:05:06,390 Fat is easy. Squeeze the kernels hard enough and you get oil. 44 00:05:07,641 --> 00:05:09,977 Corn's sugar turns into syrup. 45 00:05:10,811 --> 00:05:13,730 Just as sweet as table sugar and cheaper to produce. 46 00:05:16,692 --> 00:05:18,485 Starch gives crunch. 47 00:05:18,986 --> 00:05:23,532 If you eat something crispy or flaky, chances are you have cornstarch to thank. 48 00:05:36,170 --> 00:05:40,712 All told, scientists have found a way to transform corn 49 00:05:40,716 --> 00:05:43,218 into hundreds of food derivatives. 50 00:05:43,844 --> 00:05:47,177 That's how it came to dominate the State Fair in Iowa 51 00:05:47,181 --> 00:05:49,600 and grocery stores across the country. 52 00:05:55,939 --> 00:05:59,731 More than a quarter of the items in an American supermarket 53 00:05:59,735 --> 00:06:02,362 contain corn in some form or another. 54 00:06:20,631 --> 00:06:22,128 I'll give you all the sauce. 55 00:06:22,132 --> 00:06:24,005 Make sure they don't give him any. 56 00:06:24,009 --> 00:06:25,256 I'll take one of those. 57 00:06:25,260 --> 00:06:27,133 - This one? - Yeah. That'd be good. 58 00:06:27,137 --> 00:06:28,510 You're gonna eat some? 59 00:06:28,514 --> 00:06:30,720 I reckon we could get one or two or three. 60 00:06:30,724 --> 00:06:32,347 - There you go. - It's not hot. 61 00:06:32,351 --> 00:06:34,182 - The veggies aren't hot. - There you go. 62 00:06:34,186 --> 00:06:36,518 Grandma needs potatoes too, Colton. 63 00:06:36,522 --> 00:06:38,311 Who wants to eat? 64 00:06:38,315 --> 00:06:40,813 - Here, Dad. - Here, honey. I can take that. 65 00:06:40,817 --> 00:06:43,024 I got it. 66 00:06:43,028 --> 00:06:44,817 This is one of her best dishes, 67 00:06:44,821 --> 00:06:46,861 so she makes this for us once every couple of weeks. 68 00:07:03,757 --> 00:07:05,801 {\an8}I've been farming for 34 years. 69 00:07:07,302 --> 00:07:08,967 {\an8}When I was two years old, 70 00:07:08,971 --> 00:07:11,807 {\an8}Dad used to take me with him on the tractors. 71 00:07:12,599 --> 00:07:13,767 Loved it ever since. 72 00:07:16,311 --> 00:07:20,232 I would be the fourth generation. My boy would be the fifth. 73 00:07:21,191 --> 00:07:23,652 {\an8}Grandpa gave it to Dad. Dad helped me get started. 74 00:07:24,152 --> 00:07:26,029 {\an8}I want to help my boys get started. 75 00:07:30,909 --> 00:07:33,662 Corn is king. That's what they say in Iowa. Corn is king. 76 00:07:34,288 --> 00:07:37,662 Our soil and our weather patterns is very conducive to corn, 77 00:07:37,666 --> 00:07:40,502 and we can really optimize the corn plant. 78 00:07:42,588 --> 00:07:46,425 That's our number one crop for most Iowa farms. 79 00:07:47,426 --> 00:07:49,595 Most Midwestern farms, really. 80 00:07:52,347 --> 00:07:54,308 Colton, come here and look at this one. 81 00:08:00,022 --> 00:08:01,023 Right here. 82 00:08:01,732 --> 00:08:02,896 I mean, look at this. 83 00:08:02,900 --> 00:08:06,069 Here we go. Look at this bad boy. Now we're cooking. 84 00:08:09,656 --> 00:08:12,367 When you can plant one little, tiny seed 85 00:08:12,951 --> 00:08:15,700 and in 160 days, 86 00:08:15,704 --> 00:08:19,120 you have this ginormous stalk with this ginormous ear on it. 87 00:08:19,124 --> 00:08:20,830 I mean, that's kinda cool. 88 00:08:20,834 --> 00:08:23,708 It makes you so thankful that you did this. 89 00:08:23,712 --> 00:08:25,668 That's gonna be good corn. It's super big. 90 00:08:25,672 --> 00:08:27,504 Yes, sir. That's big corn there. 91 00:08:27,508 --> 00:08:28,675 Yep. 92 00:08:31,094 --> 00:08:35,345 Looking out at the vast fields of the American Midwest, 93 00:08:35,349 --> 00:08:38,018 it's hard not to be impressed by corn. 94 00:08:39,602 --> 00:08:43,899 We grow more of it than any other ingredient in the world. 95 00:08:44,816 --> 00:08:47,236 1.1 billion tons globally. 96 00:08:48,111 --> 00:08:53,742 From the Far East to southern Europe to Latin America, 97 00:08:54,785 --> 00:08:57,579 corn dominates the agricultural landscape. 98 00:08:59,957 --> 00:09:03,502 But no country produces more than the United States, 99 00:09:04,086 --> 00:09:08,549 where the cornfields alone would cover an area the size of Germany. 100 00:09:09,758 --> 00:09:15,722 It's so much corn, satellite sensors can see it photosynthesizing from outer space. 101 00:09:29,987 --> 00:09:33,111 Growing corn, to be good at it, 102 00:09:33,115 --> 00:09:35,701 you have to pay really a lot of attention to detail. 103 00:09:36,326 --> 00:09:40,118 It's definitely not just hooking up a plow to a tractor like it used to be. 104 00:09:40,122 --> 00:09:41,957 It's much more complex than that. 105 00:09:42,749 --> 00:09:47,004 We need to maximize every acre to get the maximum yield, 106 00:09:47,754 --> 00:09:52,050 so it can be profitable for us but it can still be cheaper for the consumer. 107 00:09:55,345 --> 00:09:57,010 Nobody quite understands us, 108 00:09:57,014 --> 00:10:00,851 but we have so many dollars tied up in the equipment we're running 109 00:10:01,351 --> 00:10:04,021 and the cost of land. 110 00:10:07,232 --> 00:10:11,403 You know, one tractor could cost 500 to 600 thousand dollars. 111 00:10:13,530 --> 00:10:17,409 So you got so many dollars wrapped up doing what we're doing. 112 00:10:46,730 --> 00:10:48,937 {\an8}This is actually gonna be better than up north. 113 00:10:48,941 --> 00:10:52,361 Remember we thought up north is gonna be the best because of more rain but... 114 00:10:53,570 --> 00:10:56,031 I think this is gonna be really good. It looks like to me. 115 00:11:00,994 --> 00:11:02,454 What's it yield-wise? 116 00:11:03,622 --> 00:11:06,583 It's from 220 to 270. 117 00:11:50,127 --> 00:11:53,046 Industrialized corn is all around us. 118 00:11:53,589 --> 00:11:57,593 We consume it all the time, often without even knowing it. 119 00:11:59,720 --> 00:12:03,223 We brush our teeth with it. We wash our clothes with it. 120 00:12:03,807 --> 00:12:06,101 And we stock our medicine cabinets with it. 121 00:12:07,686 --> 00:12:12,566 Many of us, whether we know it or not, fill our gas tanks with corn. 122 00:12:16,778 --> 00:12:20,361 No creation had a bigger impact on corn's future 123 00:12:20,365 --> 00:12:23,160 than the development of ethanol. 124 00:12:26,747 --> 00:12:29,917 Made by fermenting corn into alcohol. 125 00:12:38,133 --> 00:12:43,263 {\an8}Nearly half of all US corn goes into making this potent fuel. 126 00:12:46,808 --> 00:12:53,232 {\an8}And fuel is just one of corn's thousands of manifestations in our modern world. 127 00:12:56,693 --> 00:13:00,818 Corn is found in everything. From bourbon to battery acid. 128 00:13:00,822 --> 00:13:02,487 Crayons to cardboard. 129 00:13:02,491 --> 00:13:04,948 Antibiotics. Fiberglass. Matches. 130 00:13:04,952 --> 00:13:08,243 Detergent. Cork. Insecticides. Linoleum. 131 00:13:08,247 --> 00:13:11,621 Cigarettes. Ceramics. Candles. Tires. 132 00:13:11,625 --> 00:13:13,710 Aspirin. Shoe polish. Makeup. 133 00:13:14,628 --> 00:13:17,798 And yes, even fireworks. 134 00:13:21,009 --> 00:13:22,841 When all is said and done, 135 00:13:22,845 --> 00:13:26,890 less than 10% of US corn is grown for food. 136 00:13:29,977 --> 00:13:32,980 It can be hard to remember where corn comes from. 137 00:13:34,398 --> 00:13:36,855 But in many places throughout the world, 138 00:13:36,859 --> 00:13:41,734 traditional hand-grown corn still provides a way of life, 139 00:13:41,738 --> 00:13:45,075 the same way it has for thousands of years. 140 00:13:52,207 --> 00:13:53,458 So tasty. 141 00:13:53,959 --> 00:13:55,748 - See? - Mine. 142 00:13:55,752 --> 00:13:57,212 Yes, it's yours. 143 00:14:03,844 --> 00:14:08,015 Since I was eight or ten years old, I have been helping my dad 144 00:14:09,558 --> 00:14:12,227 clear the fields, cutting down trees, planting, 145 00:14:13,187 --> 00:14:15,814 all the work of the cornfield. 146 00:14:17,065 --> 00:14:20,152 That's what we were doing. We didn't have other work. 147 00:14:21,987 --> 00:14:24,364 Since the earliest days of the Mayans, 148 00:14:24,990 --> 00:14:26,988 communities across the Yucatán 149 00:14:26,992 --> 00:14:30,325 have depended on traditional farming techniques 150 00:14:30,329 --> 00:14:33,790 with corn as the main staple among dozens of crops. 151 00:14:34,625 --> 00:14:37,415 Farmers like Francisco and Ricardo 152 00:14:37,419 --> 00:14:42,424 are guardians of an ancient system of agriculture called the milpa, 153 00:14:43,175 --> 00:14:47,592 an interconnected and finely tuned system of plants and people 154 00:14:47,596 --> 00:14:50,766 where everything serves a specific purpose. 155 00:14:52,059 --> 00:14:54,849 Since we began working the land... 156 00:14:54,853 --> 00:14:56,271 Delicious! 157 00:14:56,855 --> 00:15:00,108 ...our great-grandparents, who gave us the seeds told us: 158 00:15:02,110 --> 00:15:03,987 "When you plant the corn," 159 00:15:05,614 --> 00:15:08,659 "you have to plant navy beans, beans or squash." 160 00:15:10,118 --> 00:15:14,077 Because the seeds can use each other for support 161 00:15:14,081 --> 00:15:15,207 when they sprout. 162 00:15:17,543 --> 00:15:23,048 The beans wrap around the corncobs so they are held tightly and won't fall down. 163 00:15:24,842 --> 00:15:27,427 It's like someone who is recently married. 164 00:15:28,804 --> 00:15:31,223 They're hugging, they are kissing. 165 00:15:31,932 --> 00:15:35,644 It's the same with the seeds we're planting here. 166 00:15:36,603 --> 00:15:40,937 They have to be planted with each other so they can hug each other 167 00:15:40,941 --> 00:15:43,402 when the beautiful seeds start to sprout. 168 00:15:45,904 --> 00:15:48,240 And when everything dies 169 00:15:49,533 --> 00:15:51,702 and the next planting season arrives, 170 00:15:52,703 --> 00:15:56,832 it becomes fertilizer and helps to reinvigorate the worn-out soil. 171 00:15:59,042 --> 00:16:00,961 It's great that you keep your seeds, 172 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:04,590 because once you lose them you'll depend on the companies! 173 00:16:06,633 --> 00:16:08,594 Look at the silk on that one! 174 00:16:09,511 --> 00:16:11,513 Look at these ears of corn! 175 00:16:13,849 --> 00:16:16,556 {\an8}The milpa is important for the whole world. 176 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:18,729 That means everything, intertwined together. 177 00:16:19,271 --> 00:16:23,442 It's not just for humans, but also for animals and birds. 178 00:16:24,401 --> 00:16:26,987 It motivates me to work even harder. 179 00:16:27,821 --> 00:16:29,903 It's our duty and it's our culture. 180 00:16:29,907 --> 00:16:32,197 Well, the sun is warming up. I'm leaving now. 181 00:16:32,201 --> 00:16:33,114 Are you leaving? 182 00:16:33,118 --> 00:16:35,491 - I'm leaving. That's it for today. - Okay, then. 183 00:16:35,495 --> 00:16:37,493 I'll call you tomorrow to come down here. 184 00:16:37,497 --> 00:16:38,582 Okay. 185 00:16:39,124 --> 00:16:41,585 - And we'll both be here, together. - That's great. 186 00:16:45,839 --> 00:16:47,670 The most important contrast 187 00:16:47,674 --> 00:16:52,721 between commodity corn and milpa corn isn't the corn itself. 188 00:16:55,432 --> 00:16:57,809 It's the ecosystem surrounding it. 189 00:16:58,977 --> 00:17:04,687 In a milpa, corn grows alongside other plants like beans and squash, 190 00:17:04,691 --> 00:17:06,814 each playing a supporting role 191 00:17:06,818 --> 00:17:10,781 in a world where the sum is greater than its parts. 192 00:17:11,656 --> 00:17:14,697 I think we all know that big-scale agriculture 193 00:17:14,701 --> 00:17:16,282 comes with a series of problems. 194 00:17:16,286 --> 00:17:18,038 Such beautiful soil. 195 00:17:18,579 --> 00:17:23,292 It can rob the soil of nutrients and water and threaten biodiversity. 196 00:17:23,877 --> 00:17:25,546 And don't get me started on flavor. 197 00:17:26,713 --> 00:17:30,050 Polycultures like the milpa can do the opposite. 198 00:17:30,843 --> 00:17:34,467 They create richer, more nutrient-dense soil 199 00:17:34,471 --> 00:17:37,891 and play host to a vibrant mix of flora and fauna. 200 00:17:39,685 --> 00:17:44,106 Surprisingly, milpas can also be wildly efficient. 201 00:17:44,773 --> 00:17:48,106 It's complex, but in the best examples, 202 00:17:48,110 --> 00:17:52,739 they can yield six times more calories than a farm that grows only corn. 203 00:17:54,199 --> 00:17:56,827 And I believe it tastes so much better. 204 00:17:58,579 --> 00:18:02,912 Richer soil. More diversity. Higher yields. 205 00:18:02,916 --> 00:18:04,668 More deliciousness. 206 00:18:05,252 --> 00:18:06,420 What's not to love? 207 00:18:13,302 --> 00:18:16,889 Corn is very important here in our town. 208 00:18:18,223 --> 00:18:22,686 The majority of us work with corn every day. 209 00:18:25,272 --> 00:18:28,483 These traditions are very old. 210 00:18:31,653 --> 00:18:36,158 My ancestors: my grandmothers, my great-grandmothers and my mother, 211 00:18:36,992 --> 00:18:39,953 all of these generations made tortillas. 212 00:18:42,497 --> 00:18:44,750 Having corn is essential. 213 00:18:45,292 --> 00:18:46,376 Without corn... 214 00:18:47,211 --> 00:18:48,337 we are nothing. 215 00:18:51,590 --> 00:18:54,839 Long ago, in early Mesoamerica, 216 00:18:54,843 --> 00:18:59,389 farmers and cooks found a way to tap into corn's true potential. 217 00:19:01,558 --> 00:19:04,061 It's called nixtamalization. 218 00:19:04,603 --> 00:19:06,643 A process of soaking the kernels 219 00:19:06,647 --> 00:19:10,359 in a mixture of water and wood ash or limestone. 220 00:19:11,443 --> 00:19:15,777 A revolutionary technique that unlocked corn's nutrients 221 00:19:15,781 --> 00:19:20,077 and created a super food that an entire region survived on. 222 00:19:20,744 --> 00:19:22,867 They were shaped into masa dough 223 00:19:22,871 --> 00:19:28,039 and created what I consider one of the most perfect of all foods. 224 00:19:28,043 --> 00:19:29,711 The corn tortilla. 225 00:19:45,227 --> 00:19:46,520 Like baking good bread, 226 00:19:47,062 --> 00:19:50,065 you'd think making a tortilla should be simple. 227 00:19:50,774 --> 00:19:51,900 But it isn't. 228 00:19:54,069 --> 00:19:57,406 To me a great tortilla is soft with a delicate chew. 229 00:19:58,699 --> 00:20:00,617 Almost melting on the tongue. 230 00:20:01,451 --> 00:20:04,705 It's fragrant, nourishing, versatile. 231 00:20:05,205 --> 00:20:07,583 A staple of most Mexican meals. 232 00:20:14,965 --> 00:20:16,925 But tortillas are just the beginning. 233 00:20:18,343 --> 00:20:21,138 Corn can be shaped into thousands of dishes. 234 00:20:22,097 --> 00:20:24,053 The conduit behind what is surely 235 00:20:24,057 --> 00:20:27,227 one of the world's most incredible cuisines. 236 00:20:45,370 --> 00:20:50,417 It's easy to see why corn is Mexico's most revered ingredient. 237 00:20:51,919 --> 00:20:54,338 But how did it go from this 238 00:20:54,963 --> 00:20:57,049 to an industrialized super crop? 239 00:21:03,805 --> 00:21:05,720 Good morning, everyone, 240 00:21:05,724 --> 00:21:09,144 and welcome to the 2022 Farm Progress Show. 241 00:21:25,911 --> 00:21:29,456 Today, we're excited to unveil 242 00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:34,541 the industry's first autonomous spreader, 243 00:21:34,545 --> 00:21:35,629 right behind you. 244 00:21:39,758 --> 00:21:41,089 What do you think? 245 00:21:41,093 --> 00:21:42,715 There's nobody in it. 246 00:21:42,719 --> 00:21:44,012 Yeah. 247 00:21:48,183 --> 00:21:51,140 I work here because autonomy is gonna change farming. 248 00:21:51,144 --> 00:21:54,022 I can tell you, even as a farmer myself, it is hard to find labor. 249 00:21:57,734 --> 00:21:59,190 It'll have six cameras on it, 250 00:21:59,194 --> 00:22:01,860 three in the front, three in the back, for a whole 360 view. 251 00:22:01,864 --> 00:22:03,319 And it sees it, analyzes it, 252 00:22:03,323 --> 00:22:08,116 and actually the system learns more from being out in the field and working. 253 00:22:08,120 --> 00:22:09,621 - I'll be darned. - Yeah. 254 00:22:13,458 --> 00:22:14,914 It's all about technology. 255 00:22:14,918 --> 00:22:17,041 What's going to make a farmer more productive? 256 00:22:17,045 --> 00:22:22,176 What's going to make them be able to grow more corn so they can feed the world? 257 00:22:29,016 --> 00:22:32,311 Food has always been a powerful engine for innovation. 258 00:22:34,188 --> 00:22:36,477 What better reason to invent new tools 259 00:22:36,481 --> 00:22:39,651 than to get more food, faster? 260 00:22:47,993 --> 00:22:51,205 A major turning point for corn came in 1837, 261 00:22:51,788 --> 00:22:54,791 when an Illinois blacksmith found a broken saw blade 262 00:22:55,334 --> 00:22:59,421 and forged it into the world's first steel plow. 263 00:23:00,130 --> 00:23:01,965 That man's name was John Deere. 264 00:23:04,051 --> 00:23:06,466 The invention of the steel plow 265 00:23:06,470 --> 00:23:09,552 was part of a series of profound changes 266 00:23:09,556 --> 00:23:12,100 that altered our relationship to nature. 267 00:23:12,684 --> 00:23:16,855 Instead of working with nature's forces, we tried to dominate them. 268 00:23:17,481 --> 00:23:20,234 Everything possible to maximize output. 269 00:23:21,401 --> 00:23:23,608 In the wake of World War II, 270 00:23:23,612 --> 00:23:27,991 Americans turned the weapons of war into weapons of agriculture. 271 00:23:29,159 --> 00:23:31,787 Poisonous gases became pesticides. 272 00:23:32,871 --> 00:23:34,373 Tanks became tractors. 273 00:23:35,332 --> 00:23:40,170 Ammonium nitrate used to make explosives became fertilizer. 274 00:23:43,799 --> 00:23:47,010 But corn needed more than technology to become king. 275 00:23:48,804 --> 00:23:50,472 It needed political support. 276 00:23:51,598 --> 00:23:56,307 Which it received in the form of hundreds of billions of dollars' worth 277 00:23:56,311 --> 00:23:57,980 of government assistance. 278 00:24:00,148 --> 00:24:04,444 More than any other ingredient in the United States. 279 00:25:00,667 --> 00:25:03,795 We've proved our ingenuity time and time again. 280 00:25:06,131 --> 00:25:08,175 Streamlining our food system 281 00:25:09,301 --> 00:25:12,638 to make food cheaper and more plentiful for all. 282 00:25:15,098 --> 00:25:19,265 And perhaps no ingredient has thrived in this system 283 00:25:19,269 --> 00:25:20,562 as much as corn. 284 00:25:36,328 --> 00:25:39,744 Today, corn is no longer just a plant. 285 00:25:39,748 --> 00:25:42,455 It's an all-encompassing industry. 286 00:25:42,459 --> 00:25:46,463 No sector of society is outside the reach of corn. 287 00:25:47,673 --> 00:25:50,463 In fact, the plant is so powerful 288 00:25:50,467 --> 00:25:53,842 that if you want to be president of the United States, 289 00:25:53,846 --> 00:25:54,884 you need to eat corn. 290 00:25:54,888 --> 00:25:56,594 They hit the ground running 291 00:25:56,598 --> 00:25:58,888 to do the job that needs to be done. 292 00:25:58,892 --> 00:26:00,602 And it starts right here in Iowa. 293 00:26:01,353 --> 00:26:02,350 Why? 294 00:26:02,354 --> 00:26:06,984 Because the state of Iowa is where the American presidential election begins. 295 00:26:09,778 --> 00:26:12,944 {\an8}But the politics of corn were forever changed 296 00:26:12,948 --> 00:26:15,655 {\an8}on December 8th, 1993, 297 00:26:15,659 --> 00:26:20,493 when Bill Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Act, 298 00:26:20,497 --> 00:26:22,871 also known as NAFTA, 299 00:26:22,875 --> 00:26:28,376 allowing a free flow of products between the US, Canada and Mexico. 300 00:26:28,380 --> 00:26:32,297 Now we must recognize that the only way for a wealthy nation to grow richer 301 00:26:32,301 --> 00:26:33,756 is to export. 302 00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:37,931 To simply find new customers for the products and services it makes. 303 00:26:40,184 --> 00:26:41,973 With that stroke of a pen, 304 00:26:41,977 --> 00:26:43,766 Clinton all but guaranteed 305 00:26:43,770 --> 00:26:47,520 American industrialized corn's rise to dominance, 306 00:26:47,524 --> 00:26:49,860 both north and south of its borders. 307 00:26:57,242 --> 00:27:03,540 {\an8}Landus, this year, will handle roughly 250 million bushels of corn, 308 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:09,671 which equates to 12 billion 600,000 pounds of grain. 309 00:27:14,176 --> 00:27:17,759 We'll service probably 30 to 50 farmers throughout the year. 310 00:27:17,763 --> 00:27:19,723 That's good, Al. That's good. 311 00:27:20,224 --> 00:27:23,060 It's a very small percentage of the crop grown in Iowa. 312 00:28:08,313 --> 00:28:10,311 The passage of NAFTA 313 00:28:10,315 --> 00:28:13,819 had a dramatic effect on America's relationship with Mexico. 314 00:28:17,906 --> 00:28:22,160 Practically overnight, trade between these two countries exploded. 315 00:28:23,662 --> 00:28:25,285 Good evening. 316 00:28:25,289 --> 00:28:27,749 We have 110 units. 317 00:28:28,292 --> 00:28:31,211 US corn poured into Mexico. 318 00:28:32,629 --> 00:28:37,092 Mexican farmers struggled to keep up with this new corn economy. 319 00:29:08,248 --> 00:29:11,919 Within a decade, a million farmers were out of work. 320 00:29:23,180 --> 00:29:27,059 Today, 80% of the corn consumed by Mexico 321 00:29:27,643 --> 00:29:29,686 is imported from the US. 322 00:29:33,607 --> 00:29:38,070 And a culture built on corn has been fundamentally changed. 323 00:30:07,140 --> 00:30:12,813 As American corn enveloped most of Mexico, waves of resistance took shape. 324 00:30:13,605 --> 00:30:15,399 Get out of the country! 325 00:30:16,149 --> 00:30:18,064 We want tortillas! 326 00:30:18,068 --> 00:30:20,066 We want corn! 327 00:30:20,070 --> 00:30:23,866 Multinational corporations, get out of our country! 328 00:30:24,449 --> 00:30:27,740 People protested for the legions of small farmers 329 00:30:27,744 --> 00:30:29,617 who lost their livelihoods... 330 00:30:29,621 --> 00:30:32,328 Get out of Latin America, Monsanto! 331 00:30:32,332 --> 00:30:35,456 ...for the threat to local culture and traditions, 332 00:30:35,460 --> 00:30:37,375 and for the tremendous toll 333 00:30:37,379 --> 00:30:40,211 that large-scale monocrop farming takes on the environment. 334 00:30:40,215 --> 00:30:44,011 Without corn, there is no country! 335 00:30:44,887 --> 00:30:47,510 The barrage of environmental information 336 00:30:47,514 --> 00:30:48,849 can be overwhelming. 337 00:30:49,558 --> 00:30:53,975 UN reports. Academic studies. Newspaper headlines. 338 00:30:53,979 --> 00:30:55,689 Doom and gloom. 339 00:30:56,190 --> 00:30:57,941 I feel it myself often. 340 00:30:58,984 --> 00:31:02,775 But there's no denying anymore that how we produce our food 341 00:31:02,779 --> 00:31:04,235 comes at a high cost 342 00:31:04,239 --> 00:31:08,406 to our landscape, to our food producers, 343 00:31:08,410 --> 00:31:10,412 to the ingredients themselves. 344 00:31:11,121 --> 00:31:13,119 You can't help but wonder, 345 00:31:13,123 --> 00:31:15,083 "Is this the right way forward?" 346 00:31:26,178 --> 00:31:29,677 The seeds are the heritage of our country 347 00:31:29,681 --> 00:31:30,891 and of the whole world. 348 00:31:31,892 --> 00:31:33,602 They are like blood. 349 00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:37,231 We care for our blood the same way we care for our seeds. 350 00:31:38,106 --> 00:31:39,483 Because they are life. 351 00:31:40,609 --> 00:31:45,318 We produce everything naturally, with no chemicals. 352 00:31:45,322 --> 00:31:49,656 This is the natural color of this seed. 353 00:31:49,660 --> 00:31:51,870 Even the tortilla will have that color. 354 00:31:53,580 --> 00:31:56,625 I like to plant this color because it is in great demand. 355 00:32:00,295 --> 00:32:02,756 Everything is done by hand. No machines at all. 356 00:32:06,343 --> 00:32:09,888 But the whole harvest is about quality. 357 00:32:11,765 --> 00:32:13,600 Not quantity, but quality. 358 00:32:18,397 --> 00:32:20,732 I like to say that we're rich, not in money, 359 00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:23,193 but in food. 360 00:32:26,572 --> 00:32:29,783 The way we grow food has been moving in one direction. 361 00:32:30,409 --> 00:32:32,494 Bigger farms, fewer farmers. 362 00:32:33,328 --> 00:32:36,373 Seemingly less concern for flavor and biodiversity. 363 00:32:38,750 --> 00:32:40,502 But what if there's a different path? 364 00:32:42,379 --> 00:32:45,003 Emerging collectives like Traspatio Maya 365 00:32:45,007 --> 00:32:49,174 have helped connect milpa farmers with restaurants and buyers 366 00:32:49,178 --> 00:32:50,554 across the world. 367 00:32:56,185 --> 00:32:57,853 They're using modern techniques, 368 00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:01,853 from social media to better distribution channels, 369 00:33:01,857 --> 00:33:05,235 to bring the best ingredients to a wider population. 370 00:33:07,404 --> 00:33:10,407 There's something valuable to be taken from this approach. 371 00:33:10,991 --> 00:33:16,371 One that fuses the wisdom of the past with the best tools of today. 372 00:33:17,664 --> 00:33:20,205 What if small corn harnessed 373 00:33:20,209 --> 00:33:24,546 the technological powers and political savviness of big corn? 374 00:33:25,756 --> 00:33:28,087 What if big corn learned 375 00:33:28,091 --> 00:33:33,138 from the ancient knowledge and time-tested practices of small corn? 376 00:33:35,015 --> 00:33:37,643 This is more than a romantic idea. 377 00:33:38,352 --> 00:33:41,146 It's a reality unfolding across the food world. 378 00:33:41,647 --> 00:33:43,649 Brazilian coffee farmers. 379 00:33:44,733 --> 00:33:46,193 Indian rice growers. 380 00:33:47,444 --> 00:33:50,151 Natural wine producers across Europe. 381 00:33:50,155 --> 00:33:52,950 There's definitely a new movement taking place, 382 00:33:53,659 --> 00:33:57,913 one where a closer relationship to nature is at the forefront. 383 00:34:04,503 --> 00:34:08,461 Practices like carbon cropping and crop rotation 384 00:34:08,465 --> 00:34:11,677 can help farms produce more with less. 385 00:34:14,263 --> 00:34:19,059 It's not just good stewardship, good ethics or good marketing. 386 00:34:19,726 --> 00:34:21,436 It can be good business. 387 00:34:29,485 --> 00:34:32,489 {\an8}My dad, he'd always tell me to take pride in what you do. 388 00:34:33,072 --> 00:34:35,822 Don't ever do anything, you know, with half effort. 389 00:34:35,826 --> 00:34:38,575 I mean, he can be a real stickler sometimes too, you know. 390 00:34:38,579 --> 00:34:39,951 But, I mean, in today's world, 391 00:34:39,955 --> 00:34:42,623 in this kind of operation we're on, you know, you have to be. 392 00:34:43,417 --> 00:34:45,377 You know, there's no room for playing. 393 00:34:46,378 --> 00:34:48,755 I mean, you either do it right or you don't. 394 00:34:54,844 --> 00:34:58,553 Up here, we're very fortunate enough to have rich, black soil. 395 00:34:58,557 --> 00:35:01,852 There's a lot of nutrients in it. It's just good soil to grow crops. 396 00:35:03,103 --> 00:35:07,020 When I went to college, I took an environmental science class. 397 00:35:07,024 --> 00:35:10,732 They talked about how if we put a cover crop on the soil, 398 00:35:10,736 --> 00:35:14,277 it keeps all the nitrates out of groundwater and it's good organic matter. 399 00:35:14,281 --> 00:35:17,701 There's just a whole bunch of different aspects that it's good for. 400 00:35:19,620 --> 00:35:20,829 So we tried it one year... 401 00:35:22,998 --> 00:35:24,662 and it didn't hurt us. 402 00:35:24,666 --> 00:35:26,376 There wasn't a huge yield difference. 403 00:35:27,169 --> 00:35:30,088 It's good for the soil, it's less emissions in the earth. 404 00:35:31,381 --> 00:35:34,885 Overall, I think it's gonna be better than what we thought it would be. 405 00:35:36,178 --> 00:35:38,263 Like, oh, yeah, that's... that's pretty good. 406 00:35:46,313 --> 00:35:47,685 When I was younger, farming, 407 00:35:47,689 --> 00:35:50,188 I wasn't worried about doing the cover crop thing, 408 00:35:50,192 --> 00:35:52,273 trying to help all the environment out. 409 00:35:52,277 --> 00:35:53,779 That wasn't my number one. 410 00:35:54,655 --> 00:35:56,486 Now, I look at that a lot more. 411 00:35:56,490 --> 00:35:58,696 What is it, spring-loaded? 412 00:35:58,700 --> 00:36:02,704 Part of it's my age, but part of it's just the way agriculture has went too. 413 00:36:03,705 --> 00:36:05,415 We all have to do the right thing. 414 00:36:24,685 --> 00:36:28,476 Ancient Mayans believed that the gods fashioned humans 415 00:36:28,480 --> 00:36:29,898 from kernels of corn. 416 00:36:35,279 --> 00:36:36,864 Thousands of years later, 417 00:36:38,031 --> 00:36:40,409 corn is still at the center of life here. 418 00:36:44,621 --> 00:36:47,332 They say that the day when corn disappears, 419 00:36:48,458 --> 00:36:50,669 people will also start to disappear, little by little. 420 00:36:53,213 --> 00:36:56,300 The knowledge that we have, we did not learn it all at once. 421 00:36:56,842 --> 00:37:00,512 It was given to us little by little, step by step, year by year. 422 00:37:02,681 --> 00:37:05,142 If we can teach others, 423 00:37:05,767 --> 00:37:09,062 they'll go and teach others how to do it as well. 424 00:37:10,939 --> 00:37:13,275 It's very important because 425 00:37:13,942 --> 00:37:16,486 nature is from God. 426 00:37:17,487 --> 00:37:20,115 We must not lose our culture. 427 00:37:53,690 --> 00:37:57,361 That first bite here in southern Mexico nearly 20 years ago 428 00:37:57,945 --> 00:37:59,446 wasn't just a great meal. 429 00:38:00,280 --> 00:38:04,159 It was a lesson in what food at its best can be. 430 00:38:08,622 --> 00:38:11,371 A taste of the world around us 431 00:38:11,375 --> 00:38:14,545 and a window into the lives of those who made it. 432 00:38:18,006 --> 00:38:19,466 A freshly slaughtered pig 433 00:38:20,342 --> 00:38:23,804 unearthed after hours of slow cooking over hot coals. 434 00:38:25,264 --> 00:38:29,430 Marinated with achiote seeds and sour oranges 435 00:38:29,434 --> 00:38:31,562 plucked from the front yard. 436 00:38:32,813 --> 00:38:36,441 Served on a warm tortilla made with corn from the family's milpa. 437 00:38:39,987 --> 00:38:42,447 A squeeze of lime. A hint of chili. 438 00:38:43,198 --> 00:38:44,992 A slice of marinated onion. 439 00:38:47,452 --> 00:38:51,164 Could this be as close to a perfect bite as anything? 440 00:38:56,628 --> 00:38:58,672 Maybe you've had a moment like this. 441 00:38:59,256 --> 00:39:04,215 One that tastes like the best meal on earth at that second 442 00:39:04,219 --> 00:39:06,221 because it can only happen right there. 443 00:39:10,142 --> 00:39:12,227 Not every meal is a revelation, 444 00:39:13,061 --> 00:39:15,643 but every bite can be a small vote 445 00:39:15,647 --> 00:39:18,025 for the kind of world that we want to live in. 446 00:39:20,527 --> 00:39:22,529 Change is inevitable... 447 00:39:24,698 --> 00:39:27,071 but sometimes, when looking at food, 448 00:39:27,075 --> 00:39:29,870 the best innovations have already happened. 449 00:39:33,207 --> 00:39:36,376 Somewhere between the cornfields seen from space 450 00:39:37,794 --> 00:39:41,089 and the milpas hidden to the untrained eye 451 00:39:41,882 --> 00:39:47,262 is a version of corn that suggests a more delicious and promising future. 452 00:39:48,889 --> 00:39:52,935 What if that future was the best of both worlds? 453 00:39:54,770 --> 00:39:58,190 The monoculture and the milpa. 39846

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