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ADOLF EICHMANN
I didn't care about the Jews
that I deported to Auschwitz.
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I didn't even care if they
were alive or already dead.
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Jews unfit to work
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00:00:27,153 --> 00:00:30,072
are to be submitted
to the Final Solution. Period.
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Previously on
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The Devil's Confession:
The Lost Eichmann Tapes...
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Adolf Eichmann evades capture
by the Allies for 15 years,
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fleeing to Argentina.
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Following Eichmann's capture
in 1960,
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00:00:46,307 --> 00:00:50,702
Nazi journalist Willem Sassen
takes advantage of the media frenzy
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00:00:50,746 --> 00:00:54,706
and sells excerpts of the
interviews toLife Magazine.
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00:00:54,750 --> 00:00:57,318
The publication of
the Life Magazineinterview
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I think
was an astonishing moment.
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Almost worldwide sensation.
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MAN
Where is it?
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This enrages
Eichmann's family and supporters,
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who demand Sassen
turn over the tapes.
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When the Eichmann story
blows into the public,
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the Nazis who were
still around in Argentina,
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they moved against my father,
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because my father betrayed,
in their eyes.
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But fearing for his life, Sassen
denies knowing their whereabouts.
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MAN
All rise!
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Adolf Eichmann.
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The extended arm of Hitler's evil regime.
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Nazis have always denied
their role in the Holocaust.
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It could not have been me, because it was
not my decision in such cases.
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After the
war, many fled Europe,
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including the architect
of the Final Solution -
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Adolf Eichmann.
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He's practically the last
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important Nazi who arrived
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in Argentina after the war.
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While hiding
in Argentina,
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Eichmann records
a series of interviews
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00:02:05,342 --> 00:02:07,388
with Nazi journalist
Willem Sassen,
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admitting his role
in the Holocaust.
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Sassen came up
with this crazy idea
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that he would interview the
mastermind of the Holocaust.
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This is him boasting
about what he did.
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The tapes are rediscovered,
and now for the first time,
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we'll hear Eichmann
admitting his crimes,
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a true Nazi confession.
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With so many people
seeking the tapes,
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Sassen knows he needs
a safe hiding place
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and gives them to an old ally
before fleeing to Paraguay.
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There was
a former Luftwaffe officer
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who had also escaped
to Argentina after the war.
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This man called Dieter Menge.
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00:03:01,659 --> 00:03:03,705
And Menge made a lot of money.
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00:03:03,748 --> 00:03:06,925
And Menge had a very large
house outside Buenos Aires,
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a meeting place for Nazis.
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They actually had a flag post
where they raised the Nazi flag,
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they saw Nazi movies,
they toasted to the Fuührer.
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Maybe he made a deal with Sassen
to sell the tapes to somebody
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and they split the money.
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You have to bear in mind, you know,
these are Nazi adventurers, ex-SS men.
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These are people
who had no problem with lying
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and they had no problem
with lying to each other.
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Menge takes no risks
and buries the tapes
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in his backyard
outside of Buenos Aires.
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Eichmann's taped recollections
were self incriminating.
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And if accepted at the trial,
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Eichmann admitted
the charges against him.
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00:03:56,801 --> 00:04:00,631
But Eichmann and Sassen aren't the
only ones interested in the tapes.
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00:04:03,155 --> 00:04:05,593
Israeli Attorney General
Gideon Hausner,
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knows the tapes will prove,
beyond a shadow of a doubt,
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that Eichmann's repeated claims
that he was simply following orders
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are nothing more than lies.
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The governments of Israel,
West Germany and the US
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also have a variety of interests
that make the very existence
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of the tapes problematic.
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The BND, the West German
foreign intelligence service,
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had great concern
about what Eichmann
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had told Sassen
and would tell the Israelis.
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It wasn't simply the trial
of the century.
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It was the trial
of the century
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at the height of the Cold War.
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With the whereabouts of the
recordings still in question,
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Attorney General Hausner is
forced to rely on the excerpts
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published inLife Magazine
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as evidence
of Eichmann's guilt.
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If I were Hausner,
I would have been pleased.
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Because it's showing the world
who this man was.
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It's sort of tilling the soil
before we plant.
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Regarding Life Magazine
and its publication
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that we showed the defendant
during the interrogation,
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he did not deny
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that this publication relied on material
that came from him.
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LAWRENCE DOUGLAS
You could say it simplifies
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some of the work of the
prosecution
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in that it complicates any kind of
defense that Eichmann is going to mount,
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because it sounds
as if he is now acknowledging
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his participation
in this genocide,
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and doing so without the
remotest expression of regret.
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You were given the Life article
for your review.
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You said,
when you saw the Einsatzgruppen in action:
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"Our people will turn into sadists,
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we must find a different
method of execution. " True?
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The last part, that we must find
a different method for executions,
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this seems foreign to me.
I'm hearing it for the first time.
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Well, you said that if extermination
must be physical,
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let it be physical, but not by gunfire.
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To prevent a Jewish baby's brain
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from splattering on your leather coat
as it did in Minsk.
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Right?
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00:06:51,745 --> 00:06:55,833
No! This is a totally wrong interpretation
of my words.
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I did not express them like this.
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The meaning was that you cannot go
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and kill people. I explained this clearly.
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In principle, it doesn't matter
if you use gas or bullets.
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Eichmann lied to 2.5 million
Jews into their own death
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and we seriously believe
that we can tell
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whether he is telling
the truth or not?
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Forget it.
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But you are stating here: "Now,
as the Führer ordered a physical solution,
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it must be a physical solution. "
Physical solution!
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- Did I sign that? I don't think so.
- You didn't make any comment on that!
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Obviously, it must have slipped my sight.
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Otherwise, I would have
certainly corrected it.
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BETTINA STANGNETH Eichmann is
used to being in such a situation.
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He is fighting a war
on several fronts.
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He has the judges,
the prosecution, the audience,
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00:08:11,839 --> 00:08:14,276
and he needs
to figure out his role.
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Of course he chose the role that he had
already performed for Sassen, but in reverse.
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To Sassen, he always said:
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"I really wasn't
a little bureaucrat!"
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And it is precisely this role
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of the annoyingly bureaucratic
and petty-minded guy
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that he chooses to play
in court.
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Eichmann in Jerusalem
is a man without a uniform.
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He is a man
in a slightly oversized suit.
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Eichmann knows
how to appear different,
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with attitude,
posture, clothing,
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glasses, and haircut.
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He knows how to look harmless.
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Eichmann said he was a
clerk who always cooperated
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and did
what he was told to do.
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The psychiatrist who examined
him said that it was all a mask.
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00:09:07,982 --> 00:09:10,419
He didn't really try
to please people.
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That was how he presented
himself to the world.
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To determine
his fitness for trial,
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Hausner asks for Eichmann to
be evaluated by a psychiatrist.
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It was a tool, trying to
figure out who these people are
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who committed murder on
such a scale, in such a way,
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with such composure.
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Maybe we can learn something that
will be of relevance in the trial.
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The psychiatrist recounts Eichmann's
childhood as Eichmann had told him.
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He said that his father was very
strict. He would often slap him.
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He was scared of his father and he learned
from his father that he must not be weak.
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He realized that he should
never show weakness
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and he did everything with
such loyalty and precision
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so that any inkling of the fear
in his life wouldn't come out.
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The childhood and youth of Adolf
Eichmann lack any aura or glamour.
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He has no profession
until he enlists to the SS.
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His senses tell him
that there in the SS
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he will have
a significant career.
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When you got
this black uniform,
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everyone was looking at you
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with respect, also with fear,
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and you were on the top
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of the pyramid
of the German people.
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You were part of an elite
even if you were a worker
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or had no school,
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no university study,
and so on.
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Eichmann becomes
an important man.
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He has an official car, he has
a driver, he has secretaries,
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and he must have dreamt about
all of this his entire life.
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00:11:06,404 --> 00:11:10,974
His personal frustration was the
reason for the zeal and passion
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to achieve
at least one big achievement.
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And this big achievement
is connected
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to the persecution
of European Jews.
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The Nazis were obsessed
with their racial theories
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about the inferiority
of the Jewish people.
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The Nazis
had this insane belief
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that a person's ethnic group or
the national group you were part of
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or the religious group you
were part of were different,
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this were the eugenics.
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And he really believed
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that Jews
were inherently different
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from Germans.
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In late 1934, Eichmann is
appointed to the new department
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responsible for
Jewish affairs at the SS.
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The agency is tasked
with surveillance
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and terrorizing enemies
of the Nazi-German state.
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Eichmann
was devising systems
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for identifying Jews,
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for following Jews in their
activities, for monitoring,
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00:12:12,514 --> 00:12:14,472
trying to work out for the SS
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a systematic way
of tracking Jews.
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During his conversations
with Sassen,
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Eichmann takes the liberty
of disclosing
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one of Adolf Hitler's
biggest secrets.
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I myself looked into
the Führer's dietary cook
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in terms of her origins,
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and I concluded
that in the context of the Nuremberg Laws
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she is to be addressed as a 1/32 Jewess.
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00:12:52,898 --> 00:12:53,815
Who?
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00:12:53,899 --> 00:12:55,025
Eva Braun,
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00:12:55,108 --> 00:12:56,985
the "dietary cook" of the Führer!
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00:12:57,068 --> 00:12:59,905
I say that with air quotation marks.
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00:13:01,031 --> 00:13:03,950
In reality, she was the Führer's bride.
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00:13:04,034 --> 00:13:06,077
The bride of the Führer
of the Greater German Reich.
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Eichmann not
only tracks the Jews,
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but is also responsible
for forcing them
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00:13:12,139 --> 00:13:15,533
to emigrate
to different countries.
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00:13:15,577 --> 00:13:17,492
Looking for
potential destinations,
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00:13:17,535 --> 00:13:21,670
he visits Palestine,
then under British rule,
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00:13:21,713 --> 00:13:23,715
but is quickly detained
and expelled.
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00:13:25,065 --> 00:13:26,849
In his report about the trip,
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00:13:26,893 --> 00:13:28,982
he describes
his anti-Semitic views,
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00:13:29,025 --> 00:13:31,201
which he also expresses
to Sassen.
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00:13:34,523 --> 00:13:38,568
The Jewish population acquired
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00:13:40,403 --> 00:13:46,284
such an exaggeratedly high share
of the economic assets
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00:13:46,701 --> 00:13:53,333
compared to their proportion
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00:13:53,416 --> 00:13:55,335
of the population
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00:13:56,336 --> 00:13:59,756
that here, how should I say…
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00:14:01,258 --> 00:14:07,889
the Jew had understood to violently grab
everything with brutality
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00:14:08,223 --> 00:14:11,851
and leave others hungry.
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00:14:20,193 --> 00:14:23,572
You've always been
a devoted antisemite, right?
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00:14:24,030 --> 00:14:27,784
I've never been an antisemite,
but a nationalist.
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00:14:27,867 --> 00:14:33,665
And there's a written
as well as an oral record of that.
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00:14:33,748 --> 00:14:35,625
I've never been an antisemite.
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00:14:36,136 --> 00:14:39,356
LAWRENCE DOUGLAS Eichmann characterizes
himself in all sorts of ways.
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00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:41,619
"Look, I was never anti-Semite
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and I harbor no ill will
towards the Jewish people. "
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00:14:45,188 --> 00:14:47,930
The Sassen interviews
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00:14:47,974 --> 00:14:50,411
and the Sassen tapes
gave a lie to that.
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00:14:50,181 --> 00:14:54,019
The things you said
in Sassen's conversations
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00:14:54,102 --> 00:14:56,855
indicate severe antisemitism, don't they?
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00:14:56,938 --> 00:15:01,610
I said it is difficult for me to remember
if I said such things.
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00:15:03,361 --> 00:15:06,031
What does Dr. Servatius say at this point?
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00:15:06,573 --> 00:15:13,580
He just always confirmed that there
was a recorded conversation,
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00:15:14,289 --> 00:15:21,129
but he never said that what is written
down is the content from that recording.
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00:15:23,661 --> 00:15:25,925
Dr. Robert Servatius is chosen
236
00:15:25,968 --> 00:15:27,796
by the family
to defend Eichmann,
237
00:15:27,839 --> 00:15:30,277
and in the interest
of staging a fair trial,
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00:15:30,320 --> 00:15:33,541
the Israeli government
agrees to pay his salary.
239
00:15:33,584 --> 00:15:36,196
He is a well-known attorney
in Germany after representing
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00:15:36,239 --> 00:15:39,503
a number of Nazi war criminals
at the Nuremberg Trials.
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00:15:43,594 --> 00:15:47,337
Servatius was a respectful
defense lawyer
242
00:15:47,381 --> 00:15:50,819
at the same time that he tried
to defend his client
243
00:15:50,862 --> 00:15:55,780
and he tried to rely on the defense
that his client himself supplied.
244
00:15:55,824 --> 00:15:59,045
Namely, that he was just a cog
in the machine.
245
00:16:00,829 --> 00:16:03,701
Servatius
has to defend his client
246
00:16:03,745 --> 00:16:06,661
and that can only be done
if you know what to expect.
247
00:16:08,619 --> 00:16:11,274
And Eichmann, the idiot,
doesn't tell his lawyer
248
00:16:11,318 --> 00:16:13,885
that in Argentina
he gave an interview
249
00:16:13,929 --> 00:16:16,149
that was
a thousand pages long.
250
00:16:16,192 --> 00:16:18,455
Partially, Eichmann lied
without end.
251
00:16:18,499 --> 00:16:21,284
Attorney Robert Servatius
has stated
252
00:16:21,328 --> 00:16:24,766
that he will withdraw from
the defense of Adolf Eichmann
253
00:16:24,809 --> 00:16:27,551
if it turns out that the
claims attributed to his client
254
00:16:27,595 --> 00:16:30,032
byLife Magazine are genuine.
255
00:16:30,076 --> 00:16:32,208
Servatius also added
that he would check
256
00:16:32,252 --> 00:16:35,298
the credibility of Eichmann's
confession with his brother,
257
00:16:35,342 --> 00:16:38,649
Dr. Robert Eichmann,
in Linz, Austria.
258
00:16:51,923 --> 00:16:55,536
Naturally, they all wanted
their friend, husband, brother
259
00:16:55,579 --> 00:16:57,625
to be properly defended.
260
00:16:57,668 --> 00:17:01,368
And Eichmann's extended family
was always ready to help.
261
00:17:01,411 --> 00:17:04,849
They stayed in touch with him
and still lived in Austria.
262
00:17:05,807 --> 00:17:07,591
But here, too,
it's unknown who
263
00:17:07,635 --> 00:17:09,158
we are dealing with exactly.
264
00:17:12,118 --> 00:17:15,164
The Eichmann family
in Austria, at least in part,
265
00:17:15,208 --> 00:17:17,514
benefited from
their brother's career.
266
00:17:25,174 --> 00:17:29,396
Eichmann's father, who joined the
Nazi party on the same day as his son,
267
00:17:29,439 --> 00:17:33,052
couldn't explain after the war
why he owned several things
268
00:17:33,095 --> 00:17:35,663
that formerly belonged
to Jewish people.
269
00:17:37,273 --> 00:17:41,451
And in this respect, the family was
clearly a part of the inner circle.
270
00:17:46,369 --> 00:17:49,198
Despite his misgivings,
Servatius is persuaded
271
00:17:49,242 --> 00:17:51,896
by the Eichmann family
to continue defending him
272
00:17:51,940 --> 00:17:55,117
and in exchange, they agreed
to cover his many expenses.
273
00:17:57,598 --> 00:17:59,774
The family also passes
encoded messages
274
00:17:59,817 --> 00:18:02,081
through Servatius
to Eichmann in Israel.
275
00:18:18,619 --> 00:18:21,361
Eichmann's personal
conferences with his lawyer
276
00:18:21,404 --> 00:18:23,972
lead to a secret meeting
of Israeli cabinet members.
277
00:18:25,626 --> 00:18:27,976
The government
session focuses on
278
00:18:28,019 --> 00:18:30,848
whether or not to allow
a meeting in private
279
00:18:30,892 --> 00:18:32,676
between Servatius
and Eichmann.
280
00:18:36,898 --> 00:18:39,770
At the meeting, it is decided
that Eichmann and Servatius
281
00:18:39,814 --> 00:18:42,947
should no longer be allowed
to meet in private.
282
00:18:42,991 --> 00:18:46,037
But, Isser Harel, Head of
the Israeli Secret Service,
283
00:18:46,081 --> 00:18:50,303
informs everyone that, in fact, the
meetings are being secretly recorded
284
00:18:50,346 --> 00:18:55,090
and confirms that Servatius is passing
encrypted messages to his client.
285
00:20:06,422 --> 00:20:09,251
GADI WARSHA Isser just
says, "We listened in on them
286
00:20:09,295 --> 00:20:11,514
and they don't know it,"
and moves on.
287
00:20:24,484 --> 00:20:27,182
Hausner himself
reassures Servatius
288
00:20:27,226 --> 00:20:31,534
that his attorney-client meetings
are not being listened to.
289
00:20:31,578 --> 00:20:34,233
He knows the illegal
wiretapping might allow him
290
00:20:34,276 --> 00:20:38,019
to obtain vital information
about Sassen's recordings.
291
00:21:09,485 --> 00:21:11,400
BETTINA STANGNETH The "oak
tree" we are talking about
292
00:21:11,444 --> 00:21:14,185
is of great significance
to Germans.
293
00:21:14,229 --> 00:21:16,971
When one says
that an oak tree won't fall,
294
00:21:17,537 --> 00:21:20,453
it always means that the
person shall stand straight,
295
00:21:20,496 --> 00:21:22,846
that he will overcome
what he faces,
296
00:21:24,892 --> 00:21:26,937
that everything
will be resolved.
297
00:21:29,897 --> 00:21:33,335
With this code,
Sassen was saying to Eichmann,
298
00:21:33,379 --> 00:21:35,859
"Don't worry,
I hid the tapes. "
299
00:21:44,738 --> 00:21:47,218
With Hausner unable
to locate the Sassen tapes,
300
00:21:47,262 --> 00:21:49,786
the court's ultimate decision
on whether or not to admit
301
00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:51,832
the Life Magazine article
into evidence
302
00:21:51,875 --> 00:21:54,400
will be crucial to him
proving Eichmann's guilt.
303
00:21:55,481 --> 00:22:00,028
The prosecutor submitted
the defendant's comments to us
304
00:22:00,945 --> 00:22:06,451
in response to the article
that appeared in Life Magazine.
305
00:22:07,201 --> 00:22:08,077
Yes.
306
00:22:08,161 --> 00:22:09,996
His primary claim
307
00:22:10,079 --> 00:22:16,127
is that "Life" published only
a summary of his remarks
308
00:22:16,711 --> 00:22:23,384
and therefore, the meaning in
the full source may be different.
309
00:22:24,125 --> 00:22:25,692
HANNA YABLONKA
Eichmann is right, of course.
310
00:22:25,735 --> 00:22:28,042
He claimed
that what a journalist does
311
00:22:28,085 --> 00:22:29,913
with his freedom of speech
312
00:22:29,957 --> 00:22:31,350
does not apply to him.
313
00:22:31,915 --> 00:22:33,917
There was no way that Hausner
314
00:22:33,961 --> 00:22:35,919
could actually verify
315
00:22:35,963 --> 00:22:39,488
the truthfulness
of the Life Magazine article
316
00:22:39,532 --> 00:22:42,186
and the court is trying
to demonstrate that look,
317
00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:44,450
we are a court of law.
318
00:22:44,493 --> 00:22:47,453
Even though it looks like
highly probative evidence,
319
00:22:47,496 --> 00:22:51,674
we don't really have the
resources to authenticate it
320
00:22:51,718 --> 00:22:54,938
and so unfortunately we can't
accept it in as evidence.
321
00:22:54,707 --> 00:22:59,212
Did the prosecution procure the original?
322
00:22:59,462 --> 00:23:01,923
No, we don't have the original.
323
00:23:03,049 --> 00:23:05,760
Based on our information,
324
00:23:05,843 --> 00:23:10,723
it was recorded and submitted
to a journalist in Argentina,
325
00:23:13,476 --> 00:23:16,104
a Dutch Nazi, we are told,
326
00:23:16,604 --> 00:23:21,359
but we don't have the original tapes.
327
00:23:22,662 --> 00:23:24,664
LAWRENCE DOUGLAS
Sassen was not about
328
00:23:24,707 --> 00:23:26,796
to cooperate
with the Israelis.
329
00:23:26,840 --> 00:23:29,669
The contract that he signed
with Life Magazine
330
00:23:29,712 --> 00:23:33,499
permitted Lifeto supply
some of the materials
331
00:23:33,542 --> 00:23:36,502
to some other
media organizations,
332
00:23:36,545 --> 00:23:40,331
but specifically barred
Life Magazine
333
00:23:40,375 --> 00:23:43,683
from sharing anything
with the Israelis.
334
00:23:43,726 --> 00:23:48,514
So it raises the question of how
do you get hold of this material?
335
00:23:48,302 --> 00:23:53,057
So you can't get
the full transcript from "Life"?
336
00:23:53,141 --> 00:23:57,228
If the court so wishes,
the prosecution will try to do so
337
00:23:57,562 --> 00:23:59,313
and contact Life Magazine.
338
00:23:59,564 --> 00:24:01,607
Our experience, typically,
339
00:24:01,691 --> 00:24:06,237
in newspaper inquiries to request
the sources of their information
340
00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:08,906
is not encouraging and hopeful.
341
00:24:13,234 --> 00:24:15,497
TIMOTHY NAFTALI
This is a document showing
342
00:24:15,541 --> 00:24:18,674
that the assistant editor
of Life Magazine
343
00:24:18,718 --> 00:24:22,243
gave the CIA
an advanced copy of the text
344
00:24:22,286 --> 00:24:24,114
of their article on Eichmann.
345
00:24:26,290 --> 00:24:28,379
What interests Americans
346
00:24:28,423 --> 00:24:31,600
is the propaganda value
347
00:24:31,644 --> 00:24:34,821
of what Eichmann is saying
in Life Magazine.
348
00:24:34,864 --> 00:24:38,085
They were worried
about how the East Germans
349
00:24:38,128 --> 00:24:41,958
and the Soviets
would use this.
350
00:24:42,002 --> 00:24:44,047
With the battle lines
of the Cold War
351
00:24:44,091 --> 00:24:46,310
literally running through
the middle of Germany,
352
00:24:47,921 --> 00:24:49,966
many worried about
what sensitive material
353
00:24:50,010 --> 00:24:52,012
the Eichmann
recordings contained.
354
00:24:53,927 --> 00:24:56,886
This was not
just about history.
355
00:24:56,930 --> 00:25:00,977
It wasn't just about memory.
It wasn't just about justice.
356
00:25:02,022 --> 00:25:03,937
It was also about politics
357
00:25:03,980 --> 00:25:07,549
and foreign policy
and security matters,
358
00:25:07,593 --> 00:25:11,248
and it was also about
the climax of the Cold War.
359
00:25:17,298 --> 00:25:21,041
To get a sense
of where the Cold War was
360
00:25:21,084 --> 00:25:23,696
at the moment of the trial,
361
00:25:23,739 --> 00:25:28,178
keep in mind
that the Berlin Wall goes up
362
00:25:29,266 --> 00:25:31,530
while Eichmann is on trial.
363
00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:37,286
We must, and we will look
into the future with full confidence.
364
00:25:38,287 --> 00:25:43,334
Because also the West woke up
to the threat from the East.
365
00:25:43,672 --> 00:25:46,501
TIMOTHY NAFTALI There
were two Germanys warring
366
00:25:46,545 --> 00:25:49,939
for the right to be Germany,
367
00:25:49,983 --> 00:25:52,986
but also for the right
to be the Germany
368
00:25:53,029 --> 00:25:55,554
that came after Hitler.
369
00:25:55,597 --> 00:25:58,513
Germans were very concerned
370
00:25:58,557 --> 00:26:02,735
that this trial was going to be a
source of all sorts of embarrassment,
371
00:26:02,778 --> 00:26:06,129
demonstrating that there
are a lot of Nazis
372
00:26:06,173 --> 00:26:10,394
who remained in positions of
high power within Germany itself.
373
00:26:11,047 --> 00:26:15,661
REPORTER
While Eichmann was
standing trial in Jerusalem,
374
00:26:14,156 --> 00:26:19,328
many of his accomplices are still free
375
00:26:19,704 --> 00:26:23,291
and hold senior positions in West Germany.
376
00:26:23,756 --> 00:26:25,496
TIMOTHY NAFTALI
The East Germans saw this
377
00:26:25,540 --> 00:26:28,587
as an opportunity
to remind the world
378
00:26:28,630 --> 00:26:31,198
that, yeah,
there's only one Eichmann,
379
00:26:31,241 --> 00:26:36,159
but that doesn't mean
there's only one bad Nazi left
380
00:26:36,203 --> 00:26:37,857
who deserves justice.
381
00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:41,469
And some of them worked
for Konrad Adenauer.
382
00:26:41,512 --> 00:26:44,385
Konrad Adenauer is the first
Chancellor of West Germany
383
00:26:44,428 --> 00:26:48,650
after World War II, and is
charged with leading his country
384
00:26:48,694 --> 00:26:51,522
from the post-war chaos
into the modern era.
385
00:26:53,786 --> 00:26:55,744
The person
with perhaps the most to lose
386
00:26:55,788 --> 00:26:58,007
if the tapes are heard
during Eichmann's trial
387
00:26:58,051 --> 00:27:00,880
is Adenauer's right-hand man,
Hans Globke,
388
00:27:00,923 --> 00:27:03,273
who oversaw the plan
for the enforcement
389
00:27:03,317 --> 00:27:06,712
of the Nuremberg Race Laws
later carried out by Eichmann.
390
00:27:11,847 --> 00:27:16,330
Hans Globke is one of the most
powerful men in West Germany.
391
00:27:16,373 --> 00:27:18,898
He is the closest advisor
to Adenauer.
392
00:27:18,941 --> 00:27:22,684
Now we know that as a lawyer,
393
00:27:22,728 --> 00:27:25,339
a bureaucrat
in the Nazi system,
394
00:27:25,382 --> 00:27:28,908
he helped draft
the Nuremberg Laws,
395
00:27:29,473 --> 00:27:33,347
which established
the "legal basis"
396
00:27:34,174 --> 00:27:38,352
for discrimination
against German Jews.
397
00:27:40,093 --> 00:27:43,662
Why would Adenauer employ
someone like Globke?
398
00:27:43,705 --> 00:27:46,490
It was an open offer
to all German people:
399
00:27:46,534 --> 00:27:50,407
We integrate all of you,
even with a Nazi past.
400
00:27:50,451 --> 00:27:52,148
We're not going
to lock you all up.
401
00:27:52,192 --> 00:27:55,674
You may continue working
within our establishment.
402
00:27:55,717 --> 00:27:57,980
Since Israel
is trying Eichmann,
403
00:27:58,024 --> 00:28:00,635
one cannot overlook
the Nuremberg Laws,
404
00:28:01,157 --> 00:28:03,594
because it's obvious
that Eichmann will say,
405
00:28:03,638 --> 00:28:05,118
"What do you want from me?
406
00:28:05,771 --> 00:28:07,816
I applied the laws
of the Third Reich. "
407
00:28:09,949 --> 00:28:12,691
And who made these laws?
Hans Globke.
408
00:28:16,433 --> 00:28:19,088
This was a major problem
for Adenauer.
409
00:28:20,089 --> 00:28:24,050
And just as East Germany
went into overdrive
410
00:28:24,093 --> 00:28:26,313
to start
pumping out propaganda,
411
00:28:26,356 --> 00:28:31,274
West Germany was worried
about what Eichmann might say.
412
00:28:34,016 --> 00:28:37,628
The BND was very key
413
00:28:37,672 --> 00:28:41,589
in trying to make sure
that they had an ear on
414
00:28:41,632 --> 00:28:44,113
what was going on in Israel,
415
00:28:44,157 --> 00:28:50,119
tried to manipulate things
a little under the table.
416
00:28:50,163 --> 00:28:52,426
Eichmann's connections
to not only Globke,
417
00:28:52,469 --> 00:28:54,689
but other former Nazi
officials who were integrated
418
00:28:54,733 --> 00:28:58,127
into the new West German
government could be exposed
419
00:28:58,171 --> 00:29:00,739
if Sassen's recordings
are played in court.
420
00:29:03,959 --> 00:29:07,702
Hausner knows that this is against the
interest of the West German government
421
00:29:07,746 --> 00:29:10,661
and therefore against the interest
of his own government as well.
422
00:29:13,403 --> 00:29:15,405
Hausner is aware
that Ben-Gurion,
423
00:29:15,449 --> 00:29:18,321
against strong opposition
from within the country,
424
00:29:18,365 --> 00:29:21,585
and despite protests and riots
led by Holocaust survivors,
425
00:29:21,629 --> 00:29:24,719
is negotiating with West
Germany to support Israel.
426
00:29:25,633 --> 00:29:28,027
Three months
before the trial took place,
427
00:29:28,070 --> 00:29:30,420
Ben-Gurion met Adenauer
in New York.
428
00:29:30,464 --> 00:29:34,381
He had a clear interest
for the sake of Israel
429
00:29:34,424 --> 00:29:37,340
to establish relations
with Germany.
430
00:29:39,081 --> 00:29:41,867
It was an encounter
of vested interests -
431
00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:44,173
Israel desperately
needed support
432
00:29:45,696 --> 00:29:49,962
and West Germany was in
desperate need of rehabilitation.
433
00:29:50,005 --> 00:29:53,356
For someone to say that
West Germany is different,
434
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:55,619
that it is not Nazi Germany.
435
00:29:57,534 --> 00:29:59,667
I said, in the Knesset,
436
00:29:59,710 --> 00:30:03,497
in the Israeli parliament,
last summer,
437
00:30:03,540 --> 00:30:07,806
that Germany of today is
not the Germany of yesterday.
438
00:30:07,849 --> 00:30:11,505
The story of the Eichmann affair
from the Israeli perspective
439
00:30:11,984 --> 00:30:15,814
is a nostalgic, heroic,
a very romantic story,
440
00:30:15,857 --> 00:30:20,470
how David demanded justice from
the already defeated Goliath.
441
00:30:20,514 --> 00:30:23,082
But this is nothing
but a shadow boxing,
442
00:30:23,125 --> 00:30:26,302
a smoke screen
that conceals the true story.
443
00:30:26,346 --> 00:30:30,350
And the true story is the
Israeli-German nuclear project.
444
00:30:31,438 --> 00:30:36,225
Once a decision is made that Israel
will launch a nuclear project,
445
00:30:36,269 --> 00:30:37,879
there are things
that have to be done.
446
00:30:37,923 --> 00:30:40,229
It demands
a certain technology,
447
00:30:40,273 --> 00:30:41,970
certain materials,
448
00:30:42,014 --> 00:30:43,319
and first and foremost,
449
00:30:43,363 --> 00:30:45,887
a lot, a lot of money.
450
00:30:45,931 --> 00:30:50,413
Money that the newly established
State of Israel doesn't have.
451
00:30:50,457 --> 00:30:52,633
Very quickly, David Ben-Gurion
452
00:30:52,676 --> 00:30:55,244
and Shimon Peres,
his political partner,
453
00:30:55,288 --> 00:30:58,944
realize that the way to
continue with the nuclear project
454
00:30:58,987 --> 00:31:02,295
is by partnering
with De Gaulle's France
455
00:31:02,338 --> 00:31:03,949
and Adenauer's Germany.
456
00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:07,909
Adenauer and Strauss,
his defense minister,
457
00:31:07,953 --> 00:31:10,912
put a gun on the table,
so to say.
458
00:31:10,956 --> 00:31:14,655
You want us to continue
funding the nuclear project?
459
00:31:15,134 --> 00:31:19,181
So do not mention the name
Hans Globke at the trial.
460
00:31:20,052 --> 00:31:22,054
And that
certainly was communicated
461
00:31:22,097 --> 00:31:26,275
from Ben-Gurion
to Gideon Hausner.
462
00:31:26,319 --> 00:31:28,277
I don't think we should be
entirely surprised
463
00:31:28,321 --> 00:31:31,237
that there was some kind
of, what we might say,
464
00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:35,110
cross-fertilization
between Ben-Gurion
465
00:31:35,154 --> 00:31:38,331
and the Attorney General
of Israel.
466
00:31:39,419 --> 00:31:41,943
Ben-Gurion tried
to prevent the prosecutor
467
00:31:41,987 --> 00:31:44,250
from submitting a document
at trial
468
00:31:44,293 --> 00:31:46,992
that shows
that Globke took part
469
00:31:47,035 --> 00:31:49,168
in a meeting
with Eichmann's representative
470
00:31:50,473 --> 00:31:53,302
where they're talking
about seizing property.
471
00:31:53,346 --> 00:31:56,392
This is
a very important document.
472
00:31:56,436 --> 00:32:00,483
Hausner comes to Ben-Gurion and
says, "I have this document. "
473
00:32:01,745 --> 00:32:05,184
Ben-Gurion says, "Perhaps
don't make it public. "
474
00:32:06,141 --> 00:32:08,970
And Hausner says,
"I can't not make it public. "
475
00:32:09,014 --> 00:32:11,146
And Ben-Gurion has no choice.
476
00:32:11,799 --> 00:32:14,280
Then they even decide
to notify Adenauer
477
00:32:14,323 --> 00:32:17,196
that such a document
is going to be presented,
478
00:32:17,239 --> 00:32:19,938
which is contrary
to all legal logic.
479
00:32:20,721 --> 00:32:22,462
Who does such a thing?
480
00:32:24,203 --> 00:32:27,467
Ben-Gurion was well aware
of Globke's part
481
00:32:27,510 --> 00:32:29,382
in phrasing
the Nuremberg Laws.
482
00:32:29,425 --> 00:32:31,079
And yet, he has to take care
483
00:32:31,123 --> 00:32:33,821
of the state he's responsible
for - Israel.
484
00:32:33,864 --> 00:32:35,692
A couple of days
before the trial,
485
00:32:35,736 --> 00:32:38,043
Hausner gives Ben-Gurion
486
00:32:38,086 --> 00:32:40,480
the text
of his opening speech.
487
00:32:42,699 --> 00:32:47,661
GIDEON HAUSNER
When I stand before you here,
488
00:32:47,091 --> 00:32:48,884
Judges of Israel,
489
00:32:49,718 --> 00:32:53,222
to lead the prosecution of Adolf Eichmann,
490
00:32:54,515 --> 00:32:56,433
I do not stand alone.
491
00:33:01,522 --> 00:33:06,944
Standing here with me, at this time,
492
00:33:07,027 --> 00:33:09,613
are six million accusers.
493
00:33:11,323 --> 00:33:17,204
But they will not be able to point the
finger of blame at the glass cell,
494
00:33:17,663 --> 00:33:21,291
because their ashes are piled up
among the hills of Auschwitz,
495
00:33:21,375 --> 00:33:23,252
in the fields of Treblinka.
496
00:33:23,958 --> 00:33:26,482
DEBORAH LIPSTADT I know many
Israelis of a certain age
497
00:33:26,526 --> 00:33:29,572
who can quote
the opening paragraph
498
00:33:29,616 --> 00:33:32,053
of that speech.
499
00:33:33,576 --> 00:33:36,710
And Ben-Gurion makes
very few comments about it,
500
00:33:36,753 --> 00:33:39,060
but just the only thing
he asks
501
00:33:39,104 --> 00:33:42,107
is that wherever Hausner
refers to Germany,
502
00:33:42,150 --> 00:33:45,501
he refer to "Nazi Germany. "
503
00:33:45,545 --> 00:33:48,765
GIDEON HAUSNER
The fracture of the people of Israel
in this generation
504
00:33:50,112 --> 00:33:53,407
was discussed in a few of the trials
505
00:33:54,158 --> 00:33:57,369
that were held
after Nazi Germany was defeated
506
00:33:57,453 --> 00:33:59,371
in World War II.
507
00:33:59,733 --> 00:34:02,997
It is certainly the case
that Ben-Gurion did exercise
508
00:34:03,041 --> 00:34:05,608
some influence
over the prosecution.
509
00:34:05,652 --> 00:34:08,437
Ben-Gurion knew
Israel needed arms.
510
00:34:08,481 --> 00:34:12,180
Israel needed
financial support of Germany.
511
00:34:12,224 --> 00:34:15,836
He may have hated doing it,
but he was a practical man.
512
00:34:17,272 --> 00:34:20,362
With this trial,
Ben-Gurion also wanted to show
513
00:34:20,406 --> 00:34:24,758
why Israel, why Jews,
must have the bomb.
514
00:34:28,936 --> 00:34:31,199
So there won't be
another Holocaust.
515
00:34:38,250 --> 00:34:40,556
The story
of the Holocaust is, in fact,
516
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:42,602
the story
of Eichmann's career.
517
00:34:42,645 --> 00:34:46,519
After establishing methods
to identify the Jews,
518
00:34:46,562 --> 00:34:48,390
he is promoted
and sent to Austria,
519
00:34:48,434 --> 00:34:51,176
which was annexed
by the German Reich
520
00:34:51,219 --> 00:34:54,135
and empowered with the task
of ridding the country of Jews.
521
00:35:05,190 --> 00:35:07,801
Eichmann arrives in Austria,
and immediately,
522
00:35:07,844 --> 00:35:10,934
he is establishing
his old idea
523
00:35:10,978 --> 00:35:14,851
of creating a central
emigration bureau for the Jews.
524
00:35:16,810 --> 00:35:18,768
He took over
the Rothschild Palais,
525
00:35:18,812 --> 00:35:21,249
a famous place for Jews.
526
00:35:22,381 --> 00:35:25,949
There he creates a pattern,
how to get rid of the Jews
527
00:35:25,993 --> 00:35:29,953
and to force them to leave at
least some of their property
528
00:35:29,997 --> 00:35:31,694
to the Third Reich.
529
00:35:31,738 --> 00:35:34,393
Meaning, an official robbery
530
00:35:34,436 --> 00:35:36,395
plus deportation.
531
00:35:36,438 --> 00:35:38,614
One of those
Jews came to the trial
532
00:35:38,658 --> 00:35:40,442
and testified at the trial
533
00:35:40,486 --> 00:35:43,619
that you walked into
the Rothschild Palais
534
00:35:43,663 --> 00:35:47,057
with a business, with a home,
535
00:35:47,101 --> 00:35:50,626
with bank accounts,
with possessions,
536
00:35:50,670 --> 00:35:54,674
and as you went from desk to
desk, you gave up these things
537
00:35:54,717 --> 00:35:58,808
and you came out at the end
with permission to leave Austria.
538
00:36:02,290 --> 00:36:06,251
DR. FRANZ MAYER
There was a big room
539
00:36:06,707 --> 00:36:10,669
in which Eichmann sat.
540
00:36:11,336 --> 00:36:13,255
- You instantly saw him.
- Yes, of course.
541
00:36:13,505 --> 00:36:19,595
This was a man with the temperament
of a ruler over life and death,
542
00:36:19,678 --> 00:36:23,765
rude, crude.
543
00:36:24,308 --> 00:36:25,893
When we entered,
544
00:36:26,184 --> 00:36:31,273
he didn't let us approach his desk.
545
00:36:31,690 --> 00:36:35,110
We had to stand the whole time.
546
00:36:36,716 --> 00:36:39,284
RONI STAUBER Eichmann
gained power and control.
547
00:36:40,067 --> 00:36:42,200
By now, he realized
that this is the way
548
00:36:42,243 --> 00:36:45,812
to promote his career
and to gain achievements.
549
00:36:45,855 --> 00:36:50,033
It's his success with the Jews
that will be his test.
550
00:36:50,167 --> 00:36:55,172
Can you confirm that what you did
in Austria was actually
551
00:36:55,255 --> 00:36:57,633
forcing the Jews into deportation?
552
00:36:58,008 --> 00:37:02,137
You boast about having organized
the Jewish emigration
553
00:37:02,220 --> 00:37:05,223
according to the assembly line method.
554
00:37:05,682 --> 00:37:07,851
I did not force any Jew to emigrate.
555
00:37:07,935 --> 00:37:11,104
On the contrary, Dr. Löwenherz
came to me-
556
00:37:11,188 --> 00:37:13,565
I'm asking for an answer.
557
00:37:16,026 --> 00:37:18,946
I had demanded from Löwenherz
to present me with
558
00:37:19,029 --> 00:37:23,033
at least 1,200 to 1,400 Jews
per day at the time.
559
00:37:23,408 --> 00:37:26,662
It was a coming and going,
the whole day.
560
00:37:26,745 --> 00:37:31,333
If I tell you that for multiple weeks
561
00:37:31,416 --> 00:37:36,797
every day we had 1,000 Jews
ready for departure.
562
00:37:37,733 --> 00:37:41,824
The German hierarchy
was so impressed
563
00:37:42,521 --> 00:37:45,306
by the way
Eichmann handled this
564
00:37:45,350 --> 00:37:50,311
that this sort of skyrocketed
him into this organizational task.
565
00:37:51,834 --> 00:37:55,273
ADOLF EICHMANN
They recognized my department
566
00:37:57,859 --> 00:37:59,319
as a treasure chest
567
00:37:59,569 --> 00:38:02,572
where everything
568
00:38:03,323 --> 00:38:06,076
in regards to Jewish life in Austria
569
00:38:06,576 --> 00:38:09,079
could be found.
570
00:38:12,159 --> 00:38:15,728
GIDEON HAUSNER
You controlled the lives
of the Jews in the Reich.
571
00:38:15,711 --> 00:38:18,588
No, that is not correct.
That is not correct.
572
00:38:20,298 --> 00:38:22,592
It is more clear,
573
00:38:23,468 --> 00:38:25,512
after we heard about that period
from Dr. Löwenherz
574
00:38:25,804 --> 00:38:29,975
and the other testimonies.
575
00:38:30,308 --> 00:38:33,270
So everyone is lying besides you
who is telling the truth?
576
00:38:33,812 --> 00:38:38,692
No, the documents tell the truth.
And they confirm what I just said.
577
00:38:35,922 --> 00:38:38,838
and they confirm
what I just said.
578
00:38:38,881 --> 00:38:42,842
GIDEON HAUSNER
If you want to call black white
and white black,
579
00:38:42,529 --> 00:38:44,990
I can't do anything about it.
580
00:38:50,632 --> 00:38:53,635
HANNA YABLONKA Within six months
after his arrival to Austria,
581
00:38:53,679 --> 00:38:58,031
Eichmann succeeds to expel
more Jews from Austria
582
00:38:58,074 --> 00:39:00,338
than Germany has succeeded
in all the five years
583
00:39:00,381 --> 00:39:02,383
since Hitler's rise to power.
584
00:39:02,427 --> 00:39:06,909
This really caught
the eyes of the Fuührer
585
00:39:06,953 --> 00:39:11,392
and soon enough, in November of
1938, the Kristallnacht happened.
586
00:39:16,832 --> 00:39:19,269
In January, Hitler will set up
587
00:39:19,313 --> 00:39:23,752
a Central Authority for
Jewish Emigration in Germany.
588
00:39:25,145 --> 00:39:27,974
Eichmann was one
of the key characters
589
00:39:28,017 --> 00:39:32,152
leading to the "Final
Solution" as we know it.
590
00:39:32,195 --> 00:39:34,850
Perhaps the most damning part
of Eichmann's legacy
591
00:39:34,894 --> 00:39:39,202
is his participation
in the Wannsee Conference,
592
00:39:39,246 --> 00:39:42,162
where the plan for the vicious
extermination of all Jews in Europe
593
00:39:42,205 --> 00:39:43,903
is meticulously laid out.
594
00:39:46,471 --> 00:39:50,039
The Conference is led by Eichmann's
commander, Reinhard Heydrich,
595
00:39:50,083 --> 00:39:52,390
head of the Reich Security
Main Office.
596
00:39:53,913 --> 00:39:56,306
On 20th January 1942,
597
00:39:56,350 --> 00:39:59,788
15 high ranking members
of the Nazi state
598
00:39:59,832 --> 00:40:04,576
met here to discuss
in 90 minutes the organization
599
00:40:04,619 --> 00:40:08,536
for systematic mass murder
of all Jews in Europe.
600
00:40:16,457 --> 00:40:19,547
The house that we know as the
house of the Wannsee Conference
601
00:40:19,591 --> 00:40:21,419
was an SS hotel.
602
00:40:21,462 --> 00:40:24,160
People come here
to spend leisure time,
603
00:40:24,204 --> 00:40:28,121
to take a swim in the lake
that we know as Wannsee,
604
00:40:28,164 --> 00:40:30,297
and then the house
was also used
605
00:40:30,340 --> 00:40:33,082
for talks and conferences.
606
00:40:33,692 --> 00:40:37,217
We know that the men
were invited here
607
00:40:37,260 --> 00:40:40,655
to have the talk on the "Final
Solution of the Jewish Question"
608
00:40:40,699 --> 00:40:43,745
as they put it
in the invitation,
609
00:40:43,789 --> 00:40:46,356
accompanied by breakfast.
610
00:40:48,184 --> 00:40:52,537
They had food.
They had alcohol.
611
00:40:52,580 --> 00:40:55,409
Eichmann refers to "cognac. "
612
00:40:55,453 --> 00:40:57,890
The session
lasted 90 minutes.
613
00:40:57,933 --> 00:41:01,502
It's astonishing to see a group
of 15 people discussing the murder
614
00:41:01,546 --> 00:41:04,418
of millions of Jews
and nobody's concerned,
615
00:41:04,462 --> 00:41:06,768
as if they're talking
about moving a table
616
00:41:06,812 --> 00:41:09,771
from one side of the room
to the other side.
617
00:41:09,551 --> 00:41:12,095
Gentlemen, I hope you enjoyed your meal.
618
00:41:12,429 --> 00:41:14,890
We now proceed to the main question
in regards to the "Final Solution,"
619
00:41:14,973 --> 00:41:19,311
namely determining which group of people
will be considered for evacuation.
620
00:41:19,651 --> 00:41:23,219
The decision for systematic
mass murder is closely related
621
00:41:23,263 --> 00:41:28,181
to other decisions
of dominating the whole world,
622
00:41:28,224 --> 00:41:32,185
wanting to keep the world
free of Jews.
623
00:41:32,228 --> 00:41:36,494
The "Final Solution," or what
most people call the "Holocaust,"
624
00:41:36,537 --> 00:41:41,368
takes place only at the end of
the Holocaust, from late 1941,
625
00:41:41,411 --> 00:41:44,023
when Nazi Germany changes
its policy
626
00:41:44,066 --> 00:41:47,635
from forced emigration
to a total annihilation.
627
00:41:55,817 --> 00:41:58,167
Once the Nazis
invade the USSR,
628
00:41:58,211 --> 00:41:59,908
they realize
that they have to tackle
629
00:41:59,952 --> 00:42:02,563
huge numbers
of Jews and Communists
630
00:42:02,607 --> 00:42:05,044
and largely everything
they hate.
631
00:42:05,087 --> 00:42:08,438
They conclude that the
solution must be immediate.
632
00:42:08,482 --> 00:42:10,136
So they begin to murder.
633
00:42:10,179 --> 00:42:11,572
And while murdering,
they realize
634
00:42:11,616 --> 00:42:13,226
that it creates difficulties
635
00:42:13,269 --> 00:42:15,489
for their troops,
mostly mentally.
636
00:42:16,055 --> 00:42:18,361
The negative effect of the
murdering on the soldiers
637
00:42:18,405 --> 00:42:20,581
forced the Nazis
to find another solution.
638
00:42:22,931 --> 00:42:27,153
The new solution came in the
form of organization and order.
639
00:42:27,196 --> 00:42:29,721
There is a German proverb...
640
00:42:30,199 --> 00:42:32,680
"There must be order. "
641
00:42:32,724 --> 00:42:36,162
It is a big operation, millions
of Jews have to be transported
642
00:42:36,205 --> 00:42:38,773
to the place of death.
How do you organize it?
643
00:42:38,817 --> 00:42:41,689
And here is the man who knows
how to do it professionally.
644
00:42:44,980 --> 00:42:47,023
Do you know
645
00:42:47,107 --> 00:42:52,279
if several years before the war
646
00:42:52,362 --> 00:42:57,075
there had already been a plan
meticulously detailed by Heydrich
647
00:42:57,409 --> 00:43:01,705
down to the smallest detail,
648
00:43:02,289 --> 00:43:08,545
for the so-called
solution of the "Jewish Question?"
649
00:43:08,878 --> 00:43:13,466
No, I would have had to know about that.
650
00:43:13,550 --> 00:43:16,261
After we started marching,
651
00:43:16,344 --> 00:43:21,433
the moment dictated these things.
652
00:43:21,808 --> 00:43:26,229
But was Heydrich not mandated
at the Wannsee Conference
653
00:43:26,521 --> 00:43:29,983
with the solution of the Jewish question?
654
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:34,821
In fact he was authorized to…
655
00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:40,118
to initiate, to take over
the final solution to the Jewish question.
656
00:43:40,201 --> 00:43:42,704
He was empowered to do so.
657
00:43:48,501 --> 00:43:54,591
Heydrich wanted to get the certification
to deal with Jewish affairs as he wished.
658
00:43:54,674 --> 00:43:56,801
He received it
at the Wannsee Conference.
659
00:44:01,097 --> 00:44:04,476
You were his qualified referent
660
00:44:04,809 --> 00:44:08,605
for all matters arising
from the "Final Solution. "
661
00:44:08,688 --> 00:44:11,608
That is not true.
662
00:44:11,691 --> 00:44:16,529
I was simply tasked
with the administrative process
663
00:44:16,613 --> 00:44:22,619
of invitations for these people to
664
00:44:22,702 --> 00:44:26,623
the conference in March '42.
665
00:44:29,449 --> 00:44:32,626
In most of the movies that were
made on the Wannsee Conference,
666
00:44:32,670 --> 00:44:35,455
you would rather see him
sitting aside,
667
00:44:35,498 --> 00:44:38,240
only taking notes.
668
00:44:38,284 --> 00:44:40,329
That is what
he himself claims.
669
00:44:40,982 --> 00:44:45,465
The topic that is being talked
about is his topic.
670
00:44:46,379 --> 00:44:50,557
Eichmann was in charge of
organizing the deportations,
671
00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:53,560
of coordinating activities.
672
00:44:53,603 --> 00:44:56,781
He's the one
preparing the numbers.
673
00:44:57,607 --> 00:45:01,742
This very famous page six
674
00:45:01,786 --> 00:45:04,702
of the minutes that summarizes
675
00:45:04,745 --> 00:45:07,835
all European countries
where the line is drawn
676
00:45:07,879 --> 00:45:11,752
and 11 million European Jews
are mentioned
677
00:45:11,796 --> 00:45:14,059
that are going to be
deported and killed.
678
00:45:14,102 --> 00:45:15,800
So that is Eichmann's role.
679
00:45:17,845 --> 00:45:21,283
Eichmann later ensures
that explicit words
680
00:45:21,327 --> 00:45:25,287
like "murder" or "execution"
will not be mentioned
681
00:45:25,331 --> 00:45:29,727
since he's very much aware
of the need of secrecy.
682
00:45:29,770 --> 00:45:33,165
One of the mechanisms
that makes it easier
683
00:45:33,208 --> 00:45:36,995
for the German society,
for the German institutions
684
00:45:37,038 --> 00:45:40,650
and even, in part,
for the rest of the world,
685
00:45:40,694 --> 00:45:43,131
not to be aware
of what's going on.
686
00:45:45,307 --> 00:45:47,570
There is a word
687
00:45:47,614 --> 00:45:51,923
that is used in this document
688
00:45:51,966 --> 00:45:56,318
and that is the word of
"behandelt" - the treatment.
689
00:45:56,362 --> 00:45:58,930
They would be
suitably treated.
690
00:45:58,973 --> 00:46:02,542
At that point of time,
for most of the perpetrators,
691
00:46:03,021 --> 00:46:07,721
to my knowledge, is clearly
understood as killing.
692
00:46:07,765 --> 00:46:09,854
Eichmann writes the protocol
of the Conference
693
00:46:09,897 --> 00:46:12,813
and sends it
to the relevant offices.
694
00:46:12,857 --> 00:46:15,729
Then he carries out the
decisions of the Conference,
695
00:46:15,773 --> 00:46:19,385
being sure that this is what
the angel of history
696
00:46:19,428 --> 00:46:20,865
has asked him to do.
697
00:46:21,988 --> 00:46:24,824
The Führer has given
the order for physical extermination…
698
00:46:25,533 --> 00:46:29,204
I had heard these words
for the first time.
699
00:46:29,996 --> 00:46:31,706
I know that all too well.
700
00:46:31,789 --> 00:46:38,505
I even thought to myself,
"physical extermination…"
701
00:46:39,047 --> 00:46:43,218
You see, the word in itself
is already rather peculiar.
702
00:46:43,301 --> 00:46:48,223
If it had been, "The Führer has ordered
the extermination of the Jews…"
703
00:46:48,306 --> 00:46:52,727
But like that?
"Physical extermination…"
704
00:46:54,562 --> 00:46:58,358
It seemed incredible to me.
705
00:46:58,685 --> 00:47:01,731
LAWRENCE DOUGLAS Eichmann is
something of a logistical mastermind
706
00:47:01,775 --> 00:47:03,516
and he wants to make sure
707
00:47:03,559 --> 00:47:07,389
that he is highly successful
in the deportations,
708
00:47:07,433 --> 00:47:09,870
and he does this
with full awareness
709
00:47:09,914 --> 00:47:14,353
that the result of deporting
these Jewish persons
710
00:47:14,396 --> 00:47:17,660
to these killing centers is
that they're going to be killed.
711
00:47:22,298 --> 00:47:25,593
You saw in the Jews an enemy
that had to be exterminated,
712
00:47:25,677 --> 00:47:27,262
like any other enemy.
713
00:47:27,345 --> 00:47:30,348
The slogan was:
"The enemy must be exterminated. "
714
00:47:31,015 --> 00:47:34,310
The word "extermination"
is not appropriate
715
00:47:34,394 --> 00:47:37,438
because you don't exterminate an enemy,
716
00:47:37,522 --> 00:47:39,607
you need to fight the enemy.
717
00:47:40,567 --> 00:47:44,529
But not a physical extermination,
like the one Hitler commanded.
718
00:47:45,340 --> 00:47:49,518
GIDEON HAUSNER
Do you know of
a non-physical extermination?
719
00:47:52,913 --> 00:47:56,047
GIDEON GREIF Adolf Eichmann
visited Auschwitz many times.
720
00:47:56,656 --> 00:47:59,093
He went there
to inspect and to be sure
721
00:47:59,137 --> 00:48:01,835
that his instructions
are being carried out.
722
00:48:01,879 --> 00:48:03,750
He even had some
improvement suggestions.
723
00:48:03,793 --> 00:48:06,231
We know this from the camp
commander, Rudolf Hoöss,
724
00:48:06,274 --> 00:48:08,798
who welcomed him there
each time.
725
00:48:09,721 --> 00:48:12,265
You need to know that,
726
00:48:12,974 --> 00:48:15,268
if someone is already
in a concentration camp
727
00:48:15,602 --> 00:48:19,981
it is rather easy to get in,
but extremely difficult to get out again.
728
00:48:21,065 --> 00:48:22,400
Very difficult.
729
00:48:23,117 --> 00:48:25,772
GIDEON GREIF He was asked
by some cabinet ministers
730
00:48:25,815 --> 00:48:29,254
of the German Nazi government
to make them a personal favor
731
00:48:29,297 --> 00:48:31,256
and release
some important Jews
732
00:48:31,299 --> 00:48:33,562
who have made
some important inventions
733
00:48:33,606 --> 00:48:34,912
for Nazi Germany.
734
00:48:37,262 --> 00:48:38,959
Nothing helped.
735
00:48:39,003 --> 00:48:42,876
He always said,
"I make no exceptions. "
736
00:48:43,616 --> 00:48:48,360
He was... there's a saying
in Hebrew, "Meshuga ladavar. "
737
00:48:48,403 --> 00:48:51,145
He was crazed to kill
738
00:48:51,189 --> 00:48:53,887
every Jew he could find.
739
00:49:00,633 --> 00:49:02,765
GIDEON HAUSNER
It's more elegant to kill with gas.
740
00:49:02,607 --> 00:49:07,862
Isn't that what the people
from the Eastern Ministry said?
741
00:49:08,404 --> 00:49:12,075
Yes, but that definitely
wasn't my opinion.
742
00:49:12,158 --> 00:49:15,703
That should be clear
from what was said before.
743
00:49:16,037 --> 00:49:22,085
I don't know who introduced
the physical extermination.
744
00:49:22,437 --> 00:49:25,788
DEBORAH LIPSTADT If Hausner
had had access to the tapes,
745
00:49:26,702 --> 00:49:29,357
that he could have played
the tapes in the trial,
746
00:49:29,401 --> 00:49:32,795
then the next question he
would have asked Eichmann was,
747
00:49:32,839 --> 00:49:37,322
were you lying then
or are you lying now?
748
00:49:37,365 --> 00:49:40,368
With Hausner still unable to
get his hands on the tapes,
749
00:49:40,412 --> 00:49:42,980
he presses Eichmann
to admit to his culpability
750
00:49:43,023 --> 00:49:44,982
in the extermination
of the Jewish people.
751
00:49:48,202 --> 00:49:50,422
Here, on the tapes,
Eichmann clearly admits
752
00:49:50,465 --> 00:49:52,990
to the deceptive techniques
used by the Nazis
753
00:49:53,033 --> 00:49:56,384
to make the gas chambers appear
like innocent shower rooms.
754
00:49:59,622 --> 00:50:01,833
A brigadier general,
755
00:50:02,083 --> 00:50:04,085
he reported to me
756
00:50:04,544 --> 00:50:08,965
that they installed sprinklers
that looked like shower heads.
757
00:50:11,134 --> 00:50:12,760
This would be a shower room.
758
00:50:13,302 --> 00:50:16,889
And they would put in the idiots
and throw in cyanide.
759
00:50:23,846 --> 00:50:25,413
Still unable to get Eichmann
760
00:50:25,457 --> 00:50:27,198
to admit his guilt
in open court
761
00:50:27,241 --> 00:50:29,548
or locate the whereabouts
of the tapes,
762
00:50:29,591 --> 00:50:31,767
Hausner finds
another solution.
763
00:50:34,683 --> 00:50:36,859
He drops a bombshell
on the defense,
764
00:50:36,903 --> 00:50:39,819
shocking everyone
in the courtroom
765
00:50:39,862 --> 00:50:43,127
by miraculously introducing
copies of the actual transcripts
766
00:50:43,170 --> 00:50:45,955
that Sassen has made of his
interviews with Eichmann.
767
00:50:49,002 --> 00:50:51,004
GIDEON HAUSNER
I must inform the court
768
00:50:52,049 --> 00:50:56,262
that efforts were made
to procure the transcript.
769
00:50:58,556 --> 00:51:01,225
And we have it.
770
00:51:03,311 --> 00:51:05,229
Not from Life Magazine.
771
00:51:08,191 --> 00:51:09,942
Is it a copy or…?
772
00:51:10,026 --> 00:51:13,821
It's a transcription. It's not brief.
773
00:51:13,905 --> 00:51:16,282
It's several hundreds of pages.
774
00:51:16,616 --> 00:51:19,535
We do not have the tape, but…
775
00:51:20,369 --> 00:51:23,331
there are also remarks by Eichmann
776
00:51:24,749 --> 00:51:26,501
in his handwriting.
777
00:51:29,545 --> 00:51:32,673
What he called
778
00:51:33,216 --> 00:51:34,759
"side notes. "
779
00:51:35,222 --> 00:51:38,486
DEBORAH LIPSTADT The transcripts
of the tapes become available,
780
00:51:38,530 --> 00:51:41,185
and not just the transcripts,
but the transcripts
781
00:51:41,228 --> 00:51:44,579
with corrections
in Eichmann's handwriting.
782
00:51:46,668 --> 00:51:49,758
Because Sassen
transcribed the tapes,
783
00:51:49,802 --> 00:51:51,804
gave them to Eichmann
and said, "Go over them
784
00:51:51,847 --> 00:51:53,414
and see
if there's anything wrong. "
785
00:51:54,241 --> 00:51:56,852
And you have his corrections
in his handwriting.
786
00:51:57,940 --> 00:51:59,942
So this
was firsthand evidence.
787
00:52:02,423 --> 00:52:05,252
When you want to sell such
a document around the world,
788
00:52:05,296 --> 00:52:09,126
while everybody is talking about
the issue of Nazis on the run,
789
00:52:09,169 --> 00:52:12,999
it's not such a smart idea to put
thousands of pages in a heavy suitcase
790
00:52:13,042 --> 00:52:14,566
and take it for a trip.
791
00:52:16,437 --> 00:52:17,569
It's heavy!
792
00:52:20,137 --> 00:52:23,140
Nowadays, it can be
a PDF file on our cellphones,
793
00:52:23,183 --> 00:52:26,317
but in those days, it was
several kilos of luggage.
794
00:52:26,360 --> 00:52:29,058
Very noticeable,
large, and heavy.
795
00:52:31,539 --> 00:52:33,193
It could have been stolen.
796
00:52:33,237 --> 00:52:36,065
So Sassen did what
any smart person would do.
797
00:52:36,109 --> 00:52:38,981
He made copies, backup copies.
798
00:52:43,334 --> 00:52:46,989
That means
he simply took pictures.
799
00:52:47,033 --> 00:52:49,383
One of these copies
reaches Gideon Hausner,
800
00:52:49,427 --> 00:52:51,211
who never reveals
how he obtained
801
00:52:51,255 --> 00:52:53,170
the transcripts
of the Sassen recordings,
802
00:52:54,693 --> 00:52:56,825
taking the secret
to his grave.
803
00:52:58,653 --> 00:53:01,178
But we do know that Nazi
hunter Simon Wiesenthal
804
00:53:01,221 --> 00:53:03,310
was in touch with Hausner
during the trial
805
00:53:03,354 --> 00:53:06,313
and may have assisted
in procuring the evidence.
806
00:53:07,727 --> 00:53:12,398
In July 1945, I obtained from
the Jewish Agency
807
00:53:12,481 --> 00:53:16,110
a wanted notice against Adolf Eichmann
808
00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:23,075
that proved that he was the main culprit
for the mass murder of the Jews of Europe.
809
00:53:23,367 --> 00:53:27,413
After reading this notice
and other documents,
810
00:53:27,496 --> 00:53:31,042
Eichmann was also, in my eyes,
the murderer of my family.
811
00:53:35,908 --> 00:53:38,258
RENEÉ BIENERT Individuals
like Simon Wiesenthal
812
00:53:38,302 --> 00:53:42,262
made those former
Nazi criminals
813
00:53:43,089 --> 00:53:47,049
being concerned
and not sleeping well,
814
00:53:47,093 --> 00:53:49,138
fearing of being uncovered.
815
00:53:50,531 --> 00:53:54,231
I heard this story
that his landlady came
816
00:53:54,274 --> 00:53:56,972
and saw over his shoulder
817
00:53:57,016 --> 00:54:00,106
what documents
he has on his desk
818
00:54:00,149 --> 00:54:01,716
and there was
the name "Eichmann. "
819
00:54:02,587 --> 00:54:07,374
And she said, "Oh, Eichmann,
I know his parents.
820
00:54:07,418 --> 00:54:11,465
They have their Electricity
Store just around the corner. "
821
00:54:12,640 --> 00:54:16,688
Wiesenthal reveals that the transcripts
reached the Eichmann family in Linz.
822
00:54:22,650 --> 00:54:24,957
So Eichmann
was entitled to a copy,
823
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:28,743
and Sassen brought this copy
to Linz, to Eichmann's brother.
824
00:54:31,311 --> 00:54:35,054
And as far as we know,
he kept it in his desk,
825
00:54:35,097 --> 00:54:37,099
where it remained
for quite some time
826
00:54:38,144 --> 00:54:41,234
until it occurred to someone to
break into Robert Eichmann's house
827
00:54:41,278 --> 00:54:42,931
and steal the document.
828
00:54:48,763 --> 00:54:52,071
There's a possibility
that by this occasion
829
00:54:52,114 --> 00:54:54,813
Wiesenthal received
one of these copies
830
00:54:54,856 --> 00:54:58,991
since, I mean,
he was very well networked.
831
00:54:59,513 --> 00:55:01,994
You had
Eichmann's handwritten notes.
832
00:55:02,037 --> 00:55:03,648
You had 80 something pages,
833
00:55:03,691 --> 00:55:06,651
so it was obvious
that these were real.
834
00:55:06,694 --> 00:55:09,436
We didn't need tapes to
justify that they were real.
835
00:55:10,219 --> 00:55:13,222
MOSHE LANDAU
Mr. Hausner, when did the prosecution
obtain this document?
836
00:55:16,522 --> 00:55:17,940
Approximately…
837
00:55:19,025 --> 00:55:21,402
It's hard to say…
838
00:55:22,278 --> 00:55:23,529
it's hard to say.
839
00:55:24,864 --> 00:55:26,782
- It's hard-
- Because the question is
840
00:55:27,158 --> 00:55:29,410
what Your Honor calls the prosecution.
841
00:55:29,493 --> 00:55:32,830
If Your Honor is asking me
when I obtained it?
842
00:55:32,913 --> 00:55:33,748
Yes.
843
00:55:33,831 --> 00:55:39,670
It arrived only three weeks ago.
844
00:55:41,547 --> 00:55:43,883
But it arrived in Israel beforehand.
845
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:46,927
Please don't pressure me with questions.
846
00:55:49,911 --> 00:55:52,000
Hausner dodges the questions
847
00:55:52,044 --> 00:55:54,046
about how he got
the transcripts.
848
00:55:55,264 --> 00:55:58,529
The evasiveness is calculated
849
00:55:58,572 --> 00:56:01,749
As he begins to realize his
trial strategy may be starting
850
00:56:01,793 --> 00:56:04,361
to interfere with the secret
Israeli nuclear agenda.
851
00:56:15,502 --> 00:56:19,376
On the next episode of The Devil's
Confession: The Lost Eichmann Tapes...
852
00:56:19,419 --> 00:56:21,247
Can Eichmann and Servatsius
find a way
853
00:56:21,290 --> 00:56:23,380
to keep the transcripts
out of the trial
854
00:56:23,423 --> 00:56:25,817
or will the court allow them
to be admitted as evidence?
855
00:56:27,079 --> 00:56:30,299
Eichmann plays full risk
and is 100 percent sure
856
00:56:30,343 --> 00:56:32,040
that the tapes
will never be heard.
857
00:56:32,954 --> 00:56:36,610
Because he knows
what else is on these tapes.
858
00:56:36,654 --> 00:56:39,613
In the meantime, Hausner
makes the historic decision
859
00:56:39,657 --> 00:56:42,355
to call to the witness stand
Holocaust survivors...
860
00:56:42,399 --> 00:56:44,096
So they can
directly confront Eichmann
861
00:56:44,139 --> 00:56:46,054
with the horrors
he inflicted on them.
862
00:56:46,529 --> 00:56:48,864
They came from Lida -
the Germans.
863
00:56:48,948 --> 00:56:54,662
I turned my head,
he asked me whom to shoot first.
864
00:56:59,633 --> 00:57:03,550
As Hausner presses to get
the tapes, he suddenly is confronted
865
00:57:03,594 --> 00:57:06,727
with the ghost
of the Nuremberg trials.
866
00:57:06,771 --> 00:57:08,947
And even more secrets
that the Israeli government
867
00:57:08,990 --> 00:57:10,818
would rather keep buried
in the past.
868
00:57:14,431 --> 00:57:16,607
Gideon Hausner's
great fear
869
00:57:16,650 --> 00:57:21,046
was that quarrels amongst the
Jews would enter into this trial.
870
00:57:21,089 --> 00:57:23,788
As the trial continues,
will Hausner be able
871
00:57:23,831 --> 00:57:25,964
to overcome
these mounting obstacles?
67812
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