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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:09,206 --> 00:00:13,103 Birds that can escape disasters... 2 00:00:13,206 --> 00:00:15,655 days before they occur. 3 00:00:15,758 --> 00:00:18,172 And horses that actually have the ability 4 00:00:18,275 --> 00:00:20,689 to read our minds. 5 00:00:21,793 --> 00:00:24,103 Are humans really 6 00:00:24,206 --> 00:00:27,379 the kings of the animal kingdom? 7 00:00:27,482 --> 00:00:29,241 We'd like to believe we are. 8 00:00:29,344 --> 00:00:30,862 After all, we have language, 9 00:00:30,965 --> 00:00:33,689 create art... music... 10 00:00:33,793 --> 00:00:36,517 and have invented incredible technologies. 11 00:00:36,620 --> 00:00:38,482 But what about animals? 12 00:00:38,586 --> 00:00:41,620 Some of them have abilities that make us 13 00:00:41,724 --> 00:00:43,689 seem primitive by comparison. 14 00:00:43,793 --> 00:00:46,275 And not only don't we possess those abilities, 15 00:00:46,379 --> 00:00:48,724 we don't even understand how they work. 16 00:00:48,827 --> 00:00:51,068 Well, that is... 17 00:00:51,172 --> 00:00:53,724 what we'll try and find out. 18 00:00:53,827 --> 00:00:56,413 โ™ช 19 00:01:06,827 --> 00:01:08,793 For centuries, 20 00:01:08,896 --> 00:01:12,068 mankind has had a unique relationship with horses. 21 00:01:12,172 --> 00:01:16,000 A horse and its rider can often form a unique bond... 22 00:01:16,103 --> 00:01:18,551 so strong that they eventually become attuned 23 00:01:18,655 --> 00:01:20,448 to each other's wants and needs. 24 00:01:20,551 --> 00:01:23,137 And there are those, who like myself, 25 00:01:23,241 --> 00:01:25,310 spend so much time around horses 26 00:01:25,413 --> 00:01:27,827 that they start to ask themselves... 27 00:01:27,931 --> 00:01:30,275 can this animal 28 00:01:30,379 --> 00:01:34,482 actually read my mind? 29 00:01:36,034 --> 00:01:39,482 From the famed Mongol riders of Genghis Khan... 30 00:01:39,586 --> 00:01:43,482 to the charging cavalries of the American Civil War, 31 00:01:43,586 --> 00:01:48,137 horses have long been a powerful force in combat. 32 00:01:48,241 --> 00:01:51,344 Horses have a unique combination 33 00:01:51,448 --> 00:01:53,310 of strength and speed 34 00:01:53,413 --> 00:01:55,586 that we don't see in other animals. 35 00:01:55,689 --> 00:01:59,379 Their muscles are massive. 36 00:01:59,482 --> 00:02:01,931 The bones of the spine, along the back, 37 00:02:02,034 --> 00:02:04,586 the upper leg bones are fairly strong, 38 00:02:04,689 --> 00:02:08,724 so their super structure is pretty substantial. 39 00:02:08,827 --> 00:02:11,551 And the horse's heart and the horse's lungs 40 00:02:11,655 --> 00:02:13,551 are relatively large 41 00:02:13,655 --> 00:02:16,586 compared to other animals. 42 00:02:16,689 --> 00:02:18,724 So they are doing things 43 00:02:18,827 --> 00:02:21,620 that no other animal can do, 44 00:02:21,724 --> 00:02:24,344 because no other animal is built 45 00:02:24,448 --> 00:02:26,827 as big with such fine tolerance. 46 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:31,793 Horses, because they have these precocious physical abilities, 47 00:02:31,896 --> 00:02:34,724 become the central part of so many 48 00:02:34,827 --> 00:02:38,517 different empires' movement into history. 49 00:02:38,620 --> 00:02:41,344 In modern times, horses are associated 50 00:02:41,448 --> 00:02:45,000 with the Wild West frontier. 51 00:02:45,103 --> 00:02:48,000 They're associated with the indigenous peoples, 52 00:02:48,103 --> 00:02:49,379 who were master horsemen. 53 00:02:49,482 --> 00:02:50,827 And this is a good example of how 54 00:02:50,931 --> 00:02:53,965 horses and humans bond endlessly. 55 00:02:55,724 --> 00:02:57,551 SHATNER: But as people who train 56 00:02:57,655 --> 00:02:59,482 and ride horses will tell you, it isn't only 57 00:02:59,586 --> 00:03:01,931 the horse's strength and speed 58 00:03:02,034 --> 00:03:05,551 that makes it so unique. 59 00:03:05,655 --> 00:03:07,758 It is their incredible ability 60 00:03:07,862 --> 00:03:10,482 to form an almost psychic connection... 61 00:03:10,586 --> 00:03:12,724 with humans. 62 00:03:19,620 --> 00:03:23,275 The United States Marines unveil a statue 63 00:03:23,379 --> 00:03:25,482 dedicated to a Korean War hero 64 00:03:25,586 --> 00:03:28,655 who earned two Purple Hearts for her service. 65 00:03:28,758 --> 00:03:33,241 But this was no ordinary hero. 66 00:03:33,344 --> 00:03:34,862 This hero... 67 00:03:34,965 --> 00:03:38,620 - was a horse. - [applause and cheering] 68 00:03:38,724 --> 00:03:41,586 Sergeant Reckless was a Mongolian mare, 69 00:03:41,689 --> 00:03:44,827 who in the Korean War, became a legend. 70 00:03:44,931 --> 00:03:48,137 She would live in the infantry camp, 71 00:03:48,241 --> 00:03:50,137 and they would let her run free, 72 00:03:50,241 --> 00:03:51,551 and she would walk around. 73 00:03:51,655 --> 00:03:54,551 But then she became most notable 74 00:03:54,655 --> 00:03:57,448 because of the Battle of Outpost Vegas, 75 00:03:57,551 --> 00:04:00,448 where she made 51 unaccompanied trips 76 00:04:00,551 --> 00:04:02,241 to the front lines and back, 77 00:04:02,344 --> 00:04:05,862 carrying ammunition, carrying wounded soldiers back. 78 00:04:05,965 --> 00:04:09,137 And not being led by people. 79 00:04:09,241 --> 00:04:11,896 One of the special qualities she had was to become close 80 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:14,137 to the men, and she took many chances 81 00:04:14,241 --> 00:04:16,034 alone, without humans. 82 00:04:16,137 --> 00:04:19,655 It's one of the finest examples of the human-horse bond. 83 00:04:19,758 --> 00:04:22,000 She was very bonded to the individuals whom she was 84 00:04:22,103 --> 00:04:24,068 working with and thus went beyond the call of duty. 85 00:04:24,172 --> 00:04:26,275 And that is what makes her one of the great, 86 00:04:26,379 --> 00:04:28,551 great horses in history. 87 00:04:28,655 --> 00:04:33,034 SHATNER: A horse courageously charging into battle 88 00:04:33,137 --> 00:04:35,241 carrying wounded men on her back... 89 00:04:35,344 --> 00:04:37,448 by herself? 90 00:04:37,551 --> 00:04:40,241 And without a rider? 91 00:04:40,344 --> 00:04:43,724 Is it possible that Sergeant Reckless knew what she was 92 00:04:43,827 --> 00:04:47,206 needed to do because she could read the soldiers' minds? 93 00:04:47,310 --> 00:04:49,206 There are many horse owners and trainers who believe 94 00:04:49,310 --> 00:04:53,862 the notion is not as far-fetched as it sounds. 95 00:04:53,965 --> 00:04:58,000 A lot of people will say that horses mirror the people 96 00:04:58,103 --> 00:05:01,068 that they're with and I think there is a lot to that. 97 00:05:02,655 --> 00:05:04,413 Horses don't put themselves first. 98 00:05:04,517 --> 00:05:05,965 They put themselves 99 00:05:06,068 --> 00:05:08,034 as part of a group, as part of a... 100 00:05:08,137 --> 00:05:11,862 a group of horses or a group of horse riders. 101 00:05:11,965 --> 00:05:14,275 If a horse has a bond to the human, 102 00:05:14,379 --> 00:05:17,724 the horse is constantly getting communication from the human, 103 00:05:17,827 --> 00:05:20,620 whether it's our heartbeat racing, 104 00:05:20,724 --> 00:05:24,275 whether it's our facial expressions, 105 00:05:24,379 --> 00:05:26,620 whether it's our breath. 106 00:05:26,724 --> 00:05:30,793 They're very sensitive to their environment and to verbal cues. 107 00:05:30,896 --> 00:05:34,827 And so that may be why people thought it was telepathic 108 00:05:34,931 --> 00:05:37,827 at that time because they weren't aware 109 00:05:37,931 --> 00:05:40,896 of the sensitivity of a horse to its environment. 110 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:43,448 And in the sensitivity of a horse to pick up 111 00:05:43,551 --> 00:05:46,068 on the cues that humans give off. 112 00:05:46,172 --> 00:05:50,310 SHATNER: Was Sergeant Reckless guided by training? 113 00:05:50,413 --> 00:05:51,965 Instinct? 114 00:05:52,068 --> 00:05:54,586 Or some kind of strange telepathy? 115 00:05:54,689 --> 00:05:56,793 In her case, we may never know, 116 00:05:56,896 --> 00:06:00,551 as Reckless passed away in 1968. 117 00:06:00,655 --> 00:06:04,896 And although urbanization has made interaction between horses 118 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:08,724 and humans an increasingly rare occurrence, 119 00:06:08,827 --> 00:06:11,586 there is at least one area where the unique bond 120 00:06:11,689 --> 00:06:15,896 between the two species can be more closely investigated... 121 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,482 JOAN BLANK: That's really good. 122 00:06:17,586 --> 00:06:18,862 SHATNER: ...equine therapy. 123 00:06:18,965 --> 00:06:20,655 You're very thorough. 124 00:06:20,758 --> 00:06:22,068 I love it. 125 00:06:22,172 --> 00:06:24,034 [laughs] 126 00:06:24,137 --> 00:06:27,000 I describe equine therapy as a way 127 00:06:27,103 --> 00:06:30,551 to use horses to help people 128 00:06:30,655 --> 00:06:34,275 that need physical 129 00:06:34,379 --> 00:06:38,137 or emotional assistance. 130 00:06:38,241 --> 00:06:40,275 There you go, perfect. 131 00:06:40,379 --> 00:06:42,689 When a human adult, for example, is in a stress situation, 132 00:06:42,793 --> 00:06:44,689 horses know this. 133 00:06:44,793 --> 00:06:49,000 Horses are excellent at securing our trust. 134 00:06:49,103 --> 00:06:51,689 And in a therapy situation, that is ideal for letting 135 00:06:51,793 --> 00:06:53,827 the human begin to express himself or herself 136 00:06:53,931 --> 00:06:55,724 - as much as possible. - Now throw your leg over. 137 00:06:55,827 --> 00:07:00,379 And like a cowboy, perfect! 138 00:07:00,482 --> 00:07:05,103 SHATNER: Today, 15% of United States military veterans 139 00:07:05,206 --> 00:07:10,172 return home with post-traumatic stress disorder, known as PTSD. 140 00:07:10,275 --> 00:07:15,103 Symptoms may include everything from insomnia to psychosis. 141 00:07:15,206 --> 00:07:21,000 Fortunately, organizations such as Dream Catcher of Los Angeles 142 00:07:21,103 --> 00:07:23,827 have proven effective at using equine therapy 143 00:07:23,931 --> 00:07:26,068 to ease a veteran's too often 144 00:07:26,172 --> 00:07:29,655 difficult transition back to normal life. 145 00:07:29,758 --> 00:07:31,068 BLANK: Bring your hands forward. 146 00:07:31,172 --> 00:07:32,413 There you go. 147 00:07:32,517 --> 00:07:34,379 - Walk on. - BLANK: All right! 148 00:07:34,482 --> 00:07:38,000 So Dream Catcher got started about 11 years ago. 149 00:07:38,103 --> 00:07:40,896 What I thought would be maybe one or two horses 150 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:44,137 became ten and at one point 12, 151 00:07:44,241 --> 00:07:48,724 and serving over 200 people a-a week. 152 00:07:48,827 --> 00:07:51,862 And with veterans that come to us 153 00:07:51,965 --> 00:07:55,413 with severe trauma, PTSD. 154 00:07:55,517 --> 00:07:57,620 Walk, walk on. 155 00:07:57,724 --> 00:08:00,103 BLANK: There you go! 156 00:08:00,206 --> 00:08:03,896 The horrors of war never leave you. 157 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:06,620 For me, it was a combat PTSD. 158 00:08:06,724 --> 00:08:09,655 I used to have really vivid nightmares. 159 00:08:09,758 --> 00:08:12,620 I had some substance abuses years ago. 160 00:08:12,724 --> 00:08:15,068 I was lost. 161 00:08:15,172 --> 00:08:17,068 ABBIE JOHNSON: When I got out of the military, 162 00:08:17,172 --> 00:08:19,310 Dream Catcher was the first place I saw, 163 00:08:19,413 --> 00:08:22,000 and they welcomed me with open arms. 164 00:08:22,103 --> 00:08:25,517 It was probably one of the first times 165 00:08:25,620 --> 00:08:28,206 since I got out that I felt like I could trust somebody, 166 00:08:28,310 --> 00:08:30,862 even if it was a thousand-pound horse. 167 00:08:30,965 --> 00:08:33,655 I started out with Tristan 168 00:08:33,758 --> 00:08:36,172 and he just understood me. 169 00:08:36,275 --> 00:08:37,482 We clicked. 170 00:08:37,586 --> 00:08:40,000 I think he knew that I could 171 00:08:40,103 --> 00:08:41,655 barely be outside by myself 172 00:08:41,758 --> 00:08:43,620 without looking behind my back. 173 00:08:43,724 --> 00:08:47,000 We started off brushing the horses and cleaning them up and 174 00:08:47,103 --> 00:08:49,931 I feel more pleased around the horses. 175 00:08:50,034 --> 00:08:51,689 I feel like I can be a little more relaxed, 176 00:08:51,793 --> 00:08:55,068 'cause apparently when you're a little stressed about it, 177 00:08:55,172 --> 00:08:58,000 they tend to sense that emotion and perhaps also be 178 00:08:58,103 --> 00:09:00,000 just as tense, if not more. 179 00:09:00,103 --> 00:09:01,482 Whoa! 180 00:09:03,206 --> 00:09:06,724 I feel like we've created some type of little bond. 181 00:09:06,827 --> 00:09:08,103 Good job. 182 00:09:08,206 --> 00:09:10,827 Good boy. 183 00:09:10,931 --> 00:09:13,551 The thing about equine therapy horses 184 00:09:13,655 --> 00:09:14,965 that makes them so good at it, 185 00:09:15,068 --> 00:09:18,551 they're tremendous at picking up cues 186 00:09:18,655 --> 00:09:20,103 that we're not even aware of. 187 00:09:20,206 --> 00:09:23,620 Horses have a very wide range of vision, 188 00:09:23,724 --> 00:09:25,241 so they can pick up 189 00:09:25,344 --> 00:09:28,586 in a 270-degree field around them. 190 00:09:28,689 --> 00:09:34,275 But they'll also note how that being is approaching them. 191 00:09:34,379 --> 00:09:36,586 If it's calm or if it's aggressive, 192 00:09:36,689 --> 00:09:37,793 if it's moving quick. 193 00:09:37,896 --> 00:09:40,034 They'll hear, they'll listen. 194 00:09:40,137 --> 00:09:42,137 They'll turn their ears towards whatever it is 195 00:09:42,241 --> 00:09:45,206 to try to pick up sounds. 196 00:09:45,310 --> 00:09:46,758 Thank you for letting me ride you. 197 00:09:46,862 --> 00:09:49,000 I appreciate you. 198 00:09:49,103 --> 00:09:50,586 Did you want to kiss me? 199 00:09:50,689 --> 00:09:52,965 You want to get close? 200 00:09:53,068 --> 00:09:55,413 PAGE: We've been shot at, blown up, 201 00:09:55,517 --> 00:09:57,586 screamed at. 202 00:09:57,689 --> 00:10:00,172 Seen dying brothers and sisters. 203 00:10:00,275 --> 00:10:03,931 I've seen horses take chances on some veterans 204 00:10:04,034 --> 00:10:07,103 that I knew were in some 205 00:10:07,206 --> 00:10:09,724 very questionable psychological states... 206 00:10:09,827 --> 00:10:11,551 Josie, how you doing? 207 00:10:11,655 --> 00:10:14,586 PAGE: ...so I have to say that might be 208 00:10:14,689 --> 00:10:16,965 God's divinity on how He allows 209 00:10:17,068 --> 00:10:19,965 these animals to interact with us. 210 00:10:20,068 --> 00:10:21,862 WALDAU: They read our body language, 211 00:10:21,965 --> 00:10:24,413 and often know what we're feeling before we do. 212 00:10:24,517 --> 00:10:26,758 They know when we're tense, they know when we're relaxing, 213 00:10:26,862 --> 00:10:29,000 they know when we're breathing differently. 214 00:10:29,103 --> 00:10:30,931 So in a colloquial sense we'd say, 215 00:10:31,034 --> 00:10:33,655 "Yes, they can read our mind." 216 00:10:33,758 --> 00:10:35,931 SHATNER: Horses... 217 00:10:36,034 --> 00:10:37,551 reading our minds? 218 00:10:37,655 --> 00:10:41,551 Anticipating our needs by sensing our emotions? 219 00:10:41,655 --> 00:10:45,172 Could such a profound notion even be possible? 220 00:10:45,275 --> 00:10:49,034 Perhaps the answer can be found in examining how one animal 221 00:10:49,137 --> 00:10:51,724 in particular can possess 222 00:10:51,827 --> 00:10:53,931 the ability to know when a human 223 00:10:54,034 --> 00:10:56,379 is dangerously ill... 224 00:10:56,482 --> 00:10:58,413 before they do. 225 00:11:08,724 --> 00:11:10,172 SHATNER: 47-year-old Stephanie Herfel 226 00:11:10,275 --> 00:11:12,586 experiences a sharp pain in her lower abdomen. 227 00:11:12,689 --> 00:11:15,034 She rushes to the hospital, 228 00:11:15,137 --> 00:11:18,310 where doctors perform a series of emergency tests. 229 00:11:18,413 --> 00:11:20,620 A few anxious hours later, 230 00:11:20,724 --> 00:11:22,724 Stephanie receives her diagnosis. 231 00:11:22,827 --> 00:11:25,758 She has a cyst on her ovaries. 232 00:11:25,862 --> 00:11:28,896 According to the doctors, it is completely harmless. 233 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:31,034 She's sent home with a prescription 234 00:11:31,137 --> 00:11:34,000 for pain medication and told to rest. 235 00:11:34,103 --> 00:11:38,344 But unbeknownst to both Stephanie and her doctors 236 00:11:38,448 --> 00:11:39,965 is a disturbing fact: 237 00:11:40,068 --> 00:11:45,137 her condition is far more serious than anyone knows. 238 00:11:45,241 --> 00:11:49,379 I thought, I'll be back to normal, living my normal life, 239 00:11:49,482 --> 00:11:51,793 and that just was not the case. 240 00:11:51,896 --> 00:11:55,551 - [Sierra sniffing] - My Siberian husky Sierra 241 00:11:55,655 --> 00:11:58,517 put her nose on my belly very intently, 242 00:11:58,620 --> 00:12:00,000 - and I scolded her. - [Sierra whines] 243 00:12:00,103 --> 00:12:03,896 And she went and hid in the back closet. 244 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:08,310 And just the expression on her face really touched at my heart. 245 00:12:08,413 --> 00:12:10,655 There was some sort of connection 246 00:12:10,758 --> 00:12:14,137 between the two of us that was happening in that moment. 247 00:12:14,241 --> 00:12:17,896 And I thought, "Well, maybe I need to follow up 248 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:21,758 with a doctor just to make sure everything's okay with me." 249 00:12:21,862 --> 00:12:25,068 SHATNER: It was a decision that would save Stephanie's life, 250 00:12:25,172 --> 00:12:28,137 because after she underwent more tests, 251 00:12:28,241 --> 00:12:30,379 it was determined that what was originally thought 252 00:12:30,482 --> 00:12:31,724 to be a benign cyst 253 00:12:31,827 --> 00:12:35,724 was actually stage 3 ovarian cancer. 254 00:12:35,827 --> 00:12:39,586 It was just a kind of a numbing particular moment 255 00:12:39,689 --> 00:12:42,241 in my life and very, very dark. 256 00:12:42,344 --> 00:12:43,965 And I just kept thinking 257 00:12:44,068 --> 00:12:47,034 about what Sierra had just done for me. 258 00:12:47,137 --> 00:12:49,827 DAVID KUSHNER: Unfortunately, with ovarian cancer, 259 00:12:49,931 --> 00:12:53,275 the symptoms are really subtle, and they go on for months. 260 00:12:53,379 --> 00:12:55,448 So, oftentimes, people will go from doctor to doctor 261 00:12:55,551 --> 00:12:58,241 to doctor and not get this diagnosed. 262 00:12:58,344 --> 00:13:01,172 In her case, that was really shortened by the fact 263 00:13:01,275 --> 00:13:04,655 that her dog had noticed something wrong. 264 00:13:04,758 --> 00:13:06,896 SHATNER: Stephanie immediately 265 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:08,896 began lifesaving treatment 266 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,034 that put her cancer into remission. 267 00:13:11,137 --> 00:13:12,862 But how was it 268 00:13:12,965 --> 00:13:16,068 that Sierra was able to detect Stephanie's cancer 269 00:13:16,172 --> 00:13:19,551 when experienced doctors using sophisticated labs 270 00:13:19,655 --> 00:13:22,655 and advanced equipment missed it? 271 00:13:24,482 --> 00:13:28,586 Dogs have an incredible sense of smell, far beyond the human. 272 00:13:28,689 --> 00:13:31,862 They can detect down to parts per trillion. 273 00:13:31,965 --> 00:13:33,931 So what's parts per trillion? 274 00:13:34,034 --> 00:13:36,310 If us humans can detect a spoonful of sugar 275 00:13:36,413 --> 00:13:39,586 in a cup of tea, a dog would be able to detect the equivalent 276 00:13:39,689 --> 00:13:41,689 in the volume of water held 277 00:13:41,793 --> 00:13:44,413 in two Olympic-sized swimming pools. 278 00:13:44,517 --> 00:13:47,551 Over the last ten to 15 years, we've understood more 279 00:13:47,655 --> 00:13:50,344 and more about cancer, and the fact that it has 280 00:13:50,448 --> 00:13:52,862 its own unique smell of disease. 281 00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:54,862 So what we believe and understand 282 00:13:54,965 --> 00:13:56,827 is that dogs are finding 283 00:13:56,931 --> 00:13:59,965 different volatile organic compounds-- VOCs-- 284 00:14:00,068 --> 00:14:02,862 that are associated with these disease changes. 285 00:14:02,965 --> 00:14:05,413 TRAVIS TAYLOR: Volatile organic compounds, 286 00:14:05,517 --> 00:14:08,206 often called VOC-- V.O.C.-- 287 00:14:08,310 --> 00:14:11,551 are organic molecules that, in a gaseous form, can make you 288 00:14:11,655 --> 00:14:13,137 pass out or make you sick. 289 00:14:13,241 --> 00:14:15,965 It could even be deadly, depending on which VOC it is. 290 00:14:16,068 --> 00:14:18,827 And a pet could certainly smell that. 291 00:14:18,931 --> 00:14:21,241 SHATNER: For Stephanie, it didn't matter 292 00:14:21,344 --> 00:14:24,827 where Sierra's cancer-detecting ability came from. 293 00:14:24,931 --> 00:14:27,206 She was just grateful that it worked. 294 00:14:27,310 --> 00:14:28,965 RUPERT SHELDRAKE: It's hard to understand 295 00:14:29,068 --> 00:14:32,103 how Sierra could have done this, because 296 00:14:32,206 --> 00:14:34,413 you can train dogs to detect cancer, 297 00:14:34,517 --> 00:14:36,655 but you have to tell them what cancer smells like 298 00:14:36,758 --> 00:14:38,172 in the first place. 299 00:14:38,275 --> 00:14:41,000 And how Sierra could have known that this 300 00:14:41,103 --> 00:14:43,482 was cancer, compared with all the other smells 301 00:14:43,586 --> 00:14:47,896 that every human body emits is very hard to know. 302 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:50,758 There's another level of things we don't understand, 303 00:14:50,862 --> 00:14:53,724 and I think that Sierra is tapping into that. 304 00:14:53,827 --> 00:14:56,620 - I love you. - [whines] 305 00:14:56,724 --> 00:14:58,448 I love you. 306 00:14:58,551 --> 00:15:01,310 If it wasn't for what she did, I wouldn't be here today. 307 00:15:02,758 --> 00:15:04,206 SHATNER: What allowed an untrained dog 308 00:15:04,310 --> 00:15:09,379 like Sierra to detect potentially fatal cancers? 309 00:15:09,482 --> 00:15:13,827 Was it her sense of smell, as many scientists believe? 310 00:15:13,931 --> 00:15:16,000 Or could it have been an even more powerful 311 00:15:16,103 --> 00:15:19,310 and mysterious sixth sense, 312 00:15:19,413 --> 00:15:22,517 something humans don't currently understand? 313 00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:25,482 Perhaps the answer can be found in the extraordinary way 314 00:15:25,586 --> 00:15:29,620 a dog remained psychically connected to its owner 315 00:15:29,724 --> 00:15:32,862 long after its owner's death. 316 00:15:39,793 --> 00:15:43,241 SHATNER: For the past six years, John Gray has patrolled 317 00:15:43,344 --> 00:15:47,965 the city's cold, lamplit streets as a night watchman. 318 00:15:48,068 --> 00:15:50,275 And every night, on his rounds, he's been joined 319 00:15:50,379 --> 00:15:52,241 by an extraordinarily faithful companion: 320 00:15:52,344 --> 00:15:56,724 - a Skye terrier named "Bobby." - [barking] 321 00:15:56,827 --> 00:15:59,551 TONY BROONFORD: Round about 1856, 322 00:15:59,655 --> 00:16:02,965 John Gray, or as he was affectionally known in town, 323 00:16:03,068 --> 00:16:05,413 "Auld Jock," uh, must have got a little dog, 324 00:16:05,517 --> 00:16:07,896 a Skye terrier which would accompany him round about, 325 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:10,517 on his beat, so to speak, as he walked about town. 326 00:16:11,931 --> 00:16:13,758 ROGER EDWARDS: And over the years, 327 00:16:13,862 --> 00:16:15,896 they became inseparable companions, 328 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:17,758 devoted to each other. 329 00:16:17,862 --> 00:16:21,689 After a few years, sadly, John Gray died, 330 00:16:21,793 --> 00:16:24,241 and he was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard. 331 00:16:25,379 --> 00:16:27,275 BROONFORD: Now Bobby was a very 332 00:16:27,379 --> 00:16:29,137 loyal dog, and Bobby 333 00:16:29,241 --> 00:16:31,413 decided to stay at his master's grave 334 00:16:31,517 --> 00:16:33,275 here in Greyfriars Kirkyard. 335 00:16:33,379 --> 00:16:36,137 The groundskeepers were quite annoyed by this, 336 00:16:36,241 --> 00:16:38,172 and they did try to chase him away a few times. 337 00:16:38,275 --> 00:16:41,551 However, he was a determined little dog and stayed here. 338 00:16:41,655 --> 00:16:43,724 Bobby became very famous in town. 339 00:16:43,827 --> 00:16:45,827 People used to come and try and watch him, 340 00:16:45,931 --> 00:16:48,862 nicknaming him "Greyfriars Bobby," 341 00:16:48,965 --> 00:16:51,137 and Bobby stayed at his master's grave 342 00:16:51,241 --> 00:16:54,344 for 14 years, until eventually, he passed away, 343 00:16:54,448 --> 00:16:57,206 and is now buried in this very graveyard. 344 00:16:58,724 --> 00:17:00,724 EDWARDS: What was the bond 345 00:17:00,827 --> 00:17:02,517 between John Gray and Bobby 346 00:17:02,620 --> 00:17:05,827 that made this dog sit on the grave for so long? 347 00:17:05,931 --> 00:17:07,310 You would think that a dog 348 00:17:07,413 --> 00:17:09,793 that lost its master might actually, 349 00:17:09,896 --> 00:17:11,896 after a few days, maybe after a few weeks, 350 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,172 run off and find somewhere else to live. 351 00:17:14,275 --> 00:17:18,931 But something drew Bobby back to his master's grave. 352 00:17:20,517 --> 00:17:23,000 They always say that dogs are incredibly perceptive, 353 00:17:23,103 --> 00:17:25,482 and they can see and hear things that humans can't. 354 00:17:25,586 --> 00:17:29,034 I actually like to think that Greyfriars Bobby, 355 00:17:29,137 --> 00:17:32,172 when he sat on the grave, could actually see 356 00:17:32,275 --> 00:17:34,827 maybe the spiritual form of his master. 357 00:17:34,931 --> 00:17:36,724 And that was what was keeping him there 358 00:17:36,827 --> 00:17:38,448 on the grave for so many years. 359 00:17:38,551 --> 00:17:40,379 CHARMAIN LEITCH: When I first heard the story 360 00:17:40,482 --> 00:17:42,689 of Greyfriars Bobby, I was really touched by it. 361 00:17:42,793 --> 00:17:46,275 I think I saw Greyfriars Bobby as a member of the family. 362 00:17:46,379 --> 00:17:48,068 It was quite a heartwarming story 363 00:17:48,172 --> 00:17:50,310 that the dog was still loyal to its owner 364 00:17:50,413 --> 00:17:53,000 even though the owner had passed away. 365 00:17:54,172 --> 00:17:56,344 SHATNER: If dogs are able 366 00:17:56,448 --> 00:17:59,275 to smell cancer and see the dead, 367 00:17:59,379 --> 00:18:02,172 could they also have other senses 368 00:18:02,275 --> 00:18:05,137 that we're only just beginning to discover? 369 00:18:05,241 --> 00:18:08,068 There are both dog owners and scientists alike 370 00:18:08,172 --> 00:18:11,965 who believe the answer is "yes." 371 00:18:12,068 --> 00:18:14,344 And they also insist that we are surrounded 372 00:18:14,448 --> 00:18:17,655 by animals who possess abilities 373 00:18:17,758 --> 00:18:21,586 that are even more incredible. 374 00:18:30,758 --> 00:18:32,586 SHATNER: Marine biologist Nan Hauser 375 00:18:32,689 --> 00:18:34,551 is diving in an area 376 00:18:34,655 --> 00:18:37,586 filled with migrating groups of humpback whales. 377 00:18:37,689 --> 00:18:40,000 - [whale vocalizes] - She's in the middle 378 00:18:40,103 --> 00:18:44,137 of collecting routine data about these whales 379 00:18:44,241 --> 00:18:47,241 when an enormous shape swims toward her from the depths. 380 00:18:49,931 --> 00:18:52,551 HAUSER: It was just another day out on the water. 381 00:18:52,655 --> 00:18:55,586 I saw the two whales, and one of them, 382 00:18:55,689 --> 00:18:58,103 I started to swim towards a little bit, 383 00:18:58,206 --> 00:19:01,241 and he started to swim towards me, which was fine. 384 00:19:01,344 --> 00:19:03,931 I thought he was just going to go past me. 385 00:19:05,379 --> 00:19:06,965 But he didn't go past me. 386 00:19:07,068 --> 00:19:09,793 He came right up against me. 387 00:19:12,275 --> 00:19:15,275 Right up to the point where I put my hand out, 388 00:19:15,379 --> 00:19:16,862 not to touch him, 389 00:19:16,965 --> 00:19:20,896 but to push myself away from him. 390 00:19:22,931 --> 00:19:24,827 SHATNER: The gigantic humpback-- 391 00:19:24,931 --> 00:19:27,241 estimated to be around 50 feet long-- 392 00:19:27,344 --> 00:19:29,965 began to nudge Hauser 393 00:19:30,068 --> 00:19:31,551 with its nose. 394 00:19:31,655 --> 00:19:34,758 It pushed her with its enormous pectoral fins, 395 00:19:34,862 --> 00:19:37,206 and even rolled her on its belly, 396 00:19:37,310 --> 00:19:41,655 before finally turning over to bring Hauser to the surface. 397 00:19:41,758 --> 00:19:45,689 [Hauser laughs] 398 00:19:45,793 --> 00:19:48,172 HAUSER: Next thing I know, I'm sitting on his head. 399 00:19:48,275 --> 00:19:50,620 I'm thinking, "Okay, what's he gonna do?" 400 00:19:50,724 --> 00:19:52,310 If he goes like that, I'm dead. 401 00:19:52,413 --> 00:19:55,241 If he takes his pec fin, if he takes his tail fluke. 402 00:19:55,344 --> 00:19:56,793 [water gurgling] 403 00:19:56,896 --> 00:19:58,931 And you have to remember, we're talking 404 00:19:59,034 --> 00:20:01,896 about an animal that's the size of a school bus. 405 00:20:04,103 --> 00:20:06,482 I sort of, just gently tried to get away, 406 00:20:06,586 --> 00:20:08,137 but he won't let me get away. 407 00:20:08,241 --> 00:20:09,724 So I'm on his head, 408 00:20:09,827 --> 00:20:12,206 and he flips over, and at this point, I'm on his chin. 409 00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:16,827 And, um, I'm thinking I'm gonna get away, but he... 410 00:20:16,931 --> 00:20:18,482 Nope, he turns right around, 411 00:20:18,586 --> 00:20:21,896 and he keeps trying to tuck me under his pectoral fin. 412 00:20:25,379 --> 00:20:28,827 He had his eye next to me 413 00:20:28,931 --> 00:20:31,206 over and over and over again. 414 00:20:31,310 --> 00:20:35,586 That was the most intense part of the entire encounter. 415 00:20:35,689 --> 00:20:38,793 There's a word in the English 416 00:20:38,896 --> 00:20:40,793 language called "opia," 417 00:20:40,896 --> 00:20:43,655 and it's when you stare into someone's eye, 418 00:20:43,758 --> 00:20:47,275 and you feel an emotion that's very strong. 419 00:20:47,379 --> 00:20:49,689 Well, this was an emotion 420 00:20:49,793 --> 00:20:54,275 of curiosity and love, and... 421 00:20:54,379 --> 00:20:57,000 it looked like he was trying to tell me something. 422 00:20:58,655 --> 00:21:00,448 SHATNER: After about ten minutes, 423 00:21:00,551 --> 00:21:04,103 the whale swam off, allowing Hauser to return to her boat. 424 00:21:04,206 --> 00:21:08,413 And that's when Hauser realized why the humpback may have taken 425 00:21:08,517 --> 00:21:10,103 such a strong interest in her. 426 00:21:12,793 --> 00:21:14,896 WOMAN: Well, come on the boat. 427 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,379 It never occurred to me that he was pushing me away 428 00:21:17,482 --> 00:21:18,655 from potential danger. 429 00:21:18,758 --> 00:21:20,896 SHATNER: Growing to nearly 20 feet 430 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:22,896 and weighing as much as a ton, 431 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:25,862 tiger sharks are one of the most feared predators in the ocean, 432 00:21:25,965 --> 00:21:27,517 and for good reason. 433 00:21:27,620 --> 00:21:29,206 Since 2010, 434 00:21:29,310 --> 00:21:31,551 experts believe tiger sharks have been responsible 435 00:21:31,655 --> 00:21:34,379 for nearly two dozen human attacks, 436 00:21:34,482 --> 00:21:36,965 ten of which were fatal. 437 00:21:37,068 --> 00:21:40,379 Is it possible the presence of a tiger shark 438 00:21:40,482 --> 00:21:44,068 motivated the whale's interaction with Hauser? 439 00:21:44,172 --> 00:21:48,172 Was it trying to save her life? 440 00:21:48,275 --> 00:21:50,103 She was tail slapping, 441 00:21:50,206 --> 00:21:53,448 and I looked, and it was undoubtedly 442 00:21:53,551 --> 00:21:55,586 a big, fat tiger shark 443 00:21:55,689 --> 00:21:57,586 coming right for me. 444 00:21:57,689 --> 00:21:59,551 [excited chatter] 445 00:21:59,655 --> 00:22:01,862 [laughter] 446 00:22:01,965 --> 00:22:04,827 I'm sorry. I love you, too. 447 00:22:04,931 --> 00:22:07,448 I love you, too. I do. 448 00:22:07,551 --> 00:22:09,827 I love you. 449 00:22:09,931 --> 00:22:11,172 Humpback whales have 450 00:22:11,275 --> 00:22:14,103 a very strong antipredator response 451 00:22:14,206 --> 00:22:17,758 in which they try to protect their young from predators. 452 00:22:17,862 --> 00:22:21,551 And there have been a number of documented cases 453 00:22:21,655 --> 00:22:22,827 all around the world 454 00:22:22,931 --> 00:22:25,517 of humpbacks not only trying to protect 455 00:22:25,620 --> 00:22:26,896 their own young 456 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,034 but actually protecting other species. 457 00:22:30,137 --> 00:22:33,241 There's many cases where whales and dolphins 458 00:22:33,344 --> 00:22:36,000 will actually rescue humans from shark attacks and drownings 459 00:22:36,103 --> 00:22:37,655 and other things like that. 460 00:22:37,758 --> 00:22:39,586 There's an interesting story in New Zealand 461 00:22:39,689 --> 00:22:41,310 where a group of lifeguards 462 00:22:41,413 --> 00:22:45,034 were actually approached by a great white shark. 463 00:22:46,586 --> 00:22:49,034 And a pod of dolphins 464 00:22:49,137 --> 00:22:51,620 came in and actually formed a protective ring 465 00:22:51,724 --> 00:22:54,827 around the lifeguards to protect them. 466 00:22:54,931 --> 00:22:57,413 The question is why would they be motivated to do this? 467 00:22:57,517 --> 00:23:00,793 ABRAHMS We don't know why that behavior exists, 468 00:23:00,896 --> 00:23:03,000 but there are a number of different hypotheses. 469 00:23:03,103 --> 00:23:07,448 One of those hypotheses is that it's altruism. 470 00:23:09,620 --> 00:23:12,241 SHATNER: Altruism? Could that be 471 00:23:12,344 --> 00:23:16,034 what compels whales, dolphins and other sea creatures 472 00:23:16,137 --> 00:23:19,103 to come to the aid of humans? 473 00:23:19,206 --> 00:23:20,862 If true, 474 00:23:20,965 --> 00:23:25,827 it almost sounds like something a human would do. 475 00:23:25,931 --> 00:23:30,379 This animal was telling me by the look in his eye 476 00:23:30,482 --> 00:23:33,241 to let him protect me. 477 00:23:33,344 --> 00:23:36,034 This animal pushed me back to the boat 478 00:23:36,137 --> 00:23:38,344 and made sure I was on board. 479 00:23:43,310 --> 00:23:45,689 WHITEHEAD: The interesting thing about whales 480 00:23:45,793 --> 00:23:47,206 is that they're highly intelligent, 481 00:23:47,310 --> 00:23:49,344 and there's a lot of commonality 482 00:23:49,448 --> 00:23:51,689 being demonstrated in modern research 483 00:23:51,793 --> 00:23:53,896 between whales and humans. 484 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:55,896 Could it be that we should start thinking 485 00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:59,206 about these animals as a level 486 00:23:59,310 --> 00:24:03,172 of personhood in a way that could be given to them? 487 00:24:05,206 --> 00:24:07,034 TOK THOMPSON: If you do something nice, 488 00:24:07,137 --> 00:24:08,758 it's a humane thing to do. 489 00:24:08,862 --> 00:24:11,758 Uh, but what happens when a dolphin does something nice? 490 00:24:11,862 --> 00:24:12,827 Is it still a humane thing to do? 491 00:24:12,931 --> 00:24:14,241 Is that a word we should use? 492 00:24:14,344 --> 00:24:16,586 Or is it more of a dolphin thing to do? 493 00:24:16,689 --> 00:24:18,620 ABRAHMS: There was a really interesting study 494 00:24:18,724 --> 00:24:20,000 that was done a few years ago 495 00:24:20,103 --> 00:24:21,793 that demonstrated that killer whales 496 00:24:21,896 --> 00:24:24,586 learned to vocalize with bottlenose dolphins 497 00:24:24,689 --> 00:24:28,241 in order to interact with them, which suggests that some animals 498 00:24:28,344 --> 00:24:31,310 can learn to develop the language of other species 499 00:24:31,413 --> 00:24:34,482 in order to facilitate social interactions. 500 00:24:34,586 --> 00:24:37,965 THOMPSON: The idea of learning another species' language 501 00:24:38,068 --> 00:24:40,517 is just cutting-edge in academic thought. 502 00:24:40,620 --> 00:24:42,862 And yet other species have been doing this 503 00:24:42,965 --> 00:24:44,482 for presumably millions of years. 504 00:24:44,586 --> 00:24:46,758 Science is becoming aware 505 00:24:46,862 --> 00:24:50,172 that animals are much more thoughtful, 506 00:24:50,275 --> 00:24:52,655 inventive and have much more of an inner life 507 00:24:52,758 --> 00:24:55,586 than we ever gave them credit for. 508 00:24:58,068 --> 00:25:00,034 SHATNER: We humans have always perceived ourselves 509 00:25:00,137 --> 00:25:03,344 to be separate from the rest of the animal kingdom. 510 00:25:03,448 --> 00:25:05,758 We like to think we are intelligent, 511 00:25:05,862 --> 00:25:08,310 noble, righteous and moral 512 00:25:08,413 --> 00:25:11,655 in ways that animals are not. 513 00:25:11,758 --> 00:25:13,103 [Hauser laughs] 514 00:25:13,206 --> 00:25:15,965 And yet does the story of Nan Hauser's encounter 515 00:25:16,068 --> 00:25:19,655 with a humpback whale indicate otherwise? 516 00:25:19,758 --> 00:25:23,862 Perhaps a clue can be found by examining an animal 517 00:25:23,965 --> 00:25:26,275 that not only has an incredible homing sense 518 00:25:26,379 --> 00:25:30,586 but also has the ability to anticipate disaster 519 00:25:30,689 --> 00:25:33,620 before it happens. 520 00:25:39,517 --> 00:25:40,758 In many cultures, 521 00:25:40,862 --> 00:25:42,310 the appearance of a certain type of bird 522 00:25:42,413 --> 00:25:43,965 at a specific time 523 00:25:44,068 --> 00:25:47,241 can signify either good or bad things to come. 524 00:25:47,344 --> 00:25:49,655 And while this may seem like a far-fetched notion 525 00:25:49,758 --> 00:25:52,206 that belongs in the realm of folklore, 526 00:25:52,310 --> 00:25:54,586 one group of scientists recently discovered 527 00:25:54,689 --> 00:25:56,793 that some birds actually have the ability 528 00:25:56,896 --> 00:26:01,241 to warn us of natural disasters before they happen. 529 00:26:08,172 --> 00:26:12,344 University of Toledo biologist Dr. Henry Streby and his team 530 00:26:12,448 --> 00:26:13,931 are studying a species of songbird 531 00:26:14,034 --> 00:26:16,689 called golden-winged warblers. 532 00:26:17,689 --> 00:26:20,620 It's well-known that the tiny birds, 533 00:26:20,724 --> 00:26:22,344 small as your thumb, 534 00:26:22,448 --> 00:26:23,758 migrate thousands of miles 535 00:26:23,862 --> 00:26:27,310 to the Tennessee forests every year to mate. 536 00:26:27,413 --> 00:26:30,827 But no one could figure out where they went afterward. 537 00:26:30,931 --> 00:26:34,689 So the scientists devise a way 538 00:26:34,793 --> 00:26:36,448 to track them. 539 00:26:36,551 --> 00:26:38,793 STREBY: We were trying to determine 540 00:26:38,896 --> 00:26:41,241 why these birds had to move. 541 00:26:41,344 --> 00:26:44,413 But when you have an animal that's only nine grams, 542 00:26:44,517 --> 00:26:46,034 a GPS unit is too heavy. 543 00:26:46,137 --> 00:26:48,965 So we needed a very tiny tracking device 544 00:26:49,068 --> 00:26:50,827 called a light-level geolocator 545 00:26:50,931 --> 00:26:52,482 that these golden-winged warblers 546 00:26:52,586 --> 00:26:54,310 can carry throughout their entire migration 547 00:26:54,413 --> 00:26:56,103 for a year. 548 00:26:56,206 --> 00:27:01,034 All they are is a computer chip and a battery and a light sensor 549 00:27:01,137 --> 00:27:04,344 that can estimate approximately where you are on the Earth. 550 00:27:05,586 --> 00:27:07,413 SHATNER: Dr. Streby and his team 551 00:27:07,517 --> 00:27:10,482 started tracking the birds when they arrived in Tennessee 552 00:27:10,586 --> 00:27:12,344 at the beginning of their mating season, 553 00:27:12,448 --> 00:27:16,379 which is supposed to last for at least a month. 554 00:27:16,482 --> 00:27:19,965 But when they analyzed the birds' location data, 555 00:27:20,068 --> 00:27:23,034 they realized that something strange had happened. 556 00:27:23,137 --> 00:27:24,586 STREBY: These birds were settling 557 00:27:24,689 --> 00:27:26,068 into their breeding season 558 00:27:26,172 --> 00:27:28,896 for two weeks and then just left. 559 00:27:29,793 --> 00:27:32,724 That was unheard of. 560 00:27:32,827 --> 00:27:34,620 And then the question was why? 561 00:27:34,724 --> 00:27:36,689 We noticed this pattern 562 00:27:36,793 --> 00:27:38,793 where it seemed as if they had backtracked 563 00:27:38,896 --> 00:27:41,931 to the Gulf Coast and even on to Cuba. 564 00:27:42,034 --> 00:27:44,655 And being good, skeptical scientists, 565 00:27:44,758 --> 00:27:46,724 we thought, "Okay, how did we mess up?" 566 00:27:46,827 --> 00:27:48,206 So we started ruling out 567 00:27:48,310 --> 00:27:50,758 all these possible errors in our analysis. 568 00:27:50,862 --> 00:27:52,655 We went through and meticulously checked 569 00:27:52,758 --> 00:27:54,344 each data point, 570 00:27:54,448 --> 00:27:59,034 and we couldn't find anything that explained 571 00:27:59,137 --> 00:28:00,689 why these birds seem to have moved. 572 00:28:00,793 --> 00:28:04,344 SHATNER: The warblers had mysteriously interrupted 573 00:28:04,448 --> 00:28:07,379 their mating season after only two weeks 574 00:28:07,482 --> 00:28:10,551 to make a quick trip almost a thousand miles south, 575 00:28:10,655 --> 00:28:13,551 only to return five days later 576 00:28:13,655 --> 00:28:15,724 as if nothing had happened. 577 00:28:15,827 --> 00:28:19,206 Dr. Streby and his team were dumbfounded. 578 00:28:19,310 --> 00:28:20,413 Until they discovered 579 00:28:20,517 --> 00:28:24,103 that the birds knew something that they didn't. 580 00:28:24,206 --> 00:28:26,137 We remembered that during that time, 581 00:28:26,241 --> 00:28:28,206 roughly in the middle of when the birds were gone, 582 00:28:28,310 --> 00:28:30,655 a massive storm system 583 00:28:30,758 --> 00:28:33,000 from off the coast of the Carolinas 584 00:28:33,103 --> 00:28:35,448 blew through Central United States. 585 00:28:35,551 --> 00:28:37,103 And that's when we realized, 586 00:28:37,206 --> 00:28:38,827 aha, that's why they did this. 587 00:28:40,862 --> 00:28:45,172 SHATNER: On April 27, a massive storm system 588 00:28:45,275 --> 00:28:48,137 swept through Tennessee and the surrounding states. 589 00:28:48,241 --> 00:28:52,551 More than 80 tornadoes touched down in the region, 590 00:28:52,655 --> 00:28:55,344 killing 35 people and causing 591 00:28:55,448 --> 00:28:58,000 $1 billion in damage. 592 00:28:59,172 --> 00:29:00,482 But amazingly, 593 00:29:00,586 --> 00:29:03,655 the golden warblers were already on their way south, 594 00:29:03,758 --> 00:29:05,344 having left two days before the storms 595 00:29:05,448 --> 00:29:06,758 hit their mating area. 596 00:29:06,862 --> 00:29:09,448 And, as if that wasn't incredible enough, 597 00:29:09,551 --> 00:29:11,413 when the warblers fled, 598 00:29:11,517 --> 00:29:14,689 meteorologists hadn't even identified yet 599 00:29:14,793 --> 00:29:16,310 the oncoming storm. 600 00:29:16,413 --> 00:29:18,758 Now, the storm system has yet to form. 601 00:29:18,862 --> 00:29:20,827 The atmospheric pressure hasn't changed. 602 00:29:20,931 --> 00:29:22,206 The temperature hasn't changed. 603 00:29:22,310 --> 00:29:26,000 So what is occurring that tells these birds 604 00:29:26,103 --> 00:29:28,068 that they shouldn't be there? 605 00:29:29,758 --> 00:29:32,413 We've done a lot of research, but one thing we know for sure 606 00:29:32,517 --> 00:29:34,482 is that there's far more that we don't know 607 00:29:34,586 --> 00:29:36,103 than there is that we do know. 608 00:29:36,206 --> 00:29:40,896 Birds see in a much different wavelength than we do. 609 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:43,344 They see all of our visual wavelengths, 610 00:29:43,448 --> 00:29:45,655 and they also see in a tetrahedral color space, 611 00:29:45,758 --> 00:29:48,000 which is impossible to show a human, 612 00:29:48,103 --> 00:29:51,241 but it's sort of a fourth dimension of color. 613 00:29:51,344 --> 00:29:54,862 Birds seem to have evolved to see better than us 614 00:29:54,965 --> 00:29:57,103 and hear better than us. 615 00:29:57,206 --> 00:29:59,551 All of this adding up to this incredible ability 616 00:29:59,655 --> 00:30:02,310 to navigate the planet. 617 00:30:02,413 --> 00:30:04,793 SHATNER: As the storm started gathering 618 00:30:04,896 --> 00:30:06,620 thousands of miles away, 619 00:30:06,724 --> 00:30:09,068 according to one theory, the birds 620 00:30:09,172 --> 00:30:11,482 may have literally been listening in 621 00:30:11,586 --> 00:30:12,896 by detecting what is known 622 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:15,344 as infrasound. 623 00:30:15,448 --> 00:30:17,689 MICHAEL DENNIN: Infrasound is fairly simple to understand. 624 00:30:17,793 --> 00:30:19,379 It's just sound that has a lower frequency 625 00:30:19,482 --> 00:30:20,931 than we as humans can hear. 626 00:30:21,034 --> 00:30:23,931 But there's no reason to assume that birds 627 00:30:24,034 --> 00:30:26,517 wouldn't be able to detect it in various ways. 628 00:30:26,620 --> 00:30:30,931 It's such a low vibration, they might just simply detect it 629 00:30:31,034 --> 00:30:32,827 literally in their body. 630 00:30:32,931 --> 00:30:35,448 KIRSTEN FISHER: Infrasound waves can travel 631 00:30:35,551 --> 00:30:36,965 very far distances, 632 00:30:37,068 --> 00:30:40,034 so the vortices of strong tornadoes would generate 633 00:30:40,137 --> 00:30:41,862 these very low frequency sound waves 634 00:30:41,965 --> 00:30:44,655 that animals could detect and potentially respond to. 635 00:30:44,758 --> 00:30:48,206 TAYLOR: We have instruments that can detect infrasound, 636 00:30:48,310 --> 00:30:50,655 and we haven't seen this infrasound phenomena 637 00:30:50,758 --> 00:30:52,413 two days before a tornado. 638 00:30:52,517 --> 00:30:55,482 I think there's something else at play here 639 00:30:55,586 --> 00:30:57,827 that is, as of yet, unexplained. 640 00:30:57,931 --> 00:31:01,068 SHATNER: While it's possible that infrasound 641 00:31:01,172 --> 00:31:02,655 might have alerted the birds, 642 00:31:02,758 --> 00:31:04,344 other scientists have suggested 643 00:31:04,448 --> 00:31:06,862 that they were listening to something else entirely: 644 00:31:06,965 --> 00:31:10,000 nature itself. 645 00:31:11,379 --> 00:31:13,137 FISHER: Within the last probably 20 years or so, 646 00:31:13,241 --> 00:31:16,241 we've really opened up a whole new understanding 647 00:31:16,344 --> 00:31:17,586 of the way that plants communicate 648 00:31:17,689 --> 00:31:18,655 with their neighbors. 649 00:31:18,758 --> 00:31:20,103 So, a plant that's being eaten 650 00:31:20,206 --> 00:31:22,448 by an herbivore-- say, a caterpillar-- 651 00:31:22,551 --> 00:31:25,206 will actually emit chemical signals into the air 652 00:31:25,310 --> 00:31:27,413 that warn other plants in the vicinity 653 00:31:27,517 --> 00:31:29,551 to beef up their defenses. 654 00:31:29,655 --> 00:31:31,689 And it also sends chemical signals 655 00:31:31,793 --> 00:31:34,241 to wasps or other predators 656 00:31:34,344 --> 00:31:36,931 to come and attack the caterpillars. 657 00:31:37,034 --> 00:31:38,517 And presumably, those messages 658 00:31:38,620 --> 00:31:42,275 might be propagated across plants for some distance. 659 00:31:42,379 --> 00:31:46,413 So there's a lot of intricate communication webs going on. 660 00:31:47,965 --> 00:31:49,517 STREBY: It seems very unlikely 661 00:31:49,620 --> 00:31:51,965 that it was just a coincidence, and these birds 662 00:31:52,068 --> 00:31:53,413 moved out of the way and got lucky. 663 00:31:53,517 --> 00:31:58,172 So it isn't completely impossible to think 664 00:31:58,275 --> 00:32:02,275 the plants could be receiving some signal from far away, 665 00:32:02,379 --> 00:32:05,482 and their response to that is picked up 666 00:32:05,586 --> 00:32:08,068 by the birds as kind of a passive communication. 667 00:32:08,172 --> 00:32:13,344 But until we can ask the birds themselves, 668 00:32:13,448 --> 00:32:16,310 parts of this are just going to remain unexplained. 669 00:32:16,413 --> 00:32:19,275 SHATNER: If the golden-winged warblers 670 00:32:19,379 --> 00:32:23,517 are any indication, perhaps we should pay closer attention 671 00:32:23,620 --> 00:32:27,448 when a flock of birds is headed towards the horizon. 672 00:32:27,551 --> 00:32:32,586 Or when encountering an animal that most of us assume is just 673 00:32:32,689 --> 00:32:35,103 a playful and cuddly feline, 674 00:32:35,206 --> 00:32:37,482 but who some believe 675 00:32:37,586 --> 00:32:41,586 is the most intelligent and cunning of all. 676 00:32:50,068 --> 00:32:51,448 SHATNER: They lurk in the shadows, 677 00:32:51,551 --> 00:32:53,448 waiting to strike. 678 00:32:53,551 --> 00:32:55,655 [growling] 679 00:32:55,758 --> 00:32:58,655 Creatures so mysterious, 680 00:32:58,758 --> 00:33:00,931 they were once worshipped 681 00:33:01,034 --> 00:33:03,137 as gods. 682 00:33:05,241 --> 00:33:07,931 Across history, you can see a certain series of patterns 683 00:33:08,034 --> 00:33:10,000 with regard to human attitude towards cats. 684 00:33:10,103 --> 00:33:14,931 By far, the most distinctive example is Ancient Egypt, 685 00:33:15,034 --> 00:33:17,586 which started early and continued for thousands of years 686 00:33:17,689 --> 00:33:21,000 to foreground the importance of cats. 687 00:33:21,103 --> 00:33:23,896 The initial push of cats as domestic creatures did seem 688 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,793 to spread out of Egypt and the Middle East. 689 00:33:26,896 --> 00:33:29,206 And so, throughout the world today, 690 00:33:29,310 --> 00:33:31,482 all cats, even if they have different genetics 691 00:33:31,586 --> 00:33:33,689 of wild cats in different areas of the world, 692 00:33:33,793 --> 00:33:36,517 they also share that genetic commonality 693 00:33:36,620 --> 00:33:39,379 that traces right back to ancient Egyptian cats 694 00:33:39,482 --> 00:33:43,482 that were represented to the Egyptians as the goddess Bastet. 695 00:33:43,586 --> 00:33:46,482 WALDAU: Bastet was an ancient god, 696 00:33:46,586 --> 00:33:48,620 but as always happens with images of God, 697 00:33:48,724 --> 00:33:50,655 Bastet's image is going to change. 698 00:33:50,758 --> 00:33:55,103 Bastet starts out as a fierce lioness, 699 00:33:55,206 --> 00:33:58,172 later becomes the protector of the king, 700 00:33:58,275 --> 00:34:02,103 later becomes the guide in the afterlife. 701 00:34:02,206 --> 00:34:04,275 Moving forward into the Middle Ages, 702 00:34:04,379 --> 00:34:06,000 we shift that perspective 703 00:34:06,103 --> 00:34:08,827 to now being more associated perhaps with devils, 704 00:34:08,931 --> 00:34:12,620 where there's an image more of being a trickster, 705 00:34:12,724 --> 00:34:15,965 or some might even call sort of a shape-shifter. 706 00:34:16,068 --> 00:34:17,862 Europe had associations of cats 707 00:34:17,965 --> 00:34:21,517 with many different kinds of negative powers. 708 00:34:21,620 --> 00:34:22,931 [rain pouring] 709 00:34:23,034 --> 00:34:25,448 They were known to be secretive, 710 00:34:25,551 --> 00:34:27,000 or with people who had power thought 711 00:34:27,103 --> 00:34:30,620 to be used in a negative way for humans. 712 00:34:30,724 --> 00:34:32,103 So, for this reason, 713 00:34:32,206 --> 00:34:34,482 there were times where churches condemned cats. 714 00:34:34,586 --> 00:34:35,896 There were times when people 715 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,965 rebelled against cats and massacred them. 716 00:34:40,068 --> 00:34:41,896 PACHEL: When we see this attribution 717 00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:43,551 of shape-shifting, or their ability 718 00:34:43,655 --> 00:34:45,620 to be so incredibly secretive, 719 00:34:45,724 --> 00:34:49,068 my brain goes back to those inherent qualities 720 00:34:49,172 --> 00:34:52,827 that allow cats to be successful in their wild environment. 721 00:34:54,517 --> 00:34:56,931 Cats are incredible predators. 722 00:34:57,034 --> 00:34:58,965 The amount of muscle control that they have 723 00:34:59,068 --> 00:35:01,103 and their ability to move through a variety 724 00:35:01,206 --> 00:35:04,793 of environments with almost a silence about them 725 00:35:04,896 --> 00:35:09,034 really is about them being able to sneak up 726 00:35:09,137 --> 00:35:11,068 - in an undetected way. - [pigeon coos] 727 00:35:11,172 --> 00:35:13,551 Either getting close enough to launch an attack 728 00:35:13,655 --> 00:35:15,206 or to remain still enough 729 00:35:15,310 --> 00:35:18,965 that they're undetected prior to that attack. 730 00:35:19,068 --> 00:35:20,551 [purring] 731 00:35:20,655 --> 00:35:22,068 SHATNER: Today, cats are thought of more 732 00:35:22,172 --> 00:35:24,862 as pampered pets than as primal hunters. 733 00:35:24,965 --> 00:35:28,758 Unlike dogs, they resist training, 734 00:35:28,862 --> 00:35:31,551 and behave more as if they are not your pet, 735 00:35:31,655 --> 00:35:34,379 but that you are theirs. 736 00:35:34,482 --> 00:35:38,482 Nevertheless, the bond between cats and humans has proven 737 00:35:38,586 --> 00:35:40,586 to be stronger and more astounding 738 00:35:40,689 --> 00:35:42,793 - than previously thought. - [mews] 739 00:35:42,896 --> 00:35:46,620 Especially when examining their eerie ability 740 00:35:46,724 --> 00:35:48,896 to track down their human owners 741 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:51,068 across hundreds of miles. 742 00:35:54,241 --> 00:35:56,931 LOYD AUERBACH: There was this case in 1949. 743 00:35:57,034 --> 00:35:58,931 The cat's name was "Clementine Jones." 744 00:35:59,034 --> 00:36:02,965 The family moved from Western New York to Denver. 745 00:36:03,068 --> 00:36:05,206 They couldn't take the cat with them. 746 00:36:05,310 --> 00:36:07,172 They left the cat with some friends, 747 00:36:07,275 --> 00:36:09,551 and they got a call a while later 748 00:36:09,655 --> 00:36:11,862 that the cat had disappeared. 749 00:36:11,965 --> 00:36:15,034 Four months later, 750 00:36:15,137 --> 00:36:17,758 this cat showed up at their door. 751 00:36:17,862 --> 00:36:20,068 It was their cat. 752 00:36:20,172 --> 00:36:23,551 That's a 1,600-mile commute for that cat. 753 00:36:25,896 --> 00:36:28,896 SHATNER: 1,600 miles in four months? 754 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,793 It seems nothing short of miraculous. 755 00:36:31,896 --> 00:36:34,689 And yet, there have long been stories 756 00:36:34,793 --> 00:36:37,655 of cats traversing vast distances, 757 00:36:37,758 --> 00:36:40,172 and we don't know how they do it. 758 00:36:40,275 --> 00:36:42,137 PACHEL: When I think of a story 759 00:36:42,241 --> 00:36:44,965 where a cat has traveled an incredible distance, 760 00:36:45,068 --> 00:36:48,172 in order to go from point A to point B, 761 00:36:48,275 --> 00:36:51,241 lots of questions come to mind for me as a scientist. 762 00:36:51,344 --> 00:36:53,724 Is there a scent trail, essentially, 763 00:36:53,827 --> 00:36:55,620 that they're following that allows them 764 00:36:55,724 --> 00:36:57,344 to navigate that space? 765 00:36:58,517 --> 00:37:00,655 And do they have that ability 766 00:37:00,758 --> 00:37:02,517 to create that mental map? 767 00:37:04,655 --> 00:37:07,137 FISHER: We know cats potentially 768 00:37:07,241 --> 00:37:09,482 have other types of navigational capacities, too, 769 00:37:09,586 --> 00:37:11,206 that we don't even know about 770 00:37:11,310 --> 00:37:14,137 that sort of hearken back to their ancient ancestors who 771 00:37:14,241 --> 00:37:15,862 maybe need to roam great distances 772 00:37:15,965 --> 00:37:17,793 in order to hunt, for example, 773 00:37:17,896 --> 00:37:19,655 and home their way back to their den. 774 00:37:21,172 --> 00:37:23,586 DEBRA HORWITZ: Some people posit 775 00:37:23,689 --> 00:37:27,068 that cats are somehow attuned into the electromagnetic 776 00:37:27,172 --> 00:37:30,758 field of the Earth that birds use for navigation. 777 00:37:30,862 --> 00:37:32,620 [birds singing] 778 00:37:34,137 --> 00:37:36,034 SHELDRAKE: There are all sorts of theories. 779 00:37:36,137 --> 00:37:38,482 The magnetism one's the most popular, 780 00:37:38,586 --> 00:37:40,137 but that can't explain it. 781 00:37:42,689 --> 00:37:44,137 If you were given a compass 782 00:37:44,241 --> 00:37:46,379 and taken to a place you'd never been before, 783 00:37:46,482 --> 00:37:48,896 the compass would tell you where north was, 784 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,482 but it wouldn't tell you where home was. 785 00:37:51,586 --> 00:37:54,758 So, homing animals, including this cat, 786 00:37:54,862 --> 00:37:58,517 require more than a magnetical compass sense. 787 00:38:00,724 --> 00:38:03,517 AUERBACH: We think the animal is using their ESP 788 00:38:03,620 --> 00:38:07,206 to trail where the family actually went to. 789 00:38:07,310 --> 00:38:09,551 That's called "psi-trailing." 790 00:38:09,655 --> 00:38:13,137 "Psi" is the catchall term we use for any psychic experience. 791 00:38:13,241 --> 00:38:16,517 Psi-trailing typically happens where there's an animal 792 00:38:16,620 --> 00:38:18,965 that has a real close connection with the family, 793 00:38:19,068 --> 00:38:20,965 and it's possible 794 00:38:21,068 --> 00:38:23,448 that the animal saw the path in front of her 795 00:38:23,551 --> 00:38:26,137 and followed that path. 796 00:38:26,241 --> 00:38:29,206 PACHEL: There's a lot of unknowns around cats. 797 00:38:29,310 --> 00:38:30,931 Is there a psychic connection that exists 798 00:38:31,034 --> 00:38:32,655 between cats and their owners, 799 00:38:32,758 --> 00:38:35,000 and there's a-a magnetism that's there that's drawing 800 00:38:35,103 --> 00:38:36,965 that cat in? 801 00:38:37,068 --> 00:38:40,137 It's entirely possible. 802 00:38:40,241 --> 00:38:42,517 SHATNER: Until cats can talk to us themselves, 803 00:38:42,620 --> 00:38:47,103 we may never know exactly what lies behind their eyes. 804 00:38:47,206 --> 00:38:49,655 Perhaps it's time to rethink our place 805 00:38:49,758 --> 00:38:52,379 in the natural order of things 806 00:38:52,482 --> 00:38:55,586 and to look to animals as inspiration 807 00:38:55,689 --> 00:38:58,620 for how we can evolve. 808 00:39:08,689 --> 00:39:11,206 SHATNER: Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's 809 00:39:11,310 --> 00:39:14,517 Center for Bits and Atoms announce the creation 810 00:39:14,620 --> 00:39:17,586 of an innovative new device dubbed: 811 00:39:17,689 --> 00:39:20,275 "the nano-nose." 812 00:39:20,379 --> 00:39:22,000 It is touted as being able 813 00:39:22,103 --> 00:39:24,655 to identify scents millions of times fainter 814 00:39:24,758 --> 00:39:27,103 than can be detected by humans. 815 00:39:27,206 --> 00:39:31,758 And this extraordinary piece of technology was invented 816 00:39:31,862 --> 00:39:36,655 by reverse engineering the inside of a dog's nose. 817 00:39:36,758 --> 00:39:39,034 HOROWITZ: Dogs are macrosmatic. 818 00:39:39,137 --> 00:39:42,344 In other words, they can smell bigger molecules than we can, 819 00:39:42,448 --> 00:39:45,379 and their sense of smell is probably about a thousand 820 00:39:45,482 --> 00:39:49,241 to a hundred million times more sensitive than ours. 821 00:39:49,344 --> 00:39:52,103 GUEST: So it's not impossible 822 00:39:52,206 --> 00:39:56,000 that within the next ten years, our phones may be able 823 00:39:56,103 --> 00:39:59,620 to detect cancer in the way that dogs can currently do. 824 00:39:59,724 --> 00:40:01,551 SHATNER: In other labs, 825 00:40:01,655 --> 00:40:03,793 scientists are developing next-generation robots 826 00:40:03,896 --> 00:40:06,827 than can walk, jump and run just like 827 00:40:06,931 --> 00:40:10,310 the fastest and most agile animals on Earth. 828 00:40:10,413 --> 00:40:13,000 The abilities of humans pale 829 00:40:13,103 --> 00:40:17,241 in comparison to these animal-emulating machines. 830 00:40:19,517 --> 00:40:22,241 But even so, 831 00:40:22,344 --> 00:40:25,689 these incredible inventions can only scratch the surface 832 00:40:25,793 --> 00:40:30,551 of what real animals can do. 833 00:40:30,655 --> 00:40:32,137 Humans really are just animals, I think, 834 00:40:32,241 --> 00:40:34,655 that have lost a lot of their other sensory 835 00:40:34,758 --> 00:40:38,620 abilities in favor of cognition and higher thought. 836 00:40:38,724 --> 00:40:40,517 I think we are totally out of tune 837 00:40:40,620 --> 00:40:42,482 with a lot of the sensory information 838 00:40:42,586 --> 00:40:45,793 that animals are able to tap into. 839 00:40:45,896 --> 00:40:47,931 HOROWITZ: I look forward to the future 840 00:40:48,034 --> 00:40:52,034 as we learn more about how they interact with us, and 841 00:40:52,137 --> 00:40:53,724 I think there's a deeper connection 842 00:40:53,827 --> 00:40:55,172 between us and animals 843 00:40:55,275 --> 00:40:57,724 that we don't even really understand yet. 844 00:40:57,827 --> 00:41:00,689 THOMPSON: We've been taught so long 845 00:41:00,793 --> 00:41:03,206 that we are sort of the pinnacle of evolution, as if 846 00:41:03,310 --> 00:41:04,827 evolution was just for us. 847 00:41:04,931 --> 00:41:06,827 And in fact, many of our mythologies 848 00:41:06,931 --> 00:41:08,827 and creation stories reinforce this vision 849 00:41:08,931 --> 00:41:12,551 that the world is built for us. 850 00:41:12,655 --> 00:41:14,620 And yet, are those stories true? 851 00:41:14,724 --> 00:41:18,827 Now that we're becoming more and more aware of how close we are 852 00:41:18,931 --> 00:41:21,068 connected to all these other organisms 853 00:41:21,172 --> 00:41:23,379 and how much of a part we all are of each other, 854 00:41:23,482 --> 00:41:25,896 it causes to reassess this notion 855 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:28,896 that we are somehow separate from the rest of life. 856 00:41:33,448 --> 00:41:36,413 Whether it's birds 857 00:41:36,517 --> 00:41:39,517 fleeing an unseen danger, 858 00:41:39,620 --> 00:41:44,724 or dogs sensing illness, or aquatic animals 859 00:41:44,827 --> 00:41:46,965 risking their lives to protect humans from predators, 860 00:41:47,068 --> 00:41:49,379 animals possess incredible abilities 861 00:41:49,482 --> 00:41:51,655 that make us look like, uh, 862 00:41:51,758 --> 00:41:54,413 well, animals. 863 00:41:54,517 --> 00:41:57,000 So, what are we to make of it? 864 00:41:57,103 --> 00:41:59,344 Perhaps animals are here to keep us humble 865 00:41:59,448 --> 00:42:03,068 by reminding us that there are an amazing number of things 866 00:42:03,172 --> 00:42:05,413 about them that will remain... 867 00:42:05,517 --> 00:42:07,689 unexplained. 67543

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