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Kosutnjak Park,
outside the Serbian capital, Belgrade.
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In May 1914, a Bosnian student,
Gavrilo Princip,
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came here with a Browning pistol
for some target practice.
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Princip was 19 years old.
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According to his instructor,
he was not a very good shot.
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Other students were much more confident.
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Whenever Princip missed the target,
people standing around would laugh at him.
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That would drive him to tears.
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Out of sight in the forest,
he had a chance to get his eye in, shooting at trees.
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His ultimate goal was far more ambitious.
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I am an adherent of the radical anarchist idea,
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which aims at destroying the present system
through terrorism.
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In 1914, Princip's wish was granted.
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The First World War began almost by accident.
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It ended just as strangely.
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In between, it was more destructive
than any war had ever been.
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More British, French and Italian soldiers died
in the First World War than died in the Second.
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It was the first genuinely global conflict,
fought not just on the fields of France and Flanders,
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but up mountains, across deserts,
at sea and in the air.
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The First World War shaped the 20th century.
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It sparked the Russian Revolution.
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It launched America as a world power.
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The fault lines from its failed peace settlement
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led the world to a second terrible war
barely 20 years later,
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then to the Cold War.
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But the ideas the men of 1914 fought for
still shape our world today:
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nationalism and democracy, the rule of international law,
and the rights of nations.
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Now, after the collapse of Communism,
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the European map resembles the one redrawn
by the First World War.
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We live with its unresolved,
bitter consequences:
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in the Middle East and the Balkans.
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And it was in the Balkans that it all began,
nearly a hundred years ago.
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At the start of the 20th century,
as at its close,
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the Balkans were the most unstable part of Europe.
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Here, three great empires
fought for power and influence:
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the Austro-Hungarian,
the Russian and the Ottoman.
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For hundreds of years,
the Ottoman Turks had the upper hand.
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Serbia, Bosnia, Albania,
were under their control.
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They built over 80 mosques in Serbian Belgrade.
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But by the 1900s, only this one was left.
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Serbia had thrown the Turks out
and set herself up as an independent Slav kingdom.
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But right on Serbia's border
was an even greater challenge to Slav nationalism:
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the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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The old Turks of the south have gone.
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But new enemies come from the north,
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more fearsome and dangerous than the old.
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They want to take our freedom
and our language from us and crush us.
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Gavrilo Princip was born in a poor,
mountainous part of Bosnia.
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His house was destroyed
in the Balkan wars of the 1990s.
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His initials, carved in 1909,
are one of the few signs he ever lived here.
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The year before,
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control of Bosnia had been wrested
from the Turks by the Austro-Hungarians,
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the enemy Princip wanted to destroy.
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His particular target was the heir
to the Austro-Hungarian throne,
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Franz Ferdinand,
member of the ruling family, the Hapsburgs.
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That extraordinary empire known
as the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy,
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is less an empire or a kingdom or a state,
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than the personal property of the Hapsburgs,
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whose hereditary talent for the acquisition of land
is recorded on the map of Europe today.
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The Empire was ruled by Franz Ferdinand's uncle,
Franz Joseph.
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He sat on two thrones,
as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
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By 1914, he'd been in charge for 66 years.
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He'd spent them trying to resist change of any kind.
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Hardly ever seen out of military uniform,
he hated the idea of political reform.
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As he told US President Theodore Roosevelt,
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You see in me the last European monarch
of the old school.
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Austria-Hungary was a key part of European security,
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a multi-national empire
keeping the peace on the borders of the West.
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The capital, Vienna, was one
of the great cosmopolitan centres of Europe.
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This was the Empire that produced
Freud and Mahler, Schiele, Kafka and Strauss.
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It contained at least ten different nationalities.
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Not just Austrians and Hungarians,
but Czechs, Slovaks,
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Poles, Romanians, Italians, Croats and Bosnians.
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A guide was prepared by the British Foreign Office,
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to help work out who was who.
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Teutons anti-Slav, vigorous and unpleasant...
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manly and patriotic, very tall big noses.
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Slovaks, ignorant but artistic.
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Ruthenes, savage and ignorant but musical.
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Czechs, energetic, forceful, intensely national.
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But it was also an empire in a state of constant crisis.
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Pols all for Polish independence.
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Bosnian Serbs Pro-Yugoslav.
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Italians anti-Austrian.
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In all the Empire,
only the Hungarians and Austrians had any real power,
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and the Hungarians refused to share it with the rest.
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For countries like Serbia,
Austria-Hungary was the prison of nations,
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a repressive, undemocratic state,
that ground small peoples under its heel.
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In 1905, there were
nationalist demonstrations in Vienna.
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In 1912, there was rioting in Budapest.
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By 1914, there had been ethnic unrest
in nearly every part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Local parliaments were suspended,
troops brought in to restore order.
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Austria-Hungary's domestic problems
gave opportunities to her enemies.
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Serbia wanted the break-up of the Empire.
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She welcomed national unrest,
particularly in Croatia and Bosnia.
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Backed by Slav Russia, Serbia saw herself
as the only independent hope
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for Slavs living under foreign rule in the Balkans.
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She wanted to unite them
into a single South Slav state: Yugoslavia.
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00:09:46,574 --> 00:09:50,886
Dragutin Dimitrijevic
was an officer in the Serbian Army.
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He opposed any kind of friendship with Austria.
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The blind surrender to Austria's embrace
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was a most shameful betrayal of Serbian traditions.
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I realised that Serbia must in full measure
become the leader, not only of Serbs,
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but of Yugoslavia.
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Dimitrijevic believed killing kings
could bring political change.
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It had worked for him in the past.
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In 1903 he led a palace revolution,
killing the old King of Serbia,
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who was too close to Austria for the army's liking,
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and installing a new one.
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The crowds expressed enormous joy.
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They stuck flowers and leaves in their caps.
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Windows were decorated with banners,
flowers garlands.
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Belgrade was celebrating!
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00:10:47,734 --> 00:10:51,488
The rest of the world was horrified
at Serbia's bloody coup.
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Serbia was treated like a rogue state:
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"a nest of revolutionaries",
one Foreign Minister complained.
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Only two countries sent ambassadors
to King Peter's coronation:
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Russia, Serbia's greatest ally,
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and Austria, her greatest enemy.
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Dimitrijevic was also one
of the founding members of the Black Hand,
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a secret military society that used terrorism
and assassination to try and establish Yugoslavia.
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He is said to have sent men to murder Austro-Hungarian
military leaders and cabinet ministers.
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He allegedly tried to kill Emperor Franz Joseph.
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One saw him nowhere,
yet one knew that he was doing everything.
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By the spring of 1914,
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Gavrilo Princip was also in Belgrade,
talking revolution with his friends.
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Then the Young Bosnians heard
that Archduke Franz Ferdinand would visit Sarajevo in June.
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Here was their chance to match deeds to words.
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Luckily for them, their plans reached the ears
of Dimitrijevic and the Black Hand.
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Dimitrijevic worked in the
Kalemegdan Fortress in Belgrade,
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as Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence.
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In the spring of 1914, Major Voja Tankosic,
also in the Black Hand,
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walked into his office with a question.
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I've got some Bosnian youths pestering me.
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These kids want to pull off
some "great deed" at any cost.
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They've heard that Franz Ferdinand
is coming to Bosnia
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and have begged me to let them go there.
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What do you say?
I have told them they cannot go,
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but they give me no peace.
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Franz Ferdinand was going to Bosnia
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to observe the Austro-Hungarian Army's manoeuvres
in the hills outside Sarajevo.
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As intelligence chief, Dimitrijevic feared
these manoeuvres were a smokescreen,
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that what Franz Ferdinand really planned
was an invasion of Serbia.
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As leader of the Black Hand,
he believed anything that destabilised Austria-Hungary
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was good for his beloved Serbia.
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Princip's plan to murder Franz Ferdinand
suited him perfectly.
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"Fine", he said. "Let him go."
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Unlike Gavrilo Princip,
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was an excellent shot.
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One of his castles, Konopischt,
in what is now the Czech Republic,
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is full of the evidence.
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By the age of 50, he'd shot 5.000 stags,
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as well as 200.000 other animals,
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all carefully numbered.
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Anyone who diturbed the
Archduke's peace at Konopicht,
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by trespassing on his land
as unsuspecting trippers sometimes did on Sundays,
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had to reckon with being shouted at
by an irascible and almost apoplectic proprietor,
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who threatened to shoot anyone who dared set foot
in his grounds a second time.
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By 1914, Franz Ferdinand was Emperor-in-waiting.
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Everyone knew it couldn't be long
before his uncle died.
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Even the official portrait was ready,
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Franz Ferdinand with the stars and sash
only the Emperor could wear.
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He had no time for the etiquette and convention
that hemmed in the Vienna court.
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He defied his uncle by marrying Sophie Chotek,
who was not of royal blood.
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The most intelligent thing
I've ever done in my life
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has been the marriage to my Soph.
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She is everything to me,
my wife, my adviser,
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my doctor, my guardian angel.
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In a word, my entire happiness.
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Franz Ferdinand also had radical ideas
for political reform.
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He recognised that the less power
national minorities had within the Empire,
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the more they'd look to other countries for help.
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The old system allowed ethnic Germans and Hungarians
to dominate the government.
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It was a system that couldn't last.
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I can't help being surprised
that there is any loyalty
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left among the nationalities
after their treatment for so many years past.
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I must have them with me.
This is the only salvation for the future.
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In 1914, the German Emperor came to stay
with Franz Ferdinand at Konopischt.
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The Kaiser had a simple solution
for dealing with troublesome national minorities.
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The Slavs are born not to rule but to obey.
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This must be brought home to them.
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And if they imagine they can look to Belgrade
for their salvation,
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they must be cured of this belief.
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But Franz Ferdinand had a better idea.
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He thought political reform was the best way
to keep the Austrian Empire on its feet,
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and protect his own future as Emperor.
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He had this map drawn up,
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showing how the Hapsburg Empire could become
the United States of Great Austria.
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Above all, Franz Ferdinand
wanted to avoid war in the Balkans.
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One night, he made a toast after dinner.
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To peace!
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What would we get out of war with Serbia?
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We'd lose the lives of young men
and we'd spend money better used elewhere.
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And what would we gain for heaven's sake?
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A few plum trees, some pastures full of goat droppings
and a bunch of rebellious killers.
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Gavrilo Princip crossed the border from Serbia
into Austria-Hungary here at the Drina river.
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He paddled out to Isakovic Island,
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where there was a Serbian guard post.
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The soldiers helped him wade ashore into Bosnia.
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From here, he made his way to Sarajevo,
where he met up with six others in on the plot.
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The Serbian Major Tankosic
had supplied them with four pistols, six bombs,
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and suicide pills in case of capture.
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They were already in Sarajevo
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when Franz Ferdinand arrived
outside the capital on the 25th of June.
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They planned to attack him three days later,
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as he drove from the railway station
to the Town Hall.
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One would be stationed
at the first bridge on this road.
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Princip and the others
would cover the rest of the route.
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Franz Ferdinand chose the date of his visit badly.
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Sarajevo was decked in flags for the occasion.
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But the 28th of June was Serbian National Day,
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a natural focus for hatred of the Hapsburgs,
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as the Serbian Ambassador to Vienna warned.
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This will cause much discontent.
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00:19:19,934 --> 00:19:26,890
Some young Serb might put a live round
rather than a blank in his gun and fire it.
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00:19:26,174 --> 00:19:31,885
Therefore it might be good
if Archduke Franz Ferdinand were not to go to Sarajevo.
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00:19:33,414 --> 00:19:36,929
But the Austrians laughed off the Ambassador's fears.
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00:19:38,774 --> 00:19:44,371
On the morning of the 28th of June,
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie arrived by train in Sarajevo.
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Despite the warnings, security was light.
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No soldiers lined the streets,
just a handful of policemen.
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The royal car was a Gräf & Stift tourer.
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At Franz Ferdinand's request,
it travelled with the top down, very slowly,
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so the crowds could see him,
and he could see the sights.
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As the procession passed the first bridge,
the conspirator there threw his bomb.
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Sitting opposite the royal couple
was Oskar Potiorek.
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The explosion came immediately
after the Archduchess's cry to "drive on quickly!"
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I was sure no damage had been done to our car,
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and the Archduke commented very calmly:
228
00:20:38,540 --> 00:20:41,933
"I've always thought
something like this might happen."
229
00:20:42,140 --> 00:20:43,606
The bomb had bounced off the car,
230
00:20:43,694 --> 00:20:47,209
exploding behind it
and wounding two officers and some onlookers.
231
00:20:52,934 --> 00:20:57,883
Franz Ferdinand stopped to ask after the casualties,
before hurrying on to the Town Hall.
232
00:21:02,214 --> 00:21:06,480
There the Mayor of Sarajevo
began his official welcome speech.
233
00:21:06,134 --> 00:21:07,772
The Archduke interrupted.
234
00:21:07,854 --> 00:21:11,850
Lord Mayor,
what is the good of your speeches?
235
00:21:11,174 --> 00:21:15,870
I come to Sarajevo on a friendly visit
and someone throws a bomb at me.
236
00:21:15,174 --> 00:21:16,926
This is outrageous!
237
00:21:19,934 --> 00:21:22,767
So far, the Young Bosnians' plans
had gone badly wrong.
238
00:21:23,814 --> 00:21:25,327
Franz Ferdinand was alive.
239
00:21:25,414 --> 00:21:28,133
Official security was now on high alert.
240
00:21:28,214 --> 00:21:30,728
Gavrilo Princip turned to go home,
241
00:21:30,814 --> 00:21:34,284
stopping on the corner of Franz Joseph Street
to buy a sandwich.
242
00:21:38,174 --> 00:21:40,130
Then his luck changed.
243
00:21:41,934 --> 00:21:44,926
Franz Ferdinand had left the Town Hall.
244
00:21:45,140 --> 00:21:47,500
He should have been driven straight along the river,
245
00:21:47,940 --> 00:21:50,723
travelling too fast
to give any other assassins a chance.
246
00:21:50,814 --> 00:21:54,648
But his driver took a wrong turn,
at the corner of Franz Joseph Street.
247
00:21:59,574 --> 00:22:02,964
As the royal car
tried to reverse onto the main road,
248
00:22:03,540 --> 00:22:05,727
Princip came face-to-face with his target.
249
00:22:07,934 --> 00:22:10,573
At that moment I heard
the crack of a pistol shot,
250
00:22:10,654 --> 00:22:16,332
followed swiftly by another,
and saw in the same split second
251
00:22:16,414 --> 00:22:20,692
a man standing right in front of me
being thrown to the ground by the people around him,
252
00:22:20,774 --> 00:22:24,130
and the shining sabre
of a security guard descending on him.
253
00:22:26,654 --> 00:22:31,364
A thin stream of blood spurted
from His Highness's mouth onto my right cheek.
254
00:22:31,454 --> 00:22:35,288
The Duchess cried out,
"In heaven's name what has happened to you?"
255
00:22:35,374 --> 00:22:39,830
Then she slid off the seat
and lay on the floor of the car.
256
00:22:39,174 --> 00:22:41,529
I thought she had simply fainted.
257
00:22:41,614 --> 00:22:43,809
Then I heard His Imperial Highness say,
258
00:22:43,894 --> 00:22:48,809
"Sopherl, Sopherl don't die!
Stay alive for the children!"
259
00:22:48,894 --> 00:22:50,964
I asked him if he was in great pain.
260
00:22:51,540 --> 00:22:53,807
He answered me quite distinctly,
"It's nothing".
261
00:22:56,174 --> 00:22:59,769
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie died
on the way to hospital.
262
00:23:07,940 --> 00:23:08,846
The people of Sarajevo didn't know
263
00:23:08,934 --> 00:23:14,167
that a clutch of Serbian army officers
had secretly sponsored the assassination.
264
00:23:14,254 --> 00:23:17,212
But they made the same leap the world did:
265
00:23:17,294 --> 00:23:20,445
that Serbia had as good
as pulled the trigger herself.
266
00:23:20,534 --> 00:23:24,830
The pro-Austrian element in the crowd went wild.
267
00:23:24,174 --> 00:23:29,248
The excitement of the moment turned into fury
against everyone and everything Serbian.
268
00:23:30,854 --> 00:23:34,846
Serbian shops, school and churches
were smashed and looted,
269
00:23:35,294 --> 00:23:39,765
the streets choked with furniture,
clothes, bicycles, books,
270
00:23:39,854 --> 00:23:44,530
even icons and crosses twisted and befouled,
lying in heaps in the gutters.
271
00:23:50,814 --> 00:23:54,250
Over 200 Serbs were arrested in Sarajevo alone.
272
00:23:57,814 --> 00:24:00,453
Local officials hanged some in the city prison.
273
00:24:03,540 --> 00:24:06,763
Many more died in pogroms
across Bosnia and Herzegovina.
274
00:24:11,734 --> 00:24:16,125
The funeral of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
was held in Vienna on the 4th of July.
275
00:24:17,534 --> 00:24:20,412
Oskar Potiorek had already written
to the Foreign Ministry,
276
00:24:20,494 --> 00:24:23,884
calling for Austria-Hungary
to take revenge against Serbia.
277
00:24:28,174 --> 00:24:32,213
We must take the first opportunity
for a destructive blow against Serbia,
278
00:24:32,294 --> 00:24:36,765
to give the Monarchy a few decades
of calm internal development.
279
00:24:36,854 --> 00:24:39,846
Serbia must learn to fear us again.
280
00:24:44,414 --> 00:24:48,612
Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff
Conrad von Hötzendorf agreed.
281
00:24:49,974 --> 00:24:52,932
This is not the crime of a single fanatic.
282
00:24:53,140 --> 00:24:58,800
Assassination represents
Serbia's declaration of war on Austria-Hungary.
283
00:24:58,940 --> 00:25:04,329
If we miss this occasion, the Monarchy will be exposed
to new explosions of ethnic unrest.
284
00:25:04,414 --> 00:25:08,771
Austria-Hungary must wage war
for political reasons.
285
00:25:13,534 --> 00:25:18,483
In life, the Crown Prince had been a champion
of peaceful co-existence with Serbia.
286
00:25:20,174 --> 00:25:23,246
In death he was becoming a cause for war.
287
00:25:31,854 --> 00:25:35,893
The murder of Franz Ferdinand
did not immediately set Europe alight.
288
00:25:35,974 --> 00:25:38,852
International tensions in early July remained low.
289
00:25:38,934 --> 00:25:44,213
But behind the scenes in Vienna,
Austria-Hungary's leaders were planning
290
00:25:44,294 --> 00:25:49,573
how to take revenge on Serbia,
without getting stamped on by Serbia's powerful friends.
291
00:25:57,540 --> 00:26:01,332
Even before the assassination,
Army Chief of Staff Conrad von Hötzendorf
292
00:26:01,414 --> 00:26:05,293
had pressed for war against Serbia
no fewer than 20 times.
293
00:26:06,374 --> 00:26:08,330
Now he made his case again.
294
00:26:10,374 --> 00:26:15,971
I expressed to His Majesty my opinion
that war with Serbia was unavoidable.
295
00:26:16,540 --> 00:26:19,910
"That is entirely correct", said His Majesty.
296
00:26:19,174 --> 00:26:24,885
"But how are you going to wage war if everyone,
in particular Russia, is going to attack us?"
297
00:26:24,974 --> 00:26:28,762
"We have backing from Germany", I replied.
298
00:26:28,854 --> 00:26:33,132
His Majesty gave me a searching look and said,
"Can you be certain of that?"
299
00:26:34,894 --> 00:26:38,250
This was the moment when what could have been
just another war in the Balkans,
300
00:26:38,334 --> 00:26:40,404
began to turn into the First World War.
301
00:26:44,574 --> 00:26:49,900
Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph
now asked the German Kaiser for support.
302
00:26:49,174 --> 00:26:52,405
On the 6th of July, he got just the answer he wanted.
303
00:26:52,494 --> 00:26:57,409
The German Government is of the opinion
that we must decide what is to be done.
304
00:26:57,494 --> 00:27:02,204
Whatever we decide, we may always be certain
that we will find Germany at our side,
305
00:27:02,294 --> 00:27:05,604
a faithful ally and friend of our monarchy.
306
00:27:12,294 --> 00:27:18,500
Germany's crucial decision to back Austria
was made with no care for the consequences.
307
00:27:18,940 --> 00:27:22,167
Neither the Kaiser nor his senior political
and military leaders took any steps to find out
308
00:27:22,254 --> 00:27:25,371
what Austria-Hungary had in mind.
309
00:27:25,454 --> 00:27:27,410
It was an extraordinary oversight...
310
00:27:28,614 --> 00:27:32,243
because nothing in the Balkans happened in isolation.
311
00:27:35,774 --> 00:27:39,130
Europe was divided into two camps.
312
00:27:39,214 --> 00:27:42,524
On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
313
00:27:43,894 --> 00:27:46,440
On the other were France and Russia.
314
00:27:47,934 --> 00:27:50,289
War with one could mean war with the others.
315
00:27:52,414 --> 00:27:57,807
No-one knew how Russia would respond
if one of the leading Balkan countries was attacked.
316
00:27:57,894 --> 00:28:01,443
She might go to war with Austria to protect Serbia.
317
00:28:01,534 --> 00:28:04,492
Then Germany would have to fight to protect Austria.
318
00:28:11,734 --> 00:28:14,726
The Germans thought the Russians might stay out of it.
319
00:28:14,814 --> 00:28:17,567
The German Ambassador in St. Petersburg insisted
320
00:28:17,654 --> 00:28:20,930
Russia couldn't risk war
for fear of internal revolution.
321
00:28:22,974 --> 00:28:27,445
The German Foreign Minister decided
Austria would quietly settle with Serbia.
322
00:28:29,854 --> 00:28:33,893
The German Chancellor, Bethmann-Hollweg,
was almost as confident.
323
00:28:33,974 --> 00:28:37,728
The crime of Sarajevo was reprehensible,
324
00:28:37,814 --> 00:28:40,890
but politically it would have the positive result
325
00:28:40,174 --> 00:28:43,564
of making Russia thoroughly disgusted with the Serbs.
326
00:28:49,734 --> 00:28:53,443
It was Germany's confident support
that pushed Austria forward.
327
00:28:55,494 --> 00:28:58,372
But far from plunging the world into war
in 1914 out of aggression,
328
00:28:58,454 --> 00:29:03,847
Germany was just nudging it closer,
out of incompetence and wishful thinking.
329
00:29:06,654 --> 00:29:10,203
The Kaiser was so sure no war was brewing
that he went on holiday.
330
00:29:15,734 --> 00:29:19,170
In Sarajevo, the trial of Gavrilo Princip was underway.
331
00:29:20,294 --> 00:29:24,731
The court heard plenty of evidence to prove
that Serbian army officers had helped him,
332
00:29:24,814 --> 00:29:28,443
and with Germany's unconditional support,
that was enough for Austria.
333
00:29:29,534 --> 00:29:32,685
She sentenced Princip to 20 years in jail,
334
00:29:32,774 --> 00:29:34,969
where he died in 1918.
335
00:29:35,540 --> 00:29:37,100
She sent Serbia an ultimatum.
336
00:29:42,894 --> 00:29:46,450
This document was Austria's excuse for war.
337
00:29:46,134 --> 00:29:51,300
It was filled with demands so extreme and insulting
that Serbia could never accept them.
338
00:29:52,374 --> 00:29:57,840
But just in case they did,
the Austrian Ambassador in Belgrade
339
00:29:57,174 --> 00:29:59,847
was ordered to reject any reply as unacceptable.
340
00:30:02,540 --> 00:30:06,650
He delivered the ultimatum at 6 p.m. on the 23th July 1914.
341
00:30:10,294 --> 00:30:13,411
Slavka Mihajlovic was a Belgrade doctor.
342
00:30:13,494 --> 00:30:16,133
The news of the ultimatum spread quickly,
343
00:30:16,214 --> 00:30:18,808
and soon there was a real alert.
344
00:30:18,894 --> 00:30:22,648
Streets and bars were crowded with anxious people.
345
00:30:22,734 --> 00:30:26,440
Everybody wondered what answer
our Government would give,
346
00:30:26,134 --> 00:30:28,170
whether a new war would be avoided.
347
00:30:34,574 --> 00:30:38,886
Austria's ultimatum caught the world's diplomats napping.
348
00:30:38,974 --> 00:30:41,727
The French Government,
the French press and public opinion,
349
00:30:41,814 --> 00:30:44,408
have been inconceivably surprised.
350
00:30:45,574 --> 00:30:47,690
Paris is almost dead.
351
00:30:47,774 --> 00:30:50,925
All the ambassadors but one are out of town.
352
00:30:51,140 --> 00:30:53,164
The Italian Ambassador is in Ireland.
353
00:30:57,974 --> 00:31:02,729
The Kaiser was on his yacht in Norway
when the text of the Austrian ultimatum arrived.
354
00:31:06,540 --> 00:31:09,330
The Kaiser arrived on deck
as usual after breakfast
355
00:31:09,414 --> 00:31:14,440
and said to me,
I was still holing the wirelss message,
356
00:31:14,134 --> 00:31:16,694
"That's a pretty strong note for once in a while."
357
00:31:16,774 --> 00:31:20,403
"It certainly is", I replied,
"but it means war."
358
00:31:20,494 --> 00:31:25,900
Whereupon the Kaiser observed
that Serbia would never risk a war.
359
00:31:27,414 --> 00:31:30,531
She might not have risked it on her own.
360
00:31:30,614 --> 00:31:36,450
But on the 24th of July, the Serbian Regent,
Prince Alexander, telegrammed Russia for help.
361
00:31:39,174 --> 00:31:43,292
In St. Petersburg, the Russian Foreign Minister
spoke frankly to the British Ambassador.
362
00:31:43,374 --> 00:31:49,244
Austria would not have acted so aggressively
without the consent of Germany.
363
00:31:49,334 --> 00:31:54,890
I hoped the Britih Government would declare itself
on the side of France and Russia without delay.
364
00:31:58,414 --> 00:32:02,123
Russia was convinced that Germany was warmongering.
365
00:32:02,214 --> 00:32:05,286
On the 26th of July, she called up her reserves.
366
00:32:08,974 --> 00:32:11,613
This was the second key stage of the crisis,
367
00:32:11,694 --> 00:32:16,210
as Britain's Foreign Secretary, Edward Grey,
warned on the 28th.
368
00:32:16,294 --> 00:32:20,287
From the moment the dispute ceases
to be one between Austria-Hungary and Serbia,
369
00:32:20,374 --> 00:32:24,300
and becomes one in which
another Great Power is involved,
370
00:32:24,940 --> 00:32:29,880
it cannot but end in the greatest catastrophe
that has ever befallen the continent of Europe.
371
00:32:31,214 --> 00:32:34,206
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia that same day.
372
00:32:37,694 --> 00:32:40,288
The first shots of the war were fired from here,
373
00:32:40,374 --> 00:32:44,652
the Austrian fortress of Zemun,
just across the river from Belgrade.
374
00:32:47,294 --> 00:32:51,924
In the dead of night, Voja Tankosic had the Black Hand
blow the only railway bridge.
375
00:32:54,174 --> 00:32:58,531
Windows shattered to smithereens
and broken glass covered the floor.
376
00:32:59,294 --> 00:33:01,410
Patients started screaming.
377
00:33:01,494 --> 00:33:05,169
Then there was another explosion and another one.
378
00:33:10,174 --> 00:33:11,402
So it was true.
379
00:33:11,494 --> 00:33:14,540
The war had begun.
380
00:33:24,854 --> 00:33:28,290
How well our old city deserved the name
the Turks had given her,
381
00:33:28,374 --> 00:33:30,410
the House of Wars.
382
00:33:30,494 --> 00:33:33,213
Shells fired from all sides
were cris-crossing above her.
383
00:33:35,454 --> 00:33:37,570
The Austrians had peculiar weapons,
384
00:33:37,654 --> 00:33:40,248
the so-called "monitors",
385
00:33:40,334 --> 00:33:43,770
little boats armed with heavy guns,
circling Belgrade like rabid dogs
386
00:33:43,854 --> 00:33:45,810
and firing from every direction.
387
00:33:48,854 --> 00:33:52,210
It was still only a war
between Austria-Hungary and Serbia...
388
00:33:53,414 --> 00:33:57,430
and on the 29th of July,
as the shells fell on Belgrade,
389
00:33:57,134 --> 00:33:59,568
there was a final attempt to keep it that way.
390
00:34:00,774 --> 00:34:04,403
A series of last-minute telegrams
flashed across Europe.
391
00:34:04,494 --> 00:34:07,531
Tsar to Kaiser. Cousin to cousin.
392
00:34:07,614 --> 00:34:11,607
Dear Willy, An ignoble war
has been declared on a weak country.
393
00:34:11,694 --> 00:34:13,730
The indignation in Russia is enormous.
394
00:34:13,814 --> 00:34:16,931
Dear Nicky, I am exerting my utmost influence
on the Austrians.
395
00:34:17,140 --> 00:34:18,766
I confidently hope you will help me...
396
00:34:18,854 --> 00:34:23,860
Dear Willy,
My troops shall not take any provocative action.
397
00:34:24,254 --> 00:34:28,327
But by now, the crisis was beyond the control
of monarchs or politicians.
398
00:34:29,894 --> 00:34:32,890
It was in the hands of the military.
399
00:34:32,174 --> 00:34:34,449
From the moment Russia mobilised her army,
400
00:34:34,534 --> 00:34:37,367
German generals knew their own clock was ticking.
401
00:34:44,940 --> 00:34:49,646
The alliance between France and Russia
meant that Germany faced a war on two fronts.
402
00:34:49,734 --> 00:34:52,294
Her only hope was to deal with France in the west,
403
00:34:52,374 --> 00:34:55,969
before the main Russian armies
could invade from the east.
404
00:34:56,540 --> 00:34:58,614
That left no time to wait and see.
405
00:34:58,694 --> 00:35:01,606
For Germany, Russian mobilisation meant war.
406
00:35:09,174 --> 00:35:11,893
Germany hadn't looked for a fight.
407
00:35:11,974 --> 00:35:16,331
Her generals knew a European war
would be long and devastating, even for the victors.
408
00:35:17,494 --> 00:35:21,373
But if it was going to happen, they thought,
better sooner than later.
409
00:35:23,974 --> 00:35:26,886
According to all competent observation,
410
00:35:26,974 --> 00:35:30,728
Russia will be prepared to fight in a few years.
411
00:35:30,814 --> 00:35:33,931
Then she will crush us
by the number of her soldiers.
412
00:35:34,140 --> 00:35:38,870
Then she will have built her Baltic Sea Fleet
and strategic railways.
413
00:35:38,174 --> 00:35:41,723
Our side meanwhile
will have grown steadily weaker.
414
00:35:44,934 --> 00:35:49,700
On the 1st of August,
Germany declared war on Russia.
415
00:35:49,940 --> 00:35:52,564
Two days later,
she declared war on Russia's ally, France.
416
00:35:59,540 --> 00:36:02,729
Across Europe,
ten million men headed off to fight.
417
00:36:05,934 --> 00:36:10,325
For all the bands and flag-waving,
many went unwillingly to war.
418
00:36:10,934 --> 00:36:15,166
Where are we off to?
France? Belgium? Or the East?
419
00:36:16,454 --> 00:36:20,413
At the station people waved goodbye,
some with handkerchiefs.
420
00:36:20,494 --> 00:36:24,169
I thought of my wife and child left alone at home.
421
00:36:24,254 --> 00:36:28,725
In fact, it wasn't so much a thought
as a fearful shadow flitting over my soul.
422
00:36:39,334 --> 00:36:41,290
God! How long is this town?
423
00:36:42,334 --> 00:36:46,430
My bayonet's digging in,
my collar's strangling me,
424
00:36:46,134 --> 00:36:49,490
but when I look up I see a pretty girl.
425
00:36:49,574 --> 00:36:52,725
She was so full of admiration,
so moved by it all,
426
00:36:52,814 --> 00:36:55,931
that I realise we've got
to look handsome and walk tall.
427
00:36:56,140 --> 00:37:00,326
Off we march to the sound of shrill brass,
although where we are going
428
00:37:00,414 --> 00:37:05,900
you die, you're defaced,
hacked up, torn apart.
429
00:37:06,174 --> 00:37:09,928
All down the line my comrades
straighten up at the sight of her.
430
00:37:17,540 --> 00:37:19,170
There is great excitement among my comrades.
431
00:37:19,254 --> 00:37:22,883
The bachelors are calm,
they're even joking about it.
432
00:37:22,974 --> 00:37:24,646
Family men are depressed.
433
00:37:24,734 --> 00:37:30,920
Some are saying we'll get nothing from this war.
We'll get beaten by the Germans.
434
00:37:31,294 --> 00:37:33,171
What's in it for us peasant-soldiers?
435
00:37:33,254 --> 00:37:37,420
Why have we got to fight for some offended Serbs?
436
00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:42,133
The leaders had little better idea
why they were fighting than the men.
437
00:37:42,214 --> 00:37:45,126
They had no lists of war aims.
438
00:37:45,214 --> 00:37:47,648
Germany and Austria, Serbia, Russia and France
439
00:37:47,734 --> 00:37:50,885
were all convinced they were fighting a defensive war,
440
00:37:50,974 --> 00:37:52,930
forced on them by someone else.
441
00:37:58,574 --> 00:38:02,647
The only great power in Europe
still on the sidelines was Britain.
442
00:38:09,734 --> 00:38:13,522
On the 2nd of August 1914,
Britain was still at peace.
443
00:38:13,614 --> 00:38:14,933
But only just.
444
00:38:17,814 --> 00:38:19,805
We've been in a state of great excitement
445
00:38:19,894 --> 00:38:21,885
as the reservists are being called up.
446
00:38:21,974 --> 00:38:23,407
All the railways are guarded.
447
00:38:23,494 --> 00:38:28,966
Everything points to the great war
so long expected being upon us.
448
00:38:31,654 --> 00:38:36,648
But Britain was the only Great Power
who could not claim she was the victim of aggression.
449
00:38:36,734 --> 00:38:40,124
Nobody had attacked her,
so why should she fight?
450
00:38:40,214 --> 00:38:43,490
It wasn't really to defend
the rights of small nations,
451
00:38:43,574 --> 00:38:47,203
at least, not Serbia,
according to the Manchester Guardian.
452
00:38:48,774 --> 00:38:53,245
If it were physically possible for Serbia
to be towed out to sea and sunk there,
453
00:38:53,334 --> 00:38:56,371
the air of Europe would at once seem cleaner.
454
00:38:59,334 --> 00:39:01,848
Nor was Britain bound by treaty obligations,
455
00:39:01,934 --> 00:39:05,449
as the Foreign Secretary,
Edward Grey, assured Parliament.
456
00:39:06,614 --> 00:39:10,573
We are not parties to the Franco-Russian alliance.
457
00:39:10,654 --> 00:39:13,122
We do not even know the terms of the alliance.
458
00:39:16,494 --> 00:39:20,965
But in private, Grey and other leaders
knew that Britain had to fight.
459
00:39:22,654 --> 00:39:27,125
If Britain stayed neutral,
the war would still threaten the country's vast empire,
460
00:39:27,214 --> 00:39:29,170
its global trade and security.
461
00:39:31,140 --> 00:39:34,723
And Britain needed to stay on friendly terms
with France and Russia.
462
00:39:34,814 --> 00:39:39,808
Even in peacetime, she was not powerful enough
to defend her empire against everyone.
463
00:39:41,694 --> 00:39:43,470
In Africa and India,
464
00:39:43,134 --> 00:39:47,366
the safety of Britain's colonies
depended on French and Russian goodwill.
465
00:39:49,854 --> 00:39:54,405
In 1914, Britain feared her friends
just as much as her enemies.
466
00:39:56,334 --> 00:39:58,165
If we fail Russia now,
467
00:39:58,254 --> 00:40:02,611
we cannot hope to maintain
that friendly co-operation with her in Asia,
468
00:40:02,694 --> 00:40:05,288
that is of such vital importance to us.
469
00:40:06,494 --> 00:40:12,808
Above all, Britain could never afford to have Europe
dominated by a triumphant Germany.
470
00:40:12,894 --> 00:40:17,968
If Germany overran the Channel ports,
Britain's control of the seas would be under threat.
471
00:40:19,534 --> 00:40:22,492
Prime Minister Herbert Asquith took a pragmatic view.
472
00:40:22,574 --> 00:40:27,284
It is quite against Britih interests
that France should be wiped out.
473
00:40:30,940 --> 00:40:34,610
At 11 p.m. on the 4th of August,
Britain declared war on Germany.
474
00:40:34,694 --> 00:40:39,927
It was like awaiting the signal for the pulling of a leaver
which would hurl millions to their doom.
475
00:40:40,140 --> 00:40:42,972
The deep notes of Big Ben rang out into the night,
476
00:40:43,540 --> 00:40:48,572
the first strokes in Britain's most fateful hour
since she arose out of the deep.
477
00:40:48,654 --> 00:40:53,250
Every face was suddenly contracted
into a painful intensity.
478
00:40:56,494 --> 00:41:00,851
It's horrible to think of all the suffering
which may follow our mobiliation.
479
00:41:00,934 --> 00:41:03,653
I suppose the less one thinks of it, the better.
480
00:41:06,540 --> 00:41:09,205
We never talk of death
and very selom think much about it.
481
00:41:09,294 --> 00:41:12,127
It's when everyone is asleep and you are awake,
482
00:41:12,214 --> 00:41:15,920
that sometimes you look into the future and wonder.
483
00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:22,929
The British Government had a War Book,
listing all that had to be done in an emergency.
484
00:41:24,414 --> 00:41:27,929
The country's leaders knew war
would be a long and painful struggle,
485
00:41:28,140 --> 00:41:32,769
a slow, grinding process of blockade,
of starving the enemy out.
486
00:41:36,254 --> 00:41:39,530
But most civilians had no idea
what they were getting into.
487
00:41:40,814 --> 00:41:43,931
Across Europe, there was a run on the banks.
488
00:41:44,140 --> 00:41:45,845
The war couldn't last longer than a year,
489
00:41:45,934 --> 00:41:48,846
the French Finance Minister
told a British general,
490
00:41:48,934 --> 00:41:51,368
because the money to pay for it would run out.
491
00:41:59,654 --> 00:42:01,326
Most people expected Britain,
492
00:42:01,414 --> 00:42:04,770
with the largest navy in the world,
to fight a sea war.
493
00:42:08,540 --> 00:42:10,522
The Foreign Secretary reassured the nation.
494
00:42:12,174 --> 00:42:15,700
For us with a powerful fleet,
495
00:42:15,940 --> 00:42:20,246
which we believe able to protect our commerce,
to protect our shores and to protect our interests,
496
00:42:20,334 --> 00:42:22,860
if we are engaged in war,
497
00:42:22,174 --> 00:42:26,725
we shall suffer but little more
than we shall suffer if we stand aside.
498
00:42:33,974 --> 00:42:37,205
Bert Fielder was a sergeant in the Royal Marines.
499
00:42:37,294 --> 00:42:39,524
He reassured his wife.
500
00:42:39,614 --> 00:42:44,813
My dear Nell, I don 't think this war is going to be
half as bad as people expect it to be.
501
00:42:44,894 --> 00:42:49,922
You see, it's not a hard job for England,
so there is no need to worry yourself.
502
00:42:50,140 --> 00:42:54,326
As long as I can keep you informed as to where I am,
it'll all be all right.
503
00:42:57,854 --> 00:43:00,812
But the weapons with which the world
went to war were so new
504
00:43:00,894 --> 00:43:03,440
that few had ever been fired in anger.
505
00:43:04,734 --> 00:43:09,205
Countries were armed with battleships and submarines
less than ten years old.
506
00:43:09,294 --> 00:43:12,172
Nobody really knew how to use them.
507
00:43:14,374 --> 00:43:19,528
All the European powers had been stockpiling
new artillery, machine guns, explosive shells.
508
00:43:21,854 --> 00:43:25,449
But none had fought a major war in Europe
for over 40 years.
509
00:43:30,294 --> 00:43:32,888
The crisis had begun in the Balkans,
510
00:43:32,974 --> 00:43:35,283
and as the Austrians faced up to the Serbs,
511
00:43:35,374 --> 00:43:40,400
the First World War started here
as it would go on everywhere else.
512
00:43:40,940 --> 00:43:44,565
A war in which old scores would be settled
and the rule book thrown away.
513
00:43:49,334 --> 00:43:53,532
The war is taking us
into a country inhabited by a population
514
00:43:53,614 --> 00:43:57,402
inspired with fanatical hatred towards ourselves.
515
00:43:57,494 --> 00:43:59,212
An attitude of extreme severity,
516
00:43:59,294 --> 00:44:05,642
extreme harshness and extreme distrust
is to be observed towards everybody.
517
00:44:07,734 --> 00:44:11,124
In some sectors,
Serbian civilians did fight a guerrilla war,
518
00:44:11,214 --> 00:44:14,729
not in uniform, not in the regular army.
519
00:44:15,774 --> 00:44:19,608
It was hard for the Austrians to tell
who was a real enemy, who was not.
520
00:44:21,174 --> 00:44:24,610
But their reprisals
against the Serbian people were vicious.
521
00:44:31,940 --> 00:44:34,530
This was a war of nationalities and races.
522
00:44:34,614 --> 00:44:38,573
Not just against an enemy army,
but against whole peoples.
523
00:44:42,940 --> 00:44:47,805
In the first month of the war,
4.000 civilians in western Serbia were killed or disappeared.
524
00:44:50,414 --> 00:44:54,532
They burnt houses down,
looted, raped, killed.
525
00:44:54,614 --> 00:45:00,445
Seventeen people, all women, girls,
children tied with rope,
526
00:45:00,534 --> 00:45:02,490
dead in a ditch by the road.
527
00:45:03,534 --> 00:45:05,490
All of them slaughtered.
528
00:45:08,774 --> 00:45:13,689
At 9:00 a.m. I went to Lenica
to get some supplies for the battery.
529
00:45:13,774 --> 00:45:17,403
In the town you could see the atrocities
left behind by the enemy.
530
00:45:23,940 --> 00:45:27,406
Ten people, some children among them,
had been hanged near the church.
531
00:45:27,494 --> 00:45:30,964
About a hundred people their throats cut
at the railway station.
532
00:45:31,540 --> 00:45:33,852
A terrible sight to cast your eyes on.
533
00:45:41,894 --> 00:45:46,172
At the Serbian town of Prnjavor,
this memorial commemorates those who died.
534
00:45:49,654 --> 00:45:52,612
The Serbian Government commissioned a report
into the massacres,
535
00:45:52,917 --> 00:45:55,875
by a Swiss doctor, Rudolf Rice.
536
00:45:56,934 --> 00:46:00,449
The massacres of the civil population
were systematically organised
537
00:46:00,534 --> 00:46:03,128
by the command of the invading army.
538
00:46:03,214 --> 00:46:06,889
It's upon the command
that all responsibility must rest,
539
00:46:06,974 --> 00:46:11,809
and also the disgrace with which this army
has covered itself for all time.
540
00:46:22,854 --> 00:46:28,800
Austria-Hungary was far less ruthless
when it came to fighting the Serbian Army.
541
00:46:28,940 --> 00:46:31,848
That too set a pattern for the war,
a foretaste of the military weakness
542
00:46:31,934 --> 00:46:35,165
which would dog
Austria-Hungary's partnership with Germany.
543
00:46:37,614 --> 00:46:42,130
This was a war in which events on one front
could have a critical effect on another.
544
00:46:49,174 --> 00:46:53,326
Germany was relying on her ally Austria-Hungary
to hold the Eastern Front.
545
00:46:54,934 --> 00:46:56,890
With Russia massing on her borders,
546
00:46:56,974 --> 00:47:01,843
Germany was horrified to learn Austria
had concentrated her reserves not against Russia
547
00:47:01,934 --> 00:47:04,289
but down in the Balkans, to deal with Serbia.
548
00:47:06,654 --> 00:47:10,488
Meanwhile, the main Serbian army
had marched up from the south of the country,
549
00:47:10,574 --> 00:47:13,134
gathering numbers as it went.
550
00:47:13,214 --> 00:47:17,412
On the 12th of August, it finally met the Austrians,
at Cer Mountain.
551
00:47:22,334 --> 00:47:25,963
The Serbs had taken up
strong defensive positions along the mountain range,
552
00:47:26,540 --> 00:47:28,648
and waited for the Austrians to walk into the trap.
553
00:47:29,774 --> 00:47:31,730
The Serbs surrounded us.
554
00:47:31,814 --> 00:47:35,523
The Serbian artillery had the range perfectly.
555
00:47:35,614 --> 00:47:38,972
Unluckily,
so we were told by senior officers,
556
00:47:39,540 --> 00:47:42,683
we had arrived
at the Serbian artillery practice area.
557
00:47:42,774 --> 00:47:44,730
Laughable!
558
00:47:47,414 --> 00:47:51,168
The Serbs easily beat off
the Austro-Hungarian attack.
559
00:47:51,254 --> 00:47:53,609
We could see the enemy retreating along the river.
560
00:47:53,694 --> 00:47:57,607
Their ammunition train
left all their carts in the valley and ran away,
561
00:47:57,694 --> 00:47:59,969
as soon as they were hit by our artillery.
562
00:48:01,414 --> 00:48:07,887
A beaten army, no an uncontrolled mob
ran towards the border in senseless panic.
563
00:48:07,974 --> 00:48:12,206
Drivers whipped their horses,
officers and soldiers shoved and squeezed through,
564
00:48:12,294 --> 00:48:14,250
between the columns of wagons.
565
00:48:24,894 --> 00:48:29,888
Austro-Hungarian prisoners,
captured in the first Allied victory of the war.
566
00:48:29,974 --> 00:48:32,488
Austria had thought Serbia would be a pushover,
567
00:48:32,574 --> 00:48:35,805
swift revenge for the murder of Franz Ferdinand.
568
00:48:35,894 --> 00:48:38,328
But Serbia had scattered the Austrian Army.
569
00:48:44,940 --> 00:48:48,167
The victories of 1914 cost Serbia 130.000 men.
570
00:48:49,254 --> 00:48:54,328
"They did not die in vain",
reads the inscription on this memorial to Serbia's dead.
571
00:48:54,414 --> 00:48:59,647
Every nation would learn that nothing in this war
would be easy, quick or clean.
572
00:49:04,540 --> 00:49:07,888
On the Western Front,
a French ambulance driver wrote to his son.
573
00:49:08,974 --> 00:49:12,410
Do you ever think of your daddy,
walking day and night over ploughed fields,
574
00:49:12,494 --> 00:49:16,248
and getting very used to shells
exploding all over the place?
575
00:49:16,334 --> 00:49:18,768
I'd really like to hear from you.
576
00:49:18,854 --> 00:49:20,685
How's school?
577
00:49:20,774 --> 00:49:23,732
Don't be too quick
to learn the geography of Europe,
578
00:49:23,814 --> 00:49:25,770
I think it's all about to change.
579
00:49:34,334 --> 00:49:36,894
In the next episode of The First World War:
580
00:49:36,974 --> 00:49:41,490
German armies roll into Belgium and France,
leaving a trail of atrocities.
581
00:49:41,574 --> 00:49:45,123
And France, aided by Britain, fights for her life.
54546
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