Original subtitles

can a weathered piece of metal change the

history of a continent

than the klaver wow a

direct hit what does a 3000 year

old relic reveal about a lost

civilization the discourse of Festos is

one of the greatest mysteries of the Bronze Age

and what secret holds the most

kissed face of all time was Linon

so well known that you could almost compare them with

this kind, as if

they had lived.

Fascinating mysterious

objects long hidden in museums,

laboratories and

archives. Now we can use the most modern

technology to reveal their secrets

hidden and bizarre

reveal these are the strangest

things in the

world in the state museum of the state of

M in Augusta a small piece of metal is

on display that changed the history of history a

find that is unique in all of America new technology now reveals

every little detail of the coin from

Main it measures just under 2 cm in diameter

is oxidized and worn and yet

the so-called Main Penny is one of the

most famous coins in the

world because it is neither a penny nor

does it come from

Main barely visible traces on its

surface reveal who made it

Viking a Viking artifact in

North America how did it come about there and what

does it mean that the find contradicts the

knowledge of history at the time?

US school children

were taught that Columbus

discovered America. How does a

Viking coin get to Main? Is it real

or just a well-made

fake? New insights now provide

the

answer. The story begins at

Nestcake Point In a remote place on

the coast of

Main in the summer of

1957, the amateur archaeologist guy

mgrin and a friend examined

an

American

native. They discovered

numerous finds that people

left behind 1us years ago. Among the tools and

bone remains there was also a single

eaten

silver coin, but it didn't fit in

[Music]

Image The indigenous peoples of North America

did not use coins 1000 years ago

so where did it come from

Melgrin showed it to a friend who

thought it was an English coin from

the Middle Ages perhaps it came to

New England with the first settlers

the coin remains for almost two decades in

Melin's

private possession, it was not added to the museum's collection until 1974.

A local newspaper published

a short article about the coin and

suddenly the strange object was on everyone's lips.

The English nismatist Peter

Siebi read an article about it and

realized that it was a very

Rare Viking coin from the time of

Olaf the Quiet The coin is

an original The matches are

undeniable Experts date it to

the year

1067 which

is historically significant Finding a British penny in

such a place would not be

surprising but a coin from Olaf

would be like that quiet wow suddenly

we have a Viking artifact in

North America somehow this

tiny piece of Viking history must

have crossed the Atlantic and landed in 1000

year old remains on the coast of

Men a sensation

US school children were taught that

Columbus discovered America

the idea that Vikings had been around for

500 years Having early contact with the

native Americans was a

hugely

bold

claim, but there is further evidence

that can support this thesis.

For Scandinavians, the idea

that the Vikings were the first Europeans

to reach North America is not new. The

great Icelandic sagas tell of the

legendary explorer le

[ Music]

Eriksson le Erikson had heard the story

of a sailor who

lost his course in fog and wanted to see

a coast with wooded hills west of Greenland.

Spurred on by this, ST Erikson set sail with a

well-equipped ship.

According to the sagas, Erikson reached

a land that he

[Music]

wienlandft Historians who read his

description of this land and its

inhabitants came to the conclusion that

the only place that would fit it would

have to be somewhere in North America, most

likely in

Newfoundland

if there is any truth to these sagas

means that the Vikings lived much

earlier in North America landed more than

anyone else from

Europe. This amazing object is

actually proof of that. In any case,

it is not the first piece of this kind. In

1898, a rune stone was found in

Kensington,

Minnesota. The runes tell of

Scandinavian explorers in

1362 who encountered hostile inhabitants in Vienna

meet that seems to more or

less coincide with the Icelandic sagas

and there are other

finds in Ontario Canada, a

Viking sword, an ax and a shield were found. There are also

a number of

stone inscriptions that were interpreted as Viking runes.

North America seems to be full of evidence

for the Viking theory

to

be oversaturated the problem is none of these

finds were

real the Kensington rune stone turned out to be a

fake the exte and

signs

as well

but why are there so many

Viking fakes the rune stone from

Kensington provides a

clue the name of its supposed

discoverer was OL ohann no coincidence

this one Objects were all discovered by people of

Scandinavian origin and

they fought in the USA against their

bad

image. Scandinavian people were often mocked and laughed at at the time.

These immigrants wanted

to prove that it was not the Genoese

Columbus who had discovered the new world,

but rather the Scandinavian Erikson, or so

they hoped increase their reputation to

[music]

all of this leads to the

discovery of the coin from Main being viewed with skepticism

because its finder melgren also had

Swedish roots,

this strange artifact is just

another

fake and at least the

origin of the coin from Norway in the 11th

century is undisputed The coin is genuine, it

definitely comes from King Olaf the

Quiet but the big question is whether it

really has an archaic kont

or, in other words,

buried it himself.

Melgren himself, of Swedish

descent, had both a motif

and the opportunity to place the coin

for someone like that Vertigo,

Melgren needs the right coin, which was

not a problem at the end of the 1950s. In

1879, more than

2,000 such coins were found in Norway.

Obtaining one would not have been very

difficult.

Melgren could have

laid out one of these coins. The

latest research believes there is an

answer to this question

The Swedish nomismatist Sven

gülbeck took on the herculean task of

tracking down every single coin find by Olaf the quiet gülbeck locates around 2300

coins and checks whether any

of them could have ended up in Mel -

an enormous hard work that lasts more than 10

years After

thorough investigation

he came to the conclusion that none of the coins

are missing, in addition, all of these coins

are in good condition, unlike

the Main

Penny, the Main coin is heavily

oxidized and this is difficult to

counterfeit, it is a process that

takes centuries

The Main State Museum carries out a

chemical analysis of the various

metal layers and comes to the

conclusion that the object

is genuine. The analysis showed that the coin

was surrounded by water and sat

in barely moving water for a long time, which in

turn supports the theory that it was for a very

long time

was buried there is no doubt that the

main penny is real

melgrin did not bury M's coin

but how did it end up

in the hands of the natives Taus years before

1960 D years after mwin

found the main penny the

Norwegian archaeologist anestine instort investigated

with Her husband found a site in Omedos in

Newfoundland. Locals described it as an old

Indian settlement, but it turned out to be

something

else. They found remains of

peat buildings, a large hole and a

blacksmith shop, and remnants of a

Viking boathouse, which was

definitive proof that the Vikings

were the first Europeans to come to America

The Icelandic sagas are so

the Vikings actually reached America

500 years before Columbus.

The news is a

sensation but it does not explain why

the coin was found almost 12 km further south

because there is no evidence

that the Vikings came as far south

as So the coin came to

M

[Music]

renewed professional excavations in NK

point did not produce any further Nordic

artifacts Zage. What was

found, however, were stone tools and stone

raw material from Labrador hundreds of

kilometers further

north, so there is evidence that

trade was carried out at that time D goods

and

The coin may have been

slowly passed from hand to hand further south along with other trade goods,

perhaps it

took centuries to bring it south from its

place of origin in Labrador or even

Newfoundland,

although the coin

has no value to the indigenous peoples So

one of its characteristics

may explain why and how it

was transported south because when

Melgren finds it it has a

hole in it and has been perforated which

could be an indication that it

was used for decorative purposes,

perhaps it was worn around the neck or

wrist or served as an

ornament for another object, we do

n't know, the important thing is that it

was not used as a coin but

as a

prestige object, which is why it was

kept.

Locals probably transported the

coin from Newfoundland to Main,

but

this remarkable object was made on the

other On the side of the Atlantic, like the

finds in L omedos, the coin proves that

Columbus was not the first European in

America.

The Vikings beat him by 500

years.

An unusually engraved clay disk

in a museum on Crete has been

puzzling experts for more than 100 years

Your text

is highly significant, the 3,000-year-old

message of a lost

civilization, others doubt its

authenticity, we examine it using modern

imaging technology.

The discourse from Festos is about 2 cm

thick, measures 16 cm in diameter and is made

of fired

clay, both sides are covered with

inscriptions made using a technique

that was far ahead of its time a

unique

object it is the only known

object of its kind on it there are 242

strange symbols heads with

mohawk hair twisted hen birds

fish and many other forms of

discourse from Festos is one of the biggest

mysteries at the moment and we still can't decipher it to

this day,

but now after more than

a century, the latest

research results could provide a solution:

what do these bizarre

symbols mean, what function did the

disc have and is it even

real?

the mystery of the Festos disc

begins on the Greek island of

Crete. lived here According to legend, one of the

legendary people of Minoa, their ruler

King Minos had

a labyrinth built under his palace

by holding a fearsome

creature captive, the Minot.

According to legend, the Minotaur was a

terrible hybrid creature half human and

half bull who were offered human sacrifices,

the Minotaur and the Minoa

have a permanent place in

Greek

mythology. Many people thought the stories

of the Minoa were just an invention, but in

1900 the British archaeologist

Arthur eV made a groundbreaking move on the north coast of Crete.

He came across the ruins of a 4,000-year-

old Minoan

palace an archaeological

sensation the first proof that the

Mino really

existed this also changed the

understanding of the Mediterranean cultures and

their

abilities the palace of Knossos has

amazing parallels to the old

legends

when arur eV began excavating in

Knossos he noticed many bull

symbols It became clear to him that

this place has a connection to the

Minoan legends.

This previously little-known ancient

culture was highly developed, as was its time.

It reached its zenith when most

cultures in Europe achieved little more

than wooden houses and

stone circles, the founders of European

civilization, but the Mino were

there before them Knossus was probably the

first city in Europe the first example

of urban life with a

pioneering role in many

respects but there are even more finds In

1908 the Italian archaeologist

Luigi Pernier uncovered a second Minoan

palace in the south of the island it is called

Festos

one In the evening, Pernier's foreman comes

across a small clay disk in the ruins.

The strange symbols on

its surface are

unlike anything Pernier has ever seen.

The find raises many questions

[music]

Normally, such

writing tablets were made from moist clay

when they were still soft

write on it and

let it dry in the sun

this discor was different it was

fired in a fire and not sun

dried it is the only oven

fired Minoan clay tablet that has

ever been found but even more

remarkable are the symbols on the

disc most of the writings of this

time were carved in fiefs but the

symbols on the discos are

stamped that the symbols

were applied with a stamp was a

unique

discovery. Some archaeologists consider the

discourse to be the oldest written

story and the first evidence of a

type of

printing press in all of antiquity.

There is nothing

comparable when you look at the work

in it, the fact that

it was fired all suggests that

it was a special object that was

treated with great care,

which could justify such an effort,

the answer

perhaps lies in the cryptic

symbols that have been trying for more than 100 years

People find out what the

symbols

mean, is it a language, a type of

symbology or something

else? Researchers in all disciplines

of its cryptanalyst, linguist,

antiquity, scientist, archaeologist

or

historian. Almost everyone who is

familiar with antiquity or sign systems has

tried to decipher the discourse.

There have been many interpretations

For example, it could be an ancient game, a

type of bemen, others suspected an

astronomical or astrological

background, but a theory receives

more attention from experts than any

other. It is probably

a type of language, perhaps a locally

limited one, perhaps also one that was

more widespread. These signs

should be read or presented to an audience,

however,

the experts don't even agree on where to

start reading.

The archaeologists at the time

initially assumed that the characters on

the disk could be read from the inside out

in a spiral

pattern, but upon closer inspection they looked at

them Symbols are noticeable that they become

increasingly dense the closer they get to the

center of the disc.

Today it is therefore

likely that you have to start reading at the outer edge,

but what do the

characters mean? The 242 stamp impressions on the

disc consist of 45

different

symbols, most of them Alphabets have

far fewer symbols.

Experts therefore consider an alphabet to be

[music]

unlikely. On the other hand, there are too

few symbols and too many

repetitions to assume that pictograms

can represent entire words, as with

Egyptian hieroglyphs or the

Babylonian

cuneiform. Instead,

experts suspect that the festos symbols are a type

Syllables are in which symbols

represent syllables, such as do re mi

syllabic would fit well with the number

of symbols on the disk and

it was also

used in another Minoan text, but even if the experts

agree that it

is a syllabary, we know Still do

n't know what it

means as far as the translation is concerned, so

you would need a kind of rosette stone for it.

The Rosetta Stone is an

inscribed stele that was discovered in Egypt

by Napoleon's soldiers in 1799.

Thanks to the trilingual inscription on

the rosette stone, we were able to decipher hieroglyphs for the first time.

It contains

the same text once in hieroglyphics,

once in demotic and once in

ancient Greek script, which made it

a kind of

translation key, but there is

no such

translation aid for Festos' discourse and despite many

attempts, no one has succeeded in translating it to date. After

years of

research, the British linguist Gareth believes

the puzzle to have now been solved at least

in part

ens went looking for a

parallel text a text with a

similar function or similar

typography this is a common method

that one looks for comparable examples

in other places

compares the sequence of characters with

symbols on other Minoan

religious

Artifacts he discovers recurring

patterns on the disk that are

repeated three times like a kind of ref. They resemble

an old Creetian symbol that

means mother goddess. His theory is

that the disk is dedicated to that very mother goddess.

This coincides with what

we know so far. The mother goddess has

an important one Place in Minoan

society a prayer in their honor

seems

logical we see repetitions

on the disk similar to

prayers and the fact that the

disk was burned testifies that it

was an object of great value a

religious origin would

make sense the problem is However, the fact that

no remotely

comparable object has

been found yet, the strange symbols, the

use of stamps years before

their actual discovery and the

fact that this is the only fired

tray of the Mino all of this justifies

the special status of the disc, which

is correspondingly

controversial Artifact among

archaeologists the uniqueness of this

object raises alarm bells, as is often the case in such

cases.

One would actually expect

that there are other such objects.

Such stamps were certainly

used more often. Furthermore, clay is a very

long-lasting material, so there should

be several such discs today Determining the age is

difficult. The age of the disc has never been

directly determined, but it was

found next to a tray from the period 1700 to 1600 BC.

Archaeologists therefore believe that it

is the same age, but the unusual

circumstances of its discovery cause

further

uncertainty found by a

professional archaeologist a

foreman discovered it on the

excavation site of Festos while he

was doing his rounds is the disc so

real or a

fake, one person in particular is

suspected of having a motive for it the

excavation manager of Festos Luigi

pernier

the discovery that Arthur Evans in

knossus was

sensational - he had discovered the presumed

throne of King Minos. Festos,

on the other hand, was a rather modest palace

that, until the disc was found,

did not provide any real sensation for the media

or would have helped the name Luigi perer gain fame.

The discovery of the disc changes all of that

Pernier and Festos are suddenly

known to everyone in the professional world, but there are

other suspicions against

Pernier. What is particularly worrying is that

Pernier was also responsible for the collection of antiquities in the

National Archaeological Museum of

Florence.

In one of the collections there was a

remarkable Etruscan lead plate,

also known as a disk

vonano is R has a series of

engraved symbols arranged in a spiral

and overall looks surprisingly similar to the Diskos of

Festos

perer has a motive and ways

and means to create such a forgery

case

solved it's not that easy

[music]

decades after the discovery of the

Disk turns up another relic In

1934 an ax was found and this

bronze ax actually had almost the

same symbols as the one on the

disk it is known as the ax of

arkalocheri in the middle are

engraved various unusual symbols some are the symbols on

the discors of Festos surprisingly

similar a plant a teform a

y-shaped stick and above all a man

with a

spiky hairstyle that suggests that the

disc is real that the

symbols used on it had

a certain distribution in this region at a certain time

the question is how could pernier

if he had the discors Forged, he had

designed symbols that had

not yet been officially described. That could

speak for the authenticity of the disc. On

the other hand, he was someone who was

very familiar with critical archeology

and

had perhaps discovered some of the symbols on objects

that were never cataloged. Both

are

possible So is the disk a fake

or not? I think it is real. The

fact that the ax was only discovered after the

discourse. The great

similarity of the symbols and also that

they were not known before are

indicators that speak for its authenticity. We

are not

sure about the discourse Festos is one of

those rare mysterious objects

where it is difficult to form a

final judgment.

It often seems to me that

we call things fake just because

we simply don't know what they

were used for. I see no clear

evidence of a

fake and I I would like

it to be real.

The controversy about the authenticity of

the disc has been going on for over 100 years

and it doesn't look like it will come to an

end any time soon.

[Music]

From Paris there was a death mask

of a drowned girl. It is said that

no face is more common was kissed when

this poet, poets, dancers, all

sorts of artists

referred to her and received

suggestions from her,

the natural reality

came from themselves, it is said that she saved

more than 2 million

human lives, digital image technology

awakens the mysterious mask

Every special life that is immortalized in plaster,

every detail, the serene expression,

the gently closed eyes and

the enigmatic

smile, the mask can be found again and again

in exhibitions and

private collections all over the

world but the woman behind it remains

a mystery who is she, how did she die

and why it is so

famous

its macabre story begins in Paris at the

end of the 19th century the

city is a paradise for tourists you

can climb the 422 steps of the towers of

notredam

through the galleries of the

luvrelanieren or admire the impressive

triumphal arch

but perhaps the biggest

attraction is the city's morgue

The bodies couldn't

be identified well, so there

were long queues as

people enjoyed it,

so to speak, or at least thought it was a

thrill to go there and

supposedly help out on the

street. There were real

street vendors who sold things

like that that is still the case today

and the corpses were actually

already in a bad condition and

during this exhibition, especially in the

summer, the condition of the

decomposition naturally deteriorated even further,

but that did

n't

stop people, actually this is the place

where the corpses are

supposed to be identified but it has long since become

a morbid pleasure for many. These

are show events

in the middle of

Paris. Admission is free because you

want everyone to come to identify the dead.

Naked dead people

lying in front of you. You have to be

social Imagine the dynamics of such a situation,

people's horror in this macabre spirit of the times,

one day this face appears at the

end of the 19th century. Details are

not exactly known, so

this incon de la the drowned woman

from the SEN was supposed to have been taken out of the river

Nobody knew the woman

and nobody wanted to bury her.

She was then taken to what would today be an

institute for forensic medicine.

Her UT suggests that she is not older

than 16. Her haircut shows that

she is of simple

origin, although she

is laid out in public. Nobody knows her

identified but someone takes care of

it, someone found this

peaceful facial expression so

interesting that the person decided to

make a death mask out of it, which of course made it possible to

take a mold of the whole thing many, many times. There

were a lot of impressions of it before the invention of photography

It wasn't unusual for people to

take plaster casts in morgues. If

a face falls apart too much, it can no

longer be

identified. But why is

this death mask so

famous? Making plaster masks from corpses

may seem inappropriate from today's perspective,

but it wasn't

always

that way

This practice was

known in ancient Rome 2000 years ago. The Greek historian

Polibios wrote a text in the second century

BC about the

Imagines majorum wax masks that the

Romans created of the dead.

These masks were worn in

funeral processions in order to keep the

memory alive,

not just of the

SN to the whole

family somehow exciting but also

a bit

scary the young woman is never

identified no relatives come forward

but her face becomes

immortal it is not the first

death mask to cause a stir

the

others of famous men Oliver

crwell who in the 17th century

British monarchy overthrew Ludwig V

bethofen one of the most important

composers in

music history Sir Isaac Newton the

discoverer of gravity outstanding

historical figures

all the most famous death mask of

all is almost 3500 years old and belongs to

the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh does anch

Amun the ancient Egyptians believed that the

bar was a Part of the soul lives on after death

so that the body can be identified in the afterlife

and reunited with the soul,

so it had to

have something visually clearchun death mask is a really

good example of this

[music]

but this young girl is not a

queen, she is not an artist either

and has not made any groundbreaking inventions,

the opposite of this is

completely unknown, why is her

death mask so

famous? perhaps it was simply in the

right place at the right time. During the

Victorian era,

people in Europe were very concerned with death,

symbols of earthly transience

called mementoori The living

remembered their own

mortality. The masks were a completely

normal way of dealing with death.

People had them

hanging in their houses as a matter of course to remember the gift of

life and its brevity,

just as we today keep the photograph

of a deceased person

At that time you had the death mask of your

deceased child at home, the

death mask of the drowned girl

found enormous resonance in this culture of death,

it brought it to some fame as lonu

de laass, the unknown person from the SC. At the

beginning of the 20th century,

this mask of the linconu de laass was

relative It was widespread, it was

hung on the wall, it was just a

death mask, and people who perceived themselves as

sensitive or interested in art

simply hung it there and enjoyed the fact

that they

could see this face there, thousands of

copies of it Death masks are

made her enigmatic face

inspires the imagination of

writers and poets the

French philosopher Alber kamü

compares her smile with that of the Mona

Lisa linconud de laassen was so well known

that she could almost be compared to a kind of

itgir, as if she

had lived Poets, poets, dancers,

all sorts of

artists referred to her

and

received inspiration from her, the natural

reality came from themselves,

but how does a totesgir become one of the

most kissed faces in the

[music]

world? The answer to that is provided by one

Technology that saves lives

When the body of the unknown person

is pulled out, resuscitation is

still in its infancy and its

methods seem rather

bizarre. They tried many different

stimulating techniques to bring people

back to life.

One was

to whip them with stinging leaves to get the

blood out Getting the body moving again

and starting the engine again

In the 18th century,

people began to test whether they

could bring people back to life

if they weren't completely dead. That sounds

crazier than it's about to

sound right now, for example, if

you have a hot one Ashes were brought to people,

they were hung over a horse

so that they could be moved,

they were whipped with nettles.

As I said, that sounds

very strange, but actually they were

good methods because these strong

sensory stimuli can really

lead to you again wakes up and is then

not buried as an apparent dead person or as an

apparent dead person. Another

method is really strange. A

method that sounds a bit strange

but is actually very good

was blowing tobacco into the

rectum of a person who one

had suspected might still be there

could live or that they

could be awakened again. They made a strong

tobacco mixture and inserted it into the

other end, hoping that this would

stimulate the organism and

bring the body back to life.

It may not be surprising that none of

these methods lead to success

What does this face have to do with it

[music]? It wasn't until

the 1950s that

an Austrian anesthesiologist achieved the

first successful

resuscitation, the modern

resuscitative first aid that we

know Stam by Peter Safar, who had

a death and said to himself, things

can't go on like this He

actually developed the ideas

that we know today: move the head back to clear

the respiratory tract, get the

heart going again by

pressing on the chest, mouth-to-mouth

resuscitation and the like, so that's a

relatively new, modern procedure

resuscitative first aid sa comes to

the conclusion that many lives

can be saved if everyone masters this technique,

but for this he needs a

training model that is as realistic as possible, which does

not exist at the time

[music] In

1959, dr Safar looks for a

Norwegian toy manufacturer he knows

asmund lerdal lerdal has a lot of experience

with a new material called PVC and

believes that this could be the solution.

The two develop a doll that imitates the

basic function of the lungs

[music]

in the end Leal has a finished

doll but no face for it yet but

where the hell is he supposed to

get it there leerdal wants a

passive, non-intimidating

face one day he visits his

in-laws and sees the

unknown person from the SC hanging on the wall

and he thinks perfect, that's

perfect and that's how it happens in

many countries with these

training dummies This

face can be seen and has achieved worldwide fame, so to speak.

Finally, the unknown person from

the SC is christened rassi.

Around 500 million people around the world

use her as a training dummy and have

since then helped save up to two and a half million

lives

The unknown woman who died 150 years ago in the

S is probably the most kissed

face in

history, but a mystery surrounds her

to

this day, her famous face is almost too

flawless, too beautiful to be true. With

water corpses you can of course see

typical signs, e.g that the

bacteria migrate into the veins, that a

network of veins breaks through or that the

skin peels off, but of

course you wouldn't see any of this in reality on the

death mask, so the

reasoning is that you can't see

the signs of death in water on the death mask,

of course Also not

entirely true because you

can't catch them with the mask anyway, so that's

no indication that the

linkconyde laassen was perhaps still

alive when the death mask

was made, but there is still an

inconsistency

when the eyes are closed,

the lens underneath forms a slight

curvature under the songs but some

complain that this curvature is not completely

round, it seems as if her

eyes were moving when the plaster cast

was made, so is this really the face of

a dead woman or does it perhaps belong to

a lively young woman?

This question has to be left unanswered

remain