Original subtitles

Can this 3000 year old golden

cone reveal the secrets of the cosmos

There are stars on it and the moon This

is of course exactly what you

would think of as a classic wizard hat

What does this cube have to do with the

Nazis' mysterious miracle weapon

on a note the reactor

that Hitler tried to build in Germany

picture and could this unusual clock

change the world

masterpiece of engineering

fascinating mysterious objects

[music]

long hidden in museums laboratories and

archives

[music]

now we can use the latest

technology to reveal their secrets

we can recreate them

disassemble

[music]

and enlarge

and thus

reveal forgotten, hidden and bizarre things.

These are the strangest things in the world

[music]

in the display case of a Berlin museum

there is a strange-looking

golden cone,

the 3000-year-old relic is said to contain the

secret knowledge of a Bronze Age

culture and If you can predict the future,

it would be a real revelation. It's

high time to take a closer look at this amazing

artifact.

It is impressively magnificent. It is

more than 70 centimeters long and is

made of extremely thin gold sheet and is

covered with complicated cryptic

patterns.

On the hat you can see 21 horizontal lines

and over 2000 different

symbols. Experts assume that

this is much more than just

decoration. They suspect that there is

a complex celestial code immortalized on

the surrounding ornamental bands.

If you look at all the fine patterns

and the good

workmanship, then

you really have to marvel and admire the whole thing.

After all, the whole thing was

made in the Bronze Age.

Where does the gold rage come from? What do

these cryptic symbols mean and what

was it used for?

The unusual cone was acquired in 1996 by the

Berlin Museum of Prehistory and

Early History on the international

art market where it was originally

discovered It is not exactly known

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The location is assumed to be somewhere north of the Alps

in Germany or Switzerland.

It was made between 1,000 and

800 BC and it

probably comes from the Urnenfeld

culture. The Urnenfeld culture was widespread

in Central Europe from 1300 to 800 BC

The name goes back to the fact that

the dead were burned and buried in urns,

which created fields with

urns, hence the name

urnfield culture.

According to one approach, it could be

a decorated burial urn,

but that is not the only theory

over time, people are I

came up with a lot of ideas about what it

could be, for example a quiver for

arrows, simply a decorative object-

like element or maybe

even a penis-like, so to speak,

sexualized representation. The

use as a vase or ceremonial

object was also discussed, but it is

now assumed that the

solution is in size and The shape of the cone can be

found

if you turn the object over you can see

that it has an opening at the bottom the size of

a human head. Experts

come to a very obvious

conclusion.

It is assumed that it is a

hat. This

is the current prevailing

explanation

Object is also called the Berlin

Gold Hat because it is in a

Berlin museum but this is

not just any courage,

it shows an unusual splendor and

artistry even for this

archaeological era

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it is incredibly artistically crafted

even today it would be extremely

impressive if someone If we

were to make such a beautiful object out of gold,

how was it possible for the Bronze Age

metal workers 3,000 years ago

to make such a work of art?

The chemical analysis of the

gold used shows that the manufacturers had

excellent knowledge of metals.

If the hat were made of pure gold, it would

probably buckle under its weight

because it would Pages are so thin that

the

Bronze Age craftsmen obviously mixed the gold with

other metals

in the mixture: around 9.8% silver,

0.4% copper and 0.1% count, making

the material much stronger

so that it can withstand its weight

People knew their craft, this

mixing ratio is more or

less still used today for 22 carat gold

what an effort it takes to make a hat.

An analysis of its construction reveals

even more astonishing

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are no seams to be seen, so the

entire object is made from one

piece

extremely finely forged, this is

only possible because the arrangement of the atoms

makes gold uniquely dense and stretchy,

which means it can be worked like no other

metal

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gold leaf can be

made that is only a few atoms thick,

so thin that you

can see the light shining through

that explains the delicate structure

of the foot

is no thicker than a few pages of

paper the gold of the entire hat

corresponds to about a cube of this

size

that is an incredible

feat of craftsmanship for the

Bronze Age but that's not all

each of the almost 2000 complicated

symbols is individually made

the hat was probably made with the help

of two techniques:

driving and isolating. When driving,

you work on the gold with the rough

shape from the back with a

hammer to create a relief

the fine

details on the front

the finished work could be the result of

months of work

why put so much effort into a hat there is

more to this mysterious object than meets the

eye

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close examination of the decorations

suggests that the Berliner

Gold hat was anything but just a

headgear. Experts

now assume that some symbols

stand for the sun and others for the moon.

The astonishing conclusion of the

Berlin Gold Hat could

be a celestial calendar that

helped initiates look into the future

in the Bronze Age Time is

recorded using the phases of the moon to

divide months. The years, on the other hand, are

measured based on the solar cycles and this

leads to problems.

The moon and the solar cycle do

not fit together well.

Twelve lunar cycles do not make a whole

solar cycle. The earth needs 365 a

quarter of a day to orbit the sun

The moon takes 29.5 days to

circle the earth, so if you rely on the

sun and moon to determine when

to sow, harvest or hunt, it is

extremely problematic when the two

basic calendars diverge more and more

[Music]

432 BC Greek

astronomethon found that it

takes 19 years until the lunar cycle

matches that of the sun again.

He then developed a new

calendar system

- the ancient

Greeks added an extra lunar month in seven out of 19 years

until the

calendars deliver in parallel again -

this trick keeps the moon and the

solar calendar roughly synchronously,

at least every 19 years, both

calendars roughly agree again. What amazes

archaeologists is that the

symbols on the gold hat offer the same

solution for calculating the

deviation

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put in relation, it even looks as if

both calendars compared

with each other Friends

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Astronomers speak of an

intercalendar correction.

The remarkable thing is that the gold hat was

created about 500 years before we discovered it.

If the theories about this hat are

correct, then the supposedly

primitive population had very precise

knowledge of astronomical cycles In order to be

able to make these calculations, the people of that time must

have made very detailed observations over long periods of time. This shows

an unexpectedly high level of

sophistication -

a daring thesis based on a

single artifact -

but the Berlin Gold Hat is not the

only one of its kind -

there are three similar hats, for

example from Schifferstadt from Nuremberg

from Portier in France and

probably you can or

certainly can deduce from this that this is

not just some

unique thing in space and time

but that there is a cultural

connection here that we can of course then

explore

the decorations The other hats are

constructed in comparable sections,

so it is assumed that they

served a similar purpose.

3000 years ago, such

astronomical knowledge may have seemed like

magic, so

here we have a golden hat

that is shaped a bit too running

with a kind of brim There are

stars on it and the moon, the people

who wear it and understand how it

works can predict the future,

so to speak, the course of the

stars and the like. This is of course

exactly what you would think of as a classic

magician's hat: namely, it speaks information with

apparently supernatural powers

gain from them and then communicate them to people -

this sounds both like faith

and astronomy. When

dealing with earlier cultures, it is

important to understand that religion and

everyday life were not separate but were

deeply intertwined

[music]

influenced how successful the

harvest was Ausfield and whether the family and

the community were doing well or not,

the hat as a prophetic object is

also part of religious life and

if so who or what was

worshiped with it,

an eight shining star can be seen at the tip of the hat,

according to archaeologists represents the sun,

this is an important clue because

in ancient times the worship of the sun is

a recurring motif.

Sun gods and sun goddesses have

of course always existed all over the world,

for example in the

Shintou faith in Japan

it is assumed that the greatest

ruler of all is the Sun goddess

or in a tribe in Zambia there is

the idea that the sun king

and the moon goddess produced all the kings in this

ethnic group, so to speak,

they are all descendants of it.

Around the year

1340 BC, the

members of one of the largest

civilizations of antiquity also became

passionate sun worshippers

There was a point in time in ancient Egypt

when the sun god was elevated above all other

gods and he was honored above all else.

This god was called Anton and the

Pharaoh Akhenaten built

incredibly huge temples and a city in his honor

that were dedicated to him. This

god was also in Europe There used to be

sunsets so it would be conceivable that

the Berlin Gold Hat

was worn by a respected person,

perhaps a priest astronomer in

a European sun cult or a

leader who knew the meaning of the

engravings

until the hat would have given this person enormous

power but the power was

astronomical Predicting the future and

thus perhaps the best time for

sowing and harvesting etc.

Having this knowledge in such a culture

would mean a lot of power.

The Berlin Gold Hat changes our

image of life in Europe during the

Bronze Age. It suggests that

people were cultured were and patiently

made scientific observations over decades, perhaps

even centuries.

So far, four golden hatchets have been found,

but there are clear indications that

more could exist.

When the golden hat from Schifferstadt

was discovered in 1835, there are

also three bronze cult axes, the

objects are dated to the 14th

century BC

and the combination of hat and hat

could represent a connection to a grave

that was found in southern Sweden

and that dates back to the 13th century BC.

Stones were found in the grave on these

stones at the royal tombs in southern Sweden near Kivik You can find religious scenes that

are engraved there. Since the

extensive exploration of the site in the

1930s, one of these

stone tablets has been lost, but

drawings of it show a very

familiar image. On these you can see

a structure that looks exactly like

this gold hat and next to it are specially

depicted Objects on it have a

striking similarity to those from

Schifferstadt. Possibly there is

still a Swedish gold hat waiting to be

discovered somewhere near the royal grave

and who knows, perhaps it was complete.

Then the picture surrounding the

Berlin gold is also

received by Professor Timmif from Maryland in the summer of 2013

University a package

with a heavy 5cm cube

inside and a note

on the handwritten note

from the reactor that Hitler

tried to build in Germany a

gift from the Ninja

what's with the strange cube

why is it going to a professor in

Maryland Hitler

actually had a nuclear program,

the Nazis tried to build a nuclear weapon.

The cube was actually made from a

Nazi reactor.

With the help of the latest technology, the

cube is examined in great detail to

uncover its secrets.

The edge length is around 5 cm. It is

black and the Surface is

riddled with cavities, bumps

and notches

[music]

the cube weighs 2.4 kilograms, a

surprising amount for such a small

object

it can only be one material

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Hitler's desire for a miracle weapon

is clearly proven -

no one had any doubts at the time

that Hitler would have used a nuclear weapon

if he had had the opportunity,

the small cube could actually

have been part of such a project.

Uranium has a special property that

is indispensable in the construction of an atomic bomb. It is radioactive,

which means that there are a lot of subatomic

particles in an atomic nucleus that

it is unstable and occasionally emits small

amounts of subatomic particles as radiation

on the cube is particularly that it is

not just uranium as

it was clear that this small cube of

uranium had been processed it was

refined uranium heart there were also

signs For a casting process, it was

clearly a man-made

object,

but did it really date from the Nazi era?

First of all, its

composition is analyzed. It

consists of pure uranium that has not yet

been enriched.

The most radioactive component of pure

uranium is the isotope U235, but it

only makes up just under one percent of the material

to increase the U235 proportion, uranium is

enriched. Grandma is

a very good indication of the

origin of the cube at the time

when uranium was seriously experimented with

Lucky towards the end of the Second

World War,

so it is uranium from the Second

World War, although not yet

enriched But if Hitler

has the raw material to build a nuclear weapon,

why doesn't he use it better

or maybe try to do so?

In December 1938, German

researchers Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann

succeeded in something in a Berlin laboratory

that would change the world forever.

They discovered nuclear fission

They achieved this by bombarding uranium with

neutrons. The

groundbreaking discovery was not that

they split off part of it, but

that they first divided it into two

fission products: the elements

krypton and barium. What makes this discovery

the birth of the most dangerous

weapon on earth is that The mass

of the two new elements is less than

that of the original uranium, so the

mass has disappeared so

that part of the original mass of the

nucleus does not end up in the mass of the two

fission fragments but

is converted directly into energy.

Neutrons that have been released can now

split other atoms

if they succeed To maintain this process,

one could build a bomb

with this discovery, Pandora's box is

opened

in one of the most risky moments in

world history

[Music]

Germany is under the rule of

the dictator Adolf Hitler, who is already making

plans to attack

Poland

So on the threshold of

war, man,

and in this extremely tense situation,

the foundation stone for

humanity's most powerful weapon to date is being

laid. The

worse it is, it seems as if

Nazi Germany was

way ahead in the development of an

atomic bomb

in September 1939 At the beginning of the Second

World War, the Nazi government suggested the

founding of the Working Group for

Nuclear Physics, which was informally called the Uranverein.

This included many extremely

intelligent, well-educated people, including

Werner Heisenberg, one of the founders of

quantum physics. Heisenberg and his

colleagues left Berlin during the

war and received money for this

Uranium project A new home

A secret laboratory under a

medieval castle on the edge of the

Black Forest

Maintaining Haigerloch Castle in

southwest Germany,

Eisenberg's team is setting up the so-called

uranium burner with hundreds of

small cubes made of natural orange. Today

we talk about it as a nuclear reactor

the first step on the way to the

atom bomb

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during nuclear fission releases

uranium neutrons neutrons are the

particles that start fission in the first place

the first place when

a uranium atom is split two to

three neutrons are released, each of which can produce

another Uranium atom splits so

exponentially increasing energy is

released. It was

immediately clear to the physicists that there

was potential for a self-sustaining process in a

chain reaction.

The underground amount that is necessary to

start a chain reaction is the

so-called critical mass.

They were working on a reactor in which

the critical mass of uranium

should be obtained from many such cubes.

In their arrangement, the total of

664 blocks resemble a kind of deadly

chandelier.

If you look closely at a cube, you can

see machine indentations on the edges. They fit exactly to the

aluminum wires on each new

cube were hung one after the other

this specimen clearly comes from

Nazi stocks so why didn't the Nazis build

an atomic bomb

the simple answer is the Germans

simply ran out of time

on April 27th 1945 the Allies advance

deep enough into Germany to

occupy the main research facility

the scientists are captured

taken and the facility confiscated

three months later the

American Manhattan Project demonstrates how

dangerous an atomic bomb can be

on July 16, 1945 the Trinity test is

carried out the first successful

nuclear weapon explosion in the evening

that changed the world forever

Robert

Oppenheimer, who led the project,

quoted the Indian holy scripture

the excavator ride Kita now I have

become death the destroyer of worlds

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the Americans are winning the race to

harness the deadly power

of the atom

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but how close did the Germans actually come in the

race for nuclear weapons research

US Researchers are chemically examining the cube

for traces of the new elements

that are created when uranium atoms are split

[Music]

no split followed. They didn't

get that far.

Heisenberg's uranium burner never became

functional. The Manhattan Project,

on the other hand, produced a functioning nuclear reactor as early as 1942.

Why did it succeed? that in Hitler's Germany

the chaos of war was not one of the problems.

Berlin

was bombed so heavily that the

entire series of experiments, including the

uranium, was relocated from Berlin to the south

and due to the Nazi ideology,

many scientists emigrated.

Some of the most brilliant physicists had

left Germany and were in the

US gone

ironically many of them

ended up working on the Manhattan Project

another obstacle for the

nuclear researchers in Nazi Germany is

their lack of team spirit

Heisenberg

Eisenberg wasn't the only one

working on a uranium project he had

a competitor or rather rival Kurt

Diebner who was doing research on an

independent project, the resources and

forces were shared, there was

quite a bit of competition

between the two groups, recently

released documents show that

atomic bomb research in the Third Reich

could have been completely different without this rivalry.

Recently, when reviewing files, it was

discovered that

There were around 660 cubes in Heisenberg's test facility and

around 400 cubes in the other one.

According to estimates it would have taken

around 1000 cubes to get a functioning reactor,

so they would have

had enough uranium to

get a nuclear reactor running but they

succeeded because they divided the cubes into two groups The

only question left for him is how a

cube from Nazi stocks ended up in the office of a

professor in Maryland and who

is Ninja.

Released documents show that some of

the cubes were brought to the USA.

This is where the manager comes into play. He

was in Manhattan -Project and

acknowledged the receipt of several of these

cubes so they must have crossed

his desk at some point.

Manager died in 2004.

According to his wife, he left the

cube in question to a friend who in

turn passed it on and so it ended up

on the desk of a physicist in Maryland at some point If

history had gone differently,

this 5 cm cube

might have been involved in the construction of a

Nazi-German nuclear weapon.

Instead, it ends up as a paperweight

in the USA

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locked in a display case in the

Science Museum there is a

unique 290-year-old

mechanical masterpiece of this

amazing device One thing was supposed to

help build empires and

achieve unimaginable wealth.

Making money on a very large scale is

so enormous that

everything else pales in comparison. In order to be

able to understand it, you have to take a

close look at this miracle

]

about absolutely revolutionary

1736 the H1 is the most advanced

clock in the world it is a good 60 cm high its

mechanical skeleton is made of brass

bronze and steel and it is different from

all other ears its decorated front

has four dials with

strange double-hand parts of the

Mechanics move almost

supernaturally gracefully and inside there are

precision-made components made of

tropical hardwood the whole thing almost looks

like a living organism

these unusual mechanisms make

it

one of the most precise watches ever at the time of its manufacture

a watch that is supposed to change the world who

has it manufactured for what purpose and how can

a single device

have such meaning

[music]

the H1 is intended to secure two things at the time of colonialism:

power and money.

At the beginning of the 18th century,

the Europeans decided to

simply take what they wanted from the world,

the only competition

The entire globe

seems to be available so you can really take advantage

of

the age of great discoveries

as Europeans call Fust, especially on

large ships

[music]

that were able to cope with crossings and storms

and transport large loads

but when navigating on the

A lot can go wrong in the world's oceans.

Errors in positioning

often result in unwanted contact with land and

shipwreck.

In times of voyages of discovery and

overseas trade, this is a serious

problem.

Losing a ship like this is

not without causing enormous

economic damage.

We know of at least one cargo

which would probably have been worth around a billion

in a single ship, if

a country manages to

solve the navigation problem,

the path to international trade and

world power is open to it. With the Longitude

Act in 1714, the British government offered

a bonus of 20,000 pounds

for a procedure with which you can also see not

only the latitude but also the

longitude.

[Music]

it was an enormous sum and the

requirements were rather vague but

basically every possible solution was

conceivable. If it really

works then he thinks the big

money

watchmaker John Harrison wants this

prize money that will win 4 million pounds today

with the H1, it is

full of state-of-the-art technology because

navigation at sea is demanding.

You can imagine the world map with an x

and a Y axis from north

to south, you measure the latitudes from

east to west Longitude

and latitude can be easily

determined based on the position of the sun or stars.

H1 is intended to solve the longitude problem that has

bothered sailors for thousands of years.

The expression stood

for an impossibility,

but the basics do

n't seem that complicated

when you're running the circles around

the globe and lead at a certain

angle from each other through the poles,

similar to an orange,

are divided into segments

and the recording of the geographical

longitude is a question of time, which in New

York, for example, is only five hours

later at midday than in London remember

that this is the period of time that the

earth needs to rotate so far

that the sun is directly over

New York instead of directly over London,

so to determine it more precisely, the length is

divided into 360 degrees,

each degree represents 60 miles, almost 100

kilometers, so hang time and location

together

every four minutes the earth rotates by

one degree, so if you know the exact

time at a fixed location, the

so-called prime meridian, and if you know

how much later or earlier

is midday where you are, you can

calculate your current longitude

for navigation So at sea you

just need to know the time at 0 meridian

and that's exactly the purpose the

H1 is supposed to serve but Harrison isn't the

only one who's after the prize money.

There were the wildest possible solutions

to the longitude problem. Another

suggestion was along the

Atlantic trade routes

Signal ships to pass these should

regularly fire lights and cannonballs as a

time signal as a reliable

comparison value after the

navigation is based on the passing

in reality,

first of all, the Atlantic is

kilometers away in many places, so

the ships would have drifted all over the place, which

got a lot of attention at the time

every sailor was

the H1 is a much

more practical solution,

but in order to win the British government's prize money it

has to be extremely

precise

in order to prevail, it could only

deviate by a maximum of 3 seconds per day. Although there are

such precise clocks, they

only use a pendulum

Works in a calm environment for

ships, so they are extremely

unsuitable. A single

precision instrument for a pendulum clock

was placed on a ship from the 18th

century. First of all, it was completely

placed

on the move when it rolled heavily

from one side to the other, emerging

from the water

and swaying Temperature from

tropical means to ice cold and

back again. No precision device could

handle it and that was exactly the

challenge -

a seemingly unsolvable task - hence

the high prize money. Why

does Harrison believe that he

can solve a problem that humanity has been

tinkering with for thousands of years

Harrising was not an amateur but

an experienced watchmaker who

had already built extremely accurate timepieces

and he is not only a skilled

mechanic.

Harrison dealt not only with the

mechanical questions of watchmaking

but also with deeper

principles of science and

construction and therefore what was necessary to achieve

To make the system more precise

the H1

the first tricky problem of a

precision watch at sea was the pendulum,

its movement is disturbed and

this messes up the time measurement with

pendulums swinging towards the center which

are provided with small balls at the top and bottom and them

swinging in the opposite direction,

the swaying of the ship affects

one pendulum, the other pendulum acts

against it so that together they can compensate for a

large part of the ship's movement.

Friction also poses problems for Harrison.

Friction is where two objects come into

contact. Friction

slows them down and can stop

Watchmakers often use oil to

reduce friction not an ideal

solution for the H1 Oil becomes thicker when cold

and thinner when warm

another potential source

of error for the mechanism of the watch

[Music]

seems illogical at first glance

he uses wood wood

Such a precision seems

unusual but it was the perfect

material because with it the watch

lubricated itself without

needing a single drop of oil

Harrison tropical

the first real longitude watch is full of

revolutionary innovations Harrison

needs five years to combine them all in one

watch H1 the finished clock

has four dials, the bottom one shows

the day, the right one shows the hour, its

double hand moves around once every 24 hours,

the dial on the left shows the minutes

and its double hand moves

around once every two hours. At the

top, the second hand seduces

every two minutes a complete

revolution the H1 is different than any watch

before but it's enough to secure Harrison the

prize money.

In 1736 he takes the H1 on a

test drive to Lisbon and back.

They drove through the poor canal and then

down to Lisbon.

According to reports it was a terrible trip the

weather was terrible,

it became clear that she hadn't

done particularly well, his baby

hadn't fulfilled his task,

but after some rest and relaxation in

Lisbon, the journey home was much

better,

he got used to the waves, the

weather was better and he was able to take his

beautiful H1 Keep in mind to

run across Great Britain Herten

and land yourself came to the captain

absolutely convinced to see Starpoint

[music]

on the south coast of England but according to the

H1, Lizzard point is in sight the

southernmost point of the country more than 100

km further west

[music ]

he

the unsolvable problem of longitude has been solved

that you can navigate at sea by

using a watch to

calculate and measure the geographical longitude.

After Harrison has proven that the

H1 works, the government's generous prize money is within your grasp.

The watch

should only be used on one trip to

the Caribbean to demonstrate their long-distance skills

but that doesn't happen because there is

a problem not with the watch but

with its perfectionist builder

[Music]

himself withdrew and said he

wanted to continue perfecting the watch,

one thing wasn't good enough yet and

another Years to build the improved H2 after the H1,

which he then

gave up without checking in order to develop the even more

perfect H3. Its

completion took another 19 years

but Harrison was not satisfied with it either

[Music] In

1761, finally 31 years after he completed the

work He started on the H1 and completed

the H4.

Harrison's son went

on an 81-day sea voyage with the H4 and

then it went wrong by just 5 seconds.

That was almost 30 times better than the

prize money required

when Harrison finally got the money

He dies at the age of 80 three years later

without ever seeing how

ship's cronometers become the standard in

navigation at sea. It

all started with this extraordinary clock.

Almost 300 years after it was manufactured,

it is no longer used

but still works

[music]