Original subtitles

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what was the purpose of this horrible hat, so many

teeth,

this machine brings to light the dark soul

of humanity, is it easy to get

a normal person to

give a fatal electric shock to someone they don't know? Unfortunately, yes, and

this weapon proves that there are Amazons

But for

a long time it was thought that something like that could

n't belong to a woman

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Fascinating mysterious objects

long hidden in museums, laboratories and

archives

Now we can use the latest

technology to reveal their secrets

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We can recreate them,

disassemble and enlarge them,

and thus

hidden and forgotten things paid

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they are the strangest things in the world

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in a small London museum lies

a strange battered hat

decorated with tiny objects

a strange thing or

thanks to modern technologies we have

managed to investigate this strange hat with

forensic precision

Nothing else, if you take a

closer look at the

bizarre teeth decorations, it's whether it

belonged to a sorcerer.

It comes from the back yards of

Victorian London. The train is

around 20 cm high and 17 cm wide.

It has a faded velvet cover sewn

into the 87 tooth fragments

Who would make such an object? Why

are there teeth on it and who does the

teeth actually belong to?

Unfortunately there are hardly any clues.

There are neither pictures nor written

representations. Nothing that gives us any information.

Just a few cryptic notes from

a collector

who originally owned this scary hat and

why Is it covered in teeth

and what was it intended for?

The macabre object was

donated to London's Coming Museum in 1916 by the

collector Edward love it He

didn't

exactly count sex, he scoured the

back alleys and the rougher areas of

London looking for curiosities

that he bought from street vendors. Our

collector now became a collector who was

mainly interested in the strange,

strange, esoteric, unfathomable

something that had to do with magic spells and

the like, so he was into

that specialized

in Britain at the time it was a

trend to collect local aunt

as a reaction to increasing

urbanization there were many people

traveling around England collecting

artefacts they tried to

preserve the regional traditions

but there is no folk tradition in England

of

one covered in teeth Hat tells

this raises an obvious question

why would someone in Victorian

London decorate and put on a hat with teeth and

for what purpose

luckily the spooky hat comes with

a clue

a cryptic note that said

the hat is said to have magical properties

we know that teeth In many cultures they were used

to decorate clothing and

weapons and magical powers

were attributed to them.

In Germany, of course, we

still know that, for example, teeth

set in silver were worn as a kind of hunting trophy,

which was supposed to

somehow bring good luck when hunting or

represent that one It's also very masculine.

Wolf teeth were often used

as early as the Stone Age,

which fits in with another object from the

Lave collection that thematically goes in a

similar direction

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a small silk bag with a

tooth, probably a dog's tooth.

They tried to treat a toothache with the help

of animal cells To heal the animal tooth

should literally suck the pain or its cause

out of the tooth

but the teeth on the hat were not

from animals but from humans

as is certainly the case in London in the

19th century, wearing human

teeth was fashionable thanks to the queen

like death Prince Albert in

1861

caused Queen Victoria to undergo a

long period of mourning, which was soon

imitated by Victorian society,

especially by women who dressed in black for up

to two years after the death of a relative

and often carried

memorabilia that came from these

people

Hair and teeth also belonged,

but this could hardly have been a

souvenir of a grieving widow

or widower

because there are parts of over 80 teeth on the hat.

This poor person must

have had many dead relatives, neither a talisman

nor a souvenir piece, but oh well

leaves something

behind saying that he had bought this hat in 1855 from

a man from London

who was

[music] by profession.

After the discovery of America by

Columbus, dentistry in

Europe experienced a real boom.

The Europeans quickly realized that

the Caribbean was ideal for

sugar cane In the

middle of the 16th century, large

plantations began to be set up on which sugar cane

and refined sugar were

produced for export to Europe.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the

hunger for sugar became ever greater and the

holes in the teeth also

caused serious

health problems, tooth

decay spread like this in

Great Britain until the 18th

century. People did

n't really know why their teeth got

sick, fell out, rotted, got

bad, hurt and one

idea that was around for a very long time was that

a small worm creates the tooth worm

that causes this that the teeth

decompose or that the teeth themselves are

destroyed. There were

no antibiotics back then.

Blood poisoning from

tooth files often ends fatally. Of course, that was

the five or six most common

cause of death in London at the time

e-team Sixty Tube There is

a report that in 1862 a man

from Sussex killed himself after 5 months of dental problems

simply because he

could no longer endure the pain. Aching

teeth and the

desperation that came with it created

a large market for the test of a

wide variety of people pulling teeth from

barbers from quark ointment to

forging, what the blacksmiths lacked in terms of knowledge

of tooth anatomy and sensitivity,

they made up for by

building special tools,

each of which is an instrument of torture

rather than a dental device,

but these tooth pullers are intended to

pull teeth, not to show them off, so what

does that have to do with it? This hat has on it that

's why a Dutch painting from

the 17th century shows a

tooth puller if you look closely you can see

that he is wearing something strange a

necklace made of human teeth

obviously some tooth pullers

at that time wear jewelry made of teeth but

why

this hat is from his time in the

anyone with a pair of pliers and a strong

arm could practice dentistry back

when there was a barrier, even surgeons were there, there was

bloodletting a case with a red

stripe symbolized the blood on the

bandages when they were removed before the

introduction of this symbol you were for

your services by carrying a bowl with

real blood in front of the business,

traveling tooth pullers go even

further. These tooth pullers and traveling

barbers of course had to

attract people's attention, which is why

they sometimes

set up such a small stage that became

downright hertral because they were

dependent on as

many people as possible in as short a time as possible

came and then bought or used the services and goods

pulled teeth without causing too much pain,

people reported

some tooth pullers wear necklaces with

pulled teeth the more teeth a

chain has, the more competent they appear to be the

most famous tooth puller at the end of

the 19th century In the 20th century,

Edgar Randolph Parker was known as

Painless Parker. He joined a

circus where he offered his services as an

attraction alongside the other

common shows such as clowns, elephants and

magicians.

He always had a bucket with hundreds

of teeth with him and a necklace

357 teeth as he supposedly

pulled out in a single day

this hat with tendons could have been the

self-promotion of a tooth puller

but there is a catch with this explanation

if we take a closer look at the teeth on this hat

one thing is strange

when most of the teeth are on it show

no signs of falling they

are immaculate

if this hat was meant to be used for pulling

teeth then why are

most of the teeth on it healthy

actually number pullers weren't

always the most honest people in the

cheeseburg on the one hand

tooth pullers provided a vital

medical service but many

of them tended to

Sometimes they also had accomplices in the

crowd who had a tooth pulled,

but what was pulled out was a

hidden tooth that they had specially

put in their mouth.

This Dutch picture from the 17th

century suggests that the leitrix

was widespread at that time

and Wilder depicting such situations

was very popular back then. You

see the tooth puller, an accomplice and

another in the crowd and

this poor person who

comes up with the trick as a viewer, you witness

the deception.

The healthy teeth on the hat are

perhaps proof of it

Strong business acumen of the owner

the streetpolis these tooth extractors have

exaggerated the diagnosis and

removed healthy teeth in order to earn more

but there is an even scarier

theory because healthy teeth are

not that difficult to get in 19th century England

thanks to a

legendary battle

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after the Battle of Waterloo which had

caused a large number of casualties,

there were people who roamed the battlefield

and pulled out the teeth of the corpses.

In this way thousands of

teeth were collected and sold to manufacturers of

dentures

[applause]

in the 19th century The trade in

real teeth was so lucrative that people

not only looted battlefields

but also looked after graves.

An even more extreme form of tooth

collecting was practiced by professional corpse collectors.

In the 19th century,

medical schools had a

high demand for fresh corpses in order to

hold anatomy seminars for students

So the theft of corpses became a

new illegal professional trend and because the

teeth were not needed you could

make extra money with them. If

these teeth came from the

battlefields at Waterloo

or from the loot of a grave robber

then they were not cheap. In

London there was a market for them Teeth were

hotly contested back then such a hat was

certainly expensive

that could explain something strange that

you can only see up close

some of the teeth were cut in half to

make it look like more but in 1855 when

this strange hat was sold

the business was extracting teeth

in the USA and Great Britain

the first colleges of dentistry were

founded the beginning of the specialist profession

the days of the traveling around saw them

are over one of them

literally takes off his hat

but what does the Mittlerwitz first

note mean that this well

possibly magical powers owns

like the two of us 20 since 2013 a big fire broke out in the

coming museum where this hat was located which

destroyed many valuable old artifacts

amazingly the shabby velvet hat

with over 80 teeth remains

intact

maybe it wasn't magic but

maybe it was a bit of providence

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at the University of Akron Ohio there is

an innocuous looking box with

its indicator lights and

it looks like a prop from a

60's science fiction film

but it isn't.

This seemingly innocuous device was used

for one of the most infamous experiments of the

Developed in the 20th century

with the help of the latest technology,

we can now examine it in detail.

This is the Milgram shock box.

Its label reveals the purpose of this

so-called shock generator, which is intended to give people

electric shocks.

This box was part of an experiment

in which one test subject

was supposed to give electric shocks to another on command

This start

hundreds of people were finally

ready to press the button for the final

fatal shock but what was

the actual purpose of the test, who

was behind it and how could such a

dangerous experiment even be

allowed? In

1961 an unusual newspaper advertisement appeared in Canada.

They were looking for participants for one Study

by the University that seemed quite harmless at first glance,

you got 4 dollars per hour, which today corresponds to about 40 dollars.

The experiment started quite simply. The

experiment involved two people who had

never met before.

One was chosen at random to be a student

and one to be a teacher The

teacher watched as the student

was strapped to a chair so that he

could no longer stand up and then

he was connected to something.

Electrodes and wires were attached to the student's wrists. Then

the teacher was led into an adjoining room

where he was put on that The device

he will operate is a

ZLB type electric shock generator.

At the center of the experiment

is a long series of

switches from 15 volts up to 450

volts, so you could give the other person

increasingly stronger electric shocks.

It started with light shocks, then came

moderate ones stronger and ultimately

potentially fatal

the connection to the student is

activated the teacher is told that

despite the warning signals the

student's health is not in danger but that

is hard to believe

the teachers were given a small shock of

45 volts as a foretaste

of what they themselves would be

would administer the electric shock didn't kill them

but showed them what would happen

if they pressed the switches

the experiment began the student

was given a series of memory tests

the teacher was instructed to give the student

a shock for every wrong answer

and one for each subsequent answer

To go up the level

here, the electric shocks became more intense,

the more audible the reaction of the

student next door became,

the more the student suffered, the more

urgently he asked to end the experiment,

the students screamed and pleaded, some hit

the wall, some

refused to answer any further questions about

the instructions Any refusal

was considered a wrong answer and they were supposed to

give another shock.

If the student keeps

making mistakes, the teacher will eventually reach the

highest potentially fatal switch

with 450 volts.

The whole thing is this device is

actually supposed to give a person a

fatal shock just because they

make mistakes Let's

take a closer look at the infamous shock

generator

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its interior looks a little suspicious

the box is held together by simple shelf brackets

the tangled cables inside do

n't fit in at all with the professional exterior now

almost like a rat's nest there was a tangled mess of

cables you can't see anything What

is connected to the switches are

wired in such a way that the corresponding light

and the summer

are activated when the switch is pressed but something

important is missing.

What is missing is the crucial element:

a high-voltage transformer that

generates the appropriate voltage,

which means that this shock generator is

not technically in the system Able

to produce a fatal shock,

the student does not receive any

electric shocks because the apparatus is a

dummy,

the whole experiment is a cruel

joke

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the experiment was carried out by the

renowned psychologist Professor Stan

but in fact everything was

just smoke and mirrors

Milgren's experiment is only pretended

because the students are never the

actual subject of the experiment.

The

so-called students were all

initiated. They were the real subjects of

this experiment. The teachers

were played on tape. They were

important because the original question was: Will the

teachers increase the tension further

if they are told by an

authority figure

The whole thing was designed to

make the teachers believe that

if they pressed each of these switches they would actually kill the students.

The experimenter responded with one of

four set sentences,

first he said please continue

then the experiment requires that they

continue, he

refused the one still said

it is absolutely essential that you

continue

the last request was you

have no choice you must

carry on the teachers will do as

they are told even though the voltage readings

clearly show this could be fatal

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Milgram wanted to do the experiment testing the

limits of moral principles and the

human response to authority

the central question was what would it

take to make a normal person give

a

fatal electric shock to someone unknown to them the

answer was not very much

the people were horrified

the several are just normal

average people without being in danger themselves,

most people sacrifice their moral

compass for four dollars.

What prompted the million to

construct such a dark experiment

was born in New York City in 1933 he

was the son of Jewish immigrants

between 1941 and 45 there were over 6

million Jews systematically murdered by the Germans

the Nazi genocide

had many helpers and methods for

example gassing shooting starvation or

extermination through work the burning

question Milgram asked himself was why

did ordinary German people who had

never killed or tortured anyone in their entire lives do

these

terrible acts carried out with the help

of the electric shock device, Milgren wanted to

answer this question. He

wanted to investigate the willingness to obey

and find out whether you

can get good people to do really bad

things if you instruct them to

obey an authority figure. That was

the central question.

Milben suspects that the answer

lies in human behavior patterns

not only in the extremist

Nazi ideology

nogames Milgram is convinced that

a uniform conveys a strong element of

authority, which is why the

experimenters who instruct the teachers wear

lab coats and identify themselves

as psychologists from Yale University.

For millions, this is proof that

uniforms have a decisive influence

have an influence on people obeying

but why was the electrical device so

important for the success of the experiment?

This box was completely

harmless but it didn't seem that way and that

was crucial

in order to convince people of its authenticity,

it had to be like a

proper commercially available device

Appearance

incorporates the latest developments

in product design and ergonomics. There

was a new approach to designing

machines called human systems

engineering, which combined

psychology and technology to design machines so

that they

were visually understandable,

from telephones to spaceships in

many areas new

controls developed to

make devices more intuitively understandable

no-tran also tried versions with

buttons but he found that

people switch more intuitively control

generator has more to offer

than just functional appearance - it is

designed in such a way that the user has no

doubt about the consequences of the

operation

In the line under the switches there could have been

mild shock up to xxx extreme

shock that made people understand that

this shock was light and that it was

potentially fatal, so they knew about

the effect of the respective switches. A

carefully staged

experiment actually proves that people

are manipulated in this way They can

carry out almost any command. If you

only look at the first experiment,

it is difficult to determine why the

teachers administered the electric shocks.

So much happens

consciously and he carries out further experiments.

In order to test his theory,

Milgram sometimes has the experimenters

not in lab coats but

in lab coats Civil behavior with drastic

results -

the number of teachers who are prepared to

administer a fatal shock

drops from 65 percent to 20%

. When the experimenters only

appeared in normal clothing, the

obedience rate clearly showed

the importance of the cone. The rate fell

even if the experiment was not carried out in yell

but in a less renowned

institution. This showed

what motivated obedience. The

more authority symbols Milgrim

eliminated, the less do the

test subjects follow the instructions the

original experiment was just the

beginning the striking headline the

later experiments revealed the

important factors

60 years later milgrim's results

continue to be groundbreaking even if they

were initially controversial today

his groundbreaking study would no longer be

feasible

Psychologists hardly

had any guidelines on how to treat test subjects or patients, so

many people were harmed, which is why

there are clear guidelines today.

This lack of ethical guidelines

could have fatal consequences.

At Harvard University,

psychologist Henry Murray investigated whether

psychological attacks

change people's basic beliefs

In

1959, a 17-year-old math genius took

part in the study and was verbally

abused for around 200 hours over the years.

Almost 20 years later, the

former child prodigy began a series of

bomb attacks that lasted 17 years

in which three people are killed and 23 are

injured. His name is Theodor

Ted Katschinski. The press calls him the

Unabomber. It is suspected that he suffered

psychological damage as a result of the experiments,

which led to his crash on drugs.

If we carry out experiments on people,

it is our

responsibility to do so To treat people well

you should think not only about

what the experiment could show us

but also about how to

treat the participants with respect,

aware that an experiment

could be traumatic for the so-called teachers, so he

debriefed some of them before

they went in return to their normal lives

there is no evidence that any

of the subjects suffered from long-term

sequelae milgren study is

still considered one of the

most important experiments ever

conducted in psychology

implied that what

happened under National Socialism

could happen to any of us, anywhere

Milgren's experiment has changed our

understanding of who and how we are.

In the archeology museum of the Greek

community of Vergina there is a

mysterious 2300 year old relic. It

adds a remarkable secret to

an ancient myth.

It could allow us to meet a real

person with the mythical legends of the

past

with the help of modern technology we can

bring this incredible object into focus this is the golden quiver it

is the size of a briefcase

and a special piece of tiger

craftsmanship

the golden surface is decorated with artfully

crafted details of lifelike scenes

but this is not a decorative

ornament but part of a weapon

in a quiver an archer keeps

his arrows under the location is

amazing

who comes from the grave of a

Macedonian king

but this quiver does not come from

Macedonia but from a prayer that is

hundreds of kilometers further north,

the home of a mythical

warrior people

According to legend, the deadly Skitish warriors are said to be descended from the Amazons,

which is what makes this quiver so interesting

because the king is not the only

corpse in the grave. There are also the

remains of a woman, the question is whether

she has anything to do with the quiver

a goods in a

Macedonian grave he belonged to the woman

could she be a real descendant of the

legendary Amazons

the quiver was found by the archaeologist Manolis

Andronikos in a spectacular discovery in 1977

the excavations took place in Algeria

a once important city in the

Macedonian kingdom

Andronikos discovered a completely

untouched Macedonian Tomb like it has

never been found before

an incredible tomb with a

vaulted room and two chambers in which there were

extraordinary grave goods

including the man for whom the tomb

was built they

found a sarcophagus inside was a

golden ossuary with the remains

of a burned man as well as traces

of a violet fabric in which it

was probably wrapped.

This color is a crucial

clue.

Violet was a status symbol at the time and

this color was very expensive to

produce. So it must have been

a very important person.

The grave dates back to the time of

their reign most famous and

ambitious kings of Macedonia from

Philip the Second and his son

Alexander the Great

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the two men changed the ancient

world Philip the Second built Macedonia

into a Mediterranean power center

Alexander the Great turned it into a

huge empire spanning almost 5000

km

In the grave there are also the

remains of a second corpse, the partially

cremated bones of a woman. Next to

her is a piece of war equipment,

lance tips, shin guards and the

golden quiver. What is it doing there?

Where does it come from? It is

a

so-called side quiver that was used by the

archers Worn on the hip,

it was about being able to grab and shoot your own arrows as quickly as possible in the hail of fire.

Speed ​​was

a decisive factor for victory

in battle.

This special side quiver was

used by a warrior people that

had their peak phase between 900 and 200 BC. They

were good ones a nomadic people who lived in the steppe,

they migrated far from

today's China and Russia to the

Black Sea and were

known as a warlike people.

The discovery of a kind quiver that

depicts a battle scene and

was buried next to a woman could

be of great importance because that

According to legend, the deadliest female mounted

archers were said to be descended from the greatest

mythical warriors of all time,

the Amazons.

According to Greek legend, the

Amazons were warriors who only

selectively parked themselves to show more warriors, they

only kept the female

offspring to raise them to be warriors

the most famous is fantasy empty

she is depicted on a vase in the British

Museum she was a warrior

queen with whom Achilles fell in love

their eyes meet in a

poignant battle scene just at the

moment I Achilles falls in love with her

he also deprives her of a wonderful

tragic Scene that is legendary in itself

the problem with ancient Greek

history is that it

is full of mythical legends many of them

are clearly made up like Pegasus the

flying horse or Medusa the lady with

the snake hair

some of them are certainly from the

realm of fantasy but that Does

n't mean that they are all made up but

we still have to be careful

maybe the stories of

female warriors are just that stories

maybe the quiver also belonged to

the man in this gift often

who was this dead person? The grave is

dated to the years 350 to 325 BC During this time there were three

rulers at night Philip II

Alexander the Great and Philip the

third Alexander's half brother

Alexander the Great was buried in Egypt in

Alexandria the city with his

name so it is not Alexander

it could be father or half brother

with their respective wives

both Philip II and Philip III

match the profile of the bones that

were found in the grave, either of the

two could be considered here.

For 30 years there has been debate as to whether the

remains were

Philip the Second and his seventh

wife Cleopatra Eurydika

could or around Philip the third and

his bride adea

2013 ostio archaeologists examine the

remains of the woman's pelvis in detail

based on the pelvis it is easy to

determine how old the deceased

person was the place where the pelvis

meets the lower spine

changes over time of life in

its structure I in my early 30s

the surface becomes rougher

the bone analysis suggests that the

woman was between 30 and 34 years old

when she died that changes everything

so he was out Philipp's wife

in the third because she was younger

historical texts prove that Philip

III was buried with adea so this ca

n't be Philip the third

it must be about his father Philip the

second he was a legendary

warrior the golden quiver belonged to

him in reality many scientists

think it's likely or

does it belong to the woman In the grave,

the weapons are usually

attributed to male warriors or kings.

This would also fit with the battle scene on

the quiver, which depicts an attack on

a city. All the warriors are

men while the women depicted are

running for their lives. For a

long time it was thought that no woman could do something like that

have heard

with the inscription jewelry of women

weapons of men

but the analysis of the women's bones

turns this assumption on its head

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on her left shin

that is such an injury is

usually suffered by warriors

due to the injury that is almost one of the

woman's legs four centimeters shorter than

the other one when the team

measures the shin guards from the grave,

the left one is shorter than the right one,

exactly matching the woman's injury, it

can be concluded that the

quiver, the woman's armor and the weapons did

not belong to the man

who is this mysterious one Warrior

with the quivers, she is descended from the

legendary Amazon

[music]

the first guess falls on the seventh

and last wife Philips of the second

Cleopatra Eurydice we know that they

died around the same time but the

dating of the basin causes problems

of the second one is out of the question she was

younger

is the wife of a goddess there is

another Macedonian

candidate the half sister of Alexander

the Great kyname her mother was an

Elyrian princess

the women fought with the teachers and kyname was

raised as a warrior princess

she was trained in the art of war

and she was famous is even said to

have killed the Lyrical Queen in battle so it could

well be possible that she

was buried there

killed at the age of 34 which

matches the age of the pelvic bones she was

buried here next to her father

a fascinating piece of evidence supports

this possibility

when excavated it was found

that the burial chambers were not on exactly

the same level. Apparently

the side chamber was added later,

which suggests that the

two people did not die at the same time.

That would speak for Pilane because she

dies 13 years after her father Philip

the second she comes also the first

in question as the owner of the quiver because the

legendary Skitish warriors were

primarily a myth or

not.

In the 20th century, archaeologists are researching

ancient Gütian burial mounds so-called

corgans.

They found a number of skeletons that

were buried with weapons, with bows, knives,

swords and shields They were

clearly graves of warriors.

In addition to the dead, four side quivers were also found.

For over 100 years it was believed

that the

skeletons marked by battle injuries were male until

recently a DNA analysis was carried out.

About a third of the skeletons appear to

be female, which also supports this

Writings by Herod and other

Greek writers probably

the Amazons were not just a

legend but actually a group

of kind warriors

the warriors that are kind are not a

myth they actually went into

battle the quiver belongs to

Alexander the Great's half sister chickens

or a divine warrior

According to ancient texts, Alexander

the Great is said to have met these warriors.

No famous Amazon queen is said to have

fed Alexander and spent 13 nights with him.

It is therefore quite possible that his

father, Philip II, also made the acquaintance of these warriors,

perhaps the dead one was of

sceptical origins like their quiver,

but there is also the possibility that

this quiver is an artistic copy of

a good example. The

Macedonians knew how to create elaborate,

beautiful metalwork.

They were quite capable of

making a quiver like the one found in the

Macedonian grave.

That would explain how Künane could have

come into possession of such a quiver,

perhaps she felt connected to

the myth of the Amazon warriors through it.

If it was Künane who was buried here,

the dead woman would not be a

legendary legend like an Amazon,

but a real woman, a powerful,

famous warrior

or Macedonian This quiver belonged to

an influential warrior.

Her history can be traced back to the most

feared and powerful women

in mythology in

legendary Amazons