Original subtitles

Does this 11,000 year old

deer antler come from a British

Atlantis? Suddenly we found evidence

of this sunken

landscape. This ancient relic is the

work of a prehistoric astronomer. Does

the disk have only decorative value

or a deeper meaning and does

this device form the basis for

our interconnected

world it looks like like the work of a

mad

scientist fascinating

mysterious

objects long hidden in museums

laboratories and

archives now we can use the latest

technology to reveal their secrets

we can recreate them

disassemble and

enlarge and thus

reveal the forgotten hidden and bizarre these are the strangest things in

the

[music]

world

Exhibit in the

Yorkshire Museum in England was created by people at the

end of the last ice age.

11,000

years ago you go back to the construction of the

pyramids of Gise and then go

back the same amount of time and you

still don't get to 11,000 years, a

really very long

time thanks to highly developed Technology can be

seen the skull has been heavily

modified it is covered with

strange

holes they were drilled into it at very

specific

points someone has

trimmed and sanded the antlers the

bulges of the bone on the inside have been removed so

something completely unusual was made from a deer's antler

and

it would be perforated the only skull

of this type, the changes could be

attributed to the decay process but this is not a

unique piece. There are 33 such

red deer skulls with similar

features who made them for

what purpose and what do they tell us about

our early

ancestors

[Music]

Northern England

1948 Archaeologists place the

prehistoric one starc site in north

yorkshire free

starc starc is now flat farmland

but 11000 years ago it was on the banks of

a large

lake this was a lake

and in its middle there were islands

a fairly large

body of water as it dries out its

soil becomes acidic peat like vinegar

vegetables The peat also preserves

everything it

covers. The scientists come across

an archaeological

treasure chest. There were not only

stone tools but also organic

material such as wood, the first evidence

of woodwork in Europe and the

oldest intact arch ever found.

It was unbelievable such a

range to excavate material that

otherwise never lasts for such a long time, one find in

particular

amazed the

experts at first glance it looked

like a deer's antler, on the second it

turned out to be an artifact modified by humans

the lower part was

narrowed the antler was made by hand

[music]

edited when the experts try to

recreate the machining process,

they notice that with the methods of the Stone Age

it is not that

easy as g there was no metkze

first parts of the antlers were

removed then the lower jaw

and the posterior cranial bones were

carefully

separated off the bone parts that were preserved

were supposed to remain were covered with clay

and the skull was heated in the fire. The

exposed bone became

brittle and could be chopped off. In

addition, someone punched holes in the skull in very specific

places with a pointed stone or a

stone axe.

It probably

took hours if not days to get a skull

Working on 11,000-year-old

artifacts that

show such craftsmanship is

a

sensation because at the end of the Ice Age,

survival in England was already a

challenge. The

average temperature was 8°

lower than

today. It was difficult to find food. It

was difficult to work on a deer whale for hours not necessarily the

most sensible pastime it must have been

very important to the Stone Age people so what was

the bizarre

skull used for? Closer inspection led to the

first indication that ordinary deer skulls

have sharp edges on the inside, but

not some of the bone protrusions in the

inside of the skull were

filed down along with the holes that

could be due to it Intended use

indicate it was made so that

it could be worn on the head. There were straps

attached to the holes that ran at the back of the head and under

the wearer's K.

What was the deeper meaning

behind this extraordinary

headgear.

Researchers originally assumed that skulls like

this were used as camouflage Worn when hunting

to increase the chances of prey, this is what

the Native Americans did.

Isi, the last survivor

of the Yahi Indians in California, wore

such deer antlers to

attract white-tailed deer. However, this theory has

a

catch if the skulls that were found in St

If it had been part of the hunting equipment, the Stone Age hunters would have

worn it until it was unusable. However, this headdress was in perfect

condition when it sank in the lake.

Why would someone throw it away in such good condition? The

skulls were deliberately

placed there and not simply

disposed of. Maybe

people left them there Submerged in the water as part of a ritual,

what kind of ritual was that and

what role did the deer's deer

play in it? A reference to this can be found

in the Three Brothers Cave in the Pyrenees.

A cave painting from the

Upper Paleolic shows a man who is

either wearing a deer suit or is

currently walking into a deer

transformed or dancing in a deer costume.

Similar horned figures can be found in

the early history of numerous cultures

from Italy to Denmark to

France. Who do you represent and is

there a connection to the skulls of

Star? A modern depiction of

life in the Russian steppes could

provide an answer In Siberia, a sch from

1692 shows a man with similar

antlers. The caption is in

Dutch and means shaman

or

devil priest. Archaeologists draw an

extraordinary

conclusion. It is now believed that the

headdress was part of one of the first

shamanic costumes

known to archaeologists

makes it possible to

transform into something non-human [music] into a hybrid of deer

and human a completely new

supernatural

[music]

being Star the place where the skull was found

could have been a scene of shamanic

rituals.

Images of similar cult objects

can be found all over Europe, even as far as

Siberia But this is more than 4000 km

from North Yorkshire,

could there still

be a connection or is it just the

obsession of an archaeologist with too much

imagination?

In 1931, English fishermen make an

unusual catch

North Sea got caught in a

trawl net it was covered in mud

and riddled with all sorts of stuff including

a harpoon made from a deer's head it

was strikingly similar to the harpoons found in Star car

pure

coincidence it wasn't until 60 years later that

researchers recognized a connection between the

harpoons and the depictions of animals

Figures and the

headdress It was only with the discovery of

oil and the use of

high-resolution sonar technology to

map the seabed that

archaeologists became aware that there was

a vanished landscape beneath the North Sea.

They discovered a lost world, a

kind of rural Atlantis that was once

Great Britain and Continental Europe

Area of ​​land on the

bottom of the North Sea the scientists

named it

dogaland a landscape became visible

with valleys, riverbeds and

inlets, wide plains that had been inhabited by hunters and

gatherers from the Melolithic period to time

why did this ancient world sink

into the

sea when the water

in the ice caps during the Ice Age The

sea level sank, flat areas of land that are now

just under water were

then still mainland, plants grew on them

and the rain

washed out river beds and

settlements developed. People settled down

to live there and there was a

direct exchange between Europe and

Great Britain Just 11,000

years ago, both landmasses were still

connected. The sunken land bridge

also explains why

depictions of deer people can be found all over the continent

with

headdresses similar to

Star's.

The vast plains of Dogerand

made it possible for people to

move throughout Europe at that time Likewise with the

deer, there is no reason why

certain ideas and rites of

shamanism should not have spread from Dogerland to

present-day Great Britain

when Starc was still

inhabited.

The skulls of Stark are therefore

relics of ancient religious practices.

They show that this 11,000 year old

cultural practice has a lot was more complex and

widespread than was long assumed

[music]

Some believe that traces of the

ancient shamanic rituals have survived to this day.

According to tradition, Siberian

shamans harnessed reindeer to a sleigh

and distributed gifts at the winter solstice at the end of

December.

This could be where the

story of Santa Claus developed

But maybe that's just

a

fairy tale in the State Museum of

Prehistory in Halle Sale is a

unique artifact on display the

Nebra sky disk the ancient bronze plate has an

eventful

history the Nebra sky disk

has stars on it is made of metal i.e.

bronze and gold moon sickles is

relatively heavy and beautiful, its

diameter is around 32 cm and its

age is estimated to be more than three and a half

years.

Its surface is decorated with

images of astronomical

objects, the sun, the moon, a

cluster of stars and some golden

arches. What purpose does the

sky disk serve? The whole thing has a

meaning Sign of something

specific,

the disc could be one of the oldest

representations of the cosmos

[music],

is this the work of an

advanced culture from the

Bronze Age and what do the golden

applications stand for? Do they testify to secret

knowledge or is the disc part of a

sophisticated

fraud?

In any case, their discovery is the same a

crime thriller

[music]

the story begins in May

2001 the archaeologist Harald Meller

is presented with photos of a hoard find from the

Bronze Age including chisels,

swords, jewelry and something he has

never seen before, a strange plate decorated with gold,

it shows the sun, a

crescent moon and some stars in the finest

inlay work there is no

comparable object from the

European

Bronze Age this artifact is almost too

good to be true and really

remarkable upon closer inspection

the disc shows more than just an

image of the night

sky, first you just see all these

different symbols but something stands out If

you compare them with the

known star constellations, a group of seven stars turns out to be

parallel.

The

seven stars are probably the star cluster of the

Pleiades. It quickly becomes clear to archaeologist Meller that

the disk could be one of the

oldest representations of the firmament ever

found

I had never seen an ancient stone map as an

archaeologist. It was a

completely unique

find when Meller saw a photo of the disk for the first time in 2001.

However, it was not in a museum, it was being

offered for sale on the black market.

We were afraid that we would find it The find

may never have been withheld. It was

in the hands of robbers. If

the artifact went to

a private collector, it would be

lost forever. Convinced of its authenticity,

Melon long tried to locate the stolen

artifact. In February

2002, he pretended to be the buyer and

arranged a meeting in a

Swiss hotel. The man had the

sky disk tied around his stomach in

a towel. He pulled it out and gave it to

me. Meller is not alone.

Immediately after the handover, the

Swiss police intervened. The archaeologists and

the police then discovered that The

disk originally came from two people

who went over the fields and hills with metal detectors.

The men claim to

have found the artifact in the ziegelrodar forest

near the small town of Nebra.

They then sold it to a

Cologne art dealer for 31,000 DM, not

knowing that himmelscheibe

would actually be worth many times more. In 2006, its

insurance value is already 100

million euros. However, its unique

appearance and its dubious origin

raise doubts about its

authenticity. The whole thing comes from the

basically very gray to gloomy

art market. How can one now

determine the quality of this precisely?

To make an object, is the

Nebra sky writing an ancient artifact that fundamentally changes the

view of a past culture

or is it

simply the product of criminal

[music]

energy? Since it is now in Meller's ophut,

the archaeologist sets out to

analyze how old it really is

not an easy task, the big problem

in dating and in general

classifying this sky disk was

of course that the treasure robbers, if

you like, cleaned the disk,

they didn't document where

exactly it was located, all the information

about pollen earth objects that

are distributed around it and Everything else

is completely lost, that is,

everything that is scientifically interesting

and sooner or later also

interesting from a cultural perspective

is simply no longer there. You

just have this

disk because it is made of metal.

Radiocarbon dating is not possible. You could

only draw conclusions draw on their age

by determining that of the other finds.

The finds can be

classified very precisely typochronologically in archeology, especially

the swords between 1650 and 1550

BC. The style and construction of

these swords referred to a

certain culture and thus one had

A temporal and spatial

connection

has been established from around 2300 to 1500

BC, the Ajetiz culture was

widespread in large parts of Central Europe.

The swords must have been

made within these 700 years.

On closer examination, Meller

also finds evidence that

enables further narrowing down of the date is

confirmed by We were able to obtain a C14 date D

because there was a

remnant of birch bark in one of the

sword handles, which was hollow and

this remnant of birch bark also dates

between 1650 and

1400. The sky disk is actually

3600 years old, making it the

oldest representation of the sky that has

been found so far older than all known

Egyptian

star maps but the only proof

that the disk and the swords

belong together is the testimony of

criminals that the swords are real, of

course now the disk has

actually been found together with these swords.

How do we know that it is not a

fake? Someone simply

added it later to the real finds.

A greenish layer covers the

writing, which reveals something about its

age. This layer is patina. It is

created when copper, the

main component of bronze, reacts with water

and oxygen.

Copper carbonate forms the pretty blue-green

crystals on the surface of the

bronze plate You often see it on

statues, for example the Statue of

Liberty. A respected

German archaeologist points out

that the patina could have been artificially produced with the help of urine.

Scientists examine it under

an

electron microscope to measure the size of the

crystals, but

in a real artifact

you find less but very large

crystals because they had time to

grow. In a younger fake,

however, there would be a lot of small

crystals on the sky disk, there are only a

few large godmother crystals to be seen, so it

must have been in the earth for around 3inus years,

the crystals

prove that there

is no

fake here So the sky disk existed

before the reign of the ancient

Egyptian pharaoh Tu Ankh Amun,

but was it only used for decoration or

did it also have a practical

use? The gold applications provide an indication of its meaning.

According to astronomers,

the golden te could represent the star group of

the Pleades, which

are Pleades in the

northern hemisphere they are not

seen all year round but only in winter

they appear around harvest time in

autumn and disappear in

spring perhaps the disk shows

when to look and harvest grain

sun moon and pleaden

may not be the only

astronomical

references ST lines up Golden arch on the

edge opposite it was once an

identical one,

considering where the

disc was found, their

angle of

82° corresponds to the summer and

winter solstice. Researchers assume

that the arches served as calendar

measuring instruments, together with the

position of the sunrise they showed

the season In

addition, there is a striking parallel

to the circular ditch of

[Music]

Gosek. In 1991, archaeologists discovered a prehistoric ditch just 20 km

from where the disc was found.

It is probably a kind of

astronomical

calendar. The archaeologists uncover the

remains of a wooden structure. It

has a diameter of good

and exists made up of four concentric

circles there are two gates through which

sunlight comes in. They form the

same angle as the arches on the

[music]

sky disk. the circle moat of

Gosek is dated to 4900 BC, a

good 3000 years before the

sky disk was manufactured. This shows

astronomical knowledge At that time it

had already been built over many generations

and Gosik is not the only

calendar building from the

Neolithic period. One of the best known is

Stoneheng in England. During the summer

and winter solstices the sun rises

between two very specific

stones.

These parallels are an indication

of the function of the

[ Music]

sky disk is not exactly

pocket-sized, you can't just

take it with you and

do quick calculations. Maybe

the Nebra sky disk is a kind of

portable version of these prehistoric

buildings, but the theory of the

astronomical calendar doesn't explain

all the elements on the disk. A

third arch was added some time later

Added to their production,

no astronomical theory can yet

explain its meaning. The third arch could represent a

sun ship

[music].

The idea that gods

move the sun in the sky was widespread in

many civilizations.

In the ancient Greeks,

the sun god Helios drove a sun chariot

across the

sky In the ancient Egyptians, the

sun god Re sailed in a sun ship over

the

firmament-like motif. It appeared in the west,

closer to the home of the Ajez

culture in the form of the sun chariot of

Trundtholm. The sun chariot of

Trundtholn is a fascinating

example that has become the subject of

mythology. It was discovered in a

moland in Denmark. The

chariot which is pulled by horses has

the shape of a golden

disk of a

sun

it symbolizes the endless journey of the

Nordic sun goddess

sololl this is a very interesting

piece which is based on the same use of

bronze train to

produce breathtaking artifacts

that show the movement of the sun in the context of

a Bronze Age cosmology

The similarity to the

sky disk seems obvious.

Experts see the religious

meaning as the most plausible explanation for

the third

arch, but there were actually religious ideas in Central Europe in the Bronze Age.

The answer could be provided by the

disk itself.

The metal it is made of

contains trace elements Elements that

are only present in small quantities reveal where the metal

comes from. The lead isotopes in copper, the

main component of bronze, point to

a place of origin in the extreme east of

the Alps.

The origin of the copper has been clarified.

Next, the researchers take a closer look at the

other metals When

we look at archaeological objects

that are made of metal,

the question quickly arises as to where

the metals come from. The gold in the

side arch can be traced back to the Panonian

Plain in Romania,

but with the sun, moon and stars it

is more difficult. Geologist Gregor

Borg compares them with samples A

wide variety of gold deposits from all over

Europe We were able to prove that

the gold from Cornwall has the greatest

correspondence with

the gold from the Bronze Age

Nebra sky disc.

An astonishing discovery

Cornwell is over 1000 km away from the place of origin of

copper in the Eastern Alps,

it shows us that

people traveled in Europe in the Bronze Age,

they had trade relationships

and cultural exchanges between

such places and regions such as

Cornwall and Central Germany and this

shows that this European

trade association and cultural association is so much

older that it existed as early as 1600 years before Christ.

The theory is that the

Culture has adopted religious ideas about the

sun from other cultures,

so it is entirely

plausible that the entire history of the

Nebra sky disk may

never come to light, is it a

spiritual symbol, an astronomical

calendar or

both, whatever its function

may have been, it proves that ancient ones

Civilizations were often more highly developed

than is widely assumed today.

This small object shows us

in a fascinating way that people were

already practicing astronomy thousands of years ago.

They

observed the sky, understood the movements of the sun and

the stars and recognized how

these were related to certain phenomena on

Earth

Astronomy was one of the first

[music]

sciences. There

is a bizarre device

from the late 19th century in the London Science Museum. At

first glance it may seem like a

failed school project, but

in fact it changed the whole world - there

is hardly a modern device that does

n't Its importance can be attributed to this invention:

it is

Flemming's

vacuum diode, a 22 cm large

spider-like object made of glass and

wire. In the glass bulb there is

a glow wire and a

metal plate. The combination of glass

and metal makes it a

beautiful technical

structure On diode it

comes to

life it shines like a

light bulb but it is much more than

an ordinary light bulb a

leadthrough wire passes through the

glass bulb and hits a thin

metal plate around it runs an

incandescent detector for radio waves

the vacuum diode has set a

technical revolution in motion

what led to its invention

how does it work and why

has it changed everything

[music] In

the middle of the 19th century

the first transatlantic

telegraph lines connect America with

Europe for the first time people

from different continents can communicate with each other

in real time over thousands of kilometers away

but the system has a

weak point the

wiring cables are expensive,

prone to failure and messages can

only be transmitted between two static points.

Ships at sea

cannot be

reached

which will later become known as radio waves

they trigger

another spark in a receiver 50 cm

away there

is nothing in between but air it works like

magic that electricity

can only flow through a wire the

wireless transmission was a completely

new

concept the phenomenon opens up a to The

previously unimagined possibility of wireless

communication, but the heart experiment

only works at a distance

of less than a meter, not exactly

world-changing. It is thanks to one man in particular

that wireless

communication becomes a reality - the young

Italian engineer Gulelmo Marconi.

In the following years he made huge

progress in the further development of

the technology

Radio technology In

1899, the technology saved lives for the first time. A

ship in the English Channel alerted the

coast guard

to a boat in distress with the first transmitted SOS signal

and Marconi wanted even more

a radio connection to America, but

his receiving device did not work at such a great distance, so

he developed one that was more sensitive responds to radio waves

and he encounters other

problems. It wasn't optimal because it was

based on a clockwork. The receiving device has to be wound up manually.

If the radio operator forgot to

wind it up, it doesn't work.

Marconi is looking for a

non-mechanical

mode of operation. He also wants to

increase the sensitivity of the device, the more

sensitive it is The better the

reception and range, he gets

help from his scientific

advisor John Ambrose

Fleming. He came up with the spider-like

construct, the

vacuum diode, how this small

device makes global

communication possible. Flemming develops a

completely new approach

They

also in a radio receiver the

radio waves constantly change

back and forth between anode and cathode positive negative

positive negative and so on the whole thing

happens very quickly up to 100,000 times per

second, making it impossible to measure the

electrical signal directly at the antenna

the change in direction It happens so

quickly that the needle of the measuring device

cannot move at all,

so it is not clear whether

radio waves are actually

arriving. Flemming solves this problem with his vacuum diode.

He divides the

radio waves

in the vacuum diode, so the current can only flow in

one direction and not in the other direction

Built into the radio receiver, the alternating current can

no longer pull the needle in both directions.

The signal is

detected. Now people can

send messages over thousands of kilometers but what stops the current from

changing direction. The secret lies in the

glass bulb in which there is a vacuum and

a Glow wire surrounds a thin

metal plate what happens between them

is one of the largest and

at the same time smallest discoveries in the

history of science

1897 Cambridge England in the world of

physics everything revolves around rays

not only about radio and X-rays

but also mysterious new ones, the

so-called

cathode rays from the physicist JJ Thomson

researched cathode rays and

found that they were actually not rays

but tiny particles.

For a long time, scientists

thought there was nothing smaller in the universe

than the hydrogen atom, but

what

is much

smaller? The mass of these particles

corresponded to a thousandth of a

hydrogen atom, a scientific

sensation. Atoms are no longer that

smallest known objects in the

universe and the new tiny

particles the electrons are the

key to Fleming's

device everything starts with the

filament when he heats the metal

the electrons detach from the

surface Electrons are negatively

charged Fleming's device is based on the

principle that opposite

charges

attract each other If there is a positively

charged metal plate nearby,

it attracts the electrons of the metal plate. This

creates a current flow between the metal plate

and the

plate. The current cannot

flow back again. If the plate were

charged negatively, it would no longer attract the electrons

because they are also negatively

charged would be repelled by it This is

how the

vacuum diode works Flemming developed a device

in which the current can only flow in one

direction.

In the early 20th century,

the radio signal, which 25 years earlier had barely

reached half a meter,

already overcomes entire

continents and that only thanks to Flemming's

ingeniousness

Device the vacuum diode

also changed other areas of

technology Why did it have such a

big

influence It was the first electronic

device and marked the beginning of the

electronic

revolution Before that there were motors,

light bulbs and switches but

you could not yet influence the

flow of electricity in a complex way

Within the following 10

years the diode receives a third

wire. The smallest changes in its

voltage influence the current flow in the

device. It becomes something completely

new. Suddenly it was an amplifier

with which you could do a lot.

Previously there were only the dots

and dashes of the Morse code.

Now It was possible to transmit speech, music and even

moving images.

That

changed everything. It is the basis of the

modern networked

world. Television, computers, radio,

smartphones, the Internet, all of this is based

on electronics