Original subtitles

This film presents images recently Declassified

which have never been seen by the public.

"... And these atomic bombs that science launched to the world that night

were strange, even for men who used them."

H.G. Wells: The World Set Free (The Destruction liberating) - 1914

TRINITY

AND BEYOND

THE MOVIE ON THE ATOMIC BOMB

RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Trinity Site where the world's first nuclear device was exploded on

July 16, 1945.

Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA, May 1945

May, 1945.

The hot desert of New Mexico

seems far from the ravages of the war in Europe.

100 tons of dynamite.

A test...

to measure and calibrate the power of the first nuclear weapon ever tested.

Two months later...

Man releases the destructive power a demon imprisoned

into the very fabric of matter,

and plunge the world in the atomic age.

For the next 20 years,

testing the power of the nuclear bomb

would hold the world captive by events surrounded by secrecy.

EVENTS launched seven years earlier.

TRUBULENCES IN EUROPE!

Hitler invaded Austria!

March 13, 1938.

Hitler invaded Austria.

3rd Reich begins to deploy it's military power.

Later that year, German scientists

discover fission of the uranium nucleus

This brings the 3rd Reich a step closer to

the discovery of the secret of the atomic bomb.

FEAR!

Fear of German research

stimulates activities in the United States and England.

The fear that German scientists

could produce weapons of high destructive power.

In autumn 1939, Dr. Albert Einstein

wrote his famous letter to President Roosevelt,

explaining the urgency of working on the fission of uranium.

Roosevelt, a man of action, responded quickly

and creates an advisory committee on uranium.

GERMANY INVADES POLAND!

German forces invaded Poland

dragging European nations in the second world war.

MANHATTAN ENGINEER DISTRICT

A new branch of the Corps of Engineers was created to oversee the work

on the military use of uranium.

Major General L.R. Growe, the man in charge of the Pentagon,

was appointed head of the project.

December 2, 1942, the first reactor autonomous chain reaction

has been successfully detonated by Enrico Fermi.

The success of Fermi generates great efforts

in the government and the private sector,

leading to the creation of huge factories, for the separation of uranium

in the town of Oakridge, Tennessee,

and for the production of plutonium in Hanford, Washington

on the banks Columbia River.

Through this effort was forged great and necessary hardware

to create an atomic bomb.

The first atomic bomb was built at Los Alamos,

a secret laboratory New Mexico

When Dr. Oppenheimer Jr. arrived to take command

he surrounded himself with an incredible range stars of the scientific world.

Los Alamos was born on design the bomb and resolution

many theoretical problems.

Many questions remain unanswered, however.

What are the secrets of this new form of power and destruction?

Knowledge and Information all aspects of this new weapon

are essential,

and cannot be discovered that by further testing.

I had a good friend, a Hungarian 10 years older than me, Leo Szilard.

He had a very independent-minded

and a large capacity foreshadow what would happen.

He saw the years ahead

the importance that the explosives Nuclear would take.

He was a friend of mine, and I helped him.

For example, I took it to an important interview with Einstein

where Einstein wrote this famous letter to Roosevelt.

The letter that started it all.

I myself was interested in Theoretical Physics

atoms, molecular vibrations, and knowledge of molarity.

I did not want to do. But then...

Hitler had not only swallowed half of Poland,

he had also invaded the West.

Two days later, there was an invitation to a Pan-American Congress

in which Roosevelt, that I had never seen before, was to speak.

He made a memorable speech,

about how the world is really in danger because of Hitler.

He said in part, to the point highlight of the speech:

"You scientists, will be blamed for the arms to be used

but I tell you,

if you do not work on these weapons, world freedom will be lost. "

You know, I felt Roosevelt spoke to me.

I was there when The letter was signed

one that stirred up the interest in nuclear power

He was convinced that was nuclear

Of the 2,000 scientists who were there, I felt it spoke to me.

Of course it was not that...

But for this speech twenty minutes

I made my decision.

I continued to prefer work in 'pure' science,

but this must be done.

Since this must be done

and that I could contribute, I did,

and I have never regretted to have done.

The uranium bomb, called "Little Boy"

had a simple design.

And scientists were confident It would work without testing.

"Fat Man", or the implosion bomb, was a more efficient design

which used plutonium rather than uranium.

In the center of the bomb, there was a detonator

surrounded by a sphere of plutonium.

This sphere was encapsulated

in a series of lenses highly explosive placed symmetrically,

creating an implosion compressing the sphere of plutonium

on itself until it reaches critical mass.

The explosion brought immediately temperature to 10 million degrees,

releasing a force of one half million pounds of pressure

vaporizing the tower and all desert living within half a mile.

The intensity of the light was sufficient

to cause temporary blindness an observer at 10 miles distance.

With a score of 200 times more potent the test with 100 tons of TNT,

the fireball created a crater about half a mile in diameter.

And melted the desert sand green crystals in which

always contain traces of radioactivity 50 years later.

May 8, 1945,

Germany surrendered to Allied forces, This puts an end to the war in Europe.

intelligence sources as command of General Groves concluded

that Germany had not developed the atomic bomb.

However, the war continued in the Pacific...

Pearl Harbor forced the entry of the United States into the war.

For three years, gaining ground after each small victory,

our forces conducted offensive

against the Empire the Rising Sun.

Gradually, island by island, mile after mile,

and raids with more pressing, combined Allied forces land,

sea and air, we reached the border of the empire.

forcing them to retreat until the end of 1945,

only the ramparts of the islands Japanese remain to be destroyed.

� the coming campaign most important of all:

the invasion of Japanese territory, and face a desperate struggle.

fanatical enemy will not abandon not until the last fighter

has not been removed from its trench and killed.

As experience has shown repeatedly.

Tinian island ~ South Pacific 1,500 miles from Japan

Operating Base for the mission of the 509th Squadron

to launch the first bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic

VICTORY! Japan surrenders

The uranium bomb, called "Little Boy"

was detonated over Hiroshima at an altitude of 1,800 feet.

The altitude to achieve maximum blast.

Three days later, the implosion bomb "Fat Man"

exploded over Nagasaki.

In Hiroshima 70,000 people were killed or missing.

On its 90,000 buildings, more than 60,000 were demolished.

The implosion bomb dropped on Nagasaki took the lives of 42,000 people,

and injured 40,000 others.

It destroyed 39% of buildings in the city.

With a yield of 20 kilotons, similar to that of Trinity,

this weapon will be considered as a normal bomb,

and serve as a model for future nuclear weapons.

- 11 months later -

But our main objectives are the warships.

We try to first learn

What types of ships, training tactical and strategic needs

of our own naval forces who survive best

an attack with nuclear weapons in case we need to cope.

OPERATION CROSSROADS

11 months after the bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki,

the operation was conducted Crossroads on Bikini Atoll

2,500 miles west of Hawaii.

The aim of the operation

was to test the effects of weapons nuclear using two devices

similar in design to those Trinity and Nagasaki.

Their code names: "Able" and "Baker".

Able to be launched from a B-29,

while Baker was detonated to 90 feet below the surface.

The fleet consisted of target 185 Japanese ships

German and American.

From small amphibious craft to battleships and aircraft carriers.

The bomb will not start a chain reaction in water,

completely convert the gas

and to ensure that all vessels, of all the oceans, fall to the bottom.

It will not explode the bottom of the ocean

and bring down all the water a hole in

It will not destroy gravity.

I am not an "Atomic Playboy" as one of my critics called me,

that these bombs would explode to satisfy my personal whim.

Animals, plants, and similar agents biological warfare were assembled

to study the effects of heat, blast and radiation.

The bomb missed its intended target by almost 800 yards.

The explosion sent five ships, including two destroyers,

the lake bottom of Bikini.

All vessels within half a mile were severely damaged.

But the damage was far from those caused

by the underwater explosion that followed, called Baker.

5, 4, 3, 2, 1, fire.

Baker was an underwater explosion Navy of the same device,

and caused much more damage the fleet to 70 vessels.

For example, on the USS Saratoga

the shockwave submarine tore the bottom of the hull of the boat.

Saratoga sank still lies at the bottom of the sea from Bikini.

I flew several times the site and on a clear,

if the water is calm, you can still see the Saratoga.

The area around the explosion of Baker

had become highly radioactive,

and could not be approached for some time.

This effect was not expected,

and led to the decision President Truman

to cancel a third nuclear test deep called "Charlie."

This is the mile high city of Los Alamos.

The Atomic City .

is a modern city created by the United States

as a research center and development of nuclear weapons.

We are talking about a region remote and primitive,

men have to leave their stateside laboratories and homes

for a period running into months.

Since 1943, when Los Alamos was established,

men from this mesa have left the continental limits of the United States

to test weapons they have created.

Two years after Operation Crossroads,

President Truman authorized

to conduct the operation Sandstone.

While the goal of Crossroads

was to test the effect nuclear weapons,

Sandstone objective was to test design new weapons.

Plans for these weapons were initiated several years earlier

when researchers from Trinity

have developed other models experimental atomic weapons,

but were not sure of their success.

A joint working group was created to go back into the peaceful,

and obtain the island of Enewetak, 200 miles west of Bikini,

Crossroads which had taken place.

In early November, the first Construction crews arrived

to remove all the vegetation of the island,

clean the area and dump tons of asphalt for roads.

In six months, the team built temporary housing

for many scientists and military necessary for the operation Sandstone.

Perched on steel towers 200 feet high,

the three devices used to Sandstone employed a new technology

to double the explosive power of the bomb

using the same amount of plutonium spent in Nagasaki.

This technology meets the requirements Department of Defense

create more effective bombs

and increase the capacity of store nuclear weapons.

Radio controlled tanks, guided by helicopter

recovered samples fission near "ground zero",

for measuring the intensity of neutrons and gamma rays.

Radiochemical analysis pulverized coral sand

revealed the secrets the nuclear reaction,

and helped to determine the effectiveness of bombs of new design.

The results of Sandstone affect�rent the design of future nuclear weapons,

making the components 'Mark-3', used for the production of Fat Man, obsolete.

Designs 'Mark-4' and 'Mark-5'

led to better performance and a lighter weight for nuclear weapons.

The division of the laboratory Z Los Alamos National

moved to the base has � Sand,

located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, near Kirtland Air Force Base.

The main objective of the Sandia Base

was the study and production of nuclear weapons "Mobile" designed at Los Alamos.

in October 1949,

Western Electric contracted with The Committee on Atomic Energy,

agreement "no taxes, no profit" to form the Sandia Corporation

who took control the basis of Los Alamos.

Sandia has led to techniques production lines

and mass production nuclear weapons,

to increase the nation�s supply of tactical and strategic arms.

After returning from Bikini, in public statements,

interviews and published articles, Admiral Blandey

made important recommendations on atomic bombs.

It is essential that no other nation takes the ascendancy over the United States

in the development, manufacture and the use of tactical nuclear weapons.

"TRUMAN SAYS RUSS HAVE A-BOMB"

"LAWMAKER SAYS STOLEN U.S. SECRETS AIDED RUSSIANS"

On 29 August 1949, the Russians detonated their first atomic bomb.

This event, which took place five years earlier

than anyone in the west had expected,

was due in large part to a man called Klaus Fuchs.

Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos, spent blueprints

the design of Trinity to the Russians.

With the emergence of the USSR as a nuclear rival in 1949,

the United States believed it had strong motivation

for intensifying it�s program of nuclear testing.

It was very expensive and it involved a lot of logistics

perform operations in the Pacific.

So in January 1951 the United States opened up the Nevada Proving Ground

which we now call "The Nevada Test Site."

This was about 60 miles north of Las Vegas.

Before you can test the Weapons of Operation Greenhouse,

the operation was performed Ranger

during which five new types of nuclear weapons

were launched on new test area.

First detonation in U.S. since Trinity

With the confidence of having The new weapons in hand,

Operation Greenhouse was conducted in Spring 1951.

4 shots were conducted on Greenhouse during the operation.

One of them, "Easy"

a structural test was controlled by the Department of Defense.

A nuclear device of 47 kilotons was placed on a tower,

which blew many buildings, that had been built

to test the survivability in a nuclear environment.

Test structural effects.

The fourth test of the operation Greenhouse testing was "Item".

A trial approximately 45.5 kilotons

in which tritium was burned in the center of the nuclear explosion.

And this process, placing the center of tritium of nuclear weapons is called "Boosting".

We increased the yield from 20 to 45.5 kilotons,

more than double, through this process.

A very important feature, expanding the stockpile

of nuclear weapons for the United States at that time.

First test of the principle "Boosting"

Another event of Greenhouse was the event called "George."

George was a huge weapon of 225 kilotons

which was used to burn a capsule deuterium.

This was the first experience with weapon Thermonuclear we conducted.

HYDROGEN BOMB � � DO

Several people have mentioned, we have discussed many times.

� the end of the war, most people wanted to stop, but not me.

Because there was a more extensive knowledge in the key.

And in uncertain times was to come,

with dangerous men the world as Stalin

and our incomplete knowledge,

I thought it was necessary to learn more.

Among all who knew along the hydrogen bomb,

I was his only supporter.

And that is why I given my contribution.

Not that I invented, others have done,

and others in a common Soviet did,

but I was the person who has knowledge

and the availability of such knowledge above all.

And I must say that it has pleased Truman,

, and he made the right decision.

"Truman approves the hydrogen bomb "

Welcome aboard USS Estes.

As you may know, Estes is the command ship

the joint working group "1-42".

We are just minutes the first explosion, "Mike"

Operation Ivy.

59 minutes to be exact.

We are here since dawn,

and we talked all night wee hours of the morning.

As you can imagine,

emotions are very strong right now.

And there are reasons for this.

If all goes as planned,

we shall see The most powerful explosion

never caused on the surface of the earth.

Island test "Mike"

is located in the north of Enewetak Atoll.

Some 2,500 miles from the islands Parry and Enewetak.

The two islands at the base of this test area in the atolls.

The three islands that make up the test site

have been connected by bridges,

constructed to facilitate the displacement of an island to each other,

and to serve as a platform for some of the instruments.

On the island "Mike" was the cab, or the building housing the device.

The device "Mike" was called the "wet bomb"

because he used liquid hydrogen isotopes

to create the thermonuclear reaction.

This made the device very impressive,

it weighed 62 tons which made it impractical as a throwing weapon.

A wood tube Zero was the island,

along the road, to a detection station

located on the farthest island,

Cu tube was filled with helium,

to allow radiation fatal to travel

more rapidly to the detection station,

before the island is consumed by the fireball.

You have a seat in the grandstand

for one of the most important moments in the history of science.

In less than a minute you see the most powerful explosion

ever seen by man.

The blast will appear on the horizon more or less there.

And what is the importance of the moment:

this is the first large trial of a hydrogen weapon.

If the reaction occurs, we enter the thermonuclear age.

For the good of us all, and that of our country,

I know you join me in This expedition is a success.

30 seconds until time zero

Wear eye protection or look away.

Do not remove the protection or do not watch the explosion

for 10 seconds after the first light.

Least 15 seconds.

Less 10 seconds.

Nine, eight, seven, six five...

First hydrogen bomb large-scale

2-6 approach "Ground Zero".

I head Bogoni.

station detection bogon seems to be in good condition.

visual signals to indicate the tunnel wood

All the islands of the test seem to have been swept away.

Elugelab has completely disappeared.

There is nothing more than water and what looks like a deep crater.

THE NUCLEAR BATTLEFIELD

In the spring of 1953, Commission for Nuclear Energy

and the Department of Defense has made 11 nuclear tests in Nevada

under the code name "Upshot-Knothole."

The Upshot-Knothole objective was to test new nuclear weapons,

improve tactics of combat,

and study the needs of defense in case of Soviet attack.

The first event, called "Encore", was a 27 kiloton weapon

airdropped and detonated at about 2,800 feet

over a wide line deflagration.

The second explosion of the Ministry of Defense, called "Grable"

exploded in the same region,

and was launched by the army�s new artillery cannon.

A 280mm projectile was launched and exploded in the same area

with a power of about 15 kilotons, at an altitude of about 500 feet.

The smaller yield, 15 kilotons at 500 feet,

produced a much greater destruction

than the higher power device, Still, 27 kilotons at 2,800 feet.

This is because less energy low-lying

produces a shock wave abnormal we call a "Precursor"

that generates very violent Dynamic winds

which causes extensive damage to drag sensitive objects.

For example, a Jeep on the ground, had not damaged especially with Encore,

but with Grable and effect "Pre Crusher"

the same jeep was broken into pieces,

and thrown out on a distance of 500 feet.

There are many other features these two launches,

but they opened a whole new view

on how to use nuclear weapons in a combat situation.

�SECURITY is Common Sense!�

Common sense tells them that it's dangerous and stupid.

You would not want to risk your life in a stunt like this.

Common sense tells us that to be pulled by a gun is a risky business.

Common sense tells you not to distraction on an airfield

with propellers and engines in reaction activity.

handling dynamite seems too dangerous.

But is routine daily for men

because they observe the instructions safety based on common sense.

But sometimes we forget that sometimes breaches of security

can also be dangerous.

If confidential information these test missions fall into enemy hands,

the consequences would be disastrous for us all,

individually and collectively as a nation.

Safety is just common sense.

Do not take chances!

Avoid talking too much!

Store safely confidential information

Immediately report security breaches.

Early intervention can prevent a minor incident

becomes a serious problem.

Avoid writing about confidential documents at home.

Make sure your safety! Do not be careless!

I hate careless people...

THE GREATEST

Work on Cluster high-power hydrogen

had increased since Operation Ivy,

culminating in spring 1954 with the operation "Castle Bravo".

The most powerful device detonated in the atmosphere by the United States.

Bravo was a hydrogen bomb that uses solid thermonuclear fuel,

confirming the designs Edward Teller and Stan Ulam

paving the way for bomb production Hydrogen transportable by air

and more effective weapons.

CAPABILITIES OF ATOMIC WEAPONS

SUPER EFFECTS HANDBOOK

LARGEST U.S. THERMONUCLEAR DEVICE

Far exceeding the power provided 2.5 times,

Castle Bravo, with a power 15 megatons of explosive

completely shaved vegetation of the island,

and took scientists by surprise.

The huge explosion sent large amounts of radioactive waste

into the atmosphere.

This led to exposure and contamination of certain employees,

of local populations and crew a Japanese fishing boat

who had entered the security area without being detected.

This incident clearly revealed to the public

the dangers of fallout nuclear weapons.

H BOMB EXPLOSION OF A RUSSIAN

be clear,

the threat of a war with hydrogen bombs is the greatest danger

that our nation has ever known.

Enemy bombers carrying nuclear weapons can sweep over a variety

of routes and drop bombs on any important target in the United States.

The threat of destruction has affected our lifestyle

in every town and every village from coast to coast.

These are the signs of our time.

This is just a sham, a test, a training exercise.

But tomorrow, the siren could mean something real.

And if you hear it, when you drive your car,

while sitting at your desk, or when working in your agency,

wherever you are, what will you do?

What will happen to you?

Let hat on the back, so that we can well see,

I ask for a very personal matter.

How old are you?

I'm 65 on my next anniversary. It's sad to say.

This makes you the oldest, but also the youngest,

observers of our trench

Here at "Ground Zero".

There is a lovely lady who stands behind you.

I wonder if I can talk to her?

I would also have a female response.

This is Helen Leininger of the City of New York.

Helen, how long did you wait?

Oh, about eight days.

- Eight... Nine days! - Nine days!

if we calculate correctly.

Okay, I think it's best back to Hill Media

and see what happens, if we are close to the time.

Leroy the big story that we see here in the hill Media

This is the story of Civil Defense,

and force history Military armored vehicles,

tanks and personnel transport.

Leroy, I want to be on the air for all to see

split screen we have here,

using not only the cameras who are here at Hill Media

but also those with you in the trenches.

Come in split screen.

In few seconds you me will take this position...

what you see behind me.

Look down in this position.

I will protect my eyes against flying debris.

I put the helmet on his head,

to protect myself against falling rocks.

All right. Good luck, Roy. Let me to explain something on the screen.

The portion of the screen where I

represents 1.6 km on your camera, the other party is 3.2 km

We now turn to a another room, I leave you.

Ten, nine, eight, seven, six

five, four, three, two, one, zero.

The shock wave reaches the area of checkpoint in about 30 seconds.

500 miles off coast of San Diego, California

Nearly nine years had passed

since the cancellation of underwater tests

Operation Crossroads.

This test was finally realized, Operating under the name "Wigwam."

500 miles off the coast San Diego, California

a 30 kiloton nuclear device was suspended from a cable

2000 feet below an unmanned barge.

A towing cable 6 miles long

extends from the barge.

Suspended from the cable,

there were three unmanned submarines called "squaws."

Apparatus and instruments were placed in each submarine

to record the effects of the nuclear explosion.

The aim of the operation

was to determine the kill zone for an enemy submarine

in front of a nuclear firing in depth.

25 seconds until zero time.

20 seconds until zero time.

15 seconds until zero time.

Ten, nine, eight, seven, six,

five, four, three, two, one...

OPERATION REDWING

The test area Pacific 17 nuclear tests.

Operation Redwing was conducted the Pacific.

Primarily for testing weapons thermonuclear high power.

Seven months before Redwing, the Soviet Union has demonstrated

the ability to drop thermonuclear weapons

from strategic bombers,

tipping the balance of power in their favor.

The event will be the first Cherokee launch by a U.S. plane

of a thermonuclear bomb.

This weapon will explode with a power of 3.5 megatons.

Nearly 200 times the power the Trinity bomb.

Cherokee: First H-bomb dropped from an American plane

Power: 3.8 Megatons.

The craters explosions of high power

began to affect test on the islands of the Pacific.

The buildings of the test site Pacific disappeared

and available land became scarce.

The barges were increasingly used as a means of cheap transportation

to deliver thermonuclear bombs to detonate on the high seas.

Many of these tests documenting a growing concern...

THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION AND FALLOUT

A special phase of the study,

is the amount of radiation which pass through the human body.

This requires tools adequate in the stomach.

A small capsule is designed with a series of films,

alternating with spaces and dividers.

fixed to a cord and covered with paraffin, the capsule is swallowed.

end of the cord out of the mouth, for the capsule can be recovered

after exposure and measuring radiation.

Gamma rays can cause damage in two different ways,

or both.

First, they can directly destroy tissue,

over time and eventually cause the development of cancer.

The particles of interest in particular have a life

ranging from a few years thousands of years.

They cannot cause damage, unless they are introduced

in our body through food, or water or the air we breathe.

examine the results of a powerful thermonuclear explosion

area test of Pacific in the Marshall Islands,

to 11 degrees north of the equator.

huge cloud rises, through the troposphere,

and finally disperses and stabilizes at an altitude of 70 or 80 thousand feet,

fully in the layer the stratosphere.

This brings us to most discussed fission products, strontium-90.

Chemically similar to calcium found in the soil,

strontium-90 following calcium through regular cycles,

in our plant foods

and bones, meat and milk our grazing animals.

After reaching the body, strontium-90, such as calcium,

tends to concentrate in the bones,

especially those of children who develop new bone.

The removal of strontium-90 has a very limited scope in the body,

it is not a threat to Genetics of reproductive cells.

But it is a threat to bone marrow and bone

in the form of leukemia or bone cancer.

If this happens, it would be a tragedy for those involved, even if they are few.

Whether a statistically minimal casualties may be warranted

is a personal evaluation beyond the scope of the report.

Each citizen must be its own assessment.

There are those who cry out loud

that there is absolutely no real threat to the free world

and certainly nothing that can justify nuclear tests or nuclear weapons.

Those who think otherwise say development of the nuclear force

protection is absolutely necessary

against the hostility of communism and the nuclear threat.

In this perspective, victims nuclear fallout, if any,

would be considered of the Unknowns

the service of humanity.

Anonymous soldiers in a war that would never have begun,

and that our nuclear power can mean it will never happen.

� the fall of 1957, with a moratorium on tests looming on the horizon,

24 nuclear tests were conducted in the Nevada desert

Operating under the name "Plumbbob".

During Plumbbob, the event "Hood" became the most powerful test

ever made in the atmosphere of the continental United States.

Hood, a 74 kiloton device,

was suspended at 1,500 feet above the desert floor in a ball.

As new models of weapons continued to be tested,

the Ministry of Defense tests used

to accelerate the military training in the nuclear battlefield,

while pursuing the study of effects of nuclear explosions.

The 21st test conducted during the operation Plumbbob was "The Rainier Event."

This was the first fully contained underground nuclear weapon detonation conducted by the United States.

The three kiloton device was detonated 790 feet below Rainier Mesa,

vaporizing rock into a molten bubble 100 feet wide.

This technology will be of great importance after the Treaty of restriction tests

banning all nuclear tests, except underground

and to hide future experiments from prying eyes.

During Operation Hardtack, the United States detonated 35 nuclear devices,

as well as in all previous tests the Pacific.

So far, nuclear testing were seen largely

practice as intimidation,

increasing international tensions

that could lead a nuclear war.

Against the increasing pressure,

the U.S. Government believed although the weapons are essential,

and they are the only counterweight to increasing the number of Soviet soldiers.

The Russians, having developed and finalized a series of atmospheric tests,

pretended to surrender tests, knowing full well

the United States had undertaken a major operation.

Operations were conducted Bikini and Enewetak in as before.

And a new operation site was brought in under Operation Hardtrack

And that was the Johnston Island operations.

During testing, one of the events significant event was the Cactus.

It was a small device 18 kilotons of which produced

a crater about 42m wide and 11m deep.

Many years later, in 1980, all debris from the fission

and radioactive materials that were in the Enewetak Atoll

were collected and disposed in the crater of the bomb Cactus.

Then we placed a concrete dome on the crater

to maintain and stabilize radioactive materials.

A year before Hardtack,

the Soviets launched a small satellite named "Sputnik-1."

Concerned by the superiority of Soviet rockets,

the United States conducted it�s first two missile borne,

high altitude detonations

known as Teak and Orange.

Nuclear weapons from Teac and Orange

were carried into space by a Redstone rocket,

developed by Wernher Von Braun.

Von Braun and his team have developed

the V2 rocket for Germany during World War II.

The Redstone was considered an extension of the technology

the Second World War,

and was limited in scope.

Using liquid oxygen as fuel,

Redstone propelled its nuclear charge in the upper atmosphere of Earth,

and released for firing.

Teac, with a power of 3.8 megatons

detonated nearly 50 miles of the surface of the Earth.

The explosion created a violent disturbance magnetic in the atmosphere

called EMP or electromagnetic pulse.

This silenced the radios to nearly 8 hours,

And damaged electrical circuits from Hawaii to New Zealand.

Immediately after the events Teac Orange and the Pacific

the United States led "Operation Argus".

Three tests of missiles with warheads from 1 kiloton in the South Atlantic.

The Argus experiment sought to create and explore the use

of "traps" in radiation the Van Allen belt of the Earth.

Detonating 300 miles above the Earth,

experiment sought to create a shield radioactive

to prevent the execution of a Soviet missile attack.

These images, expanded by 16 mm for your movie screen,

are the first to show their hands levees that made history in Russia.

As testimony to the approval Supreme Soviet

ascension as prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev.

power that was held earlier by Stalin.

The free world expects diplomatic treaties obvious.

The first just 4 days later.

Russia announces that it suspends nuclear testing.

A statement that the United States describe as propaganda exercise.

The United States are preparing,

unless the Soviet Union resume testing,

Refer to other tests atomic and hydrogen bombs

over a period of 1 year from the start of trading.

IVAN (The Monstrous Bomb) 57 Megatons

For two years, a moratorium difficult on nuclear testing

remains between the United States and the Soviet Union.

In secret, the Soviets began to design

new weapons of mass destruction.

Including a hydrogen bomb of 57 megatons,

the largest nuclear weapon ever created.

This monstrous bomb was a smaller version

a model of 100 megatons,

and could be transported and launched from an aircraft.

While we sit here, Khrushchev detonated his bomb giant

cynically ignoring the Organization United Nations.

Adlai Stevenson - Ambassador U.S. to the UN (1961 - 1965)

By this act, the Soviet Union added insult to injury

they broke the moratorium on nuclear weapons testing

they raised the air pollution to new levels,

they started a new race, for more deadly weapons.

They ignored calls UN humanitarian

and all peace-loving peoples.

They have presented no justification

to detonate the weapon monstrous is useless.

They remained insensitive

the dangers of radioactive fallout for the human race.

The Delegation of the United States deeply regrets

contempt of this world opinion.

And we think that following these discouraging events,

other delegations should express their views

on these new shocking and disturbing.

Because today, Mr. President, the world has taken a big step backwards,

into anarchy and disaster.

The Russians had broken a voluntary moratorium.

the United States responded quickly

by a wide range of weapons testing in retaliation for a large scale.

The tension rises when near 100 nuclear tests were conducted

between the test area in Nevada and the Pacific Ocean,

under the code names Nougat, Storax and Dominic.

Testing the Polaris missile Power: [Confidential]

The primary importance was uncertainty

on weapon systems offensive and defensive

installed but not proven, since the beginning of the voluntary moratorium.

anti submarine weapon Power: [Confidential]

Operations resumed on Johnston Island and Christmas Island

during Operation Dominic.

The United States negotiated the use Christmas Island with the British

who used the island for their own thermonuclear tests.

Multi megaton bombs were loaded on B-52 strategic bombers,

sent from Hawaii, and release on the southern tip of Christmas Island.

The Ministry of Defense continued its progress in space

conducting five tests at high altitude over Johnston Island.

Most of these bombs were transported Thor missiles by the U.S. Air Force,

to continue research

neutralization of warheads enemy at high altitude.

The nuclear weapons tests had joined the space age.

Kennedy signed the ban nuclear tests.

This small step towards safety could be followed by other,

longer and less limited

but also more difficult to take.

With our courage and understanding reinforced by this success,

supporting research on the willingness man's essential for peace.

As president of the United States and with the advice and consent of the Senate,

I now sign the instruments of ratification of this treaty.

"Tightrope" was the last atmospheric test done by the United States.

He was fired from Johnston Island

a missile with "Nike-Hercules" air defense,

and was detonated at high altitude, above Johnston Island.

This put an end to the whole series atmospheric testing done by the United States,

when in 1963 we have joined the treaty Nuclear Test Ban

which prohibits any atmospheric testing.

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States conducted 331 atmospheric nuclear tests.

100 countries approved the treaty to ban nuclear tests

and end the threat radioactive pollution

resulting from atmospheric testing.

However...

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