Original subtitles

ALL RIGHT, THIS MEETING OF THE

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IS

NOW BEING CALLED TO ORDER AND

BEING BROADCAST LIVE AND WILL BE

RECORDED FOR ON DEMAND VIEWING.

I'D LIKE TO WELCOME THE

COMMITTEE AND THANK THEM FOR

THEIR HARD WORK AND PARTICULARLY

FOR THOSE DOING REVIEW IT'S NOT

EASY TO DO WHEN IT'S NOT YOUR

AREA.

I'M APPRECIATIVE WORK.

BEFORE WE BEGIN, A FEW

HOUSEKEEPING ANNOUNCEMENTS.

THE FIRST IS TO USE THE RAISE

HAND FEATURE IN THE ZOOM TO BE

RECOGNIZED BY THE CHAIR.

IF YOU HAVE ISSUES I'LL ALSO BE

MONITORING THE CHAT STREAM AS

WELL AND I WILL CALL ON PEOPLE

WITH RAISED HANDS IN THE ORDER I

SEE THEM RAISED.

AND IF YOU NEED ASSISTANCE

OPERATIONS WILL BE MONITORING

THE CHAT WINDOW THROUGHOUT THE

AND ABLE TO PROVIDE TECHNICAL

ASSISTANCE AS NEEDED AND REACH

THEM BY E-MAIL AS WELL AND I'LL

PASTE THAT INTO THE CHAT WINDOW.

IN TERMS OF MICS AND CAMERAS

BECAUSE IT CAN BE A LARGE

AUDIENCE AND WE ARE DISTRIBUTED,

BE MINDFUL OF YOUR CAMERA AND

MICROPHONE AND BE SURE TO MUTE

YOURSELF WHEN NOT PARTICIPATING

OR PRESENTING AND MEDIA

OPERATIONS WILL ALSO HELP BY

SWITCHING OFF CAMERAS AND MICS

TO MAINTAIN AUDIO IN CASE

THERE'S BANDWIDTH DROP OUTS AND

KEEP THE MEETING FROM BEING

DISTRACTED.

THERE WILL BE CLOSED SESSIONS

WHERE WE WILL BE DISCUSSING

INTERNALLY AS A BOARD OF

SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS TO PEOPLE

MAKING THE PRESENTATIONS.

SO FLORIDA -- IF THERE ARE NO

QUESTIONS WE CAN GO AHEAD AND

GET STARTED I'LL GIVE A MOMENT

FOR QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT AND SO

FAR I DON'T SEE ANY.

ALL RIGHT.

>> ARE YOU READY FOR ME TO TAKE

OVER.

>> I SHOULD SAID PATTI I'M READY

FOR YOU.

>> THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE AND

PARTICULARLY TO THE BOARD OF

SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS.

YOUR WORK IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO

US AND I REALLY APPRECIATE THE

EFFORT THAT GOES INTO THIS AS

WE'RE PROGRESSING IN OUR

DEVELOPMENT OF UNIFIED

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM WITHIN THE

INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM THE

GUIDANCE FROM THE BOARD OF

SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS GIVES

PARTICULAR ASSISTANCE TO OUR NIH

PROGRAM LEADERSHIP SO YOUR

EFFORTS ARE APPRECIATED.

I WELCOME YOU TO TO WHAT WILL

LOOK LIKE A BUILDING FULL OF

PEOPLE AN FEW WEEKS BUT STILL IS

NOT A BUILDING FULL OF PEOPLE.

WE'RE IN THE PROCESS OF

RETURNING TO THE PHYSICAL WORK

SPACE AT THE NIH.

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

IS BEING RENOVATED WITH NEW HVAC

AND RE-PURPOSING SPACES AND I'LL

GIVE PICTURES HOW THAT'S COMING

ALONG.

MOST THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF

MEDICINE STAFF ON CAMPUS IS

EITHER IN BUILDING 38 OR NASSER

BUILDING BUT NIH HAS BENEFITTED

DURING THIS CONSTRUCTION PHASE

BECAUSE WE'VE HAD SOMEWHAT SOME

UNANTICIPATED LESS DISRUPTION.

WHEN WE RETURN THE NIH

ANTICIPATE MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITIES

FOR OUR STAFF AND OUR TEAM HAS

EVALUATED EVERY ONE OF OUR

POSITIONS AT THE NATIONAL

LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TO DETERMINE

WHICH POSITIONS ARE MISSION

CRITICAL AND HAVE FLEXIBILITY IN

THE WORK PROCESSES.

WE IDENTIFIED THE MAXIMUM FLEX

FLEXIBILITIES AND WE'LL BE

GIVING GUIDANCE TO SUPERVISORS

TO WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS ON HOW

MUCH FLEXIBILITIES THEY CAN

EXPECT OR WOULD LIKE TO HAVE.

NO ONE WILL BE REQUIRED TO TAKE

ANY WORKPLACE FLEXIBILITY WHICH

MEANS WE'LL BE CONTINUING TO

PROVIDE WORKPLACE SUPPORT FOR

STAFF AS NEEDED AND FOR STAFF

WHOSE WORK IS MISSION CRITICAL.

WE ANTICIPATE MANY WILL CHOOSE

MORE FLEX ABLE WORK SCHEDULES

INCLUDING TELEWORK MEANING A

STAFF MEMBER COMES ON CAMPUS

ABOUT ONCE A WEEK WHAT WE REFER

TO AS LOCAL REMOTE ALLOWING

PEOPLE TO LIVE IN THE AREA BUT

ONLY COME IN THE CAMPUS HALF A

DAY OR SO EVERY WEEK AND THEN

FULLY REMOTE WHICH ARE

INDIVIDUALS THAT CAN LIVE

ANYWHERE IN THE COUNTRY.

THIS IS OPENING A GREAT

OPPORTUNITY TO ENGAGE STAFF FROM

AROUND THE COUNTRY AND HIRE A

NEW AND DIVERSE WORKFORCE AND

HAVE FLEXIBILITIES TO ALIGN WITH

FAMILY SITUATIONS OR PERSONAL

LIVES.

I HAVE 10 SLIDES TO PRESENT AND

LEAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS AND

CONVERSATION.

I WANT TO BEGIN BY TELLING --

REMINDING YOU THE NATIONAL

LIBRARY OF MEDICINE HAS A BROAD

AND STRONG COMMITMENT TO BASIC

OPERATIONS BUT ALSO GUIDED BY A

STRATEGIC PLAN DEVELOPED IN 2017

TO ACCELERATE DISCOVERY IN

DATA-POWERED HEALTH.

THE FIRST PILLAR, ACCELERATED

DISCOVERY THROUGH DATA-DRIVEN

RESEARCH IS MUCH OF THE FOCUS OF

THE PROGRAM AND WE'VE HAD MANY

OPPORTUNITIES TO MOVE IN THIS

AREA.

I'LL BE TELLING YOU SOME IN THE

NEXT FEW MINUTES.

I DON'T WANT TO OVERLOOK

REACHING MORE PEOPLE AND ENHANCE

DISSEMINATION AND ENGAGEMENT AND

BUILD WORKFORCE FOR DATA DRIVEN

RESEARCH AND HEALTH.

ONE THING YOU'LL HEAR ABOUT IS

NEW INITIATIVES IN BRINGING A

NEW DIVERSE WORKFORCE IN THE

PROGRAM AND WE'RE USING THE

TALENTS OF OUR RESEARCHERS,

PARTICULARLY DR. LU AND SOME

COLLEAGUES TO LOOK AT NEW WAYS

TO PRESENT THE RESOURCES THE

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE HAS

TO REACH THE PUBLIC.

PRIMARILY, WE'RE FOCUSSING IN

THE CONVERSATION AROUND

ACCELERATED DISCOVERY AND HEALTH

THROUGH DATA-DRIVEN RESEARCH.

WE HAVE WANTED TO HELP THE

PUBLIC BE FAMILIAR WITH THE

PROGRAM AND WE HAVE VIDEO

VIGNETTES TO BRING THE

OUTSTANDING WORK OF RESEARCHERS.

I'D LIKE TO YOU WATCH ONE OF

THESE VIDEOS NOW TO SEE THE

WORK.

IF WE CAN HAVE THE VIDEO,

PLEASE.

[*]

>> EARLY IN MY LIFE I WANTED TO

BE A PALEONTOLOGY PROFESSIONAL.

I WANTED TO INFORMATION THE

PROTEIN UNIVERSE.

THEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO

EVOLUTIONARY UNITS PRESERVED

OVER EVOLUTION BECAUSE NATURAL

SELECTION IS MAINTAINING THAT

PART FOR SOME REASON.

AND ONE REALIZATION WHICH DAWN

ON US AROUND THE EARLY '90s AND

IT WAS PROFOUND IS THERE'S A

RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF THESE

EVOLUTIONARY UNITS OF PROTEINS

WHICH WE TERM DOMAINS WHICH

CONSTITUTES THE ENTIRE PROTEIN

UNIVERSE OF ALL ORGANISMS ACROSS

THE TREE OF LIFE.

IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND THE

FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITS IT GOES A

LONG WAY TO UNDERSTANDING WHEN

ORGANISMS DO.

AND GIVEN THERE'S MANY GAPS IN

OUR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT

ORGANISMS DO, ONE WAY TO GET AT

IT IS TO FIRST FIND ALL THE

DOMAINS.

THE SECOND ASPECT IS PREDICTING

FUNCTIONS FOR THEM.

THE FIRST PHASE OF MY RESEARCH

WE CAPTURED MOST OF THE

LOW-HANGING FRUIT WHICH WERE THE

BIG FAMILIES CONSERVED ACROSS

ALL ORGANISM.

NOW WE'RE MOVING ON TO THE MORE

DIFFICULT TERRAIN.

THE DIFFICULT TERRAIN ALSO HOLDS

A LOT OF PROMISE BECAUSE MANY

UNUNDERSTOOD FUNCTIONS ARE

HIDING WITHIN THAT TERRAIN AND

GIVES THE OFF-SHOOTS IN THE FORM

OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL REAGENTS AND

ENZYMES AND THE CRISPR SYSTEMS

AND MODIFICATIONS SYSTEMS.

THEY'VE ALL BECOME POPULAR

RE-AGENTS.

WE HAVE PROTEIN SEQUENCES AND

STRUCTURES AND INFERRING THIS

INFORMATION AND IT'S BEEN A LONG

STANDING INTEREST OF MINE SO

IT'S BEEN THE PLACE TO BE.

>> I SEE I'M GOING HAVE TO SET

UP A VIEWING PARTY FOR ALL OF

YOU.

WE HAVE A WONDERFUL SET OF VIDEO

VIDEOS AND IT'S NICE TO SEE.

THEY'RE ABOUT A MINUTE OR TWO

LONG AND ONE OF OUR OFFICE OF

COMMUNICATIONS PUBLIC LIAISON

TEAM HAS WORKED WELL WITH

PULLING THE STORIES OUT OF THESE

FAIRLY COMPLICATED SCIENTIFIC

PATHWAYS AND CAPTURING THE

EXCITEMENT OF WHY THESE

INVESTIGATORS ARE SUCH GREAT

ASSET TO THE NIH AND NLM AND

SOCIETY AS A WHOLE.

I'LL MAKE SURE TO PUT THE

YOUTUBE LINK IN THE AND IT'S

GREAT TO SEE AND PEOPLE YOU'VE

KNOWN FOR A WHILE YOU SEE IN A

WHOLE NEW WAY.

LET ME TAKE YOU ON TO SOMETHING

QUITE IMPORTANT IN LOOKING AT

THE FUTURE OF THE NATIONAL

LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND THE NIH

OVERALL.

THAT'S THE NLM'S RACIAL AND

ETHNIC EQUITY PLAN OR THE REAP.

IT REFLECTS AN ACTIVITY DIRECT

THE UNITE PROGRAM AND UNITE IS

THE NIH'S PROGRAM TO ADDRESS

STRUCTURAL RACISM AND EQUITY.

THE REEP EACH INSTITUTE AND

CENTER WAS CHALLENGED TO CREATE

AN EQUITY PLAN TO EVALUATE THEIR

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURES TO

EXAMINE OUR STRUCTURES AND TO

MAKE CHANGES IN A WAY THAT WOULD

PROMOTE, EQUITY, DIVERSITY AND

INCLUSION THROUGHOUT THE

WORKFORCE.

THE REEP GOALS ARE TO APPLY THE

RACIAL AND ETHNIC EQUITY LENS TO

LOOK AT OUR INSTITUTES,

WORKFORCE, STRUCTURES AND

SYSTEMS TO IDENTIFY AND

DISMANTLE ANY ETHNIC DISPARITIES

IN THE WORKFORCE AND ENHANCE THE

WORKFORCE WITHIN THE INSTITUTE.

WHAT'S IMPORTANT TO THE NLM

THAT'S UNLIKE ACROSS THE CAMPUS

IS ALMOST 60% OF OUR WORKFORCE

ARE WORKERS WE REFER TO AS

CONTRACTORS, INDIVIDUALS WHOSE

EMPLOYMENT IS THROUGH ANOTHER

AGENCY AND COME TO US BECAUSE

THEY BRING SPECIALIZED TALENT OR

SPECIALIZED SERVICE.

WE'RE VERY FORTUNATE TO HAVE

ACCESS TO AN INCREDIBLE

TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC

WORKFORCE THAT COMES THROUGH

CONTRACTING SERVICES.

AT THE SAME TIME WE DO

UNDERSTAND WHILE THEY ARE OUR

COLLEAGUES, WE ARE NOT THEIR

EMPLOYERS.

AS THE NLM LOOKS AT THE REEP

PLAN, THE RACIAL AND ETHNIC

EQUITY PLAN, WE'RE COMMITTED TO

ENSURING INFORMATION OF OUR

CONTRACT AND TRAINING WORKFORCE

AND OUR NIH STAFFING WORKFORCE.

THIS HAS FRANKLY CHALLENGED THE

NIH TO THINK IN NEW WAYS TO MAKE

SURE WE WRITE OUR CONTRACTS WITH

THE CONTRACTING COMPANIES IN A

WAY THAT ALLOWS THEIR STAFF TO

PARTICIPATE IN INNOVATION AND

EXPLORATION ABOUT THE EXPERIENCE

OF ACCEPTABILITY OR

UNACCEPTABILITY OF WORKFORCE

BEHAVIOR.

WE'LL BE CONTINUING TO DO THIS

THROUGH THE NEXT COUPLE YEARS.

IT'S A DEEP COMMITMENT NOT JUST

FOR THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF

HEALTH BUT ME AND MY LEADERSHIP

TEAM.

WE HAVE SOMETHING CALLED THE NLM

IDEA COUNSEL, INCLUSIVE, EQUITY,

DIVERSITY AND THE NAMES ARE IN

FRONT OF YOU AND DR. LANDSMAN

HAS BEEN A KEY ORGANIZER FROM

THE BEGINNING IN THIS EFFORT AND

HAS BEEN HELPFUL TO HELP THINK

HOW TO APPLY THE REAL LENS TO

OUR SCIENTIFIC WORKFORCE.

MANY TIMES APPOINTMENT TO A

FEDERAL POSITION AT THE NLM

COMES TO SOMEONE WHO HAS WORKED

AS A CONTRACTOR YEARS BEFORE.

SO WE RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE

OF THE PIPELINE AND SKILLS OUR

CONTRACT WORKFORCE BRINGS NOT

ONLY TO THE WHOLE OF OUR

FUNCTIONING AND OUR PRODUCTS AND

SERVICES IN THE NATIONAL LIBRARY

OF MEDICINE BUT TO OUR

SCIENTIFIC EFFORTS.

MR. WE WORK WITH ARE IN FACT

MANY WE WORK WITH ARE THE

CONTRACT WORKERS.

WHEN WE BUILT THE PLAN IT WAS

JUST NOT IN THE HANDS OF THE

IDEA COUNSEL THERE WAS DESIGN

COMMITTEE ENGAGEMENT ACROSS THE

ENTIRETY OF THE NLM.

WE HAD LOOKED AT THE THREE GOALS

AND STAFF AWARENESS AND

UNDERSTANDING OF STRUCTURAL

RACISM AND EACH TEAMS GOT

TOGETHER TO PLAN ASSESSMENT

STRATEGIES AS WELL AS

PRELIMINARY ACTIONS.

THEY WERE PRESENTED TO THE NLM

LEADERSHIP ABOUT TWO WEEKS AGO

FOR THEIR FINAL PRESENTATION AND

WE REVIEWED IT AND MADE COMMENTS

AND SUGGESTIONS AND WORKED

CLOSELY WITH THEM AND SUBMIT THE

DOCUMENT TO THE NIH ON APRIL 1

AS DID ALL THE 26 INSTITUTES AND

CENTER AROUND THE NIH.

WE ARE EXPECTING A RESPONSE FROM

EARLY MAY AND OUR ACTING

DIRECTOR IS EXPECTING THE

INSTITUTES AND CENTERS KNOW IT

WILL COST MORE MONEY AND

UNDERSTAND AND TAKE ACTION

LIKELY TO MAKE OUR WORKFORCE

BETTER.

ONCE OUR PLAN IS ENDORSED BY THE

NIH, THE ENTIRE PLAN WILL BE

CIRCULATED ACROSS OUR STAFF FOR

REVIEW AND ENGAGEMENT.

AND I'M GOING TO BE PUTTING A

CALL TO STAFF MEMBERS LISTENING

TO JOIN THE IMPLEMENTATION

COMMITTEES BECAUSE THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

TO DISMANTLE STRUCTURAL RACISM

AND ADDRESS INEQUITIES EVEN IN

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

WILL REQUIRE THE COMMITMENT OF

EVERY STAFF MEMBER ACROSS THE

INSTITUTE.

A COUPLE MORE UPDATES.

YOU MAY HAVE HEARD THE

CONSOLIDATED APPROPRIATIONS ACT

WAS FINALLY SIGNED AND WE NOW

HAVE A BUDGET.

THIS WILL KEEP THE GOVERNMENT

FUNDED THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30 WE

WERE PLEASED WE DIDN'T GET

ANOTHER CONTINUING RESOLUTION.

THOSE MONITORING US FOR A WHILE

MAY REMEMBER WE GET THEM WELL

INTO JUNE AND THIS CAUTIONS

HAVOC WITH OUR FUNDING BECAUSE

OUR FUNDS ARE COMMITTED FOR ONE

YEAR ONLY SO WE TO BE READY TO

SPEND DOWN THE FUNDS.

THIS YEAR WE WERE FORTUNATE TO

GET A $479 MILLION

APPROPRIATION.

THAT'S OUR BASE BUDGET NOW.

THIS IS A $17 MILLION INCREASE

OVER FISCAL '21.

OUR PRIORITIES FOR FISCAL '22

CONTINUE TO BE THE RENOVATION OF

OUR BUILDING A FOUR-YEAR PLAN

COSTING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF

$35 MILLION.

I'M COMMITTED TO THE EXPANSION

OF THE INTRAMURAL RESEARCH

PROGRAM.

WE HAVE A SEARCH UNDERWAY FOR

NEW SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR AND HOPE

TO MAKE THE APPOINTMENT BY

MIDSUMMER AND LOOKING INTO

INVESTIGATOR TRACKS FOR THE NEW

SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR TO MAKE USE

OF IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS.

IN ADDITION, IT'S CRITICAL WE

MODERNIZE OUR COMPUTER

INFRASTRUCTURE.

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

IS LESS A LIBRARY OF OBJECTS AND

MORE OF ELECTRONS AND MAKING

SURE OUR ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

WHETHER CLINICALTRIALS.gov, PUB

MED ARE ACCESSIBLE AND SECURE

AND HAVE SOUND INFRASTRUCTURE

AND A CRITICAL INVESTMENT I'M

MAKING OVER THIS PERIOD OF TIME.

I'M HAPPY TO TALK MORE ABOUT

THIS IN QUESTION.

THIS ACT ALSO CREATED

FORMALIZING THE ARPA-H PRODUCTS

AGENCY FOR HEALTH AN INNOVATION

ENGINE.

THIS WAS ASSIGNED TO THE

SECRETARY'S OFFICE IN HHS BUT

WILL IN FACT BE TRANSFERRED TO

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF

HEALTH.

THE OPERATIONS AND FUNDING WILL

OCCUR WITHIN THE NIH ENCLAVE BUT

THE DIRECTOR OF ARPA-H WILL BE A

PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTEES WITH A

DOTTED LINE RELATIONSHIP TO THE

NIH DIRECTOR.

WE ANTICIPATE NEW INITIATIVE

FUNDING WILL BEGIN BY SEPTEMBER

OF '24.

I WANT TO CALL YOUR ATTENTION TO

SOMETHING YOU PROBABLY HAVE

HEARD OF BEFORE.

WE'LL BE HEARING A LOT AND VERY

MUCH NEED YOUR GUIDANCE TO HELP

OUR INVESTIGATORS IN THE

INTRAMURAL PROGRAM MAKE SURE

THEY'RE COMPLIANT.

THE DATA MANAGEMENT AND SHARING

PLAN HAS BEEN UNDER DEVELOPMENT

MANY YEARS AND WILL GO INTO

AFFECT JANUARY 23.

FOR ALL APPLICATIONS SUBMITTED

ON OUR AFTER JANUARY 25, 2023 AS

WELL AS FOR INTRAMURAL PROGRAMS

INITIATED AFTER THAT TIME.

APPLICATIONS MUST EXPLAIN WHAT

DATA WILL BE GENERATED OR

COLLECTED DURING THE STUDY AND

WHETHER IT WILL BE SHARED AND

WHERE AND WHEN MADE AVAILABLE.

THE SHARING PLAN DOES NOT

REQUIRE DATA SHARING BUT

ENCOURAGES.

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

IS PLAYING A KEY ROLE IN HELPING

TO STRENGTHEN THE DATA SCIENCE

LIBRARY WORKFORCE AROUND THE

COUNTRY.

WE BELIEVE THIS IS AN EXCITING

OPPORTUNITY FOR THE DATA SCIENCE

COMMUNITY TO DEMONSTRATE

LEADERSHIP IN DATA MANAGEMENT

AND SHARING AND AUTOMATED

CURATION AND ACCESSIBILITY OF

DATA AND CREATING MODELS.

OUR PROGRAM IS AN OPPORTUNITY

FOR THE T-15 PROGRAMS IN THEIR

INSTITUTION TO ENSURE THE DATA

MANAGEMENT AND SHARING PRACTICES

GET DIFFUSED THROUGHOUT THE

INSTITUTIONS.

WE FOUND OUR T-15 PROGRAMS TO BE

MAJOR LEADERS IN DATA THINKERS

SO THIS IS AN IMPORTANT

COMMUNICATION ENCLAVE.

WE ALSO HOPE YOU WILL HAVE US

THINK HOW TO INFUSE THE SKILLS

IN OUR INTRAMURAL TRAINING

PROGRAM WE NEED TO HELP TRAINEES

UNDERSTAND HOW TO MANAGE THEIR

OWN DATA AND HOW TO SUPPORT THE

DATA IN THE INSTITUTION WHERE'S

THEY MAY BE WORKING.

YOU SEE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE

RENOVATIONS.

ON THE LEFT YOU SEE WHAT ONCE

WAS CALLED CONFERENCE ROOM B A

TERRIBLY SMALL AND DARK

CONFERENCE ROOM ON THE SECOND

FLOOR ON THE MEZZANINE WILL NOW

BE AN OFFICE SUITE.

WE'RE BUILDING A MEZZANINE SPACE

WITH OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE

AND SUFFICIENT SPACE FOR PEOPLE

TO STORE FOOD AND HEAT FOOD UP.

ON THE LOWER RIGHT YOU SEE THE

HAND RAILS UP THE FRONT OF STEPS

FINALLY BEING REPAIRED AND OUR

TERRAZO STEP WELLS ARE BEING

REPAIRED.

ON THE UPPER RIGHT YOU SEE WHAT

WAS THE READING ROOM AND THE OLD

LARGE CABINETS ARE BEING

COMBINED INTO OFFICE SPACES WITH

A VARIETY OF HUDDLE ROOMS AND

PRIVATE OFFICES FOR INDIVIDUALS

TO USE.

IMPORTANT TO OUR OPERATION IN

THE CENTER PICTURE AT THE TOP IS

OUR DATA CENTER.

OUR DATA CENTER HAS NOT BEEN

MODERNIZED IN MANY YEARS.

WE'RE NOW BRINGING IN ADDITIONAL

POWER RESOURCES AS WELL AS

STABLIZING THE DRAINAGE AND THE

COLD CHILL WATER FLOW.

THE $7 MILLION INVESTMENT IN OUR

DATA CENTER HAS COME NOT FROM

NLM FUNDS BUT FROM FUNDS FROM

THE NIH RECOGNIZING THE

IMPORTANCE OF OUR DATA CENTER.

I'M PLEASED WITH THE WORK

OCCURRING.

I'LL STOP AND SEE IF YOU HAVE

ANY QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS.

I CLOSE BY THANKING YOU AGAIN

FOR YOUR EFFORTS ON WE HALF OF

THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

AND SCIENCE AROUND THE WORLD.

PETER, IF YOU'D LIKE TO HANDLE

THE QUESTIONS, I'D APPRECIATE

THAT.

>> I HAD A QUESTION OF THE DATA

SHARING PLAN AND WHAT REPRESENTS

A GOOD ONE OR HOW DO WE THINK

ABOUT THAT?

>> IT'S NOT SCORABLE.

IT WILL SUBMITTED IN JUST IN

TIME.

WE THINK IT THE BE MOST

EFFICIENT WITH THE REVIEW AND

THE SHARING PLAN IS IN ITSELF A

SKILL AND WHILE IT NEEDS DOMAIN

EXPERTISE THERE ARE SPECIFIC

STRATEGIES OR FEATURES WE'D

EXPECT.

ARE THERE FUNDS TO SUPPORT DATA

MANAGEMENT OR SHARING OR

TRAINING PROGRAMS AND TOOLS AND

I WOULD SAY YES TO ALL THREE.

IT'S ACCEPTABLE TO PUT FUNDS

INTO THE DIRECT COST FOR DATA

MANAGEMENT AND SHARING AND WE'RE

HOPING IT WILL HELP INCENTIVIZE

RESEARCHERS FROM THE BEGINNING

THINK HOW TO MANAGE THIS.

SECONDLY, WE ARE PROVIDING IN

SOME INSTITUTE HAVE STARTED AND

SOME ARE PREPARING TEMPLATES FOR

THE PLAN TO BE DEVELOPED IN

EFFICIENT WAYS.

THEY'RE NOT GOING TO BE

ELECTRONIC WE PUSHED FOR THAT SO

THEY CAN BE REUSED BY

INSTITUTIONS TO HELP

INSTITUTIONS ANTICIPATE WHAT THE

CHALLENGES WOULD BE.

AND FINALLY, WE'RE INVESTING IN

DEVELOPING DATA SCIENCE

LIBRARIANS AROUND THE COUNTRY TO

PROVIDE INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT.

THERE'S A SERIES OF TRAINING

PROGRAMS THAT WILL BE OFFERED

THROUGH THE EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH

PROGRAM THROUGH THE NEXT YEAR TO

HELP PEOPLE IN HOW TO SET UP A

PLAN AND HOW TO THINK ABOUT DATA

IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY.

THE DETERMINATION OF WHICH DATA

IS APPROPRIATE TO SHARE IS

ACTUALLY IN ITSELF A CHALLENGING

THING FOR SCIENTISTS.

EVERY SNEEZE FOR BURP OR STEP

ACROSS A FLOOR IS NOT ESSENTIAL

TO BE SHARED AND YET IN SOME

CASES, IF YOU'RE MANAGING RATS

IN A SPECIFIC FOOD PRODUCTION

WITH A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTROL ALL THAT DATA IS

NECESSARY TO SHARE.

WE RECOGNIZE IT'S GOING TO

REQUIRE SOPHISTICATION AND

FAMILIARITY.

WE EXPECT IT WILL BE A LEARNING

PROCESS AS WE BEGIN TO GET MORE

SOPHISTICATION WITH DATA

MANAGEMENT AND SHARING PLAN WE

CAN SHARE BACK TO COMMUNITIES TO

BE ABLE TO HAVE THAT EFFORT.

AND THERE'S A PLAN TO WORK WITH

THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE POLICY AND

EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH TO PROVIDE

TRAINING SESSIONS AT CONFERENCES

AROUND THE COUNTRY IN THE NEXT

YEAR TO GIVE PEOPLE HANDS ON

EXPERIENCE IN WORKING WITH THEM.

>> THANKS.

AND THE QUICKLY CENTER WITH THE

WORLD GOING TO CLOUD DID YOU

THINK ABOUT THAT AT ALL?

>> WE SURE DID.

THE WORLD IS GOING TO CLOUD AND

ON PREM DATA RESOURCES ARE

NEEDED.

WE MANAGE A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT

OF CONTROLLED ACCESS DATA.

AT THIS POINT IN TIME THE

STRATEGIES FOR MOVING DATA TO

THE CLOUD PARTICULARLY WHEN IT

CONSISTS OF CONTROLLED ACCESS

DATA ARE NOT COMPLETELY WORKED

OUT AND WE DON'T ENVISION EVER

HAVING A SOLE ON CLOUD PREMISE.

WE WILL ALWAYS HAVE SOME AND

WHAT THE DATA PROCESSING CENTER

IS DOING IS ALLOWING US TO

DETERMINE THE KIND OF LONG-TERM

SUPPORTS WE MUST HAVE AND YET

THOSE WOULD BE REDUNDANT AND NOT

REDUNDANT WITH THE CLOUD.

WE WOULDN'T PROVIDE 100%

REDUNDANCY.

IT WILL ALLOW TO REDUCE AND

PERHAPS ELIMINATE THE REDUNDANT

DATA CENTER IN STERLING.

THAT'S WHERE A BIG EFFICIENCY

WILL COME IN PULLING BACK FROM

STERLING.

>> THANK YOU.

>> OTHER QUESTIONS FROM ANYBODY?

>> I HAVE ONE.

GOOD MORNING, ALL.

HI, PATTI.

>> HOW ARE YOU, STELLA?

>> GREAT.

I WAS GREAT TO SEE THE PROGRESS

AND THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

YOU'LL HAVE AN AWESOME SPACE FOR

EVERYBODY.

CAN'T WAIT TO SEE IT.

I HAVE A QUESTION FOLLOWING UP

ON THE QUESTION ON

INFRASTRUCTURE.

WE ARE WORLD DATA AND SOME

ALTERNATIVE DATA AND OTHER DATA

BEING PRODUCED BY SCIENTISTS

AROUND THE NATION AND CAN BE

SHARED AND PROVIDING A CATALOG.

>> THE NIH OVERALL IS DEVELOPING

A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY WHICH NEVER HAS HAD

BEFORE.

IT'S AN EXCITING ACTIVITY AND

I'M CO-CHAIRING THIS AND ONE OF

THE CRITICAL THINGS THAT'S COME

UP IS WHAT DO WE DO WITH CLINIC

DATA AND I'M PRIVILEGED TO HAVE

ACCESS TO MAJOR UNIVERSITIES.

SOME INSTITUTIONS ARE

ENVISIONING DOING REDUNDANCY

INTO A CLINIC DATA REPOSITORIES

AND SOME WOULD HAVE

PATIENT-GENERATED DATA AND DATA

BROUGHT TOGETHER IN A MORE

SYSTEMATIC FASHION.

WE'RE WORKING WITH THE

INSTITUTES AND CENTERS ACROSS

THE NIH TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE

NEEDS OF REAL-WORLD DATA AND

SPOKEN SPEECH OF CHILDREN IS

BECOMING AN ISSUE AND ASSESSING

SWALLOWING IN PEOPLE WHO HAVE

HAD STROKES REQUIRES

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY AND MOVEMENT

OF FLUIDS.

THERE'S NEW DATA COMING.

I DON'T EXPECT THE NLM WILL

BECOME A REPOSITORY OF DATA

GENERATED BY NIH BUT I EXPECT TO

HAVE SOLUTIONS FOR THE NEED TO

THE DATA REPOSITORIES AND THE

CONVERSATION IS BALANCING WHAT

TO BE DONE BY A STEWARD AS A

REPOSITORY ON THE CAMPUS AND AS

A NIH-FUNDED REPOSITORY.

WE HAVE SEVERAL OPPORTUNITIES

THROUGH THE OFFICE OF DATA

SCIENCE STRATEGY AND NOTICE OF

SPECIAL INTEREST AND STIMULATION

OF NEW AWARDS WE'RE TRYING TO

MOVE THEM OUT OF THE RO1 FUNDING

LINE WHICH IS THE TRADITIONAL

WAY MANY HAVE BEEN FUNDED AND

HARD TO SUSTAIN AND FINAL

CLOSING REMARKS, FDA HAS AN

INTERESTING REAL-WORLD DATA AND

WE'RE LOOKING AT

CROSS-GOVERNMENT SOLUTIONS FOR

THIS.

THINK IT'S EXCITING.

I WAS WONDERING IF NLM WOULDN'T

BE THE EXACT PLACE WHERE

EDUCATION TO THE PUBLIC IN

GENERAL ABOUT IMPLICATIONS OF

HAVING THEIR DATA USED FOR

RESEARCH AND COULD BE CENTERS

THERE WHAT I BELIEVE AFTER

HAVING BEEN A RECRUITER AND A

DATA STEWARD IS PEOPLE DON'T

ACTUALLY KNOW WHAT THEY'RE

SIGNING OFF TO AND THEN AFTER

THEY'LL FIND OUT FOR EXAMPLE

THAT THE DATA HAD BEEN SHARED IN

THIS WAY OR THAT WAY AND THAT

MIGHT HAVE SOME PROBLEM WITH

TRUST FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AS

WELL AS LINKING.

IT'S JUST A SUGGEST BUT I THINK

NLM IS THE RIGHT PLACE TO

INITIATE SUCH EFFORTS.

>> SO WE'RE WORKING CLOSELY WITH

OUR NETWORK AT THE NATIONAL

LIBRARY OF MEDICINE WHO HAVE

POINTS OF PRESENCE IN 8,000

COMMUNITIES AROUND THE COUNTRY

TO BE PART OF OUR COMMUNICATION

CHAIN.

AND THERE'S AN INITIATIVE AND

YOU MAY RECALL THIS SUMMER IN

OUR CONTROLLED DATA ACCESS

WORKING GROUP TO BETTER

UNDERSTAND WHAT THE ISSUES ARE

AND WE FOUND GIVEN A PARADOX

WITH PATIENTS.

ON ONE HAND PEOPLE ACTIVELY

ENGAGED WITH RESEARCH AND OFTEN

FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN WITH

COMPLEX ILLNESSES WANT TO STOP

GIVING THE SAME DATA AND WANT IT

DEPOSITED ONCE AND USED MANY

TIMES BY DIFFERENT RESEARCHERS.

AT THE SAME TIME THE IDEA YOUR

CLINICAL RECORD COULD NOW BE

SITTING IN A REPOSITORY AND

COULD BE USED TO CREATE NEW

UNDERSTANDING ON HOW TO TAKE

CARE OF HYPERTENSION OR A NEW

DEVICE WHICH WILL LEAD TO

SPECIALIZATION IS SOMETHING WE

HAVE NEED TO MAKE DIFFERENT.

AND THERE'S CHOICE DATA AND YET

WHAT I REALIZED IS YOU CAN'T DO

IT AT THE POINT OF THE STUDY OR

CARE.

IT MUST BE EMBEDDED IN THE LIFE

OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND RETURNED

TO A CONCEPT CALLED THE

KINDERGARTEN CURRICULUM FOR DATA

SAYING WASH YOU HANDS AFTER YOU

GO TO THE POTTY, ALL KIDS KNOW

THAT.

IF WE CAN GET THE SAME LEVEL OF

UNDERSTANDING AS DATA AS PART OF

YOUR HEALTH PROCESS BEGINNING IN

KINDERGARTEN AND MOVING THROUGH

THE LIFE CYCLE WE'LL MAKE

PROGRESS.

IN TERMS OF HOW TO HELP PEOPLE

AT THE MOMENT OF SIGNING THE

PAPER, WE'RE EXPLORING ANIMATION

AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF VISUAL

TOOLS THAT WILL HELP PEOPLE

CONVEY WHAT IS REQUIRED BY CF49

BUT ALLOWS THEM TO INCORPORATE

AND UNDERSTAND IN THEIR OWN

FRAME OF REFERENCE.

>> WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE

QUESTION BEFORE VALERIE STARTS

HER REMARKS.

I HAVE A QUESTION FOR DARPA FOR

HEALTH AND WHETHER THE

INSTITUTES OR NLM WILL HAVE

ANYTHING TO DO WITH THAT.

>> HERE'S THE PARADOX AND YOU

HEARD NIH IS SLOW AND

NON-RESPONSIVE.

WE STAND READY TO BE PARTNERS

WITH DARP H AND THERE WILL BE A

NEED TO HAVE FUNDING TRANSFERS

BECAUSE FOR ANY OTHER GOVERNMENT

AGENCY WE PROVIDE SERVICES FOR

THERE'S A FUNDING MODEL THAT

SUPPORTS IT.

I'M PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN

THE DATA MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND

THEY'RE ON TWO LEVELS.

ONE IS THE POLICY LEVEL WITH THE

ARPA-H ACTIVITIES BE BOUND BY

THE NIH POLICIES AROUND GENOME

DATA SHARING AND SHARING

POLICIES AND SECOND IF THEY ARE,

AND IF THEY ARE AND GOING TO

GENERATE HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA

WHERE WILL WE PUT IT.

WE HAVE MOVED HIGH VALUE

MOLECULAR DATABASES TO THE CLOUD

FOR CONTINUED ACCESSIBILITY AND

WHEN IT GETS TO REAL LOVE WORLD

BEHAVIORAL DATA AND VISUAL IMAGE

DATA, VIDEO, SOUND THEY'RE

DIFFERENT KINDS OF DATA

RESOURCES.

WE'LL HAVE TO SCALE UP AND

LOOKING FORWARD TO ARPA-H

BRINGING INNOVATION IN DATA

AREA.

THANKS VERY MUCH.

I'LL CLOSE BY THANKING YOU ALL.

HAVE A TERRIFIC DAY.

I'LL BE BACK TO HEAR THE

PRESENTATIONS BUT I HAVE TO STEP

AWAY FOR A BRIEFING MEETING

RIGHT NOW.

>> THANK YOU, PATTI.

VALERIE, THANK YOU FOR GIVING US

SOME WORDS AS THE ACTING

DIRECTOR.

PLEASE GO AHEAD.

>> THANK YOU, HI EVERYBODY.

I'M GOING TO TAKE A SECOND AND

TRY TO BE TALENTED ENOUGH TO

SHARE MY SCREEN WITH YOU.

JUST TO GIVE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF

WHAT'S BEEN GOING ON IN THE

OFFICE OF THE SCIENTIFIC

DIRECTOR.

AS YOU KNOW THAT'S BEEN MY ROLE

FOR ABOUT THE LAST YEAR, YEAR

AND A HALF.

AND PART IS BECAUSE OF OUR

EFFORTS TO BRING TOGETHER WHAT

USED TO BE TWO SEPARATE RESEARCH

PROGRAMS INTO A SINGLE ONE UNDER

THE CARE AND FEEDING OF A SINGLE

SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR.

AND SO THAT IS OUR HOME AND A

WANT TO SAY SOME THINGS ABOUT

IT.

WHAT I'LL TALK ABOUT TODAY ARE A

COUPLE THINGS.

I WANT IT GIVE YOU A SUMMARY OF

A REPORT THAT I GAVE TO THE NIH

SPECIALIST COMMITTEE AND THAT'S

BEEN AROUND A WHILE.

IT'S THE FIRST TIME NIH EVER

REPORTED TO IT.

I AM -- I'LL EXPLAIN WHAT THEY

DO AND GIVE A TRAINING

COORDINATOR, VIRGINIA MEIER IS

ALSO IN THE ROOM SO TO SPEAK.

WHEN WE GET TO QUESTIONS, IF YOU

HAVE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS, SHE MAY

BE THE ONE WHO HELPS ANSWER THEM

AND I'LL CLOSE WITH COMMENTS

ABOUT OUR WORK TO POPULATE THE

NINTH FLOOR OF THE BUILDING

BEHIND MY HEAD.

THE NIH EQUITY COMMITTEE LOOKS

AT METRICS FOR EACH INTRAMURAL

PROGRAM AT NIH.

EVERY COUPLE YEARS THEY DO A

REVIEW FOR EVERY SINGLE

INSTITUTE.

SOME INSTITUTES HAVE MULTIPLE

INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS.

WE ARE PROBABLY THE SMALLEST OR

ONE OF THE SMALLEST,

NEVERTHELESS, THEY LOOK AT KEY

FACTORS WHICH INCLUDE

DEMOGRAPHICS AND SALARIES,

HIRING LIKE THE SIZE OF THE

RESEARCH TEAMS THAT

INVESTIGATORS ADVISORY COUNCIL

THE REVIEW PRACTICES OF THE

BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS.

DECEMBER, 2021 WAS OUR FIRST NEC

REVIEW.

THEY PROVIDED SOME TABLES AND

ASKED KNOW PROVIDE COMMENTARY.

I'LL SHOW YOU A COUPLE TABLES.

THEY HIGHLIGHT WE HAVE WORK TO

DO.

THESE ARE SOME TABLES I WANT TO

SHOW YOU WHICH SHOWS YOU HOW

MANY SENIOR INVESTIGATORS WE

HAVE.

HOW MANY TENURE TRACK

INVESTIGATORS WE HAVE AS OF THE

DATE AS OF APRIL 2021.

YOU CAN SEE WE'RE A SMALL GROUP.

YOU CAN ALSO SEE WE DEFINITELY

DON'T HAVE GENDER PARITY IN OUR

INVESTIGATOR POOL.

THIS IS WORSE, SORRY, I FEEL IT

IS AND YOU HAVE TO BE HONEST.

LOOK AT THIS.

WE HAVE VERY FEW UNDER

REPRESENTED MINORITIES IN THE

INVESTIGATOR POOL AND HAVE WORK

TO DO TO GET TO THE PLACE WE

WANT TO BE.

WE ALSO TALKED TO THEM A BIT

WE'RE CALLED A DRY LAB OPPOSED

TO WET LAB.

YOU GUYS ARE COMPUTATIONAL AND

DON'T NEED TO BE TOGETHER.

OUR INVESTIGATORS AND TRAINEES

DON'T FEEL THAT WAY.

IN FACT, THEY FELT IT WAS THE

IMPACT OF HAVING TO BE FULLY

REMOTE INTERFERED WITH THEIR

RESEARCH AND ALSO THEIR

INTERACTIONS SO THERE'S WAVES OF

PEOPLE COMING BACK UNTIL NEXT

WEEK WHERE ALMOST ALL NIH

FEDERAL EMPLOYEES WILL BE

STARTING ON REGULAR THOUGH

PROBABLY RESTRICT FROM FORMER

SCHEDULES.

SOME VOLUNTEERED TO COME BACK

FOR THAT REASON BECAUSE THEY

FELT THEY WEREN'T GETTING

EVERYTHING THEY WANTED.

WE HAVE HAD PEOPLE IN PLACE A

FEW MONTHS.

I MADE SOME RECOMMENDATIONS TO

THEM TOO.

I WAS ALLOWED TO DO THAT AND

LOOK AT THE STEPS TO TAKE AND

ASKED THEM IF WE CAN INCREASE

THE VISIBILITY FOR CLINICAL

INFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICAL

SCIENCE AND IF YOU SEARCHED NIH

IRP AND LOOK AT THE LIST THAT

SAYS SHOW ME THE TOPICS YOU

COVER, THEY DON'T MENTION THESE

THEY MENTION LOTS OF BIOLOGY

TOPICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THERE

AND THERE'S AN ENGINEERING

TOPIC.

WHEN YOU ACTUALLY GO AND LOOK

FOR INVESTIGATORS FOR EXAMPLE,

TWO OF THE PEOPLE IN OUR

COMPUTATIONAL SEARCH BRANCH ARE

LISTED ADDS COMPUTATIONAL

BIOLOGIST AND IF YOU LOOK AT

SOMEONE PROVIDING TRAINING

OPPORTUNITIES IN AN AREA I CARE

ABOUT IT'S HARDER TO FIND US.

I HAVEN'T GIVEN UP TRYING TO

CONVINCE THEM THEY NEED TO

EXPAND THEIR LIST OF TOPICS.

THE SECOND THING FOR US, WE NEED

BETTER STRATEGIES AND OPTIONS

FOR RECRUITING WOMEN AND UNDER

REPRESENTED MINORITIES.

STATISTICS SHOW THE PERCENTAGE

OF WOMEN OBTAIN, FOR EXAMPLE,

OBTAINING Ph.D.s IN COMPUTER

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IS STILL

BELOW 35% WHERE IT'S 50% FOR

BIOLOGY AND THE NUMBERS FOR

UNDER REPRESENTED MINORITIES IS

NOT AS GOOD AS THAT.

WE NEED TO COME UP WITH WAYS TO

DIVERSIFY OUR INVESTIGATOR POOL.

THAT TAKES ME TO THE TRAINING

UPDATE.

I'M QUITE PROUD OF THIS.

WE LAUNCHED THE PROGRAM AFTER

THIS REPORT DATA SCIENCE

ANDATICS PROGRAM AND WE WANT

DIVERSITY IN OUR WORKFORCE POOL

AND IT WILL HELP OUR SCIENCE

MOVE FORWARD AND SO WE STARTED

ADVERTISING THE PROGRAM FOR

SUMMER INTERNS.

WE TOLD PEOPLE THIS IS WHAT YOU

WOULD GET.

GET A MENTORED RESEARCH PROJECT

WITH ONE OF OUR SCIENTISTS.

YOU GET SOME COHORT ACTIVITIES

BECAUSE AS WE KNOW EVEN FROM OUR

TRAINING PROGRAMS AND THE

UNIVERSITIES, BUILDING A COHORT

OF TRAINEES IS REALLY IMPORTANT.

THEY NEED TO KNOW EACH OTHER AS

WELL AS THEIR INVESTIGATE PERP

PERP -- INVESTIGATOR AND SOCIAL

ACTIVITIES AND JOURNAL CLUB AND

WE HAVE MENTORS AND ROLE MODELS

AND THERE'S COURSES AND OTHER

ACTIVITIES THE NIH INTRAMURAL

PROGRAM OFFERS LIKE RESILIENCE

AND WELLNESS WORK SHOPS AND

SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS FROM OUR

NIH OFFICE OF TRAINING AND

EDUCATION.

OUR TRAINER VIRGINIA MEIER MADE

THE PROGRAM AS VISIBLE AS WE

COULD.

WE HAVE A NEW CYCLE OF

APPLICATIONS COMING IN NOVEMBER

BUT I WANT TO TELL YOU I'M

THRILLED TO SAY WE HAVE FIVE

INTERNS COMES THIS SUMMER IN THE

DIVERSITY PROGRAM.

VIRGINIA HAS MATCHED THEM WITH

INVESTIGATIVE GROUPS NOW AND WE

HOPE NEXT YEAR WE CAN EXPAND ON

THAT TO ONE TO TWO-YEAR

INTERNSHIPS FOR COLLEGE GRADS IN

THE SAME PROGRAM.

SO TO ME THAT'S A STEP.

IF WE NEED TO GROW OUR OWN, WE

BETTER START GROWING NOW.

WHILE WE FIND OTHER STRATEGY WE

CAN AT LEAST START BRINGING

PEOPLE IN AND LET THEM SEE HOW

EXCITING THE RESEARCH WE SUPPORT

HERE IS.

SPEAKING FOR THE SUMMER BROADLY

FOR 2022, WE HAVE FOUR INTERNS

THAT WILL BE SPONSORED BY THE

NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM.

WE HAVE FIVE DDSI, DATA SCIENCE

DIVERSITY INTERNS AND SUMMER

INTERNS AS WELL.

THAT'S 23 PEOPLE WE'LL HAVE HERE

WE HOPE TO ENGAGE IN A WAY THAT

KEEPS THEM COMING BACK IN THIS

AREA OF COMPUTATIONAL HEALTH

RESEARCH.

WE HAVE AN INCREASE IN THE OF

FEMALE TRAINEES THIS YEAR OVER

LAST YEAR.

THAT'S ANOTHER PLUS.

AND TO THE TIME THING I WANTED

TO MENTION IS THE BUILDING BACK

THERE.

WE'RE POPULATING THE NINTH FLOOR

OF THE BUILDING 38A.

THE TOWER BEHIND NLM OR NEXT TO

NLM DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU'RE

STANDING AND THE NINTH FLOOR

WILL BE THE CENTER FOR OUR

INTEGRATED SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR

GUIDANCE AND TO BE A SHOWCASE

AND THE TRAINING COORDINATOR AND

OUR OFFICE STAFF WILL BE LOCATED

THERE AND IN FACT MY OFFICE IS

LOCATED THERE RIGHT NOW THOUGH

I'M THE ONLY PERSON ON THE

FLOOR.

MORE WILL COME.

WE INTEND TO HAVE A MIX OF

TRAINEES AND THEY'RE LOCATED ON

SEVERAL OTHER FLOORS BELOW US IN

THE BUILDING AND SO WE WILL

BRING THEM TOGETHER AND ALSO I

HAVE TO GO BACK FOR A SECOND.

I MISSED A SLIDE AND THIS SLIDE,

DR. MICHAEL CHANG THE DIRECTOR

OF THE NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE

WILL HAVE HIS LAB ON THE NINTH

FLOOR BECAUSE PATTI HAS A

RESEARCH LAB IN THE NURSING

INSTITUTE AND DR. CHANG IS

PUTTING HIS LAB IN OUR SPACE.

WE'RE VERY EXCITED ABOUT THAT

BECAUSE HIS AREA IS ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE DIAGNOSIS AND

ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS AND

THINKING ABOUT REAL WORLD CARE

FOR MEDICALLY UNDER SERVED AREAS

IS DEFINITELY RIGHT IN OUR SWEET

SPOT, SO TO SPEAK.

SO ON THIS FLOOR, THIS IS OUR

CONCEPT MAP FOR THE FLOOR.

RIGHT NOW THE CORNER THING

CALLED SD IS THE ONE PLACE I SIT

THERE ONCE A WEEK AND WE ARE

BEGINNING TO GET ROOM NUMBERS

FOR THE REST.

WE HAVE ABOUT EIGHT OFFICES AND

34 OR 40 CUBICLES ON THE FLOOR.

WE ENVISION THIS KIND OF MIX.

NOT EXACTLY WHAT YOU SEE BUT

SOMETHING LIKE THIS.

WE'LL HAVE PEOPLE FROM THE

COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY BRANCH AND

PEOPLE FROM THE COMPUTATIONAL

RESEARCH BRANCH AND MAY SIT IN

CLUMPS OR MAY MIX.

WE KNOW WE CAN FOSTER CROSS-TALK

THIS WAY EASIER THAN PEOPLE

SEARCHING FOR PEOPLE.

WE'LL HAVE A NEW INVESTIGATOR IN

THE COMPUTATIONAL HEALTH

RESEARCH BRANCH IN JUNE.

HE'LL BE LOCATED UP HERE TOO.

WE'RE STARTING TO MOVE IN A

GROUP FROM THE COMPUTATIONAL

HEALTH RESEARCH BRANCH AS SOON

AS WE GET ROOM NUMBERS SO THEY

CAN PUT IT IN THEIR ADDRESSES.

THAT'S REALLY EVERYTHING I

WANTED TO TALK ABOUT WITH YOU.

I'M HAPPY TO ANSWER QUESTIONS IF

YOU HAVE THEM OR TAKE YOUR

SUGGESTIONS IF YOU WANT TO GIVE

THEM TO US ABOUT THE BEST WAYS.

THIS SAY CHALLENGING THING.

PATTY TOLD ABOUT UNITE AND REEP.

IT'S A CHALLENGING THING TO TRY

AND DRAW PEOPLE INTO A FIELD

WHEN WE HAVE TO REACH HARDER FOR

THEM THAN IN THE PAST SO WE'RE

TRYING.

OKAY.

ANY QUESTIONS?

>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND GOOD

TO SEE YOU.

I AGREE WITH YOU WHOLEHEARTEDLY.

I'M EXCITED ABOUT WHAT YOU'RE

DOING TO DIVERSIFY THE PIPELINE.

IT'S DEFINITELY DIFFICULT TO

DIVERSIFY WHEN THE PIPELINE

ISN'T THAT DIVERSE.

I'M CURIOUS WHAT THE PLANS ARE

TO INCREASE THE VISIBILITY

BEYOND THE HBCUs.

EVERYBODY MAY HAVE CANDIDATES.

>> AND WE STARTED WITH A

TARGETED FOCUS.

AFTER ALL, IT WAS OUR FIRST

TIME.

THERE'S MANY MINORITY SERVING

INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER

INSTITUTIONS.

WE'LL DEFINITELY BE BROADER IN

OUR SCOPE I DON'T KNOW IF

VIRGINIA WANTS TO COMMENT ON

THAT.

VIRGINIA IS THE PERSON WHO

LAUNCHED THIS FOR US.

DO YOU WANT TO SAY MORE ABOUT

HOW WE CAN REACH OUT FURTHER?

VALERIE MENTIONED CONFERENCES

BUT WE HAVE SEVERAL OTHERS NOW

WE CAN ATTEMPT THOSE IN PERSON.

WE'RE HOPING TO SPREAD THE WORD

AND THERE'S SO MANY INSTITUTIONS

WITHIN A 10-MILE RADIUS OF NIH

AND I THINK BY BRINGING PEOPLE

IN WHOA DON'T HAVE TO WORRY

ABOUT MOVING OR THINGS THAT ARE

STRESSFUL TO TAKE AN INTERNSHIP

WILL HELP GET MORE PEOPLE TO USE

THE RESOURCES IN THEIR OWN LOCAL

AREA.

>> OKAY.

THAT'S A GOOD POINT.

IT WOULD BE GOOD TO COLLECT THE

RESOURCES AND MAKE THEIR

AWARENESS A BROADER THING.

I AGREE IT MAY BE HARDER OR

DISCOURAGING FOR PEOPLE.

WE HAVE THE WEBSITE AND

COMMUNICATION STAFF.

WE STARTED IN THE MOST FOCUSSED

WAY AND WE'LL LEARNING SOMETHING

THIS YEAR TOO ABOUT WHAT ELSE WE

NEED TO DO MAKE IT A GOOD

EXPERIENCE FOR THEM AS WELL.

YOU MAY BE ABLE TO LEVERAGE THE

VIDEO.

>> WE HAVE AWESOME VIDEOS.

THAT'S ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS

THE COMMUNICATION PEOPLE HAVE

DONE AND WE HAVE A BUNCH OF

SLIDES TO TRY TO BRING THE

LANGUAGE TO PEOPLE WHO AREN'T

Ph.D.s AND PHYSICS.

>> I'M A FIRM BELIEVER YOU NEED

TO REACH DOWN AND TRAIN EARLIER.

IDEALLY, THERE'S NOT UNLIMITED

RESOURCES.

I HAVE THE HONOR OF RUNNING THE

PROGRAM AS A DIVERSITY

SUPPLEMENT.

THERE'S A LOT I HAVE LEARNED I

CAN SHARE.

WE HAVE RIGHT NOW NINE DIVERSITY

STUDENTS FROM ACROSS THE NATION

EVEN FROM HAWAI'I.

AND WE HAVE A DISTANCE ONE.

IT'S ALL REMOTE.

I THOUGHT IT WAS NOT GOING TO

WORK BUT IT'S WORKED WELL.

ONE IMPORTANT THING IS

MENTORSHIP.

I HAVE A STAFF SCIENTIST MENTOR

TWO STUDENTS AND THEY MEET WITH

THEM EVERY WEEK AND THEY HAVE

THEIR OWN RESEARCH PROJECT AND

SO ON.

THERE'S SEVERAL THINGS I THINK

HAVE WORKED WELL AND THEY'LL BE

PUBLISHING THEIR MAERPS AT THE

END OF THIS EXPERIENCE WHICH IS

IN JUNE OR SO.

IT'S DEFINITELY THE WAY TO GO.

THEY NEED THE PUSH AND WE HAVE

UNDERGRADUATES AND I HAVE SOME

MASTER STUDENTS.

ALL CONSIDERING FURTHER STUDYING

AND GOING FOR Ph.D.s AND SO ON.

I SEE THE EFFECT AND IF THE NLM

WERE TO DO IT DIRECTLY IT WOULD

BE AN EXCELLENT PROGRAM.

AND COMING FROM COMPUTER

SCIENCE, THERE'S A LARGE INFLUX

OF PEOPLE PARTICIPATING IN

PROGRAMMING CONTEST OR ACM,

ASSOCIATION OF COMPUTER

MACHINERY EVERY YEAR THEY

ORGANIZE A DIFFERENT CONFERENCE

AND STUDENTS PARTICIPATE AND

THERE'S A NATIONAL WINNER.

THE WINNER FROM EACH OF THE

INDIVIDUAL CONFERENCES AND

STUDENTS COMPETE AND PRESENT

THEIR POSTERS AND PROJECTS AND

WIN AND THEN THEY COMPETE AT THE

NATIONAL LEVEL THE WINNERS OF

EACH OF THE CONFERENCES.

SO IT'S A MECHANISM THAT HAS

WORKED AND COULD BRING IN VERY

TALENTED PEOPLE AND COULD BE AN

EXTRA MOTIVATION FOR THEM.

>> THANK YOU.

WE TAKE COPIOUS NOTES.

>> I KNOW IT'S RECORDED.

IT'S ALL SPONSORED BY THE NLM.

>> VALERIE, IF YOU HAVE AN

OPPORTUNITY TO TALK ABOUT THIS

THIS AFTERNOON.

>> DR. ZIANG, GO AHEAD AND USE

THE ORIGINAL 30 MINUTES YOU HAD

AND WE'LL SHIFT THINGS BY FIVE

MINUTES.

YOU ARE MUTED.

>> I'M DR. JIANG AND I JOINED IN

2019 AND TODAY I'LL BE

PRESENTING MY PURCHASE ON

COMPARATIVE GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF

MICROBIOME AND SARS COV2.

WE HAVE MASSIVE AMOUNT OF DATA

GENERATED.

WE'RE TAKING ACTION.

EVEN THOUGH WE HAVE GENOMIC

SEQUENCE WE DON'T KNOW MUCH

FUNCTION OF HOW THE BACTERIA

PERFORM.

MY LAB IS WORKING TO ADDRESS THE

FUNCTION IN BACTERIA BY LOOKING

AT COMPARATIVE GENOMICS.

THE GOAL IS TO IMPROVE OUR

UNDERSTANDING OF THE MICROBIOME

AND USING COMPETITIONAL

APPROACHES.

I HAVE FOUR POST-DOCS IN MY LAB.

WE WROTE MANUSCRIPTS.

WE HAVE PROJECTS AND MY FOCUSES

ON ANALYSIS AND LOOKING AT

COVID-19 PANDEMIC.

WE SHIFTED OUR EFFORT TO

COVID-19.

I'LL FOCUS ON THE THREE PROJECTS

HIGHLIGHTED HERE.

WE HAVE A TOOL TO CATEGORIZE THE

PRESENCE ACROSS THE GENOMES.

THE GRAPH SHOWS AN OVERVIEW OF

THE FUNCTION PROFILE FRAMEWORK.

FIRST WE KNOW THIS CONTRIBUTE TO

HEALTH.

AND WE LOOKED AT OUR DATABASE.

WE TRANSMITTED THE GENE TO

MEASURE COMPUTATIONALLY.

WE RETRIEVED THEM FROM PUBLIC

DATABASES AND LOOKED AT GENES.

WE ALSO NEED TO CURATE THE

FUNCTION AND PATHWAYS TO ENSURE

THE ACCURACY.

WE HAVE FUNCTIONAL BACTERIA.

AND WE LOOK AT THE FUNCTION

PROFILE AND LOOKED AT THE GENE

AND PATHWAY IS PRESENT AND WHAT

IS THE ASSOCIATION TO DISEASE.

THIS IS OUR INITIAL PREDICTION.

SOME LOOKED AT THE MICROBIOME.

IT THIS LOOKS AT THE PATHWAYS

AND WE CAN USE SYNTHESIS.

THESE ARE ONES WHERE WE KNOW THE

GENETIC BASIS AS WELL AS THE

MECHANISM.

HISTAMINE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT

ROLE AS A CHEMICAL MESSENGER IN

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

IT PRODUCES A RESPONSE.

AND THIS STUDY SHOWS IT

INCREASES THE ASSOCIATION WITH

DISEASE.

IT CAN AFFECT DISEASE SUCH AS

ASTHMA.

HOWEVER, WE DON'T KNOW WHICH

BACTERIA IS CAPABLE OF HISTAMINE

SECRETION.

AND WE FIRST NEEDED TO

UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM.

HIS

HISTIDINE IS NEEDED TO PERFORM

THE FUNCTION AND THEY WORK

TOGETHER.

SO TWO TYPES OF THE

DECARBOXYLASE TURNED IT INTO A

FUNCTIONAL MODEL.

WE LOOKED AT THE SPECIES AND

THEY DISTRIBUTE AND EXPAND THE

HISTAMINE BACTERIA.

THIS HETEROGENEITY WAS OBSERVED

AND WE LOOKED AT DIFFERENT

CONFIGURATIONS ADDITIONAL GENES

AND COPIES OF THE SAME GENES.

AND THIS FORMS THE COMPONENT OF

THE SYSTEM AND IN THIS SYSTEM,

THE DECARBOXYLASE AND PART OF

THIS AND THIS IS PASSED IN AND

OUT OF THE CORRESPONDING AMINO

ACIDS.

NEXT WE LOOKED AT TO THE DATA

AND WE PERFORMED THE ANALYSIS.

WE LOOKED AT THE HISTAMINES

SECRETED IN PATIENT WITH IN

FLAMED BOWEL DISEASE AND

COLORECTAL CANCER AND THERE'S AN

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BACTERIA AND

INFLAMED BOWEL DISEASE WHEN WE

LOOKED AT IBD THERE'S NOT ONE

CONTRIBUTION ON THIS.

IN SUMMARY, WE LOOK AT THE

HISTAMINE SECRETED BACTERIA AND

WE FOUND A HISTAMINE BACTERIA

WHICH MAN TESTED INTO THE PACKET

FOR IMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASE.

THIS WRAPS UP MY FIRST PROJECT.

NOW I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE

SECOND PROJECT, BACTERIA ON THE

GI TRACT.

WE KNOW THE FUNCTIONS.

WE STAY TUNED OF STUDIED AND

TRIED TO FIND THE BACTERIA FUNGI

FOR ADAPTATION.

AND LOOKING AT THE GASTROIN TES

AND WE WANT TO ADDRESS THE

FOLLOWING THREE QUESTIONS.

WHAT FUNCTION CLADES ARE THE

VERTEBRATE OF THE G.I. TRACT

ADAPTED CLADE AND WHAT GENE

FUNCTIONS MIGHT CONFER THIS

ADAPTATION AND WE LOOKED AT THE

BACTERIA AND THIS PRESENTS THE

TAXONOMY AND NEXT WE PERFORMED

THE ANNOTATION OF THE SPECIES

AND LOOK AT THE MIAMI --

MICROBIA AND WE LOOKED AT THE

FIVE CATEGORIES.

AND WE PERFORMED THE

CONSTRUCTION USING THIS AND THIS

SHOWS THE DISTRIBUTION AND

PREDICTOR.

AND THIS IS LIKELY FROM AN

ANCESTOR AND THEY'RE IDENTIFIED

IN THE ACTION.

THEY'RE PREDICTED TO HAVE

ORIGINATED IN CLADES AND THIS IS

PREDICTED TO HAVE ORIGINATED.

NOW WE WANT TO INVESTIGATE WHAT

IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATIENT

AND THE G.I. TRACT.

WE ANNOTATED GENOMES OF SPECIES

AND LOOKED AT GROUPS.

WE PERFORMED THE REGRESSION

ANALYSIS WITH A FUNCTION TO LOOK

AT THE GENETIC SIGNAL FROM THE

REGRESSION ANALYSIS.

AND THIS IS ONE EXAMPLE.

SOME ARE CORRELATED WITH OUR

ADAPTATION AND WE LOOKED AT THE

ANALYSIS AND THIS IS ASSOCIATED

WITH A G.I. PATIENT.

AND THIS IS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR

TO HOST ADHERENCE.

THIS IS INTERESTING.

MANY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE

HABITAT AND THIS INCLUDES THE

GENE

GENES AND WE SHOWED WHAT IS

ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOST G.I.

TRACT.

THE GRAPH ON THE LEFT SHOWS IT'S

MAPPED TO THE PHYLOGENETIC TREE

AND WE LOOKED AT THE MODE.

THE GRAPH ON THE RIGHT SHOWED

THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF

FLAGELLA GENES AND THEY'RE

PRESENT.

WE CAN SEE FLAGELLA GENES IN THE

FIRMICUTES.

WHEN WE COMPARED THE GRAPHS AND

IT GENERATES THE SYSTEM AND WE

CAN SPECULATE REASONS.

THE STUDY SHOWED THE BACTERIA IS

ANOTHER REASON.

IN THIS ONGOING PROJECT WE'RE

ABLE TO IDENTIFY THIS AND WE CAN

DETECT THE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED

WITH THE PATIENT AND THE G.I.

TRACT.

WE HAVE FOUND IT'S FREQUENTLY

ASSOCIATED WITH THE FIRMICUTES.

IN THE NEXT STEPS WE'LL CHECK

FUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH AND

FOCUS ON THE FORMATION AND WE

HAVE MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS ON

THE FUNCTIONAL INTEREST.

AND LOOKING TO UNDERSTAND THE

ADA

ADAPTATION OF THE G.I. TRACT AND

LOOK AT THE MICROBIOME AND THE

ACTION.

THE NEXT I WANT TO TALK ABOUT IS

THE RESEARCH DONE.

I HAD AN OPPORTUNITY WONDERFUL

TO COLLABORATE BETWEEN INTERIM

AND EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH AND I

WORKED WITH ARIZONA STATE

UNIVERSITY AND WE LOOK AT THIS

FROM APRIL 7 TO JUNE 16.

WE DEMONSTRATED THE POTENTIAL

FOR WASTE WATER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND

SHOWING THIS AND LOOK AT WATER

COLLECTION SIZE AND WASTE WATER

SAMPLE AND WE WANTED TO ANALYZE

THE DATA.

AND THIS IS PAIRS OF THE GENOME.

AND THIS MEANS THERE'S GENOMES.

THIS ALLOWS US TO AMPLIFY THE

GENOMES FROM WASTE WATER.

OUR GROUP CAN THEN BEGIN TO

BALANCE AND PRESENT THIS FROM MY

LAB.

THERE WAS NO EXISTENCE OF THIS

AND TO DETECT THIS WASTE WATER

SAMPLE WE LOOKED AT A NEW

PIPELINE.

THE NEXT THING WE'RE TRYING TO

DO IS TO BUILD OUR RESEARCH

SAMPLE AND WE HAVE THE PROCESS

WHICH IS CHALLENGES.

FIRST, IT'S COMPOSED OF 345

APPLICANTS AND WE LOOKED AT

GENOMES.

ADDITIONALLY, SOME IMAGES HAD

MASS RESOLUTION.

AND THERE'S A POSSIBILITY THE

IMAGES WILL COME BACK AND MAKES

THIS DIFFICULT.

WE LOOKED AT WHAT IS SHOWN HERE.

AND THE COLOR OF THIS BRANCH

PRESENTS THE FREQUENCY AND WE

CAN GET THE MIXTURE.

NOW, WE HAVE ONE SAMPLE AND HOW

TO COMPARE ALL THE SAMPLES SO WE

CAN TRACK THE CHANGES OF WHERE A

POPULATION BETWEEN LOCATION AND

THE AUTOMATE ANALYSIS I TRIED TO

DO THIS AND THERE'S A NEW TYPE

OF METAGENOME DATA.

AND WE LOOK DIFFERENT

TRANSITION.

HOWEVER, WE CANNOT COMBINE AND

THEREFORE THE METAGENOMICS BASED

ON COMPONENT OF COMPOSITION

CANNOT BE APPLIED HERE.

WE FIRST STARTED CALCULATING THE

DIFFERENCE BY APPLYING THIS AND

WE USE DATA AS A METRIC.

IN THIS WAY, WE CAN CALCULATE

THE WASTE WATER SAMPLES WE HAVE

AND WE ALSO WANT TO LOOK AT THE

SAME GRAPH.

THESE ARE SAMPLES FROM TEMPE,

ARIZONA.

THE SAMPLES HAVE DATA AND THE

LATEST DATA IS BLUE.

WE COLLECTED SAMPLES FROM APRIL

2021 TO JUNE 2021.

HERE, WE HAVE CONSISTENCY IN THE

SAMP

SAMPLE.

ALSO THEY CAN ALSO BE REFLECTED

IN THIS PLOT.

THERE'S SAMPLES HERE AND CLOSE

TO 21A AND 21J.

TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THE

THREE SAMPLE, FIRST WE LOOKED AT

THE FREQUENCY IN THE WASTE WATER

SAMPLE AND THERE WAS A SHIFT OF

THE MOVE TO 21 AND LOOKED AT THE

SAMPLE.

THIS SHIFT HAD VIRULENCE TO

TRANSMISSION AND CAN HELP MANAGE

THE RESPONSE TO THE VIRUS.

OVERALL, WE LOOKED AT THE IMAGES

AND IN THIS PROJECT THE GROUP

WE'RE CONTINUING TO WORK ON

SAMPLES THIS YEAR AND LOOKING AT

THE FRAMEWORK AND THE HOPE IS WE

COULD EXPAND IT TO METAGENOMIC

INSTANCE THAT ALLOWS FOR A

BROADER SPECTRUM PATHOGEN

DETECTION AND AVOID OUTBREAKS.

NOW I'M GOING TALK ABOUT MY

FUTURE PLAN.

THE FOCUS IS ON THE FEATURES OF

THE MICROBES.

WE'LL CONTINUE TO ADD TOOLS AND

IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY.

IN ADDITION, WE'LL CONTINUE

INCORPORATING MORE FEATURES IN

THE PIPELINE.

IN ADDITION WE'LL TRY TO

ESTABLISH A COLLABORATION WITH

THE PREDICTION.

WE'RE COLLABORATING WITH THE

UNIVERSITY OF MIRANDA TO LOOK AT

BILIRUBIN REDUCTASE.

IT ALLOWS DATA TO BE RE-ABSORBED

AND THERE'S CERTAIN BACTERIA AND

MOLS WHICH CAN BE SAFELY

EXCRETED FROM THE BODY.

UNDERSTANDING WHICH BACTERIA ARE

ABLE TO PRODUCE BILIRUBIN CAN

CONTRIBUTE TO THE TREATMENT.

AND OUR FIRST WILL LOOKED TO

ESTABLISH THE HMP2 ASSOCIATED

WITH A REDUCTION POTENTIAL.

WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A WAY TO

REDUCE BILIRUBIN WITH CHA HAS

BEEN DEVELOPED.

WE CAN LOOK AT GENOMIC ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS AND THE REDUCTASE GENES

CAN BE USED IN THE WHOLE LAB.

THIS IS OUR APPROACH AND WE'RE

CONSTANTLY REVISING AND

ADJUSTING OUR PLAN.

AND WE EXPLORED THIS AREA.

AND WE HAVE LOOKED AT THE USE

AND ABLE TO WORK WITH MORE

COMPLEX DATA SETS.

THERE'S BEEN A KEY PATTERN OF

THE INVESTMENT AND THERE'S

PATIENT INFORMATION AND IT CAN

BE USED TO TRACK.

THIS CAN BE USED IN COMPARATIVE

GENOMICS AND THE FEATURE AND THE

GRAPH CAN BE USED TO LOOK AT

DIVERGENCE IN THE GENOME.

WE DESCRIBED HOW DATA CAN COME

BACK TO THE GENOMIC DATA TO MAP

GENOMES AND IDENTIFY THE

PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF

SEQUENCING IN THE GENOME.

AND LOOKED AT THE GENE SUCH AS

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT GENE OR AND

THERE'S POTENTIAL TO LOOK AT THE

SEQUENCES.

AND WE CAN LOOK AT THE RESOURCE

SO WE'RE HOPEFUL TO EXPAND THE

CATEGORY OF NON-MOBILE GENOMIC

ATOMS.

THIS WRAPS UP MY FUTURE RESEARCH

PLAN.

AT THEN OF MY TALK I'D LIKE TO

THANK MY POST-DOCS FROM MY LAB

AND MY COLLABORATORS AND

COLLABORATORS AND MY MENTOR

COMMUNITIES.

I'D LIKE TO THANK THE EXTRAMURAL

RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR THE STRONG

SUPPORT.

THANK YOU.

I'LL BE HAPPY IT TAKE ANY

QUESTIONS.

>> THANK YOU.

I ACTUALLY HAVE A NUMBER OF

QUESTIONS FROM THROUGHOUT THE

TALK.

FIRST, MY LAB INVENTED

COMPARATIVE GENOMICS AND I'M A

LITTLE CONFUSED HOW THE FIRST

PART OF YOUR TALK USE VIEWED

COMPARATIVE GENOMIC.

>> THE FIRST PART?

>> WHEN YOU TALKED ABOUT THE

MICROBIOME AND GENOMIC.

I WANT TO GET A FEEL FOR WHAT

KIND OF COMPUTATION YOU WERE

USING, WHAT KIND OF METHODS,

THERE'S ALL SORTS OF PROBLEMS IN

MICROBIOMICS AND METAGENOMICS

AND DISTINGUISHING SPECIES AND

GENES.

I WANT TO GET A FEEL FOR SOME OF

THE COMPUTATION.

I HEARD A LOT OF INTERESTING

BIOLOGY RESULTS BUT WAS CONFUSED

WHY YOU WERE CALLING THIS

COMPARATIVE GENOMIC.

>> SO THE APPROACH I USED IS

BASED ON EXPERIMENTS I KNOW

WHICH GENES AND SPECIES AND MOST

TIME IS IN FUNCTION.

I RETRIEVED THOSE GENES AND WE

USED THAT TO BE AT A

MULTI-MODAL.

THAT'S THE MOST COMMON APPROACH

WE USED AND SCANNING THE GENOMES

OF OTHER BACTERIA SPECIES AND WE

STUDIES THE GENOMIC CONTEXT AND

ASSOCIATE GENES TO THE FUNCTION

AND IN THIS WAY WE CAN TRANSFER

FROM ONE SPECIES TO THE ANOTHER

AND EXPAND THE CATEGORIES OF

BACTERIA WE KNOW ARE FUNCTIONAL.

MULTI-MODAL IS ONE COMMONLY USED

AND THE USED THE MH AND OTHER

COMMON TOOLS TO DO THAT.

>> LOOK AT OUR MDGB PROGRAM.

IT'S IN CELL SYMPTOMS AND THERE

WAS AN AWARD FOR THAT AND ME AND

RYAN SCHMITTKE AND FROM 2021.

IT GETS THE LARGEST PAN GENOME

ASSEMBLIES QUICKLY ON ORDERERS

OF MAGNITUDE FASTER WITH VERY

LITTLE MEMORY, TWO ORDERS OF

MAGNITUDE FASTER MEMORY AND IT'S

FOR LONG SEQUENCING DATA WHICH

IT SEEMS LIKE YOU HAD SOME OF

AND ASSEMBLED ALL THE METAGENOME

DATA WE COULD GET OUR HANDS ON.

THAT WOULD BE A GOOD TOOL.

NOW YOU MADE IT CLEAR TO ME,

GREAT.

WHAT KIND OF COMPUTATIONAL

TECHNIQUES YOU WERE USING.

I HAD ANOTHER QUESTION AND THIS

TELLS ME HOW YOU'RE

DISTINGUISHING SPECIES AND

GENES, BETTER, RIGHT?

THE COMPARATIVE GENOMICS.

OKAY.

I HAD ANOTHER QUESTION HOW YOU

WERE ANALYZING FUNCTION

COMPUTATIONALLY ONCE YOU DO

THIS.

>> DOES THAT QUESTION MEAN THAT

OUR COMPUTATION -- OKAY, I SEE.

SO GENERALLY I USED --

>> HOW ARE YOU COMPUTING

ORTHOLOGS?

I KNOW YOU SAID HH PRED BUT

THERE'S BETTER ORTHOLOG PROGRAMS

OUT THERE.

>> YOU LINKED THEM TO FUNCTION?

WHICH DATABASE?

I KNOW YOU SAID.

>> WE LOOKED AT THE ONES

COMMONLY USED BUT I'M NOT DOING

DATA ON LARGER SCALES BUT

ASSURING THE ACCURACY MORE

MANUAL.

I USE THOSE ALSO TOOLS BUT ALSO

WE GENERATE AND LOOK AT THE

PHYLOGENETIC TREES AND I FEEL WE

HAVE THE FUNCTION.

>> I GET THAT, GREAT.

IN TERMS OF WASTE WATER AND

COVID I GET YOUR CONTRIBUTION IS

A NEW CORRELATION METRIC FOR

THAT.

I UNDERSTOOD AS IT WENT ALONG

AND WAS WONDERING WHAT YOUR ROLE

WAS IN THE PROJECT BECAUSE

YOU'RE DOING COMPUTATIONAL

ANALYSIS AND YOU SAID THERE WERE

NO EXISTING BIOINFORMATIC

APPROACHES FOR DETECTING SNVs

AROUND WAS WONDERING IF YOU WERE

AWARE OF THE AARON GOWAN LAB

WORK ON WASTE WATER COVID

DETECTION IN THE BOSTON AREA.

>> YES, I'M AWARE OF THAT.

MY POST-DOC WAS THE SUPERVISOR.

>> ERIC DON WAS YOUR POST-DOC

SUPERVISOR?

>> YES.

>> OH, GOOD.

YOU COMPARED WITH PANGULIN AND

WONDERING IF THAT WAS THE SPIKE

PROTEIN BECAUSE THAT -- IT'S

KNOWN TO BE THE CLOSEST HUMAN

SPECIES IN TERMS OF THE SPIKE

PROTEIN, NOT HUMAN, CLOSEST TO

THE HUMAN SPECIES FOR THE SPIKE

PROTE

PROTEIN.

>> I THINK WE'RE TALKING ABOUT

DIFFERENT PENGULIN'S HERE.

>> WE HAVE DIFFERENT SPECIES.

>> OH, MY GOSH.

THANK YOU.

I'M JUST CLARIFYING.

OKAY.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THERE'S

SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE VARIATIONS

ACROSS THE SAMPLE?

>> IT'S TO ASSIGN THE IMAGES AND

HAVE DIFFERENT MUTATIONS.

>> IT'S KNOWN DIFFERENT VARIANTS

ARE GETTING MORE AND MORE

MUTATIONS.

COMBINATORIAL MUTATIONS.

WE CAN ACCESS VARIANTS IN THE

POPULATION.

IN TERMS OF THE GRAPHS I THINK

YOU SHOULD STILL LOOK AT OUR

MGBG PAPER.

IT'S MINIMIZER SPACE AND I THINK

YOUR PLAN FOR DEBOIN GRAPHS WILL

TAKE TOO MUCH TIME AND SPACE AND

KNEW COMPUTATIONAL METHODS DO

YOU SEE DEVELOPING LIKE

FUNCTIONAL MODULES?

>> THERE'S TWO PATHS IT'S

IMPORTANT FOR DIFFERENT TOOLS.

AND WE WANT TO INCORPORATE AND

MAKE A FLAT BAR SO NO MATTER

WHAT TOOLS WE USE TO SEARCH THE

FUNCTION YOU CAN LOOK AT THE

DATA.

THAT'S ONE PATH.

THE OTHER IS THE DATA PATH AND

POTENTIAL FILES OF THE

INFORMATIONS SO THAT AFTER WE

HAVE GENOMIC DATA YOU CAN USE

THE PROFILE TO SEARCH THE DATA

WITHIN THE OWN DATA AND HAVE THE

FUNCTIONS THERE.

>> OKAY.

THANK YOU FOR ANSWERING MY

QUESTION.

JES

JESSE, PLEASE AS YOUR QUESTION.

>> YES, IT'S EXCITING WORK

BEFORE I SWITCHED TO PUBLIC

HEALTH I WOULD HAVE TOTALLY

REACHED OUT TO COLLABORATE.

MAYBE LATER WE CAN TALK ABOUT

SOME OF THE TRANSLATIONAL

THINGS.

I WONDERED FOR THE

BIOINFORMATIBIOINFORMATIC

BIOINFORMATICS INFRASTRUCTURE

FOR COV BECAUSE THE WASTE WATER

IS GOING TO BE CRITICAL AS

PEOPLE GET TESTED ALSO AND LESS.

WHAT DISSEMINATION HAVE YOU DONE

ON THAT?

I'M SURE YOU'RE PUBLISHING ON IT

BUT THESE DAYS I WORK WITH STATE

LABS AND PUBLIC HEALTH

DEPARTMENTS AND I THINK THEY

WOULD FIND THE TOOLS USEFUL.

I WANT TO MAKE SURE YOU MAKE IT

AVAILABLE OR KNOWN ABOUT IN THE

OTHER AVENUES.

>> I MAKE THE DATA PUBLIC FOR

PRESENTATION.

>> OKAY.

BEEN A LITTLE BUSY.

I CAN TRY TO POINT PEOPLE IN

THAT DIRECTION.

>> AWESOME.

THANK YOU.

I HAVE A COUPLE OTHERS IF OTHERS

DON'T HAVE QUESTIONS.

>> LIKES GRACIELA HAS A

QUESTION.

>> GREAT WORK, CONGRATULATIONS.

I WAS WONDERING WHETHER YOU HAVE

AN INTERFACE OR A WAY TO MAKE

THE FINDINGS AVAILABLE.

I DIDN'T CATCH IT IN YOUR

PRESENTATION SO I WANTED TO MAKE

SURE WHETHER YOU HAD THAT TO THE

PUBLIC OR TO OTHER SCIENTISTS.

I GUESS THERE'S TWO LEVELS HERE

I WAS CURIOUS ABOUT.

>> THIS IS A COLLABORATIVE

PROJECT.

AND DISPLAYED THE DATA AND WE'RE

WORKING ON THAT PATH.

>> ALL RIGHT.

>> I THOUGHT THE WORK YOU

DESCRIBED SWITCHING TO THE COVID

RELATED RESEARCH WAS AN EXAMPLE

OF RAPID PIVOTING ADDRESSING

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS.

I THOUGHT THAT WAS VERY

INSPIRING.

I HAD A QUESTION ON THE SARS

COV2 RESEARCH.

YOU NOTED CHIMERIC SARS COV2

HOST RNA.

I'M WONDERING IF YOU CAN COMMENT

BRIEFLY MORE ON THAT IN TERMS OF

WHAT YOU THINK THE FREQUENCY OF

THAT MIGHT BE AND WHAT SOME OF

THE CONSEQUENCES MIGHT BE.

>> YEAH, SO THE REASON I HAVE

THIS IDEA WAS THE OMICRON ORIGIN

WE DON'T KNOW WHY IT COMES FROM

IF IT COMES FROM HOST YOU CAN

MASTER THE HOST AND THE CHIMERIC

WAY AND WE LOOKED AT THE

FREQUENCY AND IT POINTS TO ONE

PERSON MAYBE AND THIS INDICATED

THE CHIMERA CAN EXIST AND IT HAS

A COMPARTMENT.

AND WE LOOKED AT THE WAYS.

THAT'S THE FIRST WE FOUND AND

THEN WE GO FURTHER TO FOUND IT

CAN TRACK THE ORIGIN AND LIKELY

IT COMES FROM A HOST.

SO THIS MEANS THERE'S ALWAYS A

CHANCE THAT AND MAYBE WE LOOKED

AT DIFFERENT ANIMALS I THINK

MAYBE IN THE FUTURE WE CAN LOOK

AT THE GENOME ORIGIN FROM

DIFFERENT HOST.

>> THANK YOU.

>> GREAT.

WE ARE NOW GOING START OUR

BREAKOUT ROOM AND GO TO CLOSED

SESSION WITH DR. JIANG AND HAVE

A CLOSED SESSION FOR JUST THE

REVIEW COMMITTEE.

WE'LL GO AHEAD AND KEEP THE

REGULAR AMOUNT OF TIME AND TAKE

THE FIVE MINUTES FROM OUR CLOSED

SCIENTIFIC COUNSELOR SESSION.

TODAY I WANT TO TALK TO YOU

ABOUT COMPUTATIONAL PREDICTION

AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF

FOLD-SWITCHING PROTEINS.

SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE DATABASE

RIGHT NOW YOU'LL SEE IT HAS OVER

220 MILLION HIGH-QUALITY

NON-REDUNDANT PROTEIN SEQUENCES.

BY CONTRAST, THERE ARE 18,000

HIGH QUALITY PROTEIN STRUCTURES

AVAILABLE IN THE PROTEIN DATA

BANK.

THOUGH IT'S AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT

OF WORK IT PALES TO THE PROTEIN

SEQUENCES OUT THERE AND MY LAB

IS INTERESTING IN KNOWING WHAT'S

OG ON IN THE DARK APART IN THE

PROTEIN UNIVERSE.

WITH 16,000 PROTEINS WE KNOW THE

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE IS IMPORTANT

IN DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTIONS AND THAT BACKS UP WHAT

IT WAS SAID MANY DECADES AGO

NOW.

WE HAVE THE DOMAIN AND WE HAVE

THE SACS 5 INVOLVED IN

SIGNALLING BUT THE PROTEINS I

WANT TO TALK ABOUT TODAY ARE

NEITHER SINGLE FOLDING NOR

DISORDERED.

AND I MEAN A RE-ARRANGEMENT OR

REMODELLING OF SECONDARY AND

TERTIARY STRUCTURE THAT LEADS TO

CHANGES IN FUNCTION OR

REGULATION.

AND THE MECHANISM CHALLENGES

CURRENT PERCEPTIONS OF

ENERGETICS AND DYNAMICS AND NEW

BIOPENCE PRINCIPLES --

BIOPRINCIPLES CAN BE REVEALED

AND SWITCHES CHANGE THEIR

RESPONSE TO A DESIRE TRIGGER AND

MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC

INTERVENTIONS THAT TARGET FOLD

SWITCHING PROTEINS.

WE LOOK AT GASTROENTER ITIST AND

A FOLD-SWITCHING PROTEIN HAS

BEEN FOUND IN COVID-19.

WHAT MY LAB WOULD FIRST LIKE TO

DO IS DEVELOP COMPUTATIONAL

APPROACHES TO IDENTIFY THEM FROM

THEIR DYNAMIC SEQUENCES.

AND YOU MAY SAY, LAUREN CAN YOU

READ THE NEWS IN ALPHA FOLD 2

CAN ALREADY PREDICT FROM

SEQUENCE SO WHY DON'T YOU JUST

USE THAT.

BUT IT DIDN'T DO SO WELL

PREDICTING BOTH AND WE HAVE TWO

FOLDS AND TWO SECONDARY

STRUCTURES.

THAT'S IN THE PDB.

HERE REAR MEASURING PREDICTION

ACCURACY AND WE CAN USE A

MEASURE TO GET SIMILAR RESULTS

AND IF CAN CAPTURE BOTH

CONFIRMATIONS THROUGH LOOKING AT

MULTIPLES OF ITS MODELS, YOU'D

HAVE A FAIRLY EQUAL DISTRIBUTION

OF POINTS ALONG THE IDENTITY

LINE BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT YOU SEE

HERE.

AND PREDICTIONS ARE BIASSED

TOWARDS ONE FOLD.

AND SO ALPHA FOLD 2 AS POWERFUL

AND AMAZING TOOL IS NOT ABLE TO

CAPTURE FOLD SWITCHING BEHAVIOR.

SO WE DO NEEDLE ALTERNATIVE

METHODS TO LOOK AT FOLD

SWITCHING.

SO I WANTED TO APPROACH THIS

PROBLEM WITH A HYPOTHESIS AND

IT'S A SIMPLE ONE.

FOLD SWITCHING PROTEINS BECAUSE

THEY'RE CHANGING THEIR SECONDARY

STRUCTURES ARE LIKELY TO HAVE

SECONDARY STRUCTURE PROPENSITIES

FOR BOTH FOLDS NOT JUST ONE.

AND WE'LL TALK HOW WE TEST THE

HYPOTHESIS ON THE NESS G PROTEIN

FAMILY.

THIS FAMILY OF PROTEINS IS THE

ONLY KNOWN FAMILY OF

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS CONSERVED

ALL THE WAY FROM BACTERIA TO

HUMANS.

IT HAS ONE MEMBER WITH THE

STRUCTURE CALLED RFAH.

ALL THE THESE PROTEINS HAVE AN

END TERMINAL DOMAIN WITH THE

STRUCTURE YOU CAN SEE IN GRAY.

THAT BINDS TO RNA POLYMERASE

FOSTERING TRANSCRIPTIONAL READ

THROUGH AND RFAH HAS A DOMAIN

THAT FOLDS INTO AN ALPHA HELICAL

BUNDLE CONFIRMATION AND THAT

REGULATES RNA TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL

SPECIFICITY AND UPON BINDING OX

DNA AND RNA POLYMERASE THE C

TERMINAL DOMAIN, WE DON'T KNOW

HOW YET, DETACHES FROM THE END

TERMINAL DOMAIN AND REFOLDS INTO

THE ROLE THAT CAN THEN RECRUIT

AND FOSTER EFFICIENT

TRANSLATION.

THERE'S ONLY ONE STRUCTURE THAT

DOES THIS IN THE PDB AND THAT'S

RFAH I'M SHOWING YOU HERE BUT

THERE ARE NUMEROUS NESS G

STRUCTURES WITH THE SAME DOMAIN

STRUCTURE DISCUSSED BEFORE BUT

THE C TERMINAL DOMAIN AS FAR AS

ANYBODY KNOWS ONLY ASSUMES THE

BAY TO ROLE FOLD.

AND LOOKING AT THE C TERMINAL

DOMAIN TO LOOK WHETHER IT'SAL OR

BETA OR JUST BETA ALL THE TIME.

USUALLY WHEN ONE WANTS TO

PREDICT THE STRUCTURE OF THE

PROTEIN, IT WORKS LIKE THIS.

YOU TAKE THE FULL LENGTH

SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN AND

SEARCH FOR HOMOLOGOUS SEQUENCES

AND PROFILE THE AMINO ACIDS,

THERE'S MANY WAYS OF DOING THIS

THROUGH HIDDEN MARK-OFF MODELS

AND CO-EVOLUTION AND THERE'S

MANY WAYS THEY'RE PROFILED AND

THEY CAN BE MATCHED TO KNOWN

FOLDS.

THE PROBLEM IS THE SEQUENCE

PROFILES OF NESS G AND NFRH ARE

SIMILAR ENOUGH THEY PREDICT BOTH

OF THEM IN THE GROUND STATE WILL

ASSUME THIS BETA ROLE

CONFIRMATION IN THE C TERMINAL

DOMAIN THIS IS NOT ADEQUATE TO

DISTINGUISH BECAUSE THE SEQUENCE

PROFILES ARE SIMILAR.

TO GET AROUND THE PROBLEM WE

CAME UP WITH AN APPROACH CALLED

SECONDARY PROPENSITY CARE SON

AND THESE ARE THE SAME AS WHAT

YOU SEE UP HERE TO THE MATCH

PROFILE PART AND WE ALSO TAKE A

CROPPED PIECE OF THE SEQUENCE IN

THIS CASE WHAT CORRESPONDS TO

THE C TERMINAL DOMAIN.

WE GET TWO SEQUENCES WITH TWO

DIFFERENT PROFILES AND RUN THEM

THROUGH A SECONDARY STRUCTURE

PREDICTOR AND THE ONE OF CHOICE

IS J PRED 4 AND WE FOUND J PRED

4 WORKS BEATER AND WE CAN TALK

THAT ABOUT THAT LATER IF YOU

WANT AND THE J PRED 4 PREDICTS

BOTH THE C TERMINAL DOMAIN AND

THE FULL LENGTH ASSUME THE BETA

SHEET CONFIRMATION AND PREDICT

IT DOES NOT SWITCH FOLDS.

HOWEVER, FOR RFAH YOU CAN SEE WE

END UP WITH A DIFFERENT OUTCOME

HERE AND THE FULLth LENGTH IS

PREDICTED TO BE LIKE WHAT YOU'D

EXPECT FROM THE HOMOLOGY

PROFILING ALGORITHMS BUT WHEN WE

LOOK AT THE CROP C TERMINAL

DOMAIN YOU SEE THE COMBINATION

SIMILAR TO WHAT WE WERE HIGH

HYPOTHESIZING AND THE SECONDARY

PREDICTOR ALGORITHMS RARELY

CONFIRM PREDICTIONS AND BETA

SHEET PREDICTIONS IN SINGLE

FOLDING PROTEINS.

WE INTERPRET THESE ALPHA HELIX

DISCREPANCIES ESPECIALLY MANY IN

A ROW AS A STRONG SIGNAL FOR

FOLD SWITCHING.

SO IN THIS CASE WE PREDICT RFAH

WHICH ARE FOLDS WHICH IS

CONSISTENT WITH WHAT WE SEE

EXPERIMENTALLY.

AND THE APPROACH WORKS NOT ONLY

FOR RFAH BUT FOR A NUMBER OF

FOLD SWITCHING PROTEINS WITH

GOOD STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

AND GOOD CORRELATION.

IT SUGGESTS WE CAN USE IT BEYOND

RFAH BUT FOR VARIOUS REASONS

HAVING TO DO WITH EXPERIMENTAL

TRACTABILITY WE'RE STARTING WITH

THE MSG SEQUENCE AND WE CAN MAP

OUT THE BASE AND FIND OVER

15,000 NON-REDUNDANT SEQUENCES.

WE CAN CLUSTER THOSE USING A

GLOM RATIVE SEQUENCING AND END

UP IN 304 CLUSTERS AND CAN

CONNECT I AND J IF THE SEQUENCES

IN BOTH CLUSTERS ARE AT LEAST

24%.

THIS IS A CUT-OFF TO CONDITION

SOMEONE'S EXPECTATIONS ON

WHETHER THE PROTEIN WOULD OR

WOULD NOT ASSUME THE SAME FOLD

AND THEN WE CAN USE VARIABLE

STRUCTURE COMPARISON SO INFER

FOLD SWITCHING OR SINGLE

FOLDING.

WHEN WE DO THIS WE COME UP WITH

A FORCE DIRECTED GRAPH SO THE

CONSEQUENCES CLOSER OR CLUSTERS

CLOSER IN SPACE TO ONE ANOTHER

HAVE CLOSER AVERAGE OVERALL

SEQUENCE IDENTITY TO ONE

ANOTHER.

AND THERE'S OVER 00 -- 100

SEQUENCES ANY TWO CONNECTS BY AN

EDGE HAVE AT LEAST AN AVERAGE

IDENTITY OF 24%.

WE FIND IN CERTAIN PLACES OF

SEQUENCE SPACE MANY CLUSTERS ARE

PREDICTED TO SWITCH FOLDS AND

OTHER PLACES MANY ARE NOT AND IN

SOME CASES WE SEE A MIXTURE.

OVERALL, WE PREDICT THE TOTAL

PREDICTED FOLD SWITCHING

PERCENTAGE OF FOLD SWITCHING

PROTEINS IS ABOUT 25% WHICH IS

SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN WHAT

WE ESTIMATED FOR PROTEINS

OVERALL.

AND THIS IS CONSISTENT WITH NES

G DATA SETS WE'D EXPECT TO NOT

SWITCH FOLDS BUT HAVE SOME SORT

OF SPLITTING FOR OTHER

UNANNOTATED PROTEINS.

SO PREDICTIONS ARE NICE BUT IT'S

NICE TO BE ABLE TO VALIDATE OUR

PREDICTIONS EXPERIMENTALLY.

WE USE SPECTRUM DISCOPROCY AND

WE COMPARE THE BETWEEN PROTEINS

AND CD DOES AN ESPECIALLY GOOD

JOB OF PICKING OUT ALPHA HELICAL

STRUCTURES AND WHEREAS BETA

SHEET HAS A LESS INTENSE SIGNAL

WITH ONE MINIMUM AROUND 217 AND

THERE'S A FLAT SIGNAL AND HAS A

MINIMUM AROUND 195.

THE ASSUMPTION WE'RE MAKING IS

THE END TERMINAL DOMAINS OF ALL

MSG PROTEINS HAVE MORE OR LESS

THE SAME STRUCTURE COMPOSITION.

THERE ARE QUITE A FEW SOLVED

PROTEINS IN THE PROTEIN FAMILY

AVAILABLE IN THE DATA BANK AND

ALL DO ASSUME THE SAME AND THIS

ASSUMES WHETHER IT'S ON THE FOLD

AND WE CAN TEST THIS ON THE

PROTEIN THAT MIGHT HAVE SOLVED

STRUCTURES.

WE DO TWO DIFFERENT PREPS ON TWO

DIFFERENT DAYS.

YOU CAN SEE THAT RFAH INDEED HAS

A MORE INTENSE SIGNAL WITH TWO

PRONOUNCES MINIMUM AND NES G HAS

LESS PRONOUNCED MINIMUM AND WE

DID DIFFERENT PREPS ON DIFFERENT

DAYS.

WE CAN LINEARLY DECOMPOSE THE

TWO SPECTRA TO GET PERCENTAGES

AND TAKE A RATIO OF THOSE SO IF

WE TAKE THE RATIO OF ALPHA HELIX

TO BETA STRAND IN A GIVEN

STRUCTURE YOU CAN SEE THERE'S

SIGNIFICANTLY MORE BETA STRAND

IN NES G AND SIGNIFICANTLY MORE

HELIX IN THE OTHER WE CAN

EXPECT.

WE SELECT OUR SEQUENCE AND

PREDICT WHETHER IT SWITCHES

FOLDS AND CAN TEST USING CD FOR

OPENERS.

WE SELECTED ACTUAL 16 BUT ONLY

10 WORKED SEQUENCES FROM ALL

OVER SEQUENCE SPACE.

THEY'RE HIGHLY DIVERSE, MOST

SEQUENCES HAVE LESS THAN 30%

PARALYZED IDENTITY TO ONE

ANOTHER.

THEY'RE FROM ALL DIFFERENT

BACTERIA PHILA AND DIFFERENT

SEQUENCE BASE.

YOU CAN SEE FOR THESE FOUR

SEQUENCES THAT WE PREDICTED TO

NOT SWITCH FOLDS THAT HAVE

CONSIDERABLY MORE BETA SHEET

CHARACTER AND CONSIDERABLY LESS

ALPHA HELICAL CHARACTER WHEREAS

FOR OUR PREDICTED FOLD SWITCHERS

THERE'S MORE ALPHA HELICAL

STRUCTURE AND THAT GIVES

CONFIDENCE WHAT GOES ABOVE IT

PROBABLY ALSO HAS AN ALPHA

HELICAL DOMAIN AND YOU CAN SEE

THE CD SPECTRA OF OUR SINGLE

FOLDING VARIANTS CLUSTER

TOGETHER NICELY AND MOST THE

FOLD SWITCHING VARIANTS DO AS

WELL.

AGAIN WE HAVE THE ASSUMPTION THE

END TERMINAL DOMAIN ALWAYS

MAINTAINS THE SAME STRUCTURE.

SO WE WANTED TO LOOK AT A COUPLE

VARIANTS IN MORE DETAIL AND FOR

THAT WE TURN TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY

AND USED AN EXPERIMENT.

ON THE X WE HAVE HYDROGEN

CHEMICAL SHIFTS AND EACH SHIFT

CORRESPONDS IN THIS CASE TO A

BACKBONE AMID AND EACH AMINO

ACID WILL HAVE A SHIFT AND

THERE'S SOME CASES WHERE THERE'S

CHEMICAL SHIFTS BUT MOST

CHEMICAL SHIFTS DO CORRESPOND TO

BACKBONE A MINUS AND IF WE

CHANGE CONDITIONS WE HAVE TWO

POTENTIAL POPULATIONS.

ONE IS THAT THE CHEMICAL SHIFTS

STAY THE SAME AND THAT WOULD

MEAN THE PROTEIN'S ENVIRONMENT

IS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME OR THE

CHEMICAL SHIFTS COULD CHANGE AND

THAT WOULD MEAN THE PROTEIN'S

ENVIRONMENT HAS ALSO CHANGED.

AND SO WE CAN DO THIS EXPERIMENT

ON VARIANT 8 WHICH IS PREDICTED

TO NOT SWITCH FOLDS.

ALL C TERMINAL DOMAINS OF ALL

VARIANTS IF EXPRESSED IN

ISOLATION ARE EXPECTED TO ASSUME

A BETA FOLD AND SO YOU CAN SEE

IF WE SUPER IMPOSE THE C

TERMINAL DOMAIN OF VARIANT 8 WE

GET 98% PEAK OVERLAP STRONGLY

SHOWING THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT

HAS NOT CHANGE AND THE PROTEIN

IS NOT SWITCHING FOLD BUT HERE

IN THE WHOLE PROTEIN SHOULD BE

ALPHA HELIX BUT IN THE C

TERMINAL DOMAIN SHOULD BE BETA

SHEET.

YOU CAN SEE IN THIS CASE THERE'S

VERY LITTLE PEAK OVERLAP BETWEEN

THE C TERMINAL DOMAIN AND WHOLE

PROTEIN, ONLY 12%.

HOWEVER, CHANGES IN PEAK OVERLAP

COULD BE FOR OTHER REASONS THAN

SWITCHING FOLDS.

SO TO DIG DEEPER WE FIRST

MEASURED OR ASSIGNED THE C

TERMINAL DOMAIN'S EXPRESSED IN

ISOLATION OF BOTH VARIANT 8 AND

VARIANT 5 AND YOU CAN SEE THEY

BOTH HAVE STRONG BETA SHEET

CHARACTER AS REPORTED BY THE

PEOPLE ON THE CALL AND BY

CONTRAST YOU CAN SEE WE'RE IN

ISOLATION BUT IT WAS NEARLY ALL

BETA SHEET OR COIL WHEN

EXPRESSED IN THE WHOLE PROTEIN

IT'S ALPHA HELIX.

THIS IS MUCH MORE HIGH

RESOLUTION SUPPORT SHOWING AT

LEAST VARIANT 5 IS SWITCHING

FOLDS.

NOW AN INTERESTING QUESTION THAT

COMES UP IS WELL, HOW DO OTHER

PROTEIN PREDICTION ALGORITHMS DO

ON VARIANT 5?

IN EVERY SINGLE CASE THEY

PREDICT THE GROUND STATE FOLD OF

VARIANT 5 IS BETA BARREL AND I'M

ONLY SHOWING ONE MODEL THAT'S

BECAUSE THERE'S A LOT OF

MOVEMENT.

YOU CAN'T SEE THINGS AS WELL IF

I WERE TO SUPER IMPOSE THEM ALL.

AND IT SEEMS LIKE WE ARE PICKING

UP THE STATE OF THE ART METHODS

ARE NOT IDENTIFYING YET.

AND IT SEEMS TO BE TRUE FOR ALL

SIX VARIANTS WE PREDICTED TO

SWITCH FOLDS WITH THE ONE

EXCEPTION OF VARIANT 3 AND ALPHA

FOLD 2.

THE IMPORTANT THING TO POINT OUT

IS THE STRUCTURE OF VARIANT 3

WITH THE EXACT SAME SEQUENCE WAS

IN ALPHA FOLD 2'S TRAINING SET.

IT'S NOT THAT IT PREDICTED ON

ITS OWN THE PROTEIN HAS A GROUND

STATE ALPHA HELICAL STRUCTURE

BUT RATHER IT'S BASICALLY JUST

SPITTING OUT WHAT IT WAS GIVEN

IN ITS TRAINING SET.

AND THERE'S OTHER STATE OF THE

METHODS THAT CAN'T PICK UP.

YOU MAY ASK WHY AREN'T THEY

PICKING IT UP AND SOMETHING

INTERESTING IS IF WE LOOK AT

ALPHA FOLD 2 PREDICTION

CONFIDENCES FOR SINGLE FOLDERS

AND DISORDERED PROTEIN WHICH ARE

CONFIRMATIONALLY HETEROGENEOUS

IT KNOWS THE CONFIDENCES ARE LOW

FOR A LOT OF DISORDERED PROTEINS

SO IT KNOWS WHAT IT DOESN'T

KNOW.

AND FOR FOLDING OFTEN THE

CONFIDENCES ARE HIGH NOT FOR

SINGLE FOLD BUT MORE THAN FOR

DISORDERED PROTEINS AND THERE'S

TWO REASONS.

ONE IS BECAUSE OF THE MULTIPLE

SEQUENCE ALIGNMENTS OR ONE COULD

BE ITS LEARNING MODEL FOR

STRUCTURE.

WE LOOKED AT AVERAGE PREDICTION

CONFIDENCE FOR FIVE MODELS AND

YOU CAN SEE THEY'RE COMPLETELY

UNCORRELATED.

THERE'S ALSO BASICALLY NO

CORRELATION BETWEEN AVERAGE

PREDICTION CONFIDENCE AND

EVOLUTIONARY RATES.

SO IT SEEMS LIKE AT LEAST THE

OBVIOUS PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLE

SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT THAT MIGHT

AFFECT PREDICTION CONFIDENCES

AREN'T AND SO WE THINK THE ALPHA

FOLD 2 LIKELY SEARCHS FOR ONE

MOST PROBABLE CONFIRMATION AND

MISSES OTHER PROTEIN PROPERTIES

SUCH AS FOLD SWITCHING.

THIS HAS BEEN SHOWN BY OTHERS AS

WELL THAT SHOWED IT CAN'T

CAPTURE FOLDING PATHWAYS FOR

PROTEINS.

THEN THE QUESTION IS HOW CAN WE

PREDICT FOLD SWITCHING?

IT WOULD BE NICE TO BE ABLE TO

PREDICT THREE DIMENSIONAL

STRUCTURES OF TWO FOLDS FROM ONE

SEQUENCE.

I WANT TO REFERENCE WORK DONE BY

JOSEPH SCHAFER IN THE LAB A

POST-DOC THAT STARTED IN AUGUST

AND HE'LL TELL YOU MORE DETAILS

OF WHAT HE'S BEEN DOING BUT

THROUGH SOME SOPHISTICATED

FILTERING AND CLUSTERING WE HAVE

BEEN ABLE TO IDENTIFY DUAL-FOLD

CONTACTS IN FOLD-SWITCHING

SEQUENCES.

I'LL EXPLAIN WHAT THIS.

THIS IS A CONTACT MAP.

ANY DOT YOU CAN SEE IN BLACK,

WHITE OR GRAY IS AN

EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED

CONTACT AND FIVE ATOMS WITHIN

FIVE ANGSTROMS TO ONE ANOTHER

AND THEY'RE UNIQUE TO THE BETA

SHEET FOLD HERE AND ANYTHING

WHITE IS UNIQUE TO THE ALPHA

HELICAL FOLD HERE.

YOU CAN SEE WE PICK UP CONTACT

IN THE MATCH AND PICK UP CORRECT

CONTACTS FOR BOTH STRUCTURES AND

WE'RE OPTIMISTIC WE COULD ABLE

TO MAP THESE CONTACTS ON TO

THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES AND

WE WANT TO IN THE FUTURE.

THIS DOESN'T JUST WORK FOR RFAH

BUT FOR THE PROTEIN AND WHAT

REGULATES THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK

AND WHAT IS INVOLVED IN

BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION.

WE'RE OPTIMISTIC THIS CAN BE USE

FOR A NUMBER OF FOLD-SWITCHING

PROTEINS AND INDICATES FOLD

SWITCHING IS SELECTED FOR

EVOLUTIONARY AND IT HIGHLIGHTS

THE FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE IN THE

LAST FIVE MINUTES I WANT TO TALK

ABOUT FUTURE DIRECTION.

ONE IS OBSERVATIONAL AND ONE IS

MECHANISTIC AND OF THE PROJECTS

FIVE ARE EXPERIMENTS AND WE WANT

TO LOOK AT ANALYSIS AND A

TECHNICIAN IN MY LAB HAS BEEN

DEVELOPING TO DEVELOP A HIGH

THROUGHPUT PRU TEEN PURIFICATION

MODEL AND IT LOOKS LIKE WE

SHOULD BE ABLE TO PRODUCE UP TO

18 RFAH PROTEINS AND RUN

CIRCULAR PREDICTIONS AND SEE

WHERE THEY WORK AND FAIL AND

WHY.

WE WANT TO PREDICT WHETHER A

PROTEIN SWITCHES FOLD BUT WHICH

FOLDS IT ASSUMES AND EVENTUALLY

WE'D LIKE TO GENERATE THREE

DIMENSIONAL MODELS FOR

STRUCTURES AND FOLD SWITCHING

SEEMS TO BE PRESERVED IN

DIFFERENT LIFE AND WE WOULD LIKE

TO KNOW WHETHER ALL FOLD

SWITCHING PROTEINS EVOLVE FROM

ONE COMMON ANCESTOR OR IT'S

EVOLVED MORE THAN ONCE AND

MOVING TO THE MECHANISTIC SIDE

WE'RE INTERESTED IN IDENTIFYING

LOCAL INTERACTIONS THAT FOSTER

RFAH FOLD SWITCHING.

WE HYPOTHESIZED I SAID IN THE

BEGINNING PROPENSITIES ARE LOCAL

AT LEAST SOMEWHAT IN NATURE AND

WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO MAKE LOCAL

MUTATIONS THAT AFFECT THE RFAH

IN THIS CASE AND WE HAVE

PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE SUGGESTING

THIS APPROACH DOES WORK AND WE

IDENTIFIED A PAIR OF PROTEINS IN

THE RFAH FAMILY THAT ARE 76%

IDENTICAL AND FROM THE DATA WE

HAVE IT APPEARS ONE SWITCHES

FOLDS AND THE OTHER DOESN'T AND

WE SEE THIS AS A GREAT

OPPORTUNITY TO SEARCH MANY

POSSIBLE MUTATIONAL PATHWAYS TO

IDENTIFY SEQUENCES AND LOOK AT

THE MINIMAL NUMBER OF MUTATIONS

TO CAUSE IT TO SWITCH FOLDS AND

FINALLY WE'D LIKE TO MEASURE THE

FOLDING FREE ENERGIES OF

CONFIRMATIONS OF RFAH AND TO THE

C TERMINAL AND TERMINAL DOMAIN

INTERFACE.

JOSEPH SCHAFER HAS ALSO WORKED

ON A VARIANT WE THINK MIGHT

ALLOW A THERMAL DYNAMIC CYCLE TO

TEASE OUT ALL THREE OF THE

ENERGIES AND HOPING PUTTING THIS

TOGETHER WILL HAVE A BETTER

PREDICTIVE AND BIO PHYSICAL

FRAMEWORK FOR FOLD SWITCHING TO

EVENTUALLY TAKE SEQUENCES OF

WHOLE GENOMES AND PUT THEM

THROUGH OUR SOFTWARE AND

PREDICT, KNOW WHERE THIS IS

HAPPENING BIOLOGICALLY AND BE

ABLE TO TEST IT IN THE LAB AND

POTENTIALLY DISCOVER BIOLOGICAL

PATHWAYS THAT HAVEN'T BEEN FOUND

YET.

WITH THAT I'D LIKE TO THANK ALL

THESE PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY THESE

PEOPLE WHO STARTED IN THE LAB IN

AUGUST AND HAVE BEEN DOING A

FANTASTIC JOB AND I THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND HAPPY TO

TAKE ANY QUESTIONS.

>> THANK YOU, VERY MUCH, LAUREN.

I'LL KNOW OPEN IT UP TO LAUREN.

THAT WAS A GREAT PRESENTATION

AND YOU GOT DONE A COUPLE

MINUTES EARLY.

>> THANK YOU FOR THE GREAT --

SORE I, YOU FIRST.

SAID YOU TRIED 16 BUT 10 JUST

WORKED.

WHAT'S WORKED MEANS?

>> WHAT WORK MEANS IS THAT THE

OTHER SIX -- SOME DIDN'T EXPRESS

AT ALL AND SOME DIDN'T EXPRESS

SOLUBLY.

SO WE WERE NOT ABLE TO

CHARACTERIZE THEM BECAUSE WE

COULDN'T GET ENOUGH PROTEIN TO

DO IT.

>> ONE QUESTION AND ONE -- HOW

MANY OF THE 93 PROTEINS YOU

TESTED HAVE THEM AND THE SECOND

QUESTION IS DO YOU THINK THAT

PROTEIN STRUCTURE SHOULD CHANGE

BECAUSE OF THESE PROPERTIES OR

HOW DO YOU SCALE THIS

REPRESENTATION IN A STANDARD

WAY?

>> TO ANSWER YOUR FIRST

QUESTIOQUESTIO

QUESTION, THEY REGULATE

EXPRESSION OF BACTERIA AND IT'S

RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING US SICK

WHEN WE GET FOOD POISONING.

SO I THINK THERE ARE EVEN

PROTEINS THAT SWITCH FOLD ARE IN

BACTERIA AND VIRUSES MATTER TO

US.

THERE ARE HUMAN PROTEINS THAT

SWITCH FOLDS, THERE'S A HUMAN

CHEMOKINE PROTEIN AND HAS TWO

FOLDS AND MAKES SENSE BECAUSE

IT'S SECRETED SO THE SWITCH IS

BASED ON THE CHANGING BONDS AND

WE SEE THAT BY CO-EVOLUTIONARY

ANALYSIS SO THAT AGAIN SUGGESTS

THAT THIS IS BEHAVIOR

SELECTABLE.

AS TO YOUR SECOND QUESTION SO IN

TERMS OF DO WE NEED TO CHANGE

THINGS?

I THINK THIS IS WHY IT'S SO

IMPORTANT FOR US TO BE ABLE TO

SCALE UP OUR METHODS AND BE ABLE

TO TEST IT ON MANY DIFFERENT

PROTEINS BECAUSE RIGHT NOW WE

REALLY HAVE NO CLUE HOW WIDE

SPREAD FOLD SWITCHING IS AS A

PHENOMENON.

WE DON'T KNOW.

I'M ALMOST SURE IT'S NOT NEARLY

AS COMMON AS IUPs OR

SINGLE-FOLDING PROTEINS BUT WE

DON'T KNOW WHERE IT LIES IN THE

SPACE 10% OF PROTEINS AND IS IT

5 AND WE WANT TO PREDICT ON THE

WHOLE GENOME AND VALIDATE THE

PREDICTION EXPERIMENTALLY AND

INFER WHAT THE NUMBERS MIGHT BE.

WIRE DEVELOPING OTHER ASSAYS AND

IN THE FUTURE IN MY LAB I THINK

WE'LL DEFINITELY NEED TO DEVELOP

HIGHER THROUGHPUT EXPERIMENT TO

LOOK AT FOLD SWITCHING AND WE'RE

LOOKING AT MASS SPECKS AWAY TO

DO THAT IN COMBINATION WITH

OTHER METHODS AND MAY BE ABLE TO

PROFILE THEIR STRUCTURES AND

MAYBE IN FOUR YEARS I'LL BE ABLE

TO TELL YOU MORE ABOUT THAT.

>> THANK YOU.

>> I'M NOT LOOKING IF ANYONE IS

LOOKING AT THE RAISED HANDS BUT

I'LL ASK MY QUESTION.

YOUR WORK IS REALLY INTERESTING.

I'M EXCITED TO SEE ALPHA FOLD

TALKED ABOUT THIS MUCH BUT I'M

CURIOUS HAVE YOU REACHED OUT TO

THE DEEP MIND TEAM OR TRIED TO

USE THAT NETWORK BECAUSE THAT

NETWORK CAN -- IF YOU WERE TO

PREDICT A PROTEIN WITH DIFFERENT

FOLDING STATES AND

EXPERIMENTALLY VERIFY IT AFTER

THAT.

>> I HAVE NOT REACHED OUT TO

ALPHA FOLD YET AND I HAVE

THOUGHT ABOUT IT BUT IF YOU

THINK IT'S A GOOD IDEA.

>> THEY LOVE COLLABORATIONS.

WE HAVE NO EXPERIMENTALISTS.

>> GREAT.

I'M HAPPY TO DO THAT.

WITH THAT CO-EVOLUTIONARY

ANALYSIS THE WAY WE GOT THE DUAL

FOLD CONTACTS WE HAD TO BE

CHOOSEY IN OUR ALIGNMENTS.

I KNOW OTHER GROUPS HAVE USED

ALPHA FOLD TWO ON SHALLOWER

ALIGNMENT TO PREDICT

CONFIRMATIONAL VARIABILITY.

I HAVEN'T SEEN THAT DO THAT IN

THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE BUT WE

ACTUALLY TRIED.

SO WE TOOK OUR MSAs THAT GOT OUT

THE DUAL FOLD PROTENSE

--

PROPENSITIES AND PUT THEM IN THE

FOLD AND IT DID NOT WORK.

>> IT SHOULDN'T WORK IF YOU WERE

JUST DETECT THE ORIGINAL ALPHA

FOLD AND IT MAY BE WORK AND THIS

IS WHERE WE WAY TALK ABOUT

COLLABORATING REDUCING THE LAYER

TO A SINGLE STRUCTURE, DUAL

STRUCTURE, SOMEWHERE AND FORCE

THE PREDICTION.

I'M JUST THROWING IT OUT THERE.

>> THAT WOULD BE AMAZING.

WE'D BE TOTALLY OPEN TO THAT.

>> COOL.

>> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS

SPECIFICALLY FROM THOSE NOT ON

THE SCIENTIFIC COUNSEL?

>> WE HAVE THE CLOSED SESSION

FOR MORE FROM THE SCIENTIFIC

COUNCIL AS WELL.

>> I'M HAPPY TO ASK MORE

QUESTIONS AND WE LOOKED AT MINOR

CHANGES IN SUBSTRATE AND CAN

AFFECT SECONDARY STRUCTURE AND

THINGS LIKE THAT.

HAVE YOU TRIED USING THOSE

APPROACHES AS YOU'RE JUST

CHANGING A FEW SEQUENCES.

>> SO HERE'S THE PLAN.

WE HAVEN'T GOTTEN THERE YET BUT

THIS IS ABOUT WHAT WE'RE DOING.

THE VARIANTS -- SO WE HAVE THIS

PROJECT NOW I'M TRYING TO FINISH

WHERE WE MADE VARIANTS OF RFAH

THAT SEEM TO AFFECT THE

FELICITY.

CAN I SHARE THE DATA WITH YOU?

I HAVE IT ON MY POWER POINT.

IT'S THIS ONE.

SO WE MADE A MUTATION HERE.

SO THERE'S A HELIX CAP HIGHLY

CONSERVED IN THE RFAHs AND WE

CHANGE THE ACCEPTER TO A PROLINE

THINKING THAT WILL GET RID OF

THE HELIX CAP AND HERE'S THE H

HELICITY AND SIMILARLY HERE

THERE'S A NICE CONTACT THAT'S

HIGHLY CONSERVED AND IF WE

CHANGE IS TO A GLYCINE UP HERE

YOU CAN SEE AGAIN THE HELICITY'S

DECREASE.

WE WANT WANT TO MAKE SURE WE'RE

SEEING WHAT WE THINK WHAT WE'RE

SEEING AND I TALKED WITH NHLBI

AND THEY'RE HAPPY COLLABORATE TO

SEE WARPING IN THE SECONDARY

STRUCTURE OR BOTH STRUCTURES

BEING SAMPLED.

THAT'S ON OUR RADAR WE JUST

HAVEN'T GOTTEN THERE YET.

>> THAT'S REALLY COOL.

>> OKAY.

THERE NO FURTHER PARTICULARLY

GROUP QUESTIONS I PROPOSE WE

CATCH UP AND GO TO THE BREAKOUT

ROOMS SO LAUREN AND NEIL WILL

JOIN US AND THE BOARD OF

SCIENTIFIC COUNSEL MEMBERS.