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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:07,398 --> 00:00:08,486 [shouts] 2 00:00:08,486 --> 00:00:11,011 >> NARRATOR: A mighty people 3 00:00:11,011 --> 00:00:14,362 worshipping powerful gods. 4 00:00:14,362 --> 00:00:15,711 >> JONATHAN YOUNG: Thor's hammer 5 00:00:15,711 --> 00:00:17,669 was enormously powerful. 6 00:00:17,669 --> 00:00:18,888 It had great accuracy. 7 00:00:18,888 --> 00:00:20,977 It could smash mountains. 8 00:00:20,977 --> 00:00:22,979 >> NARRATOR: A celestial bridge 9 00:00:22,979 --> 00:00:25,416 linking mankind to a divine 10 00:00:25,416 --> 00:00:26,635 realm. 11 00:00:26,635 --> 00:00:28,245 >> DAVID CHILDRESS: Was it 12 00:00:28,245 --> 00:00:29,420 possible that this rainbow 13 00:00:29,420 --> 00:00:32,641 bridge was some kind of wormhole 14 00:00:32,641 --> 00:00:35,383 that would take people literally 15 00:00:35,383 --> 00:00:37,602 to another planet? 16 00:00:37,602 --> 00:00:38,995 >> NARRATOR: And epic journeys 17 00:00:38,995 --> 00:00:42,172 to the far ends of the planet. 18 00:00:42,172 --> 00:00:43,173 >> PHILIP COPPENS: Very few 19 00:00:43,173 --> 00:00:44,435 people would have set sail 20 00:00:44,435 --> 00:00:45,436 across the Atlantic not knowing 21 00:00:45,436 --> 00:00:47,177 that there was something on the 22 00:00:47,177 --> 00:00:48,309 other side. 23 00:00:48,309 --> 00:00:49,484 >> NARRATOR: How were the. 24 00:00:49,484 --> 00:00:51,790 Vikings able to develop such an 25 00:00:51,790 --> 00:00:53,923 advanced civilization? 26 00:00:53,923 --> 00:00:55,316 Were their achievements 27 00:00:55,316 --> 00:00:57,057 technology and exploration their 28 00:00:57,057 --> 00:00:58,754 own? 29 00:00:58,754 --> 00:01:00,538 Or did they receive otherworldly 30 00:01:00,538 --> 00:01:01,931 help? 31 00:01:01,931 --> 00:01:03,150 >> GIORGIO TSOUKALOS: Our 32 00:01:03,150 --> 00:01:05,152 ancestors thought they were 33 00:01:05,152 --> 00:01:06,892 visited by gods, when in reality 34 00:01:06,892 --> 00:01:08,503 they were visited by none other 35 00:01:08,503 --> 00:01:11,723 than ancient aliens. 36 00:01:11,723 --> 00:01:14,335 Physical beings. 37 00:01:14,335 --> 00:01:15,336 >> NARRATOR: Millions of people 38 00:01:15,336 --> 00:01:17,555 around the world believe we have 39 00:01:17,555 --> 00:01:19,514 been visited in the past by 40 00:01:19,514 --> 00:01:21,124 extraterrestrial beings. 41 00:01:21,124 --> 00:01:24,084 What if it were true? 42 00:01:24,084 --> 00:01:27,304 Did ancient aliens really help 43 00:01:27,304 --> 00:01:29,219 to shape our history? 44 00:01:29,219 --> 00:01:31,569 If so, might there be evidence 45 00:01:31,569 --> 00:01:33,876 in the history and mythology of 46 00:01:33,876 --> 00:01:37,662 the Vikings? 47 00:01:37,662 --> 00:01:39,577 The Vikings? ♪ 48 00:01:39,577 --> 00:02:05,734 ♪ 49 00:02:05,734 --> 00:02:09,433 [drums beating] 50 00:02:09,433 --> 00:02:10,826 [shouting] 51 00:02:10,826 --> 00:02:13,220 >> NARRATOR: Barbarians. 52 00:02:13,220 --> 00:02:15,787 Marauders. 53 00:02:15,787 --> 00:02:18,616 Bloodthirsty bandits... 54 00:02:18,616 --> 00:02:22,011 whose reputation for brutality 55 00:02:22,011 --> 00:02:23,404 would follow them through the 56 00:02:23,404 --> 00:02:24,622 centuries. 57 00:02:24,622 --> 00:02:25,710 >> TIM TANGHERLINI: When people 58 00:02:25,710 --> 00:02:26,842 think of the Norse or the. 59 00:02:26,842 --> 00:02:28,017 Vikings, they think of crazed 60 00:02:28,017 --> 00:02:29,584 marauders jumping in boats, 61 00:02:29,584 --> 00:02:30,628 where they rape, pillage and 62 00:02:30,628 --> 00:02:32,674 plunder. 63 00:02:32,674 --> 00:02:33,936 And it's, uh, an unfortunate 64 00:02:33,936 --> 00:02:35,372 image because it's 65 00:02:35,372 --> 00:02:37,374 one-dimensional. 66 00:02:37,374 --> 00:02:38,462 A lot of these expeditions that 67 00:02:38,462 --> 00:02:39,681 they went on were not purely, 68 00:02:39,681 --> 00:02:41,422 uh, expeditionary or pirate 69 00:02:41,422 --> 00:02:42,510 raids. 70 00:02:42,510 --> 00:02:44,425 A lot of these were efforts to 71 00:02:44,425 --> 00:02:45,904 open trade routes. 72 00:02:45,904 --> 00:02:46,992 If we got back to the eighth 73 00:02:46,992 --> 00:02:48,168 century, ninth century, 74 00:02:48,168 --> 00:02:49,865 we find that a lot of the Norse 75 00:02:49,865 --> 00:02:51,693 societies were well-functioning. 76 00:02:51,693 --> 00:02:53,869 They had well-established 77 00:02:53,869 --> 00:02:56,045 agricultural economies, and th 78 00:02:56,045 --> 00:02:58,613 agricultural economies, and th had a culture of technology. 79 00:02:58,613 --> 00:03:01,442 Had a culture of technology. 80 00:03:01,442 --> 00:03:03,313 >> NARRATOR: The Vikings, or. 81 00:03:03,313 --> 00:03:05,489 Norse people, flourished from 82 00:03:05,489 --> 00:03:07,187 the late eighth century to the 83 00:03:07,187 --> 00:03:09,232 11th century in what is today 84 00:03:09,232 --> 00:03:13,932 Norway, Sweden and Denmark. 85 00:03:13,932 --> 00:03:16,413 But unlike other ancient 86 00:03:16,413 --> 00:03:18,372 civilizations, like Greece, 87 00:03:18,372 --> 00:03:22,506 Rome or Egypt, relatively little 88 00:03:22,506 --> 00:03:23,768 is known about this mysterious 89 00:03:23,768 --> 00:03:26,902 people, as few written records 90 00:03:26,902 --> 00:03:29,513 or hieroglyphs have survived. 91 00:03:29,513 --> 00:03:31,385 >> KIRSTEN WOLF: People 92 00:03:31,385 --> 00:03:32,560 typically don't think of the. 93 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:34,997 Norse as particularly 94 00:03:34,997 --> 00:03:37,956 sophisticated, but they were 95 00:03:37,956 --> 00:03:39,915 enormously sophisticated in 96 00:03:39,915 --> 00:03:42,134 terms of technology. 97 00:03:42,134 --> 00:03:43,832 Ship building, bridge building, 98 00:03:43,832 --> 00:03:46,356 fortress building. 99 00:03:46,356 --> 00:03:48,576 And I'm thinking here primarily 100 00:03:48,576 --> 00:03:51,492 of the circular fortresses in 101 00:03:51,492 --> 00:03:53,842 Denmark. 102 00:03:53,842 --> 00:03:56,627 They are absolutely circular. 103 00:03:56,627 --> 00:03:58,499 They consist of ramparts with an 104 00:03:58,499 --> 00:04:02,459 external ditch, gateways at each 105 00:04:02,459 --> 00:04:05,549 external ditch, gateways at each of the compass points. 106 00:04:05,549 --> 00:04:07,551 Of the compass points. 107 00:04:07,551 --> 00:04:09,074 >> NARRATOR: Although their 108 00:04:09,074 --> 00:04:10,598 civilization was divided among 109 00:04:10,598 --> 00:04:12,513 numerous kingdoms, the Norse. 110 00:04:12,513 --> 00:04:14,602 Vikings were united in their 111 00:04:14,602 --> 00:04:15,951 belief in the power of the 112 00:04:15,951 --> 00:04:17,953 individual. 113 00:04:17,953 --> 00:04:19,259 >> YOUNG: They had a kind of 114 00:04:19,259 --> 00:04:20,521 early assembly that was very 115 00:04:20,521 --> 00:04:22,697 advanced for its time before the 116 00:04:22,697 --> 00:04:24,742 other areas of Europe had any 117 00:04:24,742 --> 00:04:26,657 kind of democracy. 118 00:04:26,657 --> 00:04:28,485 So they actually came up with 119 00:04:28,485 --> 00:04:29,921 the idea that power belonged to 120 00:04:29,921 --> 00:04:31,749 the people, not the royalty. 121 00:04:31,749 --> 00:04:33,185 >> SCOTT A. MELLOR: They had 122 00:04:33,185 --> 00:04:34,361 something of a proto-democracy, 123 00:04:34,361 --> 00:04:37,277 and people would come from that 124 00:04:37,277 --> 00:04:38,930 particular region in order to 125 00:04:38,930 --> 00:04:41,629 argue issues of law or other 126 00:04:41,629 --> 00:04:44,066 kinds of cultural issues of 127 00:04:44,066 --> 00:04:45,285 political significance at that 128 00:04:45,285 --> 00:04:47,722 time. 129 00:04:47,722 --> 00:04:49,463 >> NARRATOR: But perhaps most 130 00:04:49,463 --> 00:04:50,986 incredible to historians was 131 00:04:50,986 --> 00:04:52,988 how far the Vikings traveled 132 00:04:52,988 --> 00:04:54,337 from their Scandinavian 133 00:04:54,337 --> 00:04:56,165 homeland. 134 00:04:56,165 --> 00:04:57,514 Hundreds of years before their 135 00:04:57,514 --> 00:04:58,994 European counterparts, the. 136 00:04:58,994 --> 00:05:01,170 Vikings set out from. 137 00:05:01,170 --> 00:05:02,737 Scandinavia to explore and 138 00:05:02,737 --> 00:05:05,566 conquer vast territories in 139 00:05:05,566 --> 00:05:08,003 Europe and even the Middle East. 140 00:05:08,003 --> 00:05:09,439 >> MELLOR: They were the ones 141 00:05:09,439 --> 00:05:11,136 that invented ships, and they 142 00:05:11,136 --> 00:05:12,399 were the ones that traveled 143 00:05:12,399 --> 00:05:14,096 about much more extensively than 144 00:05:14,096 --> 00:05:16,316 the other German tribes further 145 00:05:16,316 --> 00:05:17,882 south. 146 00:05:17,882 --> 00:05:19,144 >> WOLF: The Norse criss-crossed 147 00:05:19,144 --> 00:05:21,146 half the world in their 148 00:05:21,146 --> 00:05:22,844 longships. 149 00:05:22,844 --> 00:05:24,541 In the east, they sailed down 150 00:05:24,541 --> 00:05:26,543 the rivers of Russia to the. 151 00:05:26,543 --> 00:05:28,893 Black and the Caspian Sea. 152 00:05:28,893 --> 00:05:32,288 In the west, they sailed down 153 00:05:32,288 --> 00:05:33,898 the coast of Europe, through the. 154 00:05:33,898 --> 00:05:35,596 Strait of Gibraltar into the. 155 00:05:35,596 --> 00:05:36,814 Mediterranean. 156 00:05:36,814 --> 00:05:38,686 They reached out across the 157 00:05:38,686 --> 00:05:40,731 then-unknown Atlantic ocean. 158 00:05:40,731 --> 00:05:42,516 They went almost everywhere 159 00:05:42,516 --> 00:05:44,735 there was to go. 160 00:05:44,735 --> 00:05:46,215 >> NARRATOR: According to 161 00:05:46,215 --> 00:05:48,086 archeologists, artifacts 162 00:05:48,086 --> 00:05:49,784 discovered in Newfoundland, 163 00:05:49,784 --> 00:05:51,568 Canada during the 1960s proved 164 00:05:51,568 --> 00:05:54,571 that the Vikings were the first 165 00:05:54,571 --> 00:05:55,833 Euros to set foot in North. 166 00:05:55,833 --> 00:05:58,706 America... 500 years before 167 00:05:58,706 --> 00:06:01,709 Christopher Columbus. 168 00:06:01,709 --> 00:06:03,624 Christopher Columbus. ♪ 169 00:06:03,624 --> 00:06:07,149 ♪ 170 00:06:07,149 --> 00:06:08,846 >> ROBERT SCHOCH: I remember a 171 00:06:08,846 --> 00:06:10,108 time when it was very 172 00:06:10,108 --> 00:06:11,806 contentious about the Norse 173 00:06:11,806 --> 00:06:14,548 getting to America when I was 174 00:06:14,548 --> 00:06:15,723 young. 175 00:06:15,723 --> 00:06:17,202 This was a major, major 176 00:06:17,202 --> 00:06:18,334 argument. 177 00:06:18,334 --> 00:06:19,379 Now, we have found their 178 00:06:19,379 --> 00:06:20,858 settlements there from about 179 00:06:20,858 --> 00:06:22,817 1,000 A.D., so it's very, very 180 00:06:22,817 --> 00:06:24,340 clear that they made it to 181 00:06:24,340 --> 00:06:26,516 clear that they made it to northern North America. 182 00:06:26,516 --> 00:06:29,389 Northern North America. 183 00:06:29,389 --> 00:06:30,607 >> WOLF: The main advantage of 184 00:06:30,607 --> 00:06:32,696 the Norse was their excellence 185 00:06:32,696 --> 00:06:34,742 in ship-building. 186 00:06:34,742 --> 00:06:38,223 And, indeed, the ship has become 187 00:06:38,223 --> 00:06:40,922 the symbol of the Viking age. 188 00:06:40,922 --> 00:06:45,013 Those who have sailed replicas 189 00:06:45,013 --> 00:06:47,755 of Viking ships have commented 190 00:06:47,755 --> 00:06:49,800 on just how incredibly seaworthy 191 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:53,717 and fast these ships were. 192 00:06:53,717 --> 00:06:54,892 >> MELLOR: It's their ship that 193 00:06:54,892 --> 00:06:55,937 allowed them to travel over 194 00:06:55,937 --> 00:06:57,721 these long distances. 195 00:06:57,721 --> 00:07:00,768 They were the ones, uh, that 196 00:07:00,768 --> 00:07:02,030 really sort of perfected the 197 00:07:02,030 --> 00:07:04,511 keel, which meant that the ship 198 00:07:04,511 --> 00:07:06,251 wouldn't flip over when going 199 00:07:06,251 --> 00:07:08,602 across the Atlantic. 200 00:07:08,602 --> 00:07:09,690 >> YOUNG: The development of the 201 00:07:09,690 --> 00:07:11,039 longship was an incredible 202 00:07:11,039 --> 00:07:12,736 innovation. 203 00:07:12,736 --> 00:07:13,694 These were very sleek, very 204 00:07:13,694 --> 00:07:15,783 supple craft that could be 205 00:07:15,783 --> 00:07:17,393 equally effective on rivers and 206 00:07:17,393 --> 00:07:21,745 in the high seas. 207 00:07:21,745 --> 00:07:23,965 They were very light and 208 00:07:23,965 --> 00:07:25,619 extremely strong craft that was 209 00:07:25,619 --> 00:07:27,708 also slightly flexible, so in a 210 00:07:27,708 --> 00:07:29,057 high seas or storm or something, 211 00:07:29,057 --> 00:07:31,059 it could survive. 212 00:07:31,059 --> 00:07:32,452 >> JASON MARTELL: They had a 213 00:07:32,452 --> 00:07:33,801 very solid understanding of 214 00:07:33,801 --> 00:07:34,715 hydrodynamics. 215 00:07:34,715 --> 00:07:36,368 In some of the ships, we also 216 00:07:36,368 --> 00:07:37,587 found advanced signs of 217 00:07:37,587 --> 00:07:38,936 metallurgy, smelting and 218 00:07:38,936 --> 00:07:40,416 different types of alloys that 219 00:07:40,416 --> 00:07:41,678 they were using. 220 00:07:41,678 --> 00:07:43,767 And this is all out of context 221 00:07:43,767 --> 00:07:46,074 from other cultures they seemed 222 00:07:46,074 --> 00:07:48,380 to be interacting with. 223 00:07:48,380 --> 00:07:49,686 >> NARRATOR: But many 224 00:07:49,686 --> 00:07:50,948 researchers remain baffled at 225 00:07:50,948 --> 00:07:53,037 how the Vikings became so 226 00:07:53,037 --> 00:07:54,909 socially, politically and 227 00:07:54,909 --> 00:07:56,476 technologically advanced, 228 00:07:56,476 --> 00:07:58,826 especially while living in the 229 00:07:58,826 --> 00:08:00,480 cold, harsh environment of the 230 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:02,351 north. 231 00:08:02,351 --> 00:08:03,439 >> WILLIAM HENRY: When we look 232 00:08:03,439 --> 00:08:04,658 at ancient cultures such as the 233 00:08:04,658 --> 00:08:06,486 Maya and Egyptians, they never 234 00:08:06,486 --> 00:08:07,878 wandered very far from their 235 00:08:07,878 --> 00:08:09,184 homeland. 236 00:08:09,184 --> 00:08:10,402 Even the Greeks stayed close. 237 00:08:10,402 --> 00:08:12,230 But the Vikings, they were 238 00:08:12,230 --> 00:08:14,406 everywhere. 239 00:08:14,406 --> 00:08:15,799 And you wonder, were they just 240 00:08:15,799 --> 00:08:17,409 extremely curious people? 241 00:08:17,409 --> 00:08:19,063 What motivated them to go to 242 00:08:19,063 --> 00:08:20,412 these extraordinary lengths to 243 00:08:20,412 --> 00:08:22,240 explore the world? 244 00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:23,851 What was it that they were 245 00:08:23,851 --> 00:08:26,636 looking for? 246 00:08:26,636 --> 00:08:27,768 >> NARRATOR: Just how were the. 247 00:08:27,768 --> 00:08:29,639 Norse Vikings able to manage 248 00:08:29,639 --> 00:08:31,423 such technological and 249 00:08:31,423 --> 00:08:33,425 geographical feats? 250 00:08:33,425 --> 00:08:35,166 Are their fortresses and 251 00:08:35,166 --> 00:08:36,690 journeys to unknown continents 252 00:08:36,690 --> 00:08:39,562 evidence that the Vikings had 253 00:08:39,562 --> 00:08:41,085 access to extraterrestrial 254 00:08:41,085 --> 00:08:42,870 knowledge? 255 00:08:42,870 --> 00:08:45,263 Ancient astronaut theorists say 256 00:08:45,263 --> 00:08:48,136 yes, and believe the proof can 257 00:08:48,136 --> 00:08:50,051 be found by examining the 258 00:08:50,051 --> 00:08:51,792 religious beliefs of this 259 00:08:51,792 --> 00:08:54,490 religious beliefs of this mysterious people. 260 00:08:54,490 --> 00:09:01,715 Mysterious people. 261 00:09:01,715 --> 00:09:02,759 >> NARRATOR: Lindisfarne, 262 00:09:02,759 --> 00:09:03,804 England. 263 00:09:03,804 --> 00:09:06,937 793 A.D. 264 00:09:06,937 --> 00:09:08,025 [men clamoring] 265 00:09:08,025 --> 00:09:09,723 Several hundred Viking raiders 266 00:09:09,723 --> 00:09:11,594 make landfall on this small 267 00:09:11,594 --> 00:09:13,378 tidal island off the coast of. 268 00:09:13,378 --> 00:09:16,120 Northumbria, to plunder a great 269 00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:17,600 monastery of its rumored 270 00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:20,472 treasures. 271 00:09:20,472 --> 00:09:21,735 An account of the attack on. 272 00:09:21,735 --> 00:09:23,737 Lindisfarne says the assault 273 00:09:23,737 --> 00:09:25,739 coincided with extraordinary 274 00:09:25,739 --> 00:09:28,350 whirlwinds... 275 00:09:28,350 --> 00:09:29,351 lightning... 276 00:09:29,351 --> 00:09:30,395 [thunder crashes] 277 00:09:30,395 --> 00:09:31,658 ...and fiery dragons 278 00:09:31,658 --> 00:09:34,312 crisscrossing the skies. 279 00:09:34,312 --> 00:09:35,749 Could these strange events be 280 00:09:35,749 --> 00:09:37,707 coincidence? 281 00:09:37,707 --> 00:09:38,926 Or could it be evidence that 282 00:09:38,926 --> 00:09:41,232 otherworldly forces may have 283 00:09:41,232 --> 00:09:43,931 been allied with the Vikings? 284 00:09:43,931 --> 00:09:45,889 Ancient astronaut theorists 285 00:09:45,889 --> 00:09:47,717 believe the answer can be found 286 00:09:47,717 --> 00:09:49,850 by examining the divine beings 287 00:09:49,850 --> 00:09:51,765 that form the basis of Norse 288 00:09:51,765 --> 00:09:54,594 that form the basis of Norse religion and mythology. 289 00:09:54,594 --> 00:09:58,815 Religion and mythology. 290 00:09:58,815 --> 00:10:00,774 >> KARL SEIGFRIED: The Norse 291 00:10:00,774 --> 00:10:02,427 gods were worshipped over a very 292 00:10:02,427 --> 00:10:03,907 wide range of time and space 293 00:10:03,907 --> 00:10:05,735 throughout northern Europe, from 294 00:10:05,735 --> 00:10:06,780 the continental German lands 295 00:10:06,780 --> 00:10:08,782 through the British islands, the 296 00:10:08,782 --> 00:10:10,914 far northern islands, such as 297 00:10:10,914 --> 00:10:12,133 Iceland and Greenland, and all 298 00:10:12,133 --> 00:10:16,137 throughout Scandinavia. 299 00:10:16,137 --> 00:10:17,181 >> NARRATOR: Because little 300 00:10:17,181 --> 00:10:19,314 information has survived related 301 00:10:19,314 --> 00:10:20,750 to the origin of the Norse, or. 302 00:10:20,750 --> 00:10:23,144 Viking, gods, modern scholars 303 00:10:23,144 --> 00:10:25,015 depend on a pair of Icelandic 304 00:10:25,015 --> 00:10:26,800 books written several hundred 305 00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:28,889 years after the Viking Age 306 00:10:28,889 --> 00:10:30,804 called the Eddas. 307 00:10:30,804 --> 00:10:32,806 >> TANGHERLINI: And so we find 308 00:10:32,806 --> 00:10:34,198 that there's the god Odin, the 309 00:10:34,198 --> 00:10:36,766 god Frey, the god Thor. 310 00:10:36,766 --> 00:10:37,985 Those are probably the best 311 00:10:37,985 --> 00:10:38,768 known. 312 00:10:38,768 --> 00:10:39,943 But there are a bunch of other 313 00:10:39,943 --> 00:10:41,423 supporting gods who flesh out 314 00:10:41,423 --> 00:10:43,425 this mythology. 315 00:10:43,425 --> 00:10:44,992 The gods live in a world of 316 00:10:44,992 --> 00:10:46,341 their own, but it's closely 317 00:10:46,341 --> 00:10:50,345 connected to the world of men. 318 00:10:50,345 --> 00:10:51,955 >> TSOUKALOS: The Norse had 319 00:10:51,955 --> 00:10:53,348 some of the richest descriptions 320 00:10:53,348 --> 00:10:55,785 and references to the cosmos. 321 00:10:55,785 --> 00:10:56,917 In fact, they referred to the 322 00:10:56,917 --> 00:10:59,659 cosmos as "Yggdrasil," meaning 323 00:10:59,659 --> 00:11:01,399 the tree of life. 324 00:11:01,399 --> 00:11:02,879 That was the symbol of their 325 00:11:02,879 --> 00:11:05,142 idea of the cosmos. 326 00:11:05,142 --> 00:11:06,491 And they were very specific in 327 00:11:06,491 --> 00:11:08,624 stating that their cosmos 328 00:11:08,624 --> 00:11:11,801 contained nine different worlds, 329 00:11:11,801 --> 00:11:15,587 one of which is ours, the Earth. 330 00:11:15,587 --> 00:11:16,980 >> TANGHERLINI: We often hear 331 00:11:16,980 --> 00:11:18,068 about the Nine Worlds of the. 332 00:11:18,068 --> 00:11:21,245 Nordic mythological realm. 333 00:11:21,245 --> 00:11:23,334 There's Asgard... and that's the 334 00:11:23,334 --> 00:11:26,642 home of the gods Thor and Odin. 335 00:11:26,642 --> 00:11:28,688 There's the world of humans. 336 00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:30,037 We call this Middle Earth, or. 337 00:11:30,037 --> 00:11:31,255 Midgard. 338 00:11:31,255 --> 00:11:33,040 If we go step a little bit 339 00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:34,606 further outside of Asgard and. 340 00:11:34,606 --> 00:11:36,957 Midgard, we confront Jotunheimr, 341 00:11:36,957 --> 00:11:40,177 or the land of the giants. 342 00:11:40,177 --> 00:11:41,918 We'll encounter Muspells, which 343 00:11:41,918 --> 00:11:44,529 is an area of fire. 344 00:11:44,529 --> 00:11:47,228 We'll encounter Niflheimr, which 345 00:11:47,228 --> 00:11:49,404 is another world where the frost 346 00:11:49,404 --> 00:11:51,101 ogres live. 347 00:11:51,101 --> 00:11:53,364 We'll encounter Alfheimr, which. 348 00:11:53,364 --> 00:11:56,063 We'll encounter Alfheimr, which is where the elves live. 349 00:11:56,063 --> 00:11:59,936 Is where the elves live. 350 00:11:59,936 --> 00:12:00,894 >> NARRATOR: According to the. 351 00:12:00,894 --> 00:12:03,070 Eddas, Asgard was home to the 352 00:12:03,070 --> 00:12:05,028 most powerful of the gods. 353 00:12:05,028 --> 00:12:07,291 It is described as a beautiful 354 00:12:07,291 --> 00:12:09,293 and peaceful realm, full of 355 00:12:09,293 --> 00:12:12,035 glimmering halls and fertile 356 00:12:12,035 --> 00:12:14,646 fields cut by shimmering rivers. 357 00:12:14,646 --> 00:12:15,996 >> YOUNG: Odin is the chief of 358 00:12:15,996 --> 00:12:17,475 the gods. 359 00:12:17,475 --> 00:12:18,738 He lives in the highest of the 360 00:12:18,738 --> 00:12:22,002 heavens, Asgard. 361 00:12:22,002 --> 00:12:23,786 He had one eye. 362 00:12:23,786 --> 00:12:25,745 He'd given up an eye to drink of 363 00:12:25,745 --> 00:12:28,051 the water of truth. 364 00:12:28,051 --> 00:12:30,140 So he has this depth of wisdom. 365 00:12:30,140 --> 00:12:32,142 So he's a warrior god able to 366 00:12:32,142 --> 00:12:34,536 bring fury and danger to the 367 00:12:34,536 --> 00:12:36,016 enemies. 368 00:12:36,016 --> 00:12:37,147 >> MELLOR: Odin was the god that 369 00:12:37,147 --> 00:12:39,323 gave people written language in 370 00:12:39,323 --> 00:12:41,151 the runes, he was the god that 371 00:12:41,151 --> 00:12:42,979 gave them the poetic mead, he 372 00:12:42,979 --> 00:12:45,765 was the god that gave them many 373 00:12:45,765 --> 00:12:47,549 aspects of what would be 374 00:12:47,549 --> 00:12:49,769 considered a sort of noble way 375 00:12:49,769 --> 00:12:51,858 considered a sort of noble way of life. 376 00:12:51,858 --> 00:12:54,121 Of life. 377 00:12:54,121 --> 00:12:55,383 >> NARRATOR: But was Odin 378 00:12:55,383 --> 00:12:56,776 perhaps something other than a 379 00:12:56,776 --> 00:12:58,647 mythical deity? 380 00:12:58,647 --> 00:13:00,431 Could he have actually existed? 381 00:13:00,431 --> 00:13:03,739 And if so, how? 382 00:13:03,739 --> 00:13:05,349 Ancient astronaut theorists 383 00:13:05,349 --> 00:13:07,090 believe clues to Odin's true 384 00:13:07,090 --> 00:13:09,484 identity may lie in the myths 385 00:13:09,484 --> 00:13:11,878 describing his two ravens... 386 00:13:11,878 --> 00:13:15,490 Huginn and Muninn. 387 00:13:15,490 --> 00:13:16,970 >> YOUNG: Odin's Ravens were 388 00:13:16,970 --> 00:13:18,014 his scouts. 389 00:13:18,014 --> 00:13:19,624 They were his research team. 390 00:13:19,624 --> 00:13:21,844 Huginn and Muninn represent 391 00:13:21,844 --> 00:13:23,541 thought and memory. 392 00:13:23,541 --> 00:13:25,108 So Odin had these scouts, these 393 00:13:25,108 --> 00:13:27,807 spy satellites that would go out 394 00:13:27,807 --> 00:13:29,243 and see what he needed to learn 395 00:13:29,243 --> 00:13:31,985 for today's activities. 396 00:13:31,985 --> 00:13:33,900 >> TSOUKALOS: According to Norse 397 00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:36,816 legends, every morning Odin sent 398 00:13:36,816 --> 00:13:40,167 out his two magical ravens, 399 00:13:40,167 --> 00:13:42,517 Huginn and Muninn, and at 400 00:13:42,517 --> 00:13:44,475 night those ravens would return 401 00:13:44,475 --> 00:13:46,913 and he would listen to them, and 402 00:13:46,913 --> 00:13:48,653 they would tell him everything 403 00:13:48,653 --> 00:13:50,003 that they observed throughout 404 00:13:50,003 --> 00:13:52,440 that they observed throughout the entire day. 405 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:55,878 The entire day. 406 00:13:55,878 --> 00:13:57,097 >> NARRATOR: Scholars believe. 407 00:13:57,097 --> 00:13:59,273 Odin's two ravens... translated 408 00:13:59,273 --> 00:14:01,275 as thought and memory... were 409 00:14:01,275 --> 00:14:04,104 simply mythological creations. 410 00:14:04,104 --> 00:14:06,454 But is it possible that Huginn 411 00:14:06,454 --> 00:14:08,238 and Muninn were actually 412 00:14:08,238 --> 00:14:10,023 something else? 413 00:14:10,023 --> 00:14:10,980 Something perhaps more 414 00:14:10,980 --> 00:14:14,418 technological? 415 00:14:14,418 --> 00:14:15,724 >> CHILDRESS: Whenever he 416 00:14:15,724 --> 00:14:17,334 wanted to observe other worlds, 417 00:14:17,334 --> 00:14:19,119 find out what they were doing, 418 00:14:19,119 --> 00:14:20,947 he would send these two ravens 419 00:14:20,947 --> 00:14:24,080 out, and they would be like 420 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:25,908 spy drones or something, and 421 00:14:25,908 --> 00:14:27,040 they would go to these other 422 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:28,476 countries and then come back to 423 00:14:28,476 --> 00:14:30,217 Odin and report to him what was 424 00:14:30,217 --> 00:14:32,132 going on. 425 00:14:32,132 --> 00:14:33,698 And it would seem like what 426 00:14:33,698 --> 00:14:36,745 Odin had was some kind of spy 427 00:14:36,745 --> 00:14:40,009 planes or spy drones that he was 428 00:14:40,009 --> 00:14:43,056 sending out much as we do today. 429 00:14:43,056 --> 00:14:44,187 >> COPPENS: The question is 430 00:14:44,187 --> 00:14:46,059 whether the Norse really stated 431 00:14:46,059 --> 00:14:47,843 that these were ravens, or 432 00:14:47,843 --> 00:14:49,018 whether they were instead 433 00:14:49,018 --> 00:14:50,237 something else, that they were 434 00:14:50,237 --> 00:14:52,369 somehow flying objects. 435 00:14:52,369 --> 00:14:54,589 So we have details here of 436 00:14:54,589 --> 00:14:57,070 something mythical, of rs 437 00:14:57,070 --> 00:14:58,810 being able to speak to the gods, 438 00:14:58,810 --> 00:15:00,421 or the ravens are some kind of 439 00:15:00,421 --> 00:15:02,031 spy drone or some other kind of 440 00:15:02,031 --> 00:15:03,598 spy satellite technology by 441 00:15:03,598 --> 00:15:05,121 which Odin is able 442 00:15:05,121 --> 00:15:07,558 which Odin is able to get information. 443 00:15:07,558 --> 00:15:10,213 To get information. 444 00:15:10,213 --> 00:15:11,736 >> NARRATOR: Could it be that 445 00:15:11,736 --> 00:15:13,086 Odin was actually an 446 00:15:13,086 --> 00:15:15,305 extraterrestrial explorer? 447 00:15:15,305 --> 00:15:17,177 One who sent flying machines... 448 00:15:17,177 --> 00:15:18,918 Like modern-day drones... to 449 00:15:18,918 --> 00:15:20,093 gather intelligence on the 450 00:15:20,093 --> 00:15:22,965 ancient Scandinavians? 451 00:15:22,965 --> 00:15:25,359 And if so, might there be more 452 00:15:25,359 --> 00:15:27,100 evidence of Odin's otherworldly 453 00:15:27,100 --> 00:15:29,145 technology contained within 454 00:15:29,145 --> 00:15:31,104 other Viking myths? 455 00:15:31,104 --> 00:15:32,192 >> TANGHERLINI: When Odin sits 456 00:15:32,192 --> 00:15:34,107 in Asgard, it's almost like he's 457 00:15:34,107 --> 00:15:36,370 got total situational awareness. 458 00:15:36,370 --> 00:15:38,198 He's got these ravens who fly 459 00:15:38,198 --> 00:15:39,590 out every day and come back and 460 00:15:39,590 --> 00:15:40,896 tell him the news of the world. 461 00:15:40,896 --> 00:15:42,245 But he can also sit in this high 462 00:15:42,245 --> 00:15:44,291 seat. 463 00:15:44,291 --> 00:15:45,988 >> SEIGFRIED: Odin's high seat, 464 00:15:45,988 --> 00:15:47,076 which is a name that basically 465 00:15:47,076 --> 00:15:49,992 translates as the "watchtower," 466 00:15:49,992 --> 00:15:51,167 is a place where he can sit 467 00:15:51,167 --> 00:15:52,690 and look out over all the worlds 468 00:15:52,690 --> 00:15:54,301 of creation and see everything 469 00:15:54,301 --> 00:15:56,172 that's happening in the world. 470 00:15:56,172 --> 00:15:57,565 >> NARRATOR: Is it possible that 471 00:15:57,565 --> 00:16:00,046 this high seat, or watchtower, 472 00:16:00,046 --> 00:16:01,351 is yet another example of 473 00:16:01,351 --> 00:16:03,353 advanced extraterrestrial 474 00:16:03,353 --> 00:16:05,790 technology, as ancient astronaut 475 00:16:05,790 --> 00:16:07,836 theorists suggest? 476 00:16:07,836 --> 00:16:09,098 >> MARTELL: Some of these 477 00:16:09,098 --> 00:16:10,143 stories that come out of our 478 00:16:10,143 --> 00:16:11,709 past of the god Odin, and having 479 00:16:11,709 --> 00:16:13,494 the ability to actually sit 480 00:16:13,494 --> 00:16:15,713 above Midgard, or the Earth, and 481 00:16:15,713 --> 00:16:16,976 see everything from a vast 482 00:16:16,976 --> 00:16:18,542 distance, we have to wonder if 483 00:16:18,542 --> 00:16:20,283 this isn't actually mythological 484 00:16:20,283 --> 00:16:22,546 but potentially technological. 485 00:16:22,546 --> 00:16:24,287 It sounds to me as if Odin was 486 00:16:24,287 --> 00:16:25,288 sitting in some type of a 487 00:16:25,288 --> 00:16:26,986 captain's chair in a spaceship 488 00:16:26,986 --> 00:16:28,639 above the Earth, which allowed 489 00:16:28,639 --> 00:16:31,294 him to have this view. 490 00:16:31,294 --> 00:16:32,382 >> TSOUKALOS: So the moment we 491 00:16:32,382 --> 00:16:35,255 have stories of gods needing all 492 00:16:35,255 --> 00:16:37,300 this type of equipment in order 493 00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:38,998 to find out first what is going 494 00:16:38,998 --> 00:16:41,000 on leads me to think that we are 495 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,524 not talking about actual gods, 496 00:16:43,524 --> 00:16:45,004 but we are talking about 497 00:16:45,004 --> 00:16:47,223 space travelers who had access 498 00:16:47,223 --> 00:16:49,443 to technology, and our ancestors 499 00:16:49,443 --> 00:16:51,314 witnessed all of this and they 500 00:16:51,314 --> 00:16:52,968 said, well, obviously these guys 501 00:16:52,968 --> 00:16:55,231 said, well, obviously these guys are gods. 502 00:16:55,231 --> 00:16:57,538 Are gods. 503 00:16:57,538 --> 00:16:58,843 >> NARRATOR: Was Odin's high 504 00:16:58,843 --> 00:17:00,932 seat actually referring to an 505 00:17:00,932 --> 00:17:03,065 orbiting spaceship from which 506 00:17:03,065 --> 00:17:04,501 the chief god could look down on. 507 00:17:04,501 --> 00:17:06,590 Earth, as some ancient astronaut 508 00:17:06,590 --> 00:17:08,679 theorists suggest? 509 00:17:08,679 --> 00:17:11,900 And if so, might this also help 510 00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:13,336 explain the incredible 511 00:17:13,336 --> 00:17:15,121 technologies attributed to other 512 00:17:15,121 --> 00:17:18,037 so-called Viking gods? 513 00:17:18,037 --> 00:17:19,821 [thunder crashes] 514 00:17:19,821 --> 00:17:21,388 As the god of thunder and 515 00:17:21,388 --> 00:17:22,389 lightning... 516 00:17:22,389 --> 00:17:23,607 [thunder crashes] 517 00:17:23,607 --> 00:17:25,000 ...Thor was able to summon 518 00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:26,828 storms and battle giants with 519 00:17:26,828 --> 00:17:29,700 his magical hammer. 520 00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:31,267 >> YOUNG: Thor is the son 521 00:17:31,267 --> 00:17:32,573 of Odin. 522 00:17:32,573 --> 00:17:33,791 He is a sky god. 523 00:17:33,791 --> 00:17:35,054 He is in charge of thunder and 524 00:17:35,054 --> 00:17:36,664 lightning. 525 00:17:36,664 --> 00:17:38,231 He has a great hammer. 526 00:17:38,231 --> 00:17:39,449 He is... he's a terrifying 527 00:17:39,449 --> 00:17:41,843 presence, a power god. 528 00:17:41,843 --> 00:17:44,106 Thor was usually seen flying 529 00:17:44,106 --> 00:17:45,803 through the skies in a great 530 00:17:45,803 --> 00:17:48,589 cart pulled by goats. 531 00:17:48,589 --> 00:17:50,286 >> MELLOR: If Odin was the chief 532 00:17:50,286 --> 00:17:51,679 god, Thor was the god 533 00:17:51,679 --> 00:17:53,507 for all of us. 534 00:17:53,507 --> 00:17:55,509 Thor, in a sense, is the 535 00:17:55,509 --> 00:17:57,467 quintessential sky god. 536 00:17:57,467 --> 00:17:59,165 Our word thunder comes from 537 00:17:59,165 --> 00:18:00,209 Thor. 538 00:18:00,209 --> 00:18:01,254 [thunder crackling] 539 00:18:01,254 --> 00:18:02,907 In Swedish, the word for thunder 540 00:18:02,907 --> 00:18:06,259 evokes the idea of driving. 541 00:18:06,259 --> 00:18:07,564 Thor's chariots over the vault 542 00:18:07,564 --> 00:18:09,305 of heaven, and you can sort of 543 00:18:09,305 --> 00:18:11,220 see the crashing and the burning 544 00:18:11,220 --> 00:18:13,440 of that chariot going across 545 00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:14,658 heaven as being the lightning 546 00:18:14,658 --> 00:18:16,182 and the thunder that we 547 00:18:16,182 --> 00:18:17,444 experience in a storm. 548 00:18:17,444 --> 00:18:18,662 >> TANGHERLINI: He's a 549 00:18:18,662 --> 00:18:19,968 remarkable character. 550 00:18:19,968 --> 00:18:22,101 He's very strong, uh, and he's 551 00:18:22,101 --> 00:18:23,493 a protector. 552 00:18:23,493 --> 00:18:25,321 He goes out, and he basically 553 00:18:25,321 --> 00:18:27,323 beats up and kills giants. 554 00:18:27,323 --> 00:18:28,542 [crashing] 555 00:18:28,542 --> 00:18:30,805 Not only to protect the gods, 556 00:18:30,805 --> 00:18:32,807 but as an offshoot, kind of 557 00:18:32,807 --> 00:18:34,200 collateral damage, he 558 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:37,116 protects us humans, as well. 559 00:18:37,116 --> 00:18:38,943 >> NARRATOR: According to Norse 560 00:18:38,943 --> 00:18:41,859 mythology, Thor derived his 561 00:18:41,859 --> 00:18:43,339 power from several seemingly 562 00:18:43,339 --> 00:18:45,254 magical tools. 563 00:18:45,254 --> 00:18:49,258 One was Menginjoro... a belt that 564 00:18:49,258 --> 00:18:51,304 is said to have magically 565 00:18:51,304 --> 00:18:52,957 doubled Thor's already awesome 566 00:18:52,957 --> 00:18:54,655 strength. 567 00:18:54,655 --> 00:18:56,265 >> TSOUKALOS: It was called. 568 00:18:56,265 --> 00:18:59,138 Thor's power belt. 569 00:18:59,138 --> 00:19:00,574 So the moment I hear stories 570 00:19:00,574 --> 00:19:03,229 about that you put on a belt, 571 00:19:03,229 --> 00:19:06,319 and it doubled your strength? 572 00:19:06,319 --> 00:19:08,190 Then I have to ask myself, well, 573 00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:09,887 is it possible that what we're 574 00:19:09,887 --> 00:19:11,585 talking about here is some type 575 00:19:11,585 --> 00:19:13,717 of a technological device? 576 00:19:13,717 --> 00:19:14,979 >> COPPENS: Today, we have 577 00:19:14,979 --> 00:19:16,329 actually come to the point 578 00:19:16,329 --> 00:19:18,244 whereby these prosthetics are 579 00:19:18,244 --> 00:19:19,854 actually able to listen to brain 580 00:19:19,854 --> 00:19:21,421 commands. 581 00:19:21,421 --> 00:19:23,249 So what we've actually done is 582 00:19:23,249 --> 00:19:24,467 recreate some kind of 583 00:19:24,467 --> 00:19:27,166 exoskeleton, an exterior, an 584 00:19:27,166 --> 00:19:28,602 artificial nervous system, 585 00:19:28,602 --> 00:19:30,952 whereby our brain gives commands 586 00:19:30,952 --> 00:19:32,475 to our limbs. 587 00:19:32,475 --> 00:19:35,174 All of this through technology. 588 00:19:35,174 --> 00:19:36,436 >> MARTELL: Thor's belt of 589 00:19:36,436 --> 00:19:38,351 strength seems to have a very 590 00:19:38,351 --> 00:19:39,830 similar description to modern 591 00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:41,658 technology where we would call 592 00:19:41,658 --> 00:19:45,271 it a bionic exoskeleton. 593 00:19:45,271 --> 00:19:47,664 The ability for a soldier to put 594 00:19:47,664 --> 00:19:49,449 on a device that would increase 595 00:19:49,449 --> 00:19:51,102 their speed and their strength 596 00:19:51,102 --> 00:19:52,321 is possible today. 597 00:19:52,321 --> 00:19:53,453 So when we look at this 598 00:19:53,453 --> 00:19:56,891 in this belt, it's verytrength 599 00:19:56,891 --> 00:19:58,240 possible, this is some type of 600 00:19:58,240 --> 00:20:01,983 an extraterrestrial technology. 601 00:20:01,983 --> 00:20:03,419 >> HENRY: When the ancients are 602 00:20:03,419 --> 00:20:05,421 describing technology, it's 603 00:20:05,421 --> 00:20:06,988 clear that they couldn't have 604 00:20:06,988 --> 00:20:08,772 known exactly what this was, and 605 00:20:08,772 --> 00:20:10,296 it opens the question, is it 606 00:20:10,296 --> 00:20:12,123 possible that what we today 607 00:20:12,123 --> 00:20:13,734 would interpret as bionic 608 00:20:13,734 --> 00:20:15,736 exoskeletons was an actual 609 00:20:15,736 --> 00:20:17,564 advanced technology possessed 610 00:20:17,564 --> 00:20:20,567 by the Vikings or their gods. 611 00:20:20,567 --> 00:20:22,090 >> NARRATOR: Is it really 612 00:20:22,090 --> 00:20:23,570 possible that the Viking gods 613 00:20:23,570 --> 00:20:26,007 Odin and Thor were, in fact, 614 00:20:26,007 --> 00:20:28,836 extraterrestrial visitors? 615 00:20:28,836 --> 00:20:30,751 Alien beings who possessed 616 00:20:30,751 --> 00:20:33,754 advanced technology? 617 00:20:33,754 --> 00:20:35,843 If so, where might this advanced 618 00:20:35,843 --> 00:20:38,498 species have come from? 619 00:20:38,498 --> 00:20:40,021 How did they get here? 620 00:20:40,021 --> 00:20:42,415 And what was their agenda? 621 00:20:42,415 --> 00:20:44,808 Ancient astronaut theorists 622 00:20:44,808 --> 00:20:46,462 believe the answers may be found 623 00:20:46,462 --> 00:20:48,464 in the stories of the other, 624 00:20:48,464 --> 00:20:51,424 lesser known, Viking gods. 625 00:20:51,424 --> 00:20:53,861 And in Nordic legends that tell 626 00:20:53,861 --> 00:20:56,646 of cosmic bridges linking planet 627 00:20:56,646 --> 00:21:00,302 of cosmic bridges linking planet Earth to an otherworldly realm. 628 00:21:00,302 --> 00:21:07,353 Earth to an otherworldly realm. 629 00:21:07,353 --> 00:21:08,832 >> NARRATOR: Gamla Uppsala, 630 00:21:08,832 --> 00:21:10,530 Sweden. 631 00:21:10,530 --> 00:21:13,533 This small town, 40 miles north 632 00:21:13,533 --> 00:21:15,317 of Stockholm, is one of the 633 00:21:15,317 --> 00:21:17,580 oldest, continuously-inhabited 634 00:21:17,580 --> 00:21:20,496 sites in Scandinavia. 635 00:21:20,496 --> 00:21:22,324 Beneath this church, 636 00:21:22,324 --> 00:21:24,108 archaeologists have found what 637 00:21:24,108 --> 00:21:25,719 they believe are the remains of 638 00:21:25,719 --> 00:21:29,810 a famous temple called Ubsola. 639 00:21:29,810 --> 00:21:31,115 According to a fourteenth 640 00:21:31,115 --> 00:21:33,117 century text called The Deeds 641 00:21:33,117 --> 00:21:34,510 of Bishops of the Hamburg. 642 00:21:34,510 --> 00:21:37,557 Church, this ornate temple was 643 00:21:37,557 --> 00:21:39,515 built to honor the most powerful. 644 00:21:39,515 --> 00:21:44,868 Viking gods... Odin, Thor and. 645 00:21:44,868 --> 00:21:46,392 Freyr. 646 00:21:46,392 --> 00:21:47,393 >> SEIGFRIED: Freyr is the 647 00:21:47,393 --> 00:21:49,177 main fertility God in Norse 648 00:21:49,177 --> 00:21:50,396 mythology. 649 00:21:50,396 --> 00:21:52,267 The rituals that we do have 650 00:21:52,267 --> 00:21:54,008 evidence of connected to Freyr 651 00:21:54,008 --> 00:21:56,271 seem always to be connected to 652 00:21:56,271 --> 00:21:58,926 peace and prosperity. 653 00:21:58,926 --> 00:22:01,363 So, all of these characteristics 654 00:22:01,363 --> 00:22:03,322 show him in a relationship with 655 00:22:03,322 --> 00:22:04,497 humans that's centered around 656 00:22:04,497 --> 00:22:06,194 prosperity and fertility of 657 00:22:06,194 --> 00:22:08,544 various types. 658 00:22:08,544 --> 00:22:10,154 >> NARRATOR: Freyr was believed 659 00:22:10,154 --> 00:22:13,854 to control the weather, and was 660 00:22:13,854 --> 00:22:15,159 renowned for his diplomatic 661 00:22:15,159 --> 00:22:17,988 skills... quieting the feuds 662 00:22:17,988 --> 00:22:19,903 among the numerous Viking gods 663 00:22:19,903 --> 00:22:24,560 and giants. 664 00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:27,824 And in the Viking pantheon, it 665 00:22:27,824 --> 00:22:30,261 was a deity named Loki who 666 00:22:30,261 --> 00:22:31,567 provoked the most conflict among 667 00:22:31,567 --> 00:22:33,830 these gods. 668 00:22:33,830 --> 00:22:35,441 >> SEIGFRIED: Loki is actually 669 00:22:35,441 --> 00:22:36,485 not a god. 670 00:22:36,485 --> 00:22:38,357 He's a giant who is counted 671 00:22:38,357 --> 00:22:41,490 amongst the gods. 672 00:22:41,490 --> 00:22:43,231 And at the end of time, he 673 00:22:43,231 --> 00:22:45,364 actually leads the dead and the 674 00:22:45,364 --> 00:22:47,670 giants against the gods. 675 00:22:47,670 --> 00:22:48,932 >> TANGHERLINI: He's that 676 00:22:48,932 --> 00:22:51,282 transgressive character who 677 00:22:51,282 --> 00:22:52,893 makes possible all of these 678 00:22:52,893 --> 00:22:55,286 conflicts that the gods then 679 00:22:55,286 --> 00:22:57,288 have to so. 680 00:22:57,288 --> 00:22:59,290 Without Loki, a lot of the 681 00:22:59,290 --> 00:23:00,553 conflicts disappear, and you 682 00:23:00,553 --> 00:23:02,859 don't have a mythology at all. 683 00:23:02,859 --> 00:23:04,339 >> NARRATOR: According to the 684 00:23:04,339 --> 00:23:05,949 stories compiled within the 685 00:23:05,949 --> 00:23:08,648 books of the Eddas, Loki tries 686 00:23:08,648 --> 00:23:10,345 to atone for one of his many 687 00:23:10,345 --> 00:23:12,782 acts of mischief by giving Freyr 688 00:23:12,782 --> 00:23:15,306 a ship called Skidbladnir. 689 00:23:15,306 --> 00:23:17,744 >> YOUNG: Freyr's ship, 690 00:23:17,744 --> 00:23:20,747 Skidbladnir, was the most fine 691 00:23:20,747 --> 00:23:22,401 craft that ever was in the 692 00:23:22,401 --> 00:23:23,402 water. 693 00:23:23,402 --> 00:23:25,360 It could go anywhere at great 694 00:23:25,360 --> 00:23:27,057 speed, and then, if you needed 695 00:23:27,057 --> 00:23:28,363 it to be small, you could put in 696 00:23:28,363 --> 00:23:29,538 a small pouch to carry it 697 00:23:29,538 --> 00:23:31,758 around. 698 00:23:31,758 --> 00:23:33,020 >> TANGHERLINI: Skidbladniris 699 00:23:33,020 --> 00:23:36,371 remarkable, because you can fold 700 00:23:36,371 --> 00:23:37,546 it up and stick it in your 701 00:23:37,546 --> 00:23:38,547 pocket. 702 00:23:38,547 --> 00:23:40,419 But when you unfold it, it's one 703 00:23:40,419 --> 00:23:41,420 of the greatest Viking ships 704 00:23:41,420 --> 00:23:42,682 ever. 705 00:23:42,682 --> 00:23:43,944 It always has a wind. 706 00:23:43,944 --> 00:23:45,380 It always has a fair wind. 707 00:23:45,380 --> 00:23:47,556 So you don't have to tack. 708 00:23:47,556 --> 00:23:49,079 It always gets you where you're 709 00:23:49,079 --> 00:23:50,429 going in a hurry. 710 00:23:50,429 --> 00:23:52,387 And then, once you get it to 711 00:23:52,387 --> 00:23:53,388 shore, you don't have to worry 712 00:23:53,388 --> 00:23:54,476 about where you're going to stow 713 00:23:54,476 --> 00:23:55,521 it. 714 00:23:55,521 --> 00:23:56,913 To be able to fold up your boat 715 00:23:56,913 --> 00:23:58,437 and put it in your pocket really 716 00:23:58,437 --> 00:24:00,264 has to be about the greatest 717 00:24:00,264 --> 00:24:01,483 thing that you can imagine if 718 00:24:01,483 --> 00:24:05,444 you're a Viking shipbuilder. 719 00:24:05,444 --> 00:24:07,228 >> NARRATOR: But could it be 720 00:24:07,228 --> 00:24:09,448 that Skidbladnirwas not the 721 00:24:09,448 --> 00:24:11,667 product of mythic imagination, 722 00:24:11,667 --> 00:24:14,191 but was, in fact, an actual 723 00:24:14,191 --> 00:24:15,149 spacecraft? 724 00:24:15,149 --> 00:24:17,456 One that was witnessed by early. 725 00:24:17,456 --> 00:24:19,458 Scandinavians? 726 00:24:19,458 --> 00:24:21,547 Ancient astronaut theorists say 727 00:24:21,547 --> 00:24:23,897 yes, and believe the proof lies 728 00:24:23,897 --> 00:24:25,464 in the legends of a race of 729 00:24:25,464 --> 00:24:27,466 beings who are believed to have 730 00:24:27,466 --> 00:24:29,468 built the magical tools used by 731 00:24:29,468 --> 00:24:31,644 the gods. 732 00:24:31,644 --> 00:24:32,906 >> CHILDRESS: In Norse 733 00:24:32,906 --> 00:24:36,126 mythology, the Sons of Ivaldi 734 00:24:36,126 --> 00:24:38,215 were these dwarves who made 735 00:24:38,215 --> 00:24:40,653 these special weapons for Thor 736 00:24:40,653 --> 00:24:42,176 and Odin and the other Norse 737 00:24:42,176 --> 00:24:43,482 gods. 738 00:24:43,482 --> 00:24:46,485 And so, here were these dwarves, 739 00:24:46,485 --> 00:24:47,660 these gnomes, these small 740 00:24:47,660 --> 00:24:48,661 people. 741 00:24:48,661 --> 00:24:50,010 They're making these special, 742 00:24:50,010 --> 00:24:51,620 very high-tech weapons. 743 00:24:51,620 --> 00:24:55,319 The Norse gods are using them. 744 00:24:55,319 --> 00:24:57,844 So you have toder just who 745 00:24:57,844 --> 00:25:01,500 these mini people are. 746 00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:02,718 >> YOUNG: The Sons of Ivaldi 747 00:25:02,718 --> 00:25:03,850 were the master craftsmen of the 748 00:25:03,850 --> 00:25:05,765 gods in the Norse system. 749 00:25:05,765 --> 00:25:07,027 And they made each of these 750 00:25:07,027 --> 00:25:08,550 special things that are going to 751 00:25:08,550 --> 00:25:10,204 be needed by these heroic gods 752 00:25:10,204 --> 00:25:13,729 to do their deeds. 753 00:25:13,729 --> 00:25:14,991 >> NARRATOR: Might the Sons of. 754 00:25:14,991 --> 00:25:17,603 Ivaldi actually be the engineers 755 00:25:17,603 --> 00:25:18,908 behind the building of. 756 00:25:18,908 --> 00:25:20,910 Skidbladnir, the magical ship 757 00:25:20,910 --> 00:25:23,565 used by the Norse god Freyr? 758 00:25:23,565 --> 00:25:27,438 If so, who, or what were they? 759 00:25:27,438 --> 00:25:28,657 >> COPPENS: Now the question is, 760 00:25:28,657 --> 00:25:30,572 whether the Sons of Ivaldi are 761 00:25:30,572 --> 00:25:32,095 real dwarves, the way we know 762 00:25:32,095 --> 00:25:34,315 dwarves today, or whether they 763 00:25:34,315 --> 00:25:35,577 are somehow more mythical, or 764 00:25:35,577 --> 00:25:37,448 whether the label "dwarf" 765 00:25:37,448 --> 00:25:38,624 actually stuck to them because 766 00:25:38,624 --> 00:25:40,495 they were somehow smaller. 767 00:25:40,495 --> 00:25:42,497 And of course, today, we quite 768 00:25:42,497 --> 00:25:44,281 often describe the Grey alien 769 00:25:44,281 --> 00:25:46,849 archetype as dwarfish, as well, 770 00:25:46,849 --> 00:25:49,417 simply because they are smaller. 771 00:25:49,417 --> 00:25:51,245 >> CHILDRESS: Is it possible 772 00:25:51,245 --> 00:25:53,682 that these little people who are 773 00:25:53,682 --> 00:25:55,162 making these high-tech weapons 774 00:25:55,162 --> 00:25:57,686 were really Grey aliens, 775 00:25:57,686 --> 00:26:00,776 because they didn't known how to 776 00:26:00,776 --> 00:26:02,082 describe them, they were... 777 00:26:02,082 --> 00:26:03,387 called them dwarves or little 778 00:26:03,387 --> 00:26:04,650 people? 779 00:26:04,650 --> 00:26:07,217 And these little people are the 780 00:26:07,217 --> 00:26:08,610 ones who are making these 781 00:26:08,610 --> 00:26:09,698 high-tech weapons for these. 782 00:26:09,698 --> 00:26:12,875 Norse gods. 783 00:26:12,875 --> 00:26:14,703 It would seem that these weapons 784 00:26:14,703 --> 00:26:18,359 are extraterrestrial in nature. 785 00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:20,883 >> NOORY: Now when you think of 786 00:26:20,883 --> 00:26:23,320 dwarfs, and think of 787 00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:25,714 extraterrestrials, you think of 788 00:26:25,714 --> 00:26:26,715 little Greys, and I think the 789 00:26:26,715 --> 00:26:28,021 dwarfs might have been alien. 790 00:26:28,021 --> 00:26:30,240 Greys. 791 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:31,241 >> NARRATOR: Might the 792 00:26:31,241 --> 00:26:32,329 dwarflike Sons of Ivaldi 793 00:26:32,329 --> 00:26:33,766 described in the Viking 794 00:26:33,766 --> 00:26:36,203 mythologies really be the 795 00:26:36,203 --> 00:26:37,944 alien visitors we know today as 796 00:26:37,944 --> 00:26:39,859 the Greys? 797 00:26:39,859 --> 00:26:41,643 And is it possible that the. 798 00:26:41,643 --> 00:26:43,471 Viking or Norse gods themselves 799 00:26:43,471 --> 00:26:45,604 were in fact entities from 800 00:26:45,604 --> 00:26:47,431 another planet? 801 00:26:47,431 --> 00:26:50,957 Another planet? If so, how did they get here? 802 00:26:50,957 --> 00:26:52,741 If so, how did they get here? 803 00:26:52,741 --> 00:26:54,743 According to ancient astronaut 804 00:26:54,743 --> 00:26:57,137 theorists, the answer lies in a. 805 00:26:57,137 --> 00:26:59,530 Viking legend that speaks of a 806 00:26:59,530 --> 00:27:02,708 rainbow bridge called Bifrost, 807 00:27:02,708 --> 00:27:04,753 a portal that links the realm of 808 00:27:04,753 --> 00:27:07,669 the gods with the world of men. 809 00:27:07,669 --> 00:27:09,540 >> TANGHERLINI: Bifrost is a 810 00:27:09,540 --> 00:27:10,803 bridge that connects Asgard to. 811 00:27:10,803 --> 00:27:12,108 Midgard. 812 00:27:12,108 --> 00:27:13,632 And the Bifrost conceptually is 813 00:27:13,632 --> 00:27:15,111 very interesting. 814 00:27:15,111 --> 00:27:16,635 It allows there to be a very 815 00:27:16,635 --> 00:27:17,636 clear connection between humans 816 00:27:17,636 --> 00:27:21,814 and their gods. 817 00:27:21,814 --> 00:27:23,467 >> YOUNG: The gods would travel 818 00:27:23,467 --> 00:27:24,643 along this rainbow bridge to 819 00:27:24,643 --> 00:27:26,645 their meeting, which was by a 820 00:27:26,645 --> 00:27:28,168 divine well. 821 00:27:28,168 --> 00:27:29,648 The red in the rainbow bridge 822 00:27:29,648 --> 00:27:31,606 was burning hot, so it was quite 823 00:27:31,606 --> 00:27:33,173 a trick to use this effectively 824 00:27:33,173 --> 00:27:35,610 as a place of transportation. 825 00:27:35,610 --> 00:27:39,614 Some scholars have speculated 826 00:27:39,614 --> 00:27:41,660 that possibly this was inspired 827 00:27:41,660 --> 00:27:44,575 that possibly this was inspired by the Milky Way. 828 00:27:44,575 --> 00:27:47,013 By the Milky Way. 829 00:27:47,013 --> 00:27:48,318 >> CHILDRESS: So, here was this 830 00:27:48,318 --> 00:27:50,625 rainbow bridge that-that could 831 00:27:50,625 --> 00:27:53,541 be traveled upon to get to this 832 00:27:53,541 --> 00:27:54,977 home of the gods, land of the 833 00:27:54,977 --> 00:27:55,978 gods. 834 00:27:55,978 --> 00:27:57,501 So, is it possible that this 835 00:27:57,501 --> 00:27:59,721 rainbow bridge, the-the Bifrost, 836 00:27:59,721 --> 00:28:02,376 was some kind of wormhole that 837 00:28:02,376 --> 00:28:03,943 would take people from a 838 00:28:03,943 --> 00:28:07,120 star gate on our planet to the 839 00:28:07,120 --> 00:28:09,688 home of the gods, literally to 840 00:28:09,688 --> 00:28:12,429 another planet? 841 00:28:12,429 --> 00:28:13,648 >> MICHAEL DENNIN: Say you 842 00:28:13,648 --> 00:28:15,519 wanted to get from here all the 843 00:28:15,519 --> 00:28:16,695 way around to China. 844 00:28:16,695 --> 00:28:17,739 It's actually longer to go 845 00:28:17,739 --> 00:28:19,785 around the earth than to cut 846 00:28:19,785 --> 00:28:20,742 through the earth. A straight line is always the 847 00:28:21,700 --> 00:28:24,572 shortest path. 848 00:28:24,572 --> 00:28:26,356 So, you can imagine if you could 849 00:28:26,356 --> 00:28:27,706 make a wormhole, a cut through 850 00:28:27,706 --> 00:28:29,142 space that connects the two 851 00:28:29,142 --> 00:28:30,491 points you want to get to, you 852 00:28:30,491 --> 00:28:31,710 could make the distance 853 00:28:31,710 --> 00:28:33,712 effectively shorter and get 854 00:28:33,712 --> 00:28:35,975 there in a faster time. 855 00:28:35,975 --> 00:28:37,541 >> MARTELL: Ancient man would 856 00:28:37,541 --> 00:28:38,760 not understand a technological 857 00:28:38,760 --> 00:28:40,936 description to describe a 858 00:28:40,936 --> 00:28:44,113 wormhole, but this path of light 859 00:28:44,113 --> 00:28:46,289 sounds very similar. 860 00:28:46,289 --> 00:28:47,726 >> NARRATOR: Might the mythical 861 00:28:47,726 --> 00:28:49,336 bridge of Bifrost really have 862 00:28:49,336 --> 00:28:52,861 been an interstellar wormhole? 863 00:28:52,861 --> 00:28:53,819 A cosmic tunnel in space through 864 00:28:53,819 --> 00:28:55,734 which the so-called Viking gods 865 00:28:55,734 --> 00:28:57,779 could travel to Earth? 866 00:28:57,779 --> 00:28:59,825 Ancient astronaut theorists 867 00:28:59,825 --> 00:29:02,131 believe further evidence can be 868 00:29:02,131 --> 00:29:04,046 found by a closer examination of 869 00:29:04,046 --> 00:29:06,048 the Viking gods' incredible 870 00:29:06,048 --> 00:29:10,618 the Viking gods' incredible weaponry. 871 00:29:10,618 --> 00:29:14,056 Weaponry. 872 00:29:14,056 --> 00:29:15,928 >> NARRATOR: Balingsta, Sweden. 873 00:29:15,928 --> 00:29:17,843 Just outside this small town 874 00:29:17,843 --> 00:29:20,149 located 40 miles northwest of 875 00:29:20,149 --> 00:29:22,369 Stockholm is an ancient carved 876 00:29:22,369 --> 00:29:25,938 granite block. 877 00:29:25,938 --> 00:29:27,678 Known as the Boksta Runestone, 878 00:29:27,678 --> 00:29:29,942 it is one of the few remaining 879 00:29:29,942 --> 00:29:31,944 relics that depict the mighty 880 00:29:31,944 --> 00:29:33,772 god Odin holding his magical 881 00:29:33,772 --> 00:29:35,556 spear: 882 00:29:35,556 --> 00:29:36,818 Gungnir. 883 00:29:36,818 --> 00:29:37,950 >> HENRY: The Boksta Runestone 884 00:29:37,950 --> 00:29:39,560 is an extraordinary ancient 885 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:40,953 relic that has runic 886 00:29:40,953 --> 00:29:42,693 inscriptions which were used by 887 00:29:42,693 --> 00:29:44,695 the Vikings. 888 00:29:44,695 --> 00:29:45,784 It shows Odin riding on 889 00:29:45,784 --> 00:29:49,004 horseback with a spear. 890 00:29:49,004 --> 00:29:50,049 >> TANGHERLINI: So, one of the 891 00:29:50,049 --> 00:29:51,050 things we find with the Norse 892 00:29:51,050 --> 00:29:52,312 gods is they each have 893 00:29:52,312 --> 00:29:53,835 remarkable possessions, and 894 00:29:53,835 --> 00:29:56,011 among those is a spear that Odin 895 00:29:56,011 --> 00:29:57,665 claims for himself called 896 00:29:57,665 --> 00:29:59,275 Gungnir. 897 00:29:59,275 --> 00:30:00,755 And Gungnir is a remarkable 898 00:30:00,755 --> 00:30:02,888 spear in that, whatever you 899 00:30:02,888 --> 00:30:05,064 throw it at, it's going to hit. 900 00:30:05,064 --> 00:30:06,282 >> NARRATOR: According to. 901 00:30:06,282 --> 00:30:07,849 Viking, or Norse, mythology, 902 00:30:07,849 --> 00:30:09,982 Odin's spear was made by the. 903 00:30:09,982 --> 00:30:12,636 Sons of Ivaldi, the very same 904 00:30:12,636 --> 00:30:14,290 creatures who built the ship. 905 00:30:14,290 --> 00:30:15,814 Skidbladnir. 906 00:30:15,814 --> 00:30:18,381 They imbued the spear with 907 00:30:18,381 --> 00:30:20,775 special properties that not only 908 00:30:20,775 --> 00:30:22,777 made it incredibly accurate, but 909 00:30:22,777 --> 00:30:25,475 gave it immense power. 910 00:30:25,475 --> 00:30:27,390 >> CHILDRESS: Gungnir was some 911 00:30:27,390 --> 00:30:28,609 kind of high-tech weapon. 912 00:30:28,609 --> 00:30:30,524 No matter who he threw it at, it 913 00:30:30,524 --> 00:30:31,830 would hit it. 914 00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:33,353 Like some laser-guided cruise 915 00:30:33,353 --> 00:30:35,268 missile or something like that, 916 00:30:35,268 --> 00:30:38,749 that just simply could not miss 917 00:30:38,749 --> 00:30:40,316 its mark once it had been set 918 00:30:40,316 --> 00:30:43,842 to its target. 919 00:30:43,842 --> 00:30:45,452 >> COPPENS: And we know that 920 00:30:45,452 --> 00:30:46,801 when he uses this in war, it 921 00:30:46,801 --> 00:30:50,152 always reaches its target. 922 00:30:50,152 --> 00:30:52,154 This is not something which is 923 00:30:52,154 --> 00:30:53,155 simplistic. 924 00:30:53,155 --> 00:30:54,765 This is something which clearly 925 00:30:54,765 --> 00:30:56,376 is advanced weaponry. 926 00:30:56,376 --> 00:30:58,117 And to find that a deity has 927 00:30:58,117 --> 00:31:00,119 this at his disposal can be read 928 00:31:00,119 --> 00:31:01,990 in two things: One, it is all 929 00:31:01,990 --> 00:31:03,818 made up; Or two, it is actually 930 00:31:03,818 --> 00:31:04,819 factual. 931 00:31:04,819 --> 00:31:05,864 And today, we know that there. 932 00:31:05,864 --> 00:31:07,822 And today, we know that there are such weapons. 933 00:31:07,822 --> 00:31:10,825 Are such weapons. 934 00:31:10,825 --> 00:31:12,261 >> NARRATOR: Precision 935 00:31:12,261 --> 00:31:13,872 weapons, like laser-guided 936 00:31:13,872 --> 00:31:16,135 bombs, cruise missiles and 937 00:31:16,135 --> 00:31:17,876 satellite-guided munitions are 938 00:31:17,876 --> 00:31:19,921 staples in the world's most 939 00:31:19,921 --> 00:31:23,229 sophisticated military arsenals. 940 00:31:23,229 --> 00:31:26,275 Is it possible that Odin 941 00:31:26,275 --> 00:31:29,191 possessed similar technology? 942 00:31:29,191 --> 00:31:31,541 Could Gungnir actually have been 943 00:31:31,541 --> 00:31:34,414 a guided missile created by 944 00:31:34,414 --> 00:31:37,025 otherworldly beings? 945 00:31:37,025 --> 00:31:39,245 >> HENRY: When the ancients are 946 00:31:39,245 --> 00:31:40,855 describing technology, i-it's 947 00:31:40,855 --> 00:31:42,726 clear that they couldn't have 948 00:31:42,726 --> 00:31:44,206 known exactly what this was. 949 00:31:44,206 --> 00:31:46,034 And it opens the question, is 950 00:31:46,034 --> 00:31:47,862 it possible that the weapon 951 00:31:47,862 --> 00:31:48,950 Gungnir was an actual advanced 952 00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:50,952 technology, maybe even possessed 953 00:31:50,952 --> 00:31:53,999 by the Vikings or their gods? 954 00:31:53,999 --> 00:31:55,826 >> NARRATOR: If Gungnir was in 955 00:31:55,826 --> 00:31:57,524 fact acision guided missile 956 00:31:57,524 --> 00:31:59,395 similar to today's so-called 957 00:31:59,395 --> 00:32:02,964 smart bombs, then what might be 958 00:32:02,964 --> 00:32:04,574 the facts behind Thor's mighty 959 00:32:04,574 --> 00:32:07,577 hammer, Mjolnir? 960 00:32:07,577 --> 00:32:09,579 >> YOUNG: Thor's hammer had 961 00:32:09,579 --> 00:32:11,016 interesting origins. 962 00:32:11,016 --> 00:32:12,495 It was made by dwarves under 963 00:32:12,495 --> 00:32:15,281 duress. 964 00:32:15,281 --> 00:32:16,673 So, the handle qui... wasn't 965 00:32:16,673 --> 00:32:18,284 quite as long as a hammer might 966 00:32:18,284 --> 00:32:19,415 be. 967 00:32:19,415 --> 00:32:20,634 But it was enormously powerful 968 00:32:20,634 --> 00:32:22,941 and it had great accuracy. 969 00:32:22,941 --> 00:32:24,029 He could throw it and it would 970 00:32:24,029 --> 00:32:25,030 hit anything that he intended it 971 00:32:25,030 --> 00:32:26,945 to hit, and then it would come 972 00:32:26,945 --> 00:32:27,989 back to him, almost in boomerang 973 00:32:27,989 --> 00:32:30,513 style. 974 00:32:30,513 --> 00:32:31,819 >> CHILDRESS: What Thor's 975 00:32:31,819 --> 00:32:32,994 hammer, like the weapons of many 976 00:32:32,994 --> 00:32:34,996 of the Norse gods, would seem to 977 00:32:34,996 --> 00:32:38,043 be some high-tech real weapon, 978 00:32:38,043 --> 00:32:40,654 perhaps one given to them by 979 00:32:40,654 --> 00:32:42,482 extraterrestrials. 980 00:32:42,482 --> 00:32:44,353 >> COPPENS: And when he uses it, 981 00:32:44,353 --> 00:32:45,964 it is actually said that this 982 00:32:45,964 --> 00:32:47,791 weapon is able to crush 983 00:32:47,791 --> 00:32:49,706 weapon is able to crush mountains. 984 00:32:49,706 --> 00:32:51,926 Mountains. 985 00:32:51,926 --> 00:32:53,493 Now, imagine a weapon which is 986 00:32:53,493 --> 00:32:54,624 able to destroy an entire 987 00:32:54,624 --> 00:32:56,148 mountain. 988 00:32:56,148 --> 00:32:58,933 The hammer does not cause 989 00:32:58,933 --> 00:33:00,804 explosions; It is really the 990 00:33:00,804 --> 00:33:03,068 physical force which destroys 991 00:33:03,068 --> 00:33:04,765 the object. 992 00:33:04,765 --> 00:33:05,766 That is something which today we 993 00:33:05,766 --> 00:33:09,117 describe as a kinetic weapon. 994 00:33:09,117 --> 00:33:10,945 [whirring] 995 00:33:10,945 --> 00:33:12,686 >> NARRATOR: At the NASA Ames. 996 00:33:12,686 --> 00:33:14,122 Research Center in Mountain. 997 00:33:14,122 --> 00:33:14,993 View, California... 998 00:33:14,993 --> 00:33:15,994 >> MAN: ...locked. 999 00:33:15,994 --> 00:33:17,430 >> NARRATOR: ...scientist Peter 1000 00:33:17,430 --> 00:33:19,127 Schultz is studying the enormous 1001 00:33:19,127 --> 00:33:21,695 power of kinetic energy using a 1002 00:33:21,695 --> 00:33:24,045 device called a vertical gun. 1003 00:33:24,045 --> 00:33:25,003 [clank] 1004 00:33:25,003 --> 00:33:26,047 >> PETER H. SCHULTZ: This is a 1005 00:33:26,047 --> 00:33:27,701 giant cannon, essentially. 1006 00:33:27,701 --> 00:33:29,007 Then it goes up on a corkscrew 1007 00:33:29,007 --> 00:33:30,443 so we can hit things at 1008 00:33:30,443 --> 00:33:32,445 different angles. 1009 00:33:32,445 --> 00:33:34,142 This gun gets up to very high 1010 00:33:34,142 --> 00:33:35,448 speeds, and if you get really up 1011 00:33:35,448 --> 00:33:37,102 there, you'll start melting and 1012 00:33:37,102 --> 00:33:39,104 vaporizing material. 1013 00:33:39,104 --> 00:33:41,236 In a sense, this isa kinetic 1014 00:33:41,236 --> 00:33:42,846 weapon, except we're not 1015 00:33:42,846 --> 00:33:44,587 pointing at anything except the 1016 00:33:44,587 --> 00:33:46,328 target inside the tank. 1017 00:33:46,328 --> 00:33:47,329 >> NARRATOR: To study the 1018 00:33:47,329 --> 00:33:48,722 effects of high-speed kinetic 1019 00:33:48,722 --> 00:33:52,073 impacts, scientists use the 1020 00:33:52,073 --> 00:33:53,509 vertical gun range to fire 1021 00:33:53,509 --> 00:33:55,685 projectiles into objects placed 1022 00:33:55,685 --> 00:33:58,079 in this reinforcedel chamber 1023 00:33:58,079 --> 00:34:01,517 at speeds of up to 15,000 miles 1024 00:34:01,517 --> 00:34:05,347 per hour. 1025 00:34:05,347 --> 00:34:06,696 >> SCHULTZ: Today, we're gonna 1026 00:34:06,696 --> 00:34:07,871 take this small ball bearing, 1027 00:34:07,871 --> 00:34:09,830 which is about 1/100 of an 1028 00:34:09,830 --> 00:34:11,223 ounce, and we're gonna fire it 1029 00:34:11,223 --> 00:34:12,485 at three miles per second. 1030 00:34:12,485 --> 00:34:14,791 That's almost 11,000 miles per 1031 00:34:14,791 --> 00:34:15,792 hour. 1032 00:34:15,792 --> 00:34:16,793 And we're gonna send it into 1033 00:34:16,793 --> 00:34:17,968 this block. 1034 00:34:17,968 --> 00:34:19,231 Now, when you go that fast, with 1035 00:34:19,231 --> 00:34:20,580 even an object that small, 1036 00:34:20,580 --> 00:34:22,843 that's kinetic energy. 1037 00:34:22,843 --> 00:34:24,323 And kinetic energy is the mass 1038 00:34:24,323 --> 00:34:25,759 times the velocity squared. 1039 00:34:25,759 --> 00:34:26,847 So if you're going fast enough, 1040 00:34:26,847 --> 00:34:28,544 you could do some serious 1041 00:34:28,544 --> 00:34:29,545 damage. 1042 00:34:29,545 --> 00:34:30,981 Let's see what we do. 1043 00:34:30,981 --> 00:34:32,113 >> NARRATOR: Using a battery of 1044 00:34:32,113 --> 00:34:33,549 high-speed cameras, some 1045 00:34:33,549 --> 00:34:35,551 capturing images at 40,000 1046 00:34:35,551 --> 00:34:37,901 frames per second, Schultz 1047 00:34:37,901 --> 00:34:40,730 investigates how speed and mass 1048 00:34:40,730 --> 00:34:42,776 can combine to create 1049 00:34:42,776 --> 00:34:44,778 devastating force. 1050 00:34:44,778 --> 00:34:46,301 [man speaks indistinctly] 1051 00:34:46,301 --> 00:34:48,086 [alarm buzzing] 1052 00:34:48,086 --> 00:34:49,304 >> MAN: ...5.53 kilometers. 1053 00:34:49,304 --> 00:34:51,219 >> MAN: ...5.53 kilometers. Rolling. 1054 00:34:51,219 --> 00:34:54,135 Rolling. 1055 00:34:54,135 --> 00:34:55,615 >> NARRATOR: Moving 15 times the 1056 00:34:55,615 --> 00:34:57,617 speed of sound, the prtile 1057 00:34:57,617 --> 00:35:00,098 slams into the solid stone 1058 00:35:00,098 --> 00:35:01,099 block. 1059 00:35:01,099 --> 00:35:03,623 >> SCHULTZ: Oh, my gosh! 1060 00:35:03,623 --> 00:35:05,233 Look at this thing. 1061 00:35:05,233 --> 00:35:07,583 Look at this thing. Blasted to smithereens. 1062 00:35:07,583 --> 00:35:11,152 Blasted to smithereens. 1063 00:35:11,152 --> 00:35:13,328 >> NARRATOR: Ancient astronaut 1064 00:35:13,328 --> 00:35:14,851 theorists believe the 1065 00:35:14,851 --> 00:35:16,418 destructive power of this gun 1066 00:35:16,418 --> 00:35:19,117 displays uncanny similarities to. 1067 00:35:19,117 --> 00:35:21,031 Thor's hammer. 1068 00:35:21,031 --> 00:35:22,468 >> TSOUKALOS: The question we 1069 00:35:22,468 --> 00:35:24,165 have to ask ourselves is whether 1070 00:35:24,165 --> 00:35:27,168 the whole concept of kinetic 1071 00:35:27,168 --> 00:35:30,432 energy weapons is something new 1072 00:35:30,432 --> 00:35:33,957 or if it already existed in the 1073 00:35:33,957 --> 00:35:36,090 ancient past. 1074 00:35:36,090 --> 00:35:38,266 And with Thor, we have such a 1075 00:35:38,266 --> 00:35:40,268 reference. 1076 00:35:40,268 --> 00:35:42,444 What if Thor's hammer was some 1077 00:35:42,444 --> 00:35:45,926 type of a kinetic energy weapon 1078 00:35:45,926 --> 00:35:48,058 and what we have here in modern 1079 00:35:48,058 --> 00:35:50,104 times is nothing else but 1080 00:35:50,104 --> 00:35:55,153 history repeating itself? 1081 00:35:55,153 --> 00:35:57,155 >> NARRATOR: Is it possible that 1082 00:35:57,155 --> 00:35:58,808 what the ancient Vikings 1083 00:35:58,808 --> 00:36:00,201 described in their myths were 1084 00:36:00,201 --> 00:36:03,857 in fact alien technologies? 1085 00:36:03,857 --> 00:36:06,033 And do the various accounts of. 1086 00:36:06,033 --> 00:36:08,166 Odin's spear and Thor's hammer 1087 00:36:08,166 --> 00:36:10,124 really help to prove that. 1088 00:36:10,124 --> 00:36:11,778 Vikings were in contact with 1089 00:36:11,778 --> 00:36:14,781 extraterrestrial beings? 1090 00:36:14,781 --> 00:36:16,783 If so, then where might these 1091 00:36:16,783 --> 00:36:19,133 beings have gone? 1092 00:36:19,133 --> 00:36:22,005 Ancient astronaut theorists 1093 00:36:22,005 --> 00:36:23,659 believe the answers may lie in 1094 00:36:23,659 --> 00:36:25,661 the strange and sometimes 1095 00:36:25,661 --> 00:36:27,576 violent burial rituals of the 1096 00:36:27,576 --> 00:36:30,013 violent burial rituals of the Vikings. 1097 00:36:30,013 --> 00:36:36,498 Vikings. 1098 00:36:36,498 --> 00:36:39,371 >> NARRATOR: Tonsberg, Norway. 1099 00:36:39,371 --> 00:36:41,851 50 miles south of Oslo lie the 1100 00:36:41,851 --> 00:36:45,203 ruins of Oseberghaugen, a Viking 1101 00:36:45,203 --> 00:36:47,248 burial mound. 1102 00:36:47,248 --> 00:36:49,990 During excavations in 1904, 1103 00:36:49,990 --> 00:36:52,210 archaeologists unearthed the 1104 00:36:52,210 --> 00:36:53,863 remains of two people buried 1105 00:36:53,863 --> 00:36:56,214 inside a Viking longship. 1106 00:36:56,214 --> 00:36:59,173 Dated to the early ninth 1107 00:36:59,173 --> 00:37:01,131 century, the discovery revealed 1108 00:37:01,131 --> 00:37:03,308 for the first time some of the. 1109 00:37:03,308 --> 00:37:05,701 Vikings' ancient burial rituals. 1110 00:37:05,701 --> 00:37:07,921 >> MARTELL: What's very 1111 00:37:07,921 --> 00:37:08,922 interesting about the Oseberg 1112 00:37:08,922 --> 00:37:10,184 ship is the fact that the. 1113 00:37:10,184 --> 00:37:11,490 Vikings actually chose to bury 1114 00:37:11,490 --> 00:37:14,449 their dead in these boats. 1115 00:37:14,449 --> 00:37:16,538 Now, this seems very similar to 1116 00:37:16,538 --> 00:37:18,148 some type of a conveyance, 1117 00:37:18,148 --> 00:37:19,933 possibly going into space. 1118 00:37:19,933 --> 00:37:21,239 You see similar references in 1119 00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:22,240 other cultures, such as the 1120 00:37:22,240 --> 00:37:27,593 Egyptians and even the Chinese. 1121 00:37:27,593 --> 00:37:29,638 >> NARRATOR: Throughout. 1122 00:37:29,638 --> 00:37:32,293 Scandinavia, the British Isles 1123 00:37:32,293 --> 00:37:35,383 and Iceland are similar Viking 1124 00:37:35,383 --> 00:37:38,299 burial sites, many containing 1125 00:37:38,299 --> 00:37:40,040 boats and other ship-like 1126 00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:42,085 markers. 1127 00:37:42,085 --> 00:37:44,262 Is it possible the Vikings, 1128 00:37:44,262 --> 00:37:45,828 like the ancient Egyptians and 1129 00:37:45,828 --> 00:37:48,266 Chinese, buried their dead in 1130 00:37:48,266 --> 00:37:50,180 boats in an effort to help their 1131 00:37:50,180 --> 00:37:51,747 deceased on their journey to the 1132 00:37:51,747 --> 00:37:53,183 afterlife? 1133 00:37:53,183 --> 00:37:56,317 And if so, why? 1134 00:37:56,317 --> 00:37:58,014 According to ancient Norse 1135 00:37:58,014 --> 00:37:59,755 mythologies, slain Viking 1136 00:37:59,755 --> 00:38:01,366 warriors joined Odin in his 1137 00:38:01,366 --> 00:38:05,326 fabled hall, Valhalla. 1138 00:38:05,326 --> 00:38:08,503 >> SEIGFRIED: Odin's hall in. 1139 00:38:08,503 --> 00:38:10,026 Asgard, the realm of the gods, 1140 00:38:10,026 --> 00:38:11,114 is known as Valhalla, which 1141 00:38:11,114 --> 00:38:12,290 literally means "the hall of the 1142 00:38:12,290 --> 00:38:14,292 slain." 1143 00:38:14,292 --> 00:38:16,076 The way that Valhalla itself is 1144 00:38:16,076 --> 00:38:17,556 described is that it's a place 1145 00:38:17,556 --> 00:38:19,166 where the dead warriors that 1146 00:38:19,166 --> 00:38:20,428 Odin has gathered from the 1147 00:38:20,428 --> 00:38:22,778 battlefields spend all day 1148 00:38:22,778 --> 00:38:24,345 fighting each other and killing 1149 00:38:24,345 --> 00:38:25,781 each other and then are brought 1150 00:38:25,781 --> 00:38:27,217 back to life to spend the night 1151 00:38:27,217 --> 00:38:28,654 in feasting on an endless supply 1152 00:38:28,654 --> 00:38:31,047 of meat and pork. 1153 00:38:31,047 --> 00:38:32,266 >> YOUNG: The courage of the. 1154 00:38:32,266 --> 00:38:34,703 Norse explorers and warriors was 1155 00:38:34,703 --> 00:38:36,357 directly related to the 1156 00:38:36,357 --> 00:38:38,794 structure of their fables. 1157 00:38:38,794 --> 00:38:41,493 Valhalla was this great reward. 1158 00:38:41,493 --> 00:38:44,322 If you served well with great 1159 00:38:44,322 --> 00:38:47,325 bravery, you found eternal life 1160 00:38:47,325 --> 00:38:49,196 in the company of kindred 1161 00:38:49,196 --> 00:38:53,331 spirits in a great banquet hall. 1162 00:38:53,331 --> 00:38:54,941 >> NARRATOR: Stories and legends 1163 00:38:54,941 --> 00:38:56,856 about Odin's enormous palace 1164 00:38:56,856 --> 00:38:58,901 describe it as being almost 1165 00:38:58,901 --> 00:39:01,164 metallic, with shimmering walls 1166 00:39:01,164 --> 00:39:02,862 and a golden roof. 1167 00:39:02,862 --> 00:39:04,167 >> TANGHERLINI: During the day 1168 00:39:04,167 --> 00:39:05,255 they drink and they eat along 1169 00:39:05,255 --> 00:39:07,127 these long tables and with 1170 00:39:07,127 --> 00:39:08,650 fires down the center of the 1171 00:39:08,650 --> 00:39:09,782 hall. 1172 00:39:09,782 --> 00:39:11,218 And then after they've eaten, 1173 00:39:11,218 --> 00:39:12,306 they clear the tables and they 1174 00:39:12,306 --> 00:39:13,873 all battle. 1175 00:39:13,873 --> 00:39:16,354 So this must be tens of 1176 00:39:16,354 --> 00:39:17,746 thousands, if not hundreds of 1177 00:39:17,746 --> 00:39:19,182 thousands... the imagination 1178 00:39:19,182 --> 00:39:20,532 boggles at how big this hall 1179 00:39:20,532 --> 00:39:24,362 must be. 1180 00:39:24,362 --> 00:39:25,232 >> NARRATOR: But is there 1181 00:39:25,232 --> 00:39:26,538 evidence that Valhalla was more 1182 00:39:26,538 --> 00:39:29,236 than just a mythic place? 1183 00:39:29,236 --> 00:39:30,933 Could it have been an 1184 00:39:30,933 --> 00:39:32,935 extraterrestrial spacecraft, as 1185 00:39:32,935 --> 00:39:34,459 some ancient astronaut theorists 1186 00:39:34,459 --> 00:39:36,548 believe? 1187 00:39:36,548 --> 00:39:38,376 >> TSOUKALOS: Valhalla was not a 1188 00:39:38,376 --> 00:39:41,204 figment of our ancestors' 1189 00:39:41,204 --> 00:39:44,207 imagination, but it might have 1190 00:39:44,207 --> 00:39:46,384 been some type of an orbiting 1191 00:39:46,384 --> 00:39:48,342 space station. 1192 00:39:48,342 --> 00:39:51,258 The reason why I'm saying this 1193 00:39:51,258 --> 00:39:53,434 is because whenever we have a 1194 00:39:53,434 --> 00:39:55,741 description of Valhalla, it is 1195 00:39:55,741 --> 00:39:57,917 an incredible description of 1196 00:39:57,917 --> 00:40:01,311 place that has weird attributes. 1197 00:40:01,311 --> 00:40:04,271 >> MARTELL: Various descriptions 1198 00:40:04,271 --> 00:40:06,012 of Valhalla give it the 1199 00:40:06,012 --> 00:40:07,317 reference of being some type of 1200 00:40:07,317 --> 00:40:08,971 a large metallic ship, but they 1201 00:40:08,971 --> 00:40:10,408 actually bury their dead in the 1202 00:40:10,408 --> 00:40:12,279 ships as well. 1203 00:40:12,279 --> 00:40:13,280 So is this some type of 1204 00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:14,368 reference of them actually 1205 00:40:14,368 --> 00:40:15,369 trying to replicate sending 1206 00:40:15,369 --> 00:40:17,415 their dead to the heavens or 1207 00:40:17,415 --> 00:40:19,286 just like their gods would be 1208 00:40:19,286 --> 00:40:20,330 returning to the heavens in some 1209 00:40:20,330 --> 00:40:24,422 type of a large metallic ship? 1210 00:40:24,422 --> 00:40:26,293 >> NARRATOR: Archaeological 1211 00:40:26,293 --> 00:40:28,338 evidence as well as contemporary 1212 00:40:28,338 --> 00:40:30,645 accounts also indicate, that in 1213 00:40:30,645 --> 00:40:32,386 addition to burying their dead 1214 00:40:32,386 --> 00:40:34,519 in boats, the Norse Vikings 1215 00:40:34,519 --> 00:40:36,303 also sent many of these burial 1216 00:40:36,303 --> 00:40:39,045 boats out to sea and burned 1217 00:40:39,045 --> 00:40:40,916 them. 1218 00:40:40,916 --> 00:40:43,310 But why? 1219 00:40:43,310 --> 00:40:45,138 Was it simply a fiery tribute, 1220 00:40:45,138 --> 00:40:47,357 one meant to honor the deceased? 1221 00:40:47,357 --> 00:40:50,012 Or did the ancient Vikings 1222 00:40:50,012 --> 00:40:52,362 simply replicate something their 1223 00:40:52,362 --> 00:40:54,452 ancestors had once witnessed... 1224 00:40:54,452 --> 00:40:56,062 Perhaps the launch of an alien 1225 00:40:56,062 --> 00:40:58,412 spacecraft? 1226 00:40:58,412 --> 00:41:02,111 >> TSOUKALOS: So my question is 1227 00:41:02,111 --> 00:41:04,418 whether or not our ancestors 1228 00:41:04,418 --> 00:41:07,639 witnessed rockets or spaceships 1229 00:41:07,639 --> 00:41:10,076 taking off and landing with all 1230 00:41:10,076 --> 00:41:12,818 of this fire and this smoke and 1231 00:41:12,818 --> 00:41:14,689 the earth trembling, that they 1232 00:41:14,689 --> 00:41:17,170 over time thought that by 1233 00:41:17,170 --> 00:41:19,477 burning their dead they would 1234 00:41:19,477 --> 00:41:22,218 imitate what they saw in the 1235 00:41:22,218 --> 00:41:24,569 past. 1236 00:41:24,569 --> 00:41:27,702 >> NARRATOR: Were the Norse. 1237 00:41:27,702 --> 00:41:29,487 Vikings really in contact with 1238 00:41:29,487 --> 00:41:32,881 extraterrestrial beings? 1239 00:41:32,881 --> 00:41:34,100 And were these beings thought of 1240 00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:35,667 by the early Vikings not as 1241 00:41:35,667 --> 00:41:39,497 alien visitors but as gods? 1242 00:41:39,497 --> 00:41:42,108 If so, then where might these 1243 00:41:42,108 --> 00:41:44,719 celestial visitors have gone? 1244 00:41:44,719 --> 00:41:46,591 >> COPPENS: What we know is that 1245 00:41:46,591 --> 00:41:48,984 in the tenth century, the Norse 1246 00:41:48,984 --> 00:41:51,247 begin a really extensive 1247 00:41:51,247 --> 00:41:53,902 exploration of Europe. 1248 00:41:53,902 --> 00:41:55,991 We don't know why they begin to 1249 00:41:55,991 --> 00:41:57,384 explore. 1250 00:41:57,384 --> 00:41:58,559 It is also clear that we don't 1251 00:41:58,559 --> 00:42:00,082 know whether they were helped by 1252 00:42:00,082 --> 00:42:02,041 other beings. 1253 00:42:02,041 --> 00:42:04,739 In fact, there is another theory 1254 00:42:04,739 --> 00:42:06,262 which suggests that they were 1255 00:42:06,262 --> 00:42:07,525 going to go in search of the 1256 00:42:07,525 --> 00:42:08,395 deities. 1257 00:42:08,395 --> 00:42:10,310 It suggests that the Vikings 1258 00:42:10,310 --> 00:42:11,529 were absolutely convinced that 1259 00:42:11,529 --> 00:42:13,531 the residence of the deities was 1260 00:42:13,531 --> 00:42:15,533 physical, somewhere on planet. 1261 00:42:15,533 --> 00:42:17,273 Earth. 1262 00:42:17,273 --> 00:42:20,320 >> NARRATOR: Did the Norse gods 1263 00:42:20,320 --> 00:42:22,148 return to their homeland, 1264 00:42:22,148 --> 00:42:23,671 prompting the Vikings to travel 1265 00:42:23,671 --> 00:42:26,065 the Earth in search of them? 1266 00:42:26,065 --> 00:42:28,546 Or did the so-called gods simply 1267 00:42:28,546 --> 00:42:30,635 inspire their earthly hosts to 1268 00:42:30,635 --> 00:42:33,551 explore the planet in an effort 1269 00:42:33,551 --> 00:42:35,335 to spread their extraterrestrial 1270 00:42:35,335 --> 00:42:37,555 influence to other parts of the 1271 00:42:37,555 --> 00:42:40,035 globe? 1272 00:42:40,035 --> 00:42:41,776 >> TSOUKALOS: All this knowledge 1273 00:42:41,776 --> 00:42:44,387 of the universe according to the. 1274 00:42:44,387 --> 00:42:47,390 Norse mythologies was given to 1275 00:42:47,390 --> 00:42:51,569 them by the shining ones. 1276 00:42:51,569 --> 00:42:54,136 And the shining ones were said 1277 00:42:54,136 --> 00:42:56,486 to have descended from nowhere 1278 00:42:56,486 --> 00:43:00,229 else but the sky. 1279 00:43:00,229 --> 00:43:02,101 So is it possible that 1280 00:43:02,101 --> 00:43:04,625 extraterrestrials in fact guided 1281 00:43:04,625 --> 00:43:07,541 events in our human history? 1282 00:43:07,541 --> 00:43:10,326 And the answer of course is yes. 1283 00:43:10,326 --> 00:43:12,807 Because we can find stories like 1284 00:43:12,807 --> 00:43:15,505 this all around the world. 1285 00:43:15,505 --> 00:43:17,420 It was very deliberate in order 1286 00:43:17,420 --> 00:43:22,687 to direct our history. 1287 00:43:22,687 --> 00:43:26,429 >> NARRATOR: Thor's destructive 1288 00:43:26,429 --> 00:43:29,650 hammer, Odin's all-seeing 1289 00:43:29,650 --> 00:43:32,435 throne and a mystical bridge 1290 00:43:32,435 --> 00:43:35,438 linking Earth to the heavens. 1291 00:43:35,438 --> 00:43:37,397 Are the legends of the Viking 1292 00:43:37,397 --> 00:43:39,442 gods really evidence that alien 1293 00:43:39,442 --> 00:43:41,575 beings visited mankind in the 1294 00:43:41,575 --> 00:43:43,882 distant past? 1295 00:43:43,882 --> 00:43:47,537 And if so, might these beings 1296 00:43:47,537 --> 00:43:48,930 have been instrumental in the 1297 00:43:48,930 --> 00:43:50,497 efforts of the Norse to explore 1298 00:43:50,497 --> 00:43:52,673 the globe? 1299 00:43:52,673 --> 00:43:55,328 Perhaps we will find the answer 1300 00:43:55,328 --> 00:43:58,113 deep in a Viking burial mound 1301 00:43:58,113 --> 00:44:00,028 or carved on the surface of an 1302 00:44:00,028 --> 00:44:02,552 ancient stone. 1303 00:44:02,552 --> 00:44:04,380 Or possibly the truth will be 1304 00:44:04,380 --> 00:44:06,556 revealed to all mankind on the 1305 00:44:06,556 --> 00:44:09,995 day when they return. 1306 00:44:09,995 --> 00:44:10,996 Captioning sponsored by. 1307 00:44:10,996 --> 00:44:11,997 A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS 1308 00:44:11,997 --> 00:44:12,998 Captioned by. 1309 00:44:12,998 --> 00:44:14,042 Media Access Group at WGBH. 1310 00:44:14,042 --> 00:44:14,564 Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org 86770

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