All language subtitles for Unearthed.(2016).S05E08.Mystery.of.the.Ice.Mummy.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DD+2.0.H.264-Cinefeel_track3_[eng]

Narrator: otzi, "The iceman,"

Frozen high in the alps
For 5,000 years.

He is the world's most
Perfectly preserved mummy.

He comes from an age before
The pyramids and stonehenge.

Maixner:
The iceman gives us a window

Into how the people lived
5,300 years ago.

Narrator:
Now, new forensic technology

Is uncovering
Astonishing secrets

From his body and belongings.

We know exactly how he died.

We know exactly what happened,

Even in the last minutes
Of his life.

Narrator:
Investigations across europe

Reveal the changing society
The iceman lives in.

What can otzi's life and death

Tell us about
His incredible lost world?

To solve these mysteries,

We'll peer into
The iceman's frozen body,

Piece together
His ancient weapons and tools

To discover what kills him,

And to reveal a time

When humankind is
On the dawn of a new age.

--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com

Captions paid for by
Discovery communications

♪♪

September 1991,

10,000 feet high in the alps.

On the austria-italy border,

Two hikers stumble
Across the frozen body of a man.

At first, they think
He is a climber,

But mysterious objects
Lying in the meltwater

Point to an ancient corpse.

The iceman gives us
The unique possibility

To look back into our past.

Narrator: locked in the ice,

The body lies
Facedown on a rock.

Perfectly preserved,

His eyeballs are mummified
In their sockets.

Carbon dating reveals
He is over 5,000 years old

With a mysterious
Puncture wound

On his left shoulder.

Scattered around the body

Are the remnants
Of extreme-weather gear,

A bearskin cap,
A knee-length fur coat

Carefully sewn
From goat-and-sheep skin panels,

Grass-lined string socks
And leather snow boots

And cast further away,
Prehistoric weapons.

What can these clues tell us
About the world

This extraordinary ice mummy
Comes from?

Bolzano, italy.

Here, under tight security,

Investigators keep the iceman
Frozen in a refrigerated cell

At a frosty
19 degrees fahrenheit.

They nickname him otzi,

After the mountains
Where he comes from.

♪♪

Microbiologist frank maixner

Is part of the team
Investigating otzi.

Maixner: people in the future
Can still look at this mummy,

Can also learn a lot
From this mummy.

It's really our current task

To find the best
Preservation conditions.

♪♪

Narrator: scientist know
Much about the iceman.

They discover
He lives his entire life

In the valleys of
The northern italian alps.

So we learned quite a lot
Already by just analyzing,

First of all, his skeleton,
Also his bones,

And there we saw
How old he was when he died,

So he was around
40 to 50 years old.

Narrator:
But mysteries still surround
His possessions.

Now, new technology
Allows scientists

To look at them
With fresh eyes.

Strewn 12 feet from otzi's body

Lies an incredibly
Rare treasure --

The complete remains of an axe,

The only of its kind ever found.

The blade, just 3 inches long,

Expertly cast from
99 percent pure copper,

Its edges skillfully hammered

To slot perfectly into
The carved, wooden handle,

And 7 feet of leather lashing
Bind it tightly in place,

A sophisticated design.

Five thousand years ago,

It is one of the most
Valuable items imaginable.

Can a new examination
Of this precious object

Unlock more secrets about otzi
And the world he lives in?

♪♪

Otzi lives just after
The stone age,

But centuries before
Great monuments

Like the pyramids
Or stonehenge.

He comes from a time
We now call the copper age.

The copper age is actually
The transition

Between the stone age
Into the real metal age,

And that's exactly
The time where otzi lived.

Narrator:
Geologist gilberto artioli

Is an expert
In ancient metals.

He thinks techniques
Used to make otzi's axe

Are far more sophisticated
Than we ever imagined.

Artioli: you would have to get
The skills and the know-how.

To extract the metal
From the ores,

You need to actually

Chemically react
And decompose the ores.

Narrator:
In a unique experiment,

His team replicates the methods
Used to produce it,

Using only the technology
Available in the copper age.

♪♪

The process
To turn copper into metal

Is called copper smelting.

♪♪

Craftsmen need
To grind the ore down

With special stone tools

Before combining it
With charcoal.

It is crucial the mixture heats

To precisely
1,830 degrees fahrenheit,

The melting point
Of copper.

They need to work hard to keep
The temperature constant.

Narrator:
Gilberto's team reveals

The astonishing degree of skill
The copper smelters need.

♪♪

Artioli: oh, great.

This is the product
That we got out

Of the smelting
Of the copper ore.

I mean, of course,

They didn't have all
The thermodynamic background

That we have right now.

But by trial and error,

They get a very high level
Of sophistication.

Narrator: otzi is carrying

One of the most advanced weapons
On earth,

But there's a mystery.

Scientists have never found
Any evidence

Of this copper
Production process

In the region
Where he lives.

Until now,
Experts have thought

The people of this era
Stayed local.

So how does the iceman
Get his beautiful axe,

And what can that tell us
About his world?

For the past 12 years,

Gilberto scours europe
For clues,

Trying to find out
Where the axe comes from.

Artioli: we really had to do
A massive task

Of putting together
The data of thousands

And thousands
Of different mines.

That's really
A painful job to do.

Narrator: all copper ores have
Their own chemical signature,

Their unique fingerprint.

So gilberto can match otzi's axe

To an ore deposit
Somewhere in europe.

It's like looking for
A needle in a haystack.

The search takes gilberto
South for over 400 miles

To an ancient mine
In san silvestro.

Does otzi's axe originate
This far from his home?

♪♪

Below ground are rich deposits
Of copper ore.

Okay.

This is actually copper ore,
But this is very recent.

This is young ore.

This is not exactly
What we want.

Gilberto searches other parts
Of the mine.

This is exactly
The copper we want.

This is going to tell us what is
The fingerprint of this mine.

Narrator: when gilberto compares

The chemical signature
Of this copper ore

With otzi's axe,

He makes an incredible find.

Artioli:
When we analyze this ore,
We found a perfect match

With the signal of the copper
Of the iceman axe.

It's absolutely fantastic.

Narrator:
The discovery that otzi's axe
Is made from copper mined here

Radically resets
Our thinking about this era.

This is the time our ancestors

Begin to trade
Over long distance.

But are they exchanging
Raw materials or finished goods?

Where is the axe made?

At nearby san carlo,
Gilberto finds the answer.

What was discovered there
Is actually exceptional

Because we have a complete
Metallurgical workshop.

It's the most ancient in italy.

We can also get
The pieces of charcoal

That actually allowed us

To date them exactly
To the time of the iceman.

♪♪

Narrator:
Otzi's axe is made here
And taken 400 miles north

Until it reaches his home
In the frozen mountains.

Artioli:
Nobody was expecting this.

It really opened up, you know,

A completely different view
Of the copper age.

♪♪

Narrator: in otzi's world,

People use wheels
But not horses.

The assumption is that
They trade their goods locally,

So the copper for otzi's axe

Should have come from
Nearby mines in the alps,

But instead,
It comes all the way

From the mediterranean coast.

Copper goods
Spread far and wide,

Jumping from one community
To the next

Through a complex network.

♪♪

The copper age is

A revolutionary time
In our story,

The beginning of specialized
Manufacture and trade,

A world we recognize today.

♪♪

Narrator: otzi lives at a time

When people are not
Just experimenting with metals.

They're also exchanging this
Technology over long distances.

But copper weapons like this one
Are still rare.

So why does otzi have one?

What does it reveal
About his place

In this rapidly changing world?

♪♪

♪♪

Narrator:
The iceman is transforming

Our understanding of humankind
Over 5,000 years ago.

Archaeologists used to think

That otzi comes from a world
Of small isolated communities.

Agriculture is developing

With the spread of crops
And livestock.

His astonishing copper axe,

Made far away
By specialist craftsmen,

Reveals a more
Sophisticated era,

So how does the iceman
Fit into this world?

A discovery at remedello,
Northern italy,

Over 100 miles from south tyrol,
Where otzi lives,

Provides a clue.

Hidden in the valley floor
Lies an ancient cemetery --

11 females buried
With terracotta pottery

And valuable necklaces.

In neighboring graves,
12 males

Surrounded by prestigious
Flint arrowheads,

And in their grasp,
3-inch-long flint daggers.

But in one grave,

Archaeologists make
A very special discovery --

A copper axe,
Identical to otzi's.

Can these rich grave goods help
Reveal more about our iceman?

♪♪

Archaeologist urs leuzinger
Believes they can.

It was thought that
In the copper age,

People are more
Or less equal.

With few things to own,

There is little
To create division,

But the discovery of
These fine possessions

Forces a rethink.

Otzi's weapons
Appear to mark him out

As one of the elite.

Across the alps in switzerland
On the shores of lake constance,

Archaeologists find
A similar picture

In the remains
Of a copper-age village.

The perfectly preserved finds
Date to 3,384 b.C.,

Almost exactly
The same time otzi lives.

Otzi's copper axe

Is not the only thing
That identifies him

As a man of importance.

His fine clothes do, too.

Other remains here reveal

How trade and technology
Begin to change society.

The pot shows evidence of
A completely different style.

It's similar to ceramics found
Far away in vienna, austria.

At first,
Archaeologists think the pottery

Must have been
Brought to the village,

But urs discovers
The clay is local,

So it must have been made
In the village.

People are moving across europe,

Exchanging technology and ideas.

The ancient site also suggests

People are starting to develop
Different roles in society.

Urs thinks the variations
In the different tools

Used for weaving

Show that goods are produced
On a large scale.

Technological advances
Allow otzi's people

To lead a far more
Sophisticated life

Than their stone age ancestors.

The change is not
Just in europe.

On the banks of the nile,
The indus in india,

And in mesopotamia
In the middle east,

Technology and trade
Creates wealth and rank.

As complex societies emerge,
The first cities grow up.

♪♪

It's the dawn of civilization.

In otzi's part of europe,
Building is on a smaller scale,

But changes in society
Still have an impact

On his village life.

♪♪

Each dwelling sits on a stilted,
Birch frame the size of an rv,

Topped with timber tiles
Held down by stones.

Inside, up to eight people
Eat and sleep together

Around a central clay hearth,

Sharing their home
With domesticated animals.

Up to 30 identical houses
Nestled tightly together.

Some keep pigs
While others tend cattle.

♪♪

Some craft pottery and beads

And barter them
Within the community and beyond.

Others gather food
From the woods

While others are hunters.

♪♪

Urs believes that these
Distinct roles

Reveals the emergence
Of a new social order.

Otzi's precious axe,
His fine clothes

Reveal he is a man of
High status in his village.

His rank may breed resentment
Or jealousy.

Does this lead to his death?

A fresh investigation of
His tools offers clues.

♪♪

Narrator: otzi the iceman is
A 5,000-year-old time capsule.

He lives in
The early copper age,

When mastery of metal
Leads to profound change.

Otzi's valuable copper axe
Is a clear sign

That he is a wealthy man.

What else can his possessions
Reveal about him,

His life, and how he dies?

♪♪

Found alongside otzi
Is the world's

First fully preserved
Prehistoric tool kit --

A flint dagger
With a 2-inch blade,

An intricate, tree-bark sheath,

A blade sharpener
Pointed like a pencil,

Made from hardened deer antler,

And further away,

A longbow shaft
Crafted from a yew branch,

Nearby a deer-hide quiver.

Wrapped inside,
14 arrow shafts,

But just two are complete

With flint arrowheads
And feather fletching.

Could he be a hunter
Or a warrior?

Why is he so well armed?

Archaeologist ursula wierer

Investigates
Otzi's flint weapons.

They could be key
To unlocking his identity

And even a clue to how he dies.

Wierer:
The tools are so important

Because the tools tell us
About the everyday life

Of the people that use them,
That produce them.

And also in otzi's case,

It tells us something
About his history.

♪♪

Narrator:
Experts believe the flint
In some of the iceman's tools

May come from italy's
Lessini mountains region.

Wierer: people have been
Using stone tools

Since more than 2 million years,

And the reason is that
Flakable stones

Are a very robust
And strong material

Which can be shaped.

Narrator: there are many
Different types of flint,

Which affect
The quality of the tools.

Ursula works
With stefano bertola,

An expert in this stone.

[ stones tapping ]

Stefano believes
That these mountains

Produce superior flint.

But this razor-sharp stone

Is difficult to turn
Into an effective weapon.

Crafting a stone arrowhead
Or blade requires skill.

You need to use
A pressure technique

Called flint knapping
To shape it.

♪♪

Ursula and her team use
A high-powered microscope

To look at the pressure marks
On the iceman's tools

In extraordinary detail.

We discovered that they
Are beautifully worked.

We know that it was a work
Done by experts.

Narrator: the precision of the
Pressure marks

Spread evenly over the blade

Reveals it is made
By a skilled craftsman.

Otzi's tools are of
The highest quality.

Is this proof he's
A specialist flint knapper?

We were able to distinguish
The last phase of repairing

Was of a little bit
Less quality.

The last one who worked
These tools was otzi

Because he was the owner,

And so we think
That he was able to retouch,

But he had not
The high-quality skill

To make tools like this.

♪♪

Narrator:
Otzi is no flint specialist.

He doesn't make his own weapons.

Is he an alpine hunter?

♪♪

He wears a base layer
Of leather leggings

And a fur coat,

And on top,
A waterproof grass cape

And luxury bearskin cap.

Around his waist,
A first-aid travel kit,

Two walnut-sized birch mushrooms

To fight infection
And reduce inflammation,

A bent, hazelwood frame,

Large boards
And string bridging

Make a pack that sits
Snugly on his back

With waterproof hide that
Shields it from the elements,

And inside, wooden containers
Are stuffed with charcoal embers

Wrapped in maple leaves,

A ready-made, portable fire.

♪♪

Otzi is outfitted
For a hunting trip

High in the mountains,

But for ursula,
Something doesn't add up.

We can see these from the bow,
Which is still unfinished

And would have needed
Several hours to be completed.

Narrator: a hunter's bow
Would be ready for the kill,

And his quiver of arrows
Is also a mystery.

Wierer: the iceman carried
12 arrow shafts.

He had only two arrow shafts
Which were ready,

But both arrowheads were --

They laid broken
Inside the quiver.

Narrator: he is not on a hunt.

Ursula believes the state of
His weapons is very revealing.

This tells me that

He didn't have any time
To prepare his tool kit,

Maybe because
He was in a hurry,

So it seems that he was in
A problematic situation

When he was forced
To go up to the mountains.

Narrator: is otzi on the run,
Fleeing for his life?

Can modern forensic science

Help us solve the mystery
Of this ancient death?

♪♪

Narrator: otzi gives scientists
And extraordinary window

Into the world 5,000 years ago.

He is a high-ranking member
Of a rapidly changing society,

But seems to be fleeing
In fear for his life.

What can a postmortem
Reveal about his death?

♪♪

Concealed beneath otzi's skin,
His gut, fully intact.

In his lower intestines,

Investigators find traces
Of pollen

He ingests
During his final days.

One is from pine trees,

Another, the hophornbeam,

But a crucial organ
Has gone undetected for years

And is finally discovered
Hidden under the ribs,

His stomach.

What can the iceman's own body
Tell us about his final hours?

♪♪

Microbiologist frank maixner

Investigates
The iceman's stomach.

Maixner:
The amazing was really that the
Stomach was completely filled,

Could take out pieces of food
He ate shortly before he died.

Narrator:
Here is a perfectly preserved,
5,000-year-old snack.

The information we get from
The intestinal contents

Is really incredible.

We can reconstruct his diet,

But also we can reconstruct
His last few days.

Narrator:
Food only stays in the stomach
For a couple of hours,

Then passes through
To other parts of the gut,

So otzi must eat this meal
Shortly before he dies.

Hidden in these
Prehistoric remains,

Frank spots
Something unusual.

When we take now
A water-based solution,

And we add it,

Stomach content
Actually floats up

In this water-based solution,

Which was quite
Unexpected to us.

Narrator:
For frank, it's the telltale
Sign of a fatty substance.

♪♪

He uses a centrifuge

To separate
The different components

Of the stomach's
Crumbly contents.

On the one hand, we have
The plant and animal material.

And we have here
The second part,

Which is the pure fat.

Narrator:
The iceman's last meal consists
Of nearly 50 percent fat.

Shows us that
The iceman had already

A good knowledge
On the diet,

And the fat he ate
Gave him the energy

To survive up there
In this mountain.

Narrator:
Frank thinks this high-fat meal

Can reveal more
About otzi's last hours.

To investigate, he's come to
The south tyrol archeopark

For a prehistoric cookout.

Maixner: so we have here
Some wild goat meat,

The type of meat we found also
In the iceman's stomach content.

And I will cut it here.

So for cutting,
We use a flint stone,

Similar like the iceman did
5,300 years ago.

Narrator:
Frank believes otzi chooses
Energy-rich cuts of meat.

The neck muscle of wild goat
Is fatty, just like bacon.

He cooks the meat
Using an ancient method --

At low temperature
Over an open fire.

Maixner: so if you take now
A piece of meat that was cooked

Only at about approximately
70 degrees fahrenheit,

We can clearly see that
The structure is still intact.

Narrator:
Frank analyzes the cooked meat.

It has a similar structure
To the meat in otzi's stomach.

Maixner: the presence
Of this outer structure elements

Tells us that the meat
Was not harshly heated up.

The iceman's meal consisted
Of dried meat,

Which is similar
Like beef jerky.

So all the water content
Is removed.

♪♪

Narrator: otzi carries
A pre-prepared meal.

Perhaps he knows he'll be away
For some time,

But there's something else.

Maixner: when the iceman had
His last meals,

He unintentionally
Also swallowed pollens,

Which were in the environment.

Narrator:
From the position of these
Pollens in the iceman's gut,

Frank can piece together

A detailed timeline
Of otzi's last days.

He analyzes the samples

Taken from the iceman's
Lower intestine.

These reveal where otzi is
Nearly two days before he dies.

Maixner: we saw pine-tree pollen
Inside of him.

This tells us that he was
Actually was for this meal

At around approximately
2,000 meters above sea level.

Narrator:
The same technique pinpoints

Where the iceman
Is 24 hours later.

He went down into the valley
At approximately 1,200 meters.

We see a different
Pollen profile,

Trees which are more growing
At this altitude.

Narrator:
The pollen allows frank
To trace otzi's journey

10,000 feet up in the alps.

The iceman was found up there
At this mountain,

Which within the last 2 days,

The iceman was trekking up
And down in this mountains

And long-distance treks also.

In this extreme environment,

We really ask ourself
Why he did so.

What was his motivation
To do this?

Narrator: otzi's final trip

Deepens the mystery
Surrounding his death.

What kills him in
That lonely mountain pass?

Is it an accident or murder?

Can new forensic analysis
Of the iceman's injuries

Help solve this
5,000-year-old cold case?

♪♪

Narrator: otzi, a man entombed
In ice for over 5,000 years.

His perfectly preserved body

Is a link
To life in the copper age,

A world that is becoming
More complex.

Scientists piece together
His final days,

But now they're trying to
Understand how he dies and why.

External examinations
Of his body

Reveal a debilitating injury
To his right hand,

A 1-inch cut
Right down to the bone.

Bruising to his face suggests
A more sinister wound.

Beneath the skull,
Evidence of a brain hemorrhage,

A possible blunt-force trauma,

And on his left shoulder,
A small puncture.

Beneath the shoulder blade,

A trail of damaged tissue
Leads to a piece of flint

No larger than a dime,
An arrowhead.

A series of dangerous wounds,

Which one kills him,

And is it murder?

Paleopathologist albert zink

Heads the scientific team

Investigating
The death of the iceman.

We are using
Modern forensic science

To better understand
How the iceman died,

The circumstances
Around his death,

What happened in
The last moments of his life.

Narrator:
Blood samples can reveal
If a wound if fatal.

Forensic scientists study them
For vital clues

As to when an injury occurs.

Zink:
It's very difficult to find
Blood samples in the iceman,

So this was a big problem
That we had.

Narrator:
Now, new forensic technology

Helps albert investigate
The iceman's injuries

In microscopic detail.

He analyzes tissue samples

Taken from otzi's hand,
Brain, and arrow wounds.

Zink:
We see this microscopic picture,

And just by looking
On this image,

We were not sure about
Whether this is blood cells,

Maybe something else like pollen
Or a dust particle.

Narrator:
Albert uses a pioneering
Nanoprobe to find out.

This creates a 3-d image
Of the iceman's tissue sample

In extraordinary detail.

This is amazing that we
Really got a 3-d object

That perfectly shows

The structure
Of red blood cells.

By doing this,
We really could prove

That we have identified
For the first time

Red blood cells
Of 5,300 years of age.

Narrator: this is the oldest
Human blood cell ever found,

So how does prehistoric plasma
Remain intact for so long?

The secret lies in otzi's
Unusual burial.

Just hours after his death,

Snow quickly covers
The iceman's body,

Hiding his remains
From scavenging animals.

Over the following weeks,

The layers of snow
Compact into ice.

Otzi's internal organs
Plunge into deep freeze,

Trapping moisture
Which preserves

The fragile blood cells.
And as his body lies in a gully,

The churning movement of the
Glacier above cannot harm it.

Over 5,000 years,
The ice occasionally melts,

Allowing the alpine winds to dry
And mummify the iceman's skin.

With otzi's ancient blood cells
Still intact,

Albert can investigate
Which injuries kill him.

Zink:
With the help of the blood,

We could understand
Whether the wounds were fresh

Or the wounds
Were already starting to heal,

And with this, we could also
Try to reconstruct

What happened in the last hours
And days before he died.

Narrator:
First, albert analyzes the blood

From the wound
On otzi's right hand.

You can see here is a scratch
On his right hand

In his right palm.

It's, really, a big cut wound.

It must have been caused
By a plate,

So maybe a knife
Or even an axe.

Narrator: an atomic microscope
Magnifies the blood sample.

♪♪

Zink: we wanted to know whether
This was a fresh cut wound

Or it was already
Starting to heal,

And here you see
This blue-greenish material.

This shows that the healing
Process has already started.

Narrator:
The hand wound is not fresh,

But happens a few days
Before otzi dies.

Next, albert analyzes
The wound in the iceman's head.

When we looked into his brain,

We saw some darkened areas
In the back of the brain,

Which are signs, at least
In modern forensic cases,

For brain trauma.

Does this kill otzi?

We have no clear conclusion
That this brain injury

Has contributed to his death

Or was just injury
He got from falling down.

Narrator: albert now turns
To the last injury,

The arrow wound.

He uses the same
Magnifying process

To find something very different
From the hand wound.

We found traces of a substance
That it's called fibrin,

And it's a molecule
That helps to clot the blood

And to fix the wound.

Narrator: fibrin forms quickly
After an injury,

But disappears from the body

Before the healing
Process starts.

Zink:
By finding the fibrin,

It means that
It was a fresh wound

That didn't show any signs
Of healing.

It was an amazing finding

Because it showed us

That he didn't survive
This arrow shot.

So we had an ultimate proof
Finally

That he was killed
With the arrow.

Narrator: the wound confirms
That otzi is murdered.

Zink: the arrow,
When it entered the body,

Injured a major artery.

This means he must have lost
A lot of blood,

This have killed him
Within 30 minutes or 1 hour.

Narrator: who would want to kill
Someone like otzi?

What kind of enemies
Might he have?

Narrator: otzi the iceman
Murdered high in the alps,

This ancient crime scene
Remains frozen in ice,

Unchanged for 5,000 years.

Scientists believe
The cause of his death

Was a single arrow shot
To his shoulder.

But key questions still
Fascinate investigators.

Who kills otzi and why,
And what could his death tell us

About the world he lives in?

In switzerland, paleopathologist
Frank ruehli wants to know

What the murder weapon,
The arrow,

Can tell him
About otzi's killer.

[ conversing in german ]

Narrator:
Frank meets juergen junkmann

At zurich police forces
Firing range.

He has spent 20 years

Researching
Prehistoric weaponry.

So you brought the bows
And the arrows?

Yeah.
I tried to replicate otzi.

Juergen has constructed
An exact replica

Of the bow and arrow
Used in otzi's time.

It's quite capable
Of killing any animal.

♪♪

They've set up a target
That simulates otzi.

This ballistic gel
Mimics his body,

And the goat hide in front
Replicates his clothes.

So let's see what we can
Learn about the murder.

Close inspection reveals

How deep the arrow
Penetrates into otzi's body.

Frank uses this evidence

To test how far away
Otzi's killer is.

First, juergen fires
A shot from 30 feet.

Nice.

Let's get
And have a look.

So this one went really
Deep into the body,

So the killer must have been
Even further away, I guess.

A shot fired
At this distance

Would penetrate deeper
Into otzi's body

Than the arrow that kills him.

So juergen fires
From 100 feet.

It's how it looks like
After 30 meters.

Let's see.

♪♪

Didn't go that far.

It still has enough impact
To be lethal.

We can assume
The murderer

Being about
This distance away.

♪♪

Narrator: it's an ambush.

The killer fires
From a safe distance

And shoots otzi from behind.

Ruehli: he was shot
By this arrow.

He was starting to bleed
Massively,

And in combination
With the cold

Where he was sort of
On top of the mountain,

He probably just
Sort of bled to death.

Narrator: but after 5,000 years,
What other leads are there

To help frank investigate
A motive and a killer.

Ruehli: otzi seems to be
Of a certain wealth,

But I think
It's rather unlikely

That it was specifically
A robbery in this case.

Otherwise, you would expect more
Of the equipment being missing.

Narrator: frank examines wounds
In otzi's body.

They point to a fatal chain
Of events

That begins a few days
Before his murder.

Ruehli: otzi had a wound
In the right hand.

The location of the wound

Indicates that it might be
Actually some sort of defense

To someone
Who is attacking him.

We know from the histological
Examinations

That the wound
Was a few days old.

Narrator: frank suspects
That otzi knows his killer.

You often see also in modern
Situations of homicide

That there is
An escalation of violence,

So someone attacks someone,

And then it goes
Even further and further.

Eventually, it ends into
A deadly assault on someone,

So that's a pattern
We might have seen already

5,000 years ago.

Narrator:
Otzi lives at a time

When a new social order
Is emerging.

Material wealth
And specialized skills

Split people
Into high and low status.

Does this breed resentment?

Ruehli: emotional reasons
Play a big role.

Maybe someone was envious
About his life

Because of his wealth,

About his status,
About his behavior.

Maybe he made someone upset
Back in his village.

These are possible reasons
Why someone gets killed.

♪♪

Narrator:
The iceman is murdered.

His perfectly preserved remains
Tell us much about his death,

But also the time he lives in,

A world we can
Still recognize today.

Ruehli:
The case of otzi is fascinating

Because after 5,000 years,

We have evolved enormously
Technologically.

But in terms of emotion
And the way we act,

Mankind may still be
Exactly the same.

Narrator: otzi is one of
The most incredible

Archaeological discoveries
Of all time.

He unlocks secrets of
A european culture

That flourishes
At the dawn of civilization

When humans are leaving
The stone age behind

And entering
A brave, new world.

♪♪

♪♪

♪♪