All language subtitles for Unearthed.(2016).S04E03.Pompeiis.Doomsday.Mummies.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DD+2.0.H.264-Cinefeel_track3_[eng]

Narrator: the doomed
Roman city of pompeii,

Destroyed by the eruption
Of a killer volcano,

Buried beneath ash and rock
For nearly 2,000 years,

Pompeii's death is legendary,

But the mystery of its birth
Remains unsolved.

Now, scientists venture beneath
The surface of this lost world

To discover why the people
Of pompeii founded their city

In one of the most
Dangerous places on earth.

[ italian accent ]
What we should ask ourselves is,

"Why would people build
On a volcano?"

Narrator: breakthroughs
Reveal surprising secrets

Hidden in this
Apocalyptic landscape.

Could this deadly volcano
Actually be the very reason

Why pompeii exists at all?

To solve these mysteries,

We'll pull apart this remarkable
City stone by stone.

We'll dive beneath the marble
Floors and behind the frescoes

To unearth
The astonishing secrets

Of this doomed metropolis
And discover

Why it was founded here
In the danger zone.

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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications

Pompeii, built in the shadow
Of mainland europe's

Most active volcano --
Vesuvius.

An entire roman city with
A population of 11,000 people

Razed to the ground
By an apocalyptic eruption,

Entombed 2,000 years ago

By nearly 25 feet
Of volcanic debris,

But now investigators are
Digging beneath the layer

Preserved by the ash.

Their goal -- to delve into
A deeper mystery

And shed light on
The city's very foundations.

We always think of pompeii
As the classic roman town,

And we forget that this has got
A long,

Long history
Of occupation beforehand.

[ rumbling ]

Narrator: underneath
A thick layer of volcanic debris

Lies an entire
Ancient metropolis

Preserved for centuries.

[ crumbling ]

Flanked by shops and bars,

Pompeii's main street
Is frozen in time.

It led to the center
Of the city, the forum.

It was enclosed on three sides
By a grand pillared arcade --

[ rumbling ]

Once the bustling heart
Of pompeii.

Who founded this city?

And why was it constructed
In the blast zone

Of an active volcano?

[ suspenseful music plays ]

Archaeologist sophie hay
Has dedicated her career

To investigating pompeii.

She's trying to piece together

How and why
The city emerged here.

Hay: [ british accent ] This is
What makes pompeii so special.

You can see the state
Of preservation here,

Unparalleled in the roman world.

Narrator: a third of the town
Still remains untouched

By archaeologists to preserve
The treasures under the ash.

But today, for the first time
In more than a decade,

A major new excavation
Is beginning.

The dig gives sophie a rare
Chance to investigate

The shocking depth
To which pompeii was buried.

It highlights the enormous
Challenge

Archaeologists face
In their search

For this city's
Mysterious origins.

This is the material that
Vesuvius dumped upon pompeii

During the 79 a.D. Eruption,

And this just filled
These rooms.

Narrator:
The preservation of everyday
Roman life is breathtaking.

It has made pompeii's story
Truly iconic.

Even now, archaeologists are
Unearthing grand villas

Adorned with intricate wall
Paintings and beautiful mosaics.

They're building an incredibly
Detailed picture

Of how
Pompeii's people lived,

From the bankers
And politicians,

To the slaves
And gladiators.

This is the closest contact
I can have with the romans,

Seeing the everyday objects

That they used
Nearly 2,000 years ago.

Narrator:
Archaeologists are still
Unearthing victims

From the city's final day,
Like this man,

Crushed by flying rubble,

But beneath the roman layer
Hide untold secrets.

Hay:
Most of the excavations of
Pompeii stop at the roman level.

We've got a long way to go

Before we understand
The origins.

Narrator:
Who founded this city, and why
Did they choose this spot?

Can a discovery at the gates
Of pompeii

Reveal why the city
Emerged here beneath a volcano?

[ rumbling ]

Buried underground,
Archaeologists have discovered

A tomb undisturbed
For more than 2,000 years.

[ rumbling ]

Stone slabs mark
The final resting place

Of a solitary
Female skeleton.

There are few clues
To her identity,

But surrounding her body are 12
Beautifully decorated vases

Painted in a style
Almost unlike anything else

Excavated in pompeii.

What can these rare objects

Reveal about the area's
Secret history?

[ rumbling ]

The vases open a window
Onto the little-known tribes

Who occupied pompeii before rome
Conquered it in 80 b.C.

Hay: wow.
That's a good few 100 years

Before roman pompeii.

These vases are extremely old,
But the decoration is not roman.

[ camera shutter clicks ]It's greek.

For sophie and pottery
Specialist letitia kavassa,

The origin of the tomb's
Offerings is an important clue.

And these two here,
They're beautiful.

Before the rise of rome,
The greeks were one of

The most advanced civilizations
In the mediterranean.

The vases
Suggest they were here,

Sharing their culture
With early pompeians,

But why?

Today, pompeii seems
An unlikely place

To find a greek vase,
But 2,000 years ago,

It was a center of trade
Close to the sea.

The city was strategically
Placed near the sarnus river,

Giving the town direct access
To the bay of naples.

Surrounded by the steep slopes
Of ancient volcanoes,

The bay was known
For its unusually deep waters.

Much of italy's coast
Is made up of shallow beaches

That large ships
Cannot approach,

So the bay of naples became
Vital for international trade.

♪♪

Sophie believes ancient
Greek commerce

May be the key
To unlocking pompeii's origins.

[ suspenseful music plays ]

She heads to the town's
Oldest district

In search of more evidence.

Hay:
This is the triangular forum.

It's a slightly mysterious place
In pompeii.

It feels very different.

Narrator:
Archaeologists believe
The triangular forum

Is a remnant of pompeii's
Earliest days.

Clues to the town's beginnings
Survive in the stonework here.

Hay: so this is the last piece
In the jigsaw.

This huge piece of
Architectural fragment

Was a column capital,
So right

At the top of the column,
But it's not roman.

It's greek, and it dates
To the 6th century b.C.,

So 700 years before
The eruption of vesuvius.

[ suspenseful music plays ]

Narrator: the temple overlooks
The old course of the river.

Sophie believes
It's a clear sign

That pompeii was tapping into
The ancient greek trading world.

The greek columns would have
Been visible to passing traders

In search of markets
To sell goods,

Everything from pottery to food
And even slaves.

Pompeii was a melting pot
Of cultures

From the 6th century b.C.

All the way through
To the roman period,

And that's encapsulated here.

Narrator: by 79 a.D.,

Pompeii had developed
Into a thriving trading hub

Thanks to steep volcanic slopes
Forming a deep natural harbor,

But was the volcano providing
More than just a port?

Was the force that eventually
Killed pompeii

The very thing that allowed it
To flourish in the first place?

Narrator: pompeii --
An entire roman city destroyed

And preserved by
A volcanic eruption,

The settlement's history
Stretches back hundreds of years

Before 79 a.D.,

But why did pompeii change
From a small coastal port

To a major commercial hub?

Did the volcano itself provide
The resources needed

For the town's transformation
Into a thriving roman city?

Geologist guido giordano
Thinks a clue

May lie hidden in the actual
Fabric of pompeii's buildings.

Giordano: everywhere
You walk through this city,

You find evidence
Of volcanic material

Being used in construction,
And this is because volcanoes

Produce a wide variety
Of rock types from hard

And heavy lavas to soft
And light volcanic tuffs,

And in the bay of naples,
Those are everywhere.

Narrator:
Pompeii's roman roads were laid
With tuff lava stone

To withstand the heavy traffic
Of horse-drawn carts.

Decorative architectural
Features were sculpted

From softer volcanic tuff.

Did these materials
Attract the first pompeians

To this location?

Beneath a house in the south
Of the city

Lies evidence of pompeii's
Original architecture --

Stone foundations
Buried below the surface

That predate the surrounding
Buildings by hundreds of years.

They stretch back
To the 6th century b.C.

Made from soft volcanic rock
And packed into the ground

A mere 4 inches deep,
These foundations were the roots

Of the earliest structures
In pompeii.

Could this rock hold the answer

To why this city grew
And flourished here?

In 79 a.D., vesuvius had been
Dormant for hundreds of years,

But volcanic material
From much older eruptions

Formed the region's bedrock.

So what was it
That made this rock

So useful
To ancient builders?

Building materials
Are fundamental

To understanding
Ancient civilizations.

This material is actually
Very soft, very easily workable,

But at the same time,
It is strong,

And that's why pompeii
Is largely made

Of blocks of tuff like this one.

Narrator:
The volcano provided the raw
Material for early pompeians

To build their settlement,

But guido believes that when
The romans conquered the region,

Their ingenious use of tuff

Helped them
To supersize the city.

[ mysterious music plays ]

♪♪

He investigates a stone mine

Deep beneath the nearby city
Of naples.

Here, ancient tuff can be found
In its original state --

Volcanic ash cemented into rock.

The citizens used
Carved blocks of tuff

To construct pompeii's
Grand public buildings,

But they also used it
As a mortar.

When crushed, the rock
Turns back into loose ash.

One of the most revolutionary
Invention of ancient romans

Was to mix this volcanic ash
With quicklime

To produce a cement

That is actually able to dry
Even in wet environments.

Narrator:
The romans' development
Of hydraulic cement

Meant they could
Build underwater.

This wonder material transformed
Their influence

Within the mediterranean.

This invention allowed them
To build concrete structures

And piers for their harbors,

And this is probably
One of the key aspects

Of the success of pompeii.

Narrator:
The advanced infrastructure
Of the bay of naples ports

Enabled pompeii to thrive
On mediterranean trade,

But what were pompeii's
Merchants selling?

Was living beneath a volcano
Actually boosting

The city's economy?

With commerce flourishing
In the bay,

Business boomed for traders,

Nowhere more than at the
Hundreds of bars across pompeii.

These served locally grown food
To visitors and pompeians alike,

Perhaps functioning as informal
Meeting points

Where trade deals
Could be made.

The walls were covered
In frescoes

Depicting the roman god of wine,
Bacchus,

And their storerooms
Were stocked full of amphorae,

Vessels for transporting wine.

Amphorae bearing pompeii's
Stamps have turned up across

The roman empire,
From britain to north africa.

So was wine at the heart
Of pompeii's roaring trade?

Today, farmers grow grapes
In organic vineyards

All over the mountain.

Guido believes that vesuvius'
Geology may offer

A huge advantage
To this industry.

Today's soils contain
The products

Of vesuvius'
Most recent eruption.

The latest was in 1944.

Two thousand years ago,

Pompeii's winemakers
Would have been growing vines

In the ash of earlier eruptions.

This kind of material is very
Easily weathered by water,

By rainwater,

So the minerals are released
To the soil very quickly.

Narrator:
Until 79 a.D., vesuvius hadn't
Erupted for centuries,

Long enough
For generations of farmers

To safely establish vineyards

And perfect
The art of winemaking.

Guido tests the acidity
Of the soil.

It confirms the reason
For pompeii's

Success in wine production.

Giordano:
So this has worked perfectly.

Look at the orange color.

That means that the soil
Is very acidic,

And this is due to the presence
Of very high content

Of potassium
In the vesuvius volcanic ash.

Potassium is very important
To plants,

So that's the reason
Why this soil is so fertile.

Narrator:
Pompeii had everything it needed

To become
A thriving trading hub.

The volcano provided
Natural harbors,

The raw material
For commercial infrastructure

And even its major export: wine.

Giordano:
Pompeii had a prime location,

So no wonder it was flourishing
In the 1st century.

Narrator:
The volcano was clearly key
To pompeii's prosperity.

As it grew, more people came
To live in the danger zone,

But did the benefits
That allowed the city

To prosper come at a deadly cost
Long before vesuvius erupted,

And did the people of pompeii

Know that their time
Was running out?

[ ominous music plays ]

Narrator:
Pompeii, one of the most
Perfectly preserved cities

In the ancient world,

Now, archaeologists
Are discovering that the town

Destroyed by vesuvius in 79 a.D.
Was no ordinary roman city.

Pompeii was a 600-year-old
Mediterranean trading hub.

It owed its very existence
To the volcano

And the resources
It provided,

But was vesuvius also
Extracting a deadly price

Even before it erupted?

A clue lies in
The city's lifeblood --

Its ingenious roman
Water network.

At the highest point of the city
Stands the castellum aquae,

Distributing water
Throughout pompeii.

Connected to it, lead pipes
Travel 150 yards downhill

Beneath the sidewalk
To the first water tower.

♪♪

This fed the city's homes
And public baths,

But encrusted on the brick
A thick mineral deposit

Built up over decades.

Could this residue have had
A potentially deadly effect

On the people living here?

[ ominous chord strikes ]

Forensic anthropologist
Pier paolo petrone

Wants to find out.

The bones of the dead
Could hold the answers,

But they're locked away
From forensic examination.

Contorted in their
Agonizing death poses

And covered by falling ash,
The victims were preserved

By 19th-century
Archaeologists.

They cast in plaster
The molds left

By the long-decayed bodies,

But the plaster is so dense
Even ct scans struggle

To penetrate through
To the bone inside,

So for clues pier paolo
Examines skeletons

Excavated from neighboring
Herculaneum.

This was another town buried
By the eruption of 79 a.D.

He looks for evidence that
Could explain the effect

Of living beneath vesuvius.

Pier paolo uses a ct scanner
To investigate the skull

Of a man who died
Sheltering from the eruption.

The scans reveal a surprise.

This man was relatively old
When the volcano killed him.

[ suspenseful music plays ]

Was vesuvius having a sinister
Effect on his quality of life?

Pier paolo examines
The skeletons

In search
Of a pattern of pathology.

In almost every victim,
He finds strange bony growths

That would have made
Joints stiff and painful.

In some cases, the effects are
Shockingly severe,

Even leading to paralysis.

Pier paolo analyzes the victims'
Teeth to find more clues.

What he discovers suggests
That the mystery disease

Was linked to their diet
And the region's volcanic soil.

Fluorosis is caused by
The excessive

Consumption
Of the mineral fluoride.

Pier paolo thinks that
The people of pompeii

Were being slowly poisoned
By a contaminated water supply.

Vesuvius' permeable volcanic
Rock is rich in fluoride.

As rain filters through
The ground,

This fluoride dissolves
Into the water,

Entering springs
In the valley below.

The romans used these polluted
Springs for drinking water

And built an ingenious aqueduct
To carry it down to pompeii.

At the castellum aquae,

The water was divided
To supply fountains,

Baths, and houses
Across the city.

The people drank
The fluoride-laced water,

Which over time ravaged
Their bones and joints.

The volcanic terrain that had
Nurtured the city

Was sucking the life
From its population.

The people of pompeii
Had prospered

Due to the volcano's
Natural resources,

But did they have any idea

They were living
Beneath a silent killer?

Should they have spotted
The warning signs

That this volcano
Was about to erupt,

And could they have escaped?

Narrator: pompeii --
The roman city destroyed

By a giant volcanic eruption.

Today, archaeologists are
Still digging down

Through the millions of tons
Of volcanic debris

To uncover its hidden secrets.

Could pompeii's citizens
Have known their time

Was running out?

Volcanologist giuseppe
Mastrolorenzo investigates

The heartbeat
Of this sleeping giant.

[ ominous music plays ]

He's trying to figure out
Whether the volcano

Offered any warning of the fury
It was about to unleash.

Even today,
One third of this city

Is still completely buried
Under volcanic ash.

[ suspenseful music plays ]

Did the people of pompeii have
Any inkling of the cataclysm

That was coming their way?

There may be a clue in the walls
Of one of pompeii's

Partially excavated buildings --

This impressive villa
Set around a courtyard.

[ rumbling ]

Inside is a snapshot
Of pompeii's final moments,

On the north wall,
The yellow sketched outline

Of an unfinished fresco.

Beneath it, archaeologists
Discovered pots stained

With bright paint pigments.

Alongside them, larger pots
Containing lime plaster,

The base layer
For another painting,

But there's a strange mistake.

Plaster was splashed on the wall
Covering the fresco,

Evidence of a panic
When this room was abandoned.

People were working here
Right up until the eruption.

[ rumbling ]

Should they have spotted
The warning signs?

Earthquakes often occur
In the lead-up to an eruption.

They're caused by molten rock
Or magma

Building up
Within the volcano.

Archaeologists have identified
More signs

Of earthquake damage
Around the city --

Cracks in stone walls
Patched up with bricks.

The people of pompeii
Were still making repairs

Even though the volcano
Had started to produce tremors.

Why?

The romans were no strangers
To active volcanoes

Such as etna and stromboli.

Their eruptions were rarely
Preceded by earthquakes,

But seismic activity
Did occur regularly.

Italy straddles
A major fault line

Where two mighty
Tectonic plates meet.

This boundary makes italy one
Of europe's tremor hot spots,

Suffering
A devastating earthquake

On average roughly
Every 5 years.

Pompeii itself had been hit
17 years before the eruption,

So it's unlikely
That people connected

The tremors with the mountain.

So if the pompeians didn't know
They were living

Beneath a volcano,

How much time did they get
To save themselves

When the eruption
Finally began?

[ ominous music plays ]

[ rumbling ]

Giuseppe believes he's found
A lead in the volcanic fallout.

These little stones
Are fragments of rock

Called pumice
Ejected from the volcano.

Giuseppe
Thinks these pumice stones

Might reveal how quickly
The eruption took place.

At his laboratory in naples,
Giuseppe

And his team
Take a closer look.

Deep within
The rock's microstructure

Lies the imprint
Of the eruption itself.

The team uses x-rays to isolate
The individual crystals

And bubbles of air within it.

This technique allows giuseppe

To decipher the conditions
Inside the volcano

When the pumice was formed.

This will reveal how quickly
The magma was expelled.

The tiny size of the crystals
Within the pumice

Suggests they had
Very little time to grow.

As the pumice rained down
On pompeii,

Roofs collapsed
Under its weight,

Crushing the people
Taking shelter below,

But this was only a precursor
To a much more deadly force.

What exactly happened
During the eruption,

And could new evidence reveal

That there may even
Have been survivors?

Narrator:
The eruption of mount vesuvius
In 79 a.D.

Shocked and terrified
The people of pompeii.

For years, the town
Had been rocked

By tremors and earthquakes.

Archaeologists believe
That its citizens

Didn't connect
The shaking of the ground

With the threat of eruption.

Many ignored it
Until it was too late.

The devastation of the city
Was rapid and merciless.

♪♪

But scientists are now
Uncovering evidence

That some people may incredibly
Have been able

To live through the eruption.

[ rumbling ]

When archaeologists
Excavated pompeii,

They discovered strange cavities
Inside the ash.

As burned bodies decayed,
They left voids

In the hardened material,

Eerie imprints of these people's
Last moments

That even captured
Facial expressions.

Encased in the ash,
The victims' bones remained,

Long after their clothes
And flesh had gone,

But the blast wasn't hot enough

To instantly
Incinerate the bodies,

So was the temperature
At a level

That some people
Could have survived?

[ rumbling ]

Geologist
Guido giordano searches

The scorched walls of pompeii.

He pieces together
A detailed picture

Of exactly what
Its citizens were up against.

When the volcano erupted,
A giant cloud of hot rocks

And ash was fired up
To 30 kilometers in height.

People must have been terrified.

Narrator:
As the rocks began to fall,

The people of pompeii would have
Begun to flee,

But what happened next?

The force of the eruption
Propelled millions of tons

Worth of material into the sky.

As the pressure dropped,
The rock and ash began to fall.

A cascade of volcanic debris
Called a pyroclastic flow

Descended down the mountain
On a cushion of air

Flattening everything
In its path.

When the column collapsed,
Producing a huge avalanche

Very fast full of rock debris,
The top layer of that

Was a giant cloud
Of searing-hot gas and dust.

[ rumbling ]

Narrator:
Anyone who avoided the rock flow

Would have faced the surge
Of superheated gas.

[ suspenseful music plays ]

For a long time,
Scientists believed that people

Still left in the city
Would have died instantly,

But guido giordano and his team
Want to find out

If anyone caught up in
The cloud could have survived.

[ suspenseful music plays ]

Volcanologists believe that when
The pyroclastic flow

Surged towards pompeii,

Temperatures in the ash cloud
Exceeded 750 degrees fahrenheit,

Hot enough to melt lead.

This is an extremely hot
Temperature,

Unsurvivable for human beings.

Narrator:
But what happened to
Those temperatures

When the cloud entered the city?

Traveling at over 60 miles per
Hour barely touching the ground,

The 750-degree
Flow reached pompeii

In just a few minutes,
But in the city,

Any walls still standing
Could have provided refuge,

Shielding some areas
From the full force of the blow.

[ rumbling ]

Clues within pompeii's buildings

Suggest the temperature
Of the cloud

May have dropped
In these pockets of shelter.

Inside some of the houses,
You can still find bread

Or furniture virtually untouched
By the heat wave,

So this tells us that the
Dynamics of the pyroclastic flow

Once it entered the city
Must have gone through changes.

Narrator:
Using a pioneering technique,
Guido believes he can work out

How the ash cloud behaved

When it reached
Pompeii's streets and houses.

The secret is locked in the
Fragile remnants of wood

Found within
Pyroclastic deposits.

When wood is transformed into
Charcoal, its cells dry out.

Its surface becomes shiny
And reflects light,

A property guido can measure.

Giordano: we can convert the
Intensity of the light

Reflected into the temperature
Of the pyroclastic flow.

Narrator: for guido,
The results are tantalizing.

Some samples were burned at
Around 750 degrees fahrenheit,

But others burned
At a much lower heat.

The temperatures inside pompeii
Were actually

Much more variable
Than we expected.

Narrator: in some areas,
The heat never got above

300 degrees fahrenheit.

Guido believes at this
Temperature, against all odds,

People might have lived
Through the thermal shock.

Giordano:
In local areas of pompeii,

There could have been conditions
For survival for human beings.

[ ominous chord strikes ]

Narrator:
The possibility that its
Citizens could have escaped

The pyroclastic surges
Rewrites pompeii's history,

But in the days following
The eruption,

Their town was consumed
By the fallout.

Pompeii was beyond rescue,

But its story
Is only partly told.

What archaeological treasures
Still hide

In the city's last buried areas?

And what threat
Does vesuvius pose today?

Narrator:
Two thousand years ago,

Pompeii was destroyed
By the eruption of vesuvius,

Torn apart by pyroclastic flows
And buried by ash and pumice.

[ ominous notes strike ]

Today, a third of the town
Still rests

In its volcanic grave.

[ machinery treads clack ]

But the new dig is starting
To explore this hidden district.

What are pompeii's last
Remaining secrets?

So we're standing on...

Narrator:
Sophie hay joins pompeii's
Director general,

Massimo osanna.

His team is about to dig down

Into what appears
To be a townhouse.

Hay:
So I see a little glimpse
Down here of something.

This is
The top of the wall,

The first wall
Of our new excavation.

Most of the city's buildings
Were razed to the ground floor,

But this wall stands
13 feet above street level.

Incredibly, it suggests
This home's upper floors

May have survived.

In this part of the town,
This pyroclastic surge

Was not
So really destructive.

It's really fantastic
To understand

The ancient architecture.

[ upbeat music plays ]

The exposed brickwork is lined
With a seam of plaster.

As the excavation progresses,

It reveals richly
Decorated rooms.

Vivid depictions of birds
And sea creatures

Emerge from the ash.

Shielded from the worst
Of the heat,

This house is
A remarkable time capsule.

This new area allows
Archaeologists

To resurrect the city's
Lost upper levels.

Pompeii still has many
More secrets to yield,

But one day could
All this be buried again?

[ rumbling ]

Vesuvius has erupted more
Than 30 times

Since it consumed the city.

Giuseppe mastrolorenzo
And his colleagues

At the vesuvius observatory

Watch the mountain
For signs of it stirring.

It's not just vesuvius
That threatens

The modern gulf of naples.

The entire bay
Is ringed by volcanoes,

Including europe's largest,
Campi flegrei.

The potential costs
Of an eruption today

Are unimaginably high,

So despite pompeii's warning
From history, why, today,

Is the volcano's blast
Zone more populated than ever?

For the people
In the bay of naples,

The benefits of living
Here outweigh the risks.

Their ancestors have been
Making the same calculation

For thousands of years.

Volcanoes provide a wealth
Of benefits at all times,

And occasionally
Severe hazards.

The people of this region
Have learned to be resilient

To cope
With the volcanic hazard.

[ rumbling ]

Narrator:
Vesuvius fostered a thriving
Population for centuries,

But for the town of pompeii,
Luck ran out in 79 a.D.

The mountain finally called
In the debt.

The ruins are a time capsule

Preserving the volcano's cycle
Of birth and destruction,

Yet despite the danger,

People have returned in their
Millions to live in its shadow.

It's almost inevitable
That one day

The pattern will be
Repeated.

[ suspenseful music plays ]

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