All language subtitles for Unearthed.(2016).S02E04.Secret.History.of.the.Sphinx.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DD+2.0.H.264-Cinefeel_track3_[eng]

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:04,033 --> 00:00:07,233 Narrator: THE GREAT SPHINX OF EGYPT, 2 00:00:07,267 --> 00:00:10,400 MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS OLD, 3 00:00:10,433 --> 00:00:14,400 AND PERHAPS THE MOST ICONIC STATUE IN THE WORLD. 4 00:00:14,433 --> 00:00:20,300 NEVER HAD EGYPT SEEN SCULPTURE ON SUCH A SCALE. 5 00:00:20,333 --> 00:00:23,733 Narrator: THIS HUMAN-HEADED LION HAS PUZZLED ARCHAEOLOGISTS 6 00:00:23,767 --> 00:00:26,100 FOR GENERATIONS. 7 00:00:26,133 --> 00:00:29,100 WHAT WAS THE SPHINX FOR? 8 00:00:29,133 --> 00:00:30,767 THE EGYPTIANS ACTUALLY THOUGHT 9 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:32,833 THAT THESE STATUES DID THINGS. 10 00:00:32,867 --> 00:00:35,200 THEY HAD POWER. 11 00:00:35,233 --> 00:00:39,233 Narrator: TODAY, PIONEERING TECHNOLOGIES... 12 00:00:39,267 --> 00:00:42,233 REVEAL NEW TRUTHS. 13 00:00:42,267 --> 00:00:44,200 THERE'S NO SMOKING GUN. 14 00:00:44,233 --> 00:00:47,033 THERE'S NO SIGNATURE LEFT ON THE SPHINX, 15 00:00:47,067 --> 00:00:49,267 BUT THERE ARE CLUES. 16 00:00:49,300 --> 00:00:52,600 Narrator: TO UNRAVEL THE MYSTERY OF THE SPHINX, 17 00:00:52,633 --> 00:00:57,467 WE WILL VENTURE DEEP INSIDE THIS ASTONISHING MONUMENT. 18 00:00:57,500 --> 00:01:01,200 WE WILL EXPLORE ITS EXTRAORDINARY TEMPLES 19 00:01:01,233 --> 00:01:04,433 AND INVESTIGATE ITS ABANDONED WATERWAYS 20 00:01:04,467 --> 00:01:07,600 TO REVEAL THE HIDDEN SECRETS 21 00:01:07,633 --> 00:01:10,800 AT THE HEART OF THIS ANCIENT WONDER. 22 00:01:10,833 --> 00:01:13,800 * 23 00:01:13,833 --> 00:01:16,800 -- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com 24 00:01:16,833 --> 00:01:19,867 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 25 00:01:22,867 --> 00:01:25,633 THE GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA SITS 26 00:01:25,667 --> 00:01:30,133 IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF MODERN-DAY CAIRO. 27 00:01:30,167 --> 00:01:31,233 IT APPEARS TO GUARD 28 00:01:31,267 --> 00:01:34,467 AN ANCIENT COMPLEX OF TEMPLES AND PYRAMIDS. 29 00:01:36,300 --> 00:01:38,933 THESE TOWERING MONUMENTS WERE BUILT AS TOMBS 30 00:01:38,967 --> 00:01:41,900 FOR THE GREAT KINGS OF EGYPT. 31 00:01:41,933 --> 00:01:44,767 WE KNOW WHICH PHARAOH EACH PYRAMID WAS BUILT FOR, 32 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:49,300 BECAUSE THE EGYPTIANS LEFT PLENTY OF CLUES BEHIND. 33 00:01:49,333 --> 00:01:51,267 THE PYRAMIDS ARE MORE OBVIOUS. 34 00:01:51,300 --> 00:01:53,933 THEY SEEM TO BE COLOSSAL, GIGANTIC TOMBS 35 00:01:53,967 --> 00:01:55,733 TO THE DECEASED PHARAOH. 36 00:01:55,767 --> 00:01:57,967 WE KNOW THAT FROM TEXTS. 37 00:01:58,067 --> 00:02:00,833 WE DON'T HAVE THOSE TEXTS FOR THE SPHINX, 38 00:02:00,867 --> 00:02:05,467 SO WE HAVE TO GO ON CONTEXT INSTEAD OF HIEROGLYPHICS. 39 00:02:05,500 --> 00:02:06,700 Narrator: THE IDENTITY 40 00:02:06,733 --> 00:02:08,933 OF THE PHARAOH THAT BUILT THE SPHINX 41 00:02:08,967 --> 00:02:13,067 IS ONE OF THE MOST ENDURING MYSTERIES IN EGYPTOLOGY. 42 00:02:13,100 --> 00:02:17,300 TODAY, INVESTIGATORS USE NEW FORENSIC TECHNIQUES... 43 00:02:17,333 --> 00:02:19,433 AND MAPPING TECHNOLOGY 44 00:02:19,467 --> 00:02:22,667 TO SEE THE SPHINX AS THEY NEVER HAVE BEFORE. 45 00:02:28,133 --> 00:02:31,400 THE HEAD OF THE SPHINX IS BIGGER 46 00:02:31,433 --> 00:02:34,133 THAN THE HEAD OF THE STATUE OF LIBERTY. 47 00:02:35,633 --> 00:02:39,933 IT'S CARVED FROM LAYERS OF ANCIENT LIMESTONE 48 00:02:39,967 --> 00:02:45,600 AND TOWERS 65 FEET ABOVE THE DESERT SAND. 49 00:02:45,633 --> 00:02:48,067 IT HAS A MASSIVE BODY, 50 00:02:48,067 --> 00:02:50,400 AS LONG AS A JUMBO JET. 51 00:02:52,533 --> 00:02:56,500 AND UNDER HUNDREDS OF PROTECTIVE LIMESTONE TILES... 52 00:02:59,067 --> 00:03:03,467 ...ITS GIGANTIC PAWS STRETCH OUT LONGER THAN A CITY BUS. 53 00:03:10,733 --> 00:03:12,233 BUT SURPRISINGLY, 54 00:03:12,267 --> 00:03:15,367 THE STEEP-SIDED HOLLOW THAT THE SPHINX SITS IN 55 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:18,267 OFFERS THE BEST CLUE TO WHO BUILT IT. 56 00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:24,067 EGYPTOLOGIST MARK LEHNER BELIEVES THE EGYPTIANS DUG DOWN 57 00:03:24,067 --> 00:03:25,900 TO CREATE THE SPHINX, 58 00:03:25,933 --> 00:03:28,333 REMOVING THOUSANDS OF TONS OF STONE 59 00:03:28,367 --> 00:03:31,067 TO SHAPE THE STATUE'S MASSIVE BODY. 60 00:03:31,067 --> 00:03:35,567 TODAY, THE STEEP-SIDED PIT WALLS THAT SURROUND THE SPHINX 61 00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:37,567 STILL BEAR THE ANCIENT SCARS 62 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:40,333 OF THIS MAMMOTH EXCAVATION. 63 00:03:40,367 --> 00:03:42,333 Lehner: YOU HAVE TO IMAGINE WHAT IT LOOKED LIKE. 64 00:03:42,367 --> 00:03:47,667 THIS ENTIRE VOLUME OF QUARRY WAS BEING WORKED. 65 00:03:47,700 --> 00:03:50,533 BLOCKS WERE BEING TAKEN AWAY IN THE FORM OF, YOU KNOW, 66 00:03:50,567 --> 00:03:53,933 MASSIVE STONES, 100 TONS IN WEIGHT. 67 00:03:55,633 --> 00:03:58,600 Narrator: MARK BELIEVES FINDING THESE QUARRIED STONES 68 00:03:58,633 --> 00:04:02,933 IS THE KEY TO REVEALING WHO BUILT THE SPHINX. 69 00:04:02,967 --> 00:04:06,067 HE SUSPECTS THE BLOCKS DIDN'T GO FAR. 70 00:04:07,967 --> 00:04:11,100 THESE RUINS THAT SIT AT THE PAWS OF THE SPHINX 71 00:04:11,133 --> 00:04:12,967 WERE ONCE LAVISH TEMPLES 72 00:04:13,067 --> 00:04:17,400 BUILT BY THE GREAT PHARAOH KHAFRE. 73 00:04:17,433 --> 00:04:19,700 MARK IS CONVINCED THE SAME PHARAOH 74 00:04:19,733 --> 00:04:22,200 CREATED BOTH THE SPHINX AND THE TEMPLES 75 00:04:22,233 --> 00:04:25,200 AT THE SAME TIME. 76 00:04:25,233 --> 00:04:27,767 I THINK THEY MUST'VE TAKEN THE STONE FROM THE QUARRY 77 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:29,267 THAT MADE THE SPHINX 78 00:04:29,300 --> 00:04:30,833 AND MOVED THEM DIRECTLY TO THE FRONT 79 00:04:30,867 --> 00:04:33,200 FOR MAKING THE TEMPLE. 80 00:04:33,233 --> 00:04:36,433 Narrator: TO PROVE HIS THEORY, MARK NEEDS HARD EVIDENCE. 81 00:04:38,700 --> 00:04:41,733 HE COMPARES THE DISTINCT LAYERS THAT RUN THROUGH BOTH 82 00:04:41,767 --> 00:04:44,800 THE TEMPLE STONES AND THE CHEST OF THE SPHINX, 83 00:04:44,833 --> 00:04:47,767 HOPING TO FIND A PERFECT MATCH. 84 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:51,200 Lehner: IF YOU LOOK AT THE BEDROCK BODY OF THE SPHINX, 85 00:04:51,233 --> 00:04:54,500 FOR EXAMPLE, ITS CHEST, YOU SEE THE SAME LAYERING, 86 00:04:54,533 --> 00:04:57,467 THE SAME SOFT, HARD, SOFT, HARD SEQUENCE 87 00:04:57,500 --> 00:04:58,800 THAT WE SEE RUNNING THROUGH 88 00:04:58,833 --> 00:05:01,733 THE MASSIVE STONES OF THE SPHINX TEMPLE. 89 00:05:08,100 --> 00:05:09,767 Narrator: THESE DISTINCTIVE BENDS 90 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:12,067 THAT RUN THROUGH BOTH STRUCTURES 91 00:05:12,067 --> 00:05:14,367 ARE NATURAL LAYERS, 92 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:17,767 FORMED LONG BEFORE THE EGYPTIANS CAME TO POWER. 93 00:05:20,800 --> 00:05:23,600 MORE THAN 50 MILLION YEARS AGO, 94 00:05:23,633 --> 00:05:26,700 GIZA WAS A WARM, TROPICAL LAGOON 95 00:05:26,733 --> 00:05:28,267 TEEMING WITH LIFE. 96 00:05:31,933 --> 00:05:36,233 DEAD CREATURES COLLECTED ON THE SEAFLOOR... 97 00:05:36,267 --> 00:05:40,800 AND TRANSFORMED INTO DISTINCT LAYERS OF LIMESTONE. 98 00:05:43,067 --> 00:05:46,900 AS EARTH'S CLIMATE CHANGED, THE SEAS RETREATED, 99 00:05:46,933 --> 00:05:49,667 LEAVING BEHIND AN OPEN SPACE 100 00:05:49,700 --> 00:05:53,333 WITHOUT CROPS OF LIMESTONE. 101 00:05:53,367 --> 00:05:57,100 MARK BELIEVES THAT MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO, 102 00:05:57,133 --> 00:06:00,100 THE EGYPTIANS CUT AWAY THIS LAYERED ROCK 103 00:06:00,133 --> 00:06:02,500 TO FORM THE SPHINX. 104 00:06:06,267 --> 00:06:09,400 MARK WORKS WITH FOSSIL EXPERT RICHARD REDDING 105 00:06:09,433 --> 00:06:11,867 TO SEARCH FOR GEOLOGICAL SIGNATURES 106 00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:15,067 HIDDEN WITHIN THE STONE BLOCKS. 107 00:06:15,067 --> 00:06:18,600 THE THICKNESS OF THE DIFFERENT COLORED LAYERS 108 00:06:18,633 --> 00:06:21,533 AND THE TYPES OF FOSSILS THEY CONTAIN 109 00:06:21,567 --> 00:06:25,533 GIVE EACH BLOCK A UNIQUE FINGERPRINT. 110 00:06:25,567 --> 00:06:26,833 WHAT DO YOU SEE IN THERE, RICHARD, 111 00:06:26,867 --> 00:06:28,967 IN THIS YELLOW MARLY BAND? 112 00:06:29,067 --> 00:06:31,267 Redding: WELL, IT'S A LOT OF FOSSILS. 113 00:06:31,300 --> 00:06:32,500 YOU DO HAVE A NUMBER HERE. 114 00:06:32,533 --> 00:06:34,100 HERE. OH, RIGHT HERE. 115 00:06:34,133 --> 00:06:38,733 THAT'S A SPINY OYSTER SHELL, RIGHT THERE. 116 00:06:38,767 --> 00:06:40,967 AND WE'VE GOT BUNCH OF NUMMULITES, 117 00:06:41,067 --> 00:06:42,533 THESE COIN-SHAPED THINGS. 118 00:06:42,567 --> 00:06:46,067 THERE'S... 119 00:06:46,067 --> 00:06:47,500 Narrator: AFTER YEARS OF WORK, 120 00:06:47,533 --> 00:06:49,700 MARK NOW HAS A UNIQUE FINGERPRINT 121 00:06:49,733 --> 00:06:52,567 FOR EVERY BLOCK IN THIS TEMPLE. 122 00:06:56,733 --> 00:06:59,400 TO SHOW THE TEMPLE AND THE SPHINX WERE BUILT 123 00:06:59,433 --> 00:07:02,067 AT THE SAME TIME, BY THE SAME PHARAOH, 124 00:07:02,067 --> 00:07:04,300 HE HOPES TO MATCH THE TEMPLE STONES 125 00:07:04,333 --> 00:07:06,700 BACK TO THE LOCATIONS THEY WERE CUT FROM 126 00:07:06,733 --> 00:07:08,267 AROUND THE SPHINX. 127 00:07:11,933 --> 00:07:14,533 FIRST, MARK COMPARES THE THICKNESS OF THE LAYERS 128 00:07:14,567 --> 00:07:16,600 TO SEE IF HE CAN FIND A PERFECT MATCH 129 00:07:16,633 --> 00:07:18,500 WITH ANY OF THE TEMPLE BLOCKS. 130 00:07:18,533 --> 00:07:20,367 YEAH, 15.75. 131 00:07:20,400 --> 00:07:23,600 Narrator: THE LAYERS ARE A GOOD MATCH, 132 00:07:23,633 --> 00:07:25,100 BUT TO SEAL THE DEAL, 133 00:07:25,133 --> 00:07:27,867 RICHARD LOOKS TO SEE IF THE FOSSILS MATCH, TOO. 134 00:07:27,900 --> 00:07:30,400 Redding: THAT IS ANOTHER SPINY OYSTER. 135 00:07:30,433 --> 00:07:33,067 SPINY OYSTER, WHICH MATCHES PERFECTLY OUR BLOCK DOWN THERE. 136 00:07:33,067 --> 00:07:35,533 YOU'VE GOT A LOT OF THE SMALL NUMMULITES, 137 00:07:35,567 --> 00:07:37,900 HARDLY ANY OF THE LARGE NUMMULITES. 138 00:07:37,933 --> 00:07:40,567 SO, YEAH, THIS IS A -- THIS FOSSIL COMMUNITY IS VERY, 139 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:42,067 VERY SIMILAR TO WHAT WE WERE LOOKING AT DOWN 140 00:07:42,067 --> 00:07:43,267 AT THE SPHINX TEMPLE. 141 00:07:43,300 --> 00:07:44,700 SO IT'S A GOOD MATCH. 142 00:07:44,733 --> 00:07:47,200 Narrator: THERE IS STILL WORK TO DO, 143 00:07:47,233 --> 00:07:51,933 BUT THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT MARK'S THEORY IS CORRECT. 144 00:07:51,967 --> 00:07:54,633 EVERY STONE IN THE TEMPLE WAS ORIGINALLY QUARRIED 145 00:07:54,667 --> 00:07:56,867 FROM THE SIDES OF THE GIANT LION. 146 00:08:00,700 --> 00:08:02,867 USING THIS MYTHOLOGICAL APPROACH, 147 00:08:02,900 --> 00:08:04,767 MARK BELIEVES HE CAN MATCH EACH 148 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:07,167 AND EVERY BLOCK IN THE TEMPLES 149 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:11,867 TO THEIR ORIGINAL POSITION INSIDE THE SPHINX ENCLOSURE. 150 00:08:11,900 --> 00:08:14,833 TWO BLOCKS FROM THE FRONT WALL OF THE TEMPLE 151 00:08:14,867 --> 00:08:17,833 MATCH THE MID-CHEST OF THE SPHINX. 152 00:08:17,867 --> 00:08:21,433 THE GEOLOGICAL LAYERS AND THE FOSSILS INSIDE THEM 153 00:08:21,467 --> 00:08:25,067 ARE THE SAME. 154 00:08:25,067 --> 00:08:27,433 MORE BLOCKS FROM THE TEMPLE PERFECTLY ALIGN 155 00:08:27,467 --> 00:08:30,933 WITH THE FLOOR OF THE SPHINX ENCLOSURE. 156 00:08:30,967 --> 00:08:33,633 AND THE MATCHES KEEP ON COMING -- 157 00:08:33,667 --> 00:08:37,367 LAYER AFTER LAYER OF STONE... 158 00:08:37,400 --> 00:08:39,933 COMPLETELY FILLING THE QUARRY. 159 00:08:43,933 --> 00:08:46,367 IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE OF THESE TEMPLE BLOCKS 160 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:48,133 PROVIDES IRREFUTABLE EVIDENCE 161 00:08:48,167 --> 00:08:50,533 OF WHICH PHARAOH BUILT THIS MONUMENT. 162 00:08:54,233 --> 00:08:56,867 Lehner: SO IF KHAFRE BUILT THE SPHINX TEMPLE, 163 00:08:56,900 --> 00:09:00,300 IT HAD TO HAVE BEEN KHAFRE WHO MADE THE SPHINX, 164 00:09:00,333 --> 00:09:04,433 BECAUSE THEY WERE PART OF THE SAME PROCESS. 165 00:09:04,467 --> 00:09:06,533 Narrator: INSPIRED BY THE COLOSSAL PYRAMIDS 166 00:09:06,567 --> 00:09:08,200 OF HIS PREDECESSORS, 167 00:09:08,233 --> 00:09:12,200 KHAFRE SEEMED DETERMINED TO GO ONE BETTER. 168 00:09:12,233 --> 00:09:15,633 HE NOT ONLY BUILT A HUGE PYRAMID, 169 00:09:15,667 --> 00:09:18,133 BUT A GIANT STATUE THAT HISTORIANS BELIEVED 170 00:09:18,167 --> 00:09:22,967 WAS CARVED WITH AN IMAGE OF HIS OWN FACE. 171 00:09:23,067 --> 00:09:26,333 BUT WHY DID THE GREAT PHARAOH KHAFRE DECIDE 172 00:09:26,367 --> 00:09:27,767 TO PLACE HIS LIKENESS 173 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:30,333 ON THE BODY OF A GIANT LION? 174 00:09:31,867 --> 00:09:34,800 NEW TECHNOLOGIES MAY BE ABOUT TO REVEAL... 175 00:09:34,833 --> 00:09:36,900 THE ASTONISHING TRUTH. 176 00:09:43,733 --> 00:09:44,933 * 177 00:09:44,967 --> 00:09:47,467 Narrator: THE GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA -- 178 00:09:47,500 --> 00:09:50,267 THIS ANCIENT SCULPTURE IS UNSURPASSED 179 00:09:50,300 --> 00:09:52,567 IN ITS SCALE AND AMBITION. 180 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:54,900 Lehner: NEVER BEFORE HAD ANYTHING LIKE THIS 181 00:09:54,933 --> 00:09:56,467 BEEN SEEN IN EGYPT. 182 00:09:56,500 --> 00:09:59,800 NO COLOSSAL STATUE THIS SIZE, 183 00:09:59,833 --> 00:10:02,567 THIS SCALE EXISTED. 184 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:03,967 Narrator: EGYPTIAN STONE MASONS 185 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:06,300 CUT THE SPHINX FROM LIMESTONE BEDROCK 186 00:10:06,333 --> 00:10:09,333 MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS AGO, 187 00:10:09,367 --> 00:10:14,067 MOST LIKELY TO HONOR THE GREAT PHARAOH KHAFRE. 188 00:10:14,100 --> 00:10:17,167 HISTORIANS BELIEVE THE HUMAN FEATURES OF THE SPHINX 189 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:21,933 ARE A DIRECT LIKENESS OF THE PHARAOH HIMSELF. 190 00:10:21,967 --> 00:10:25,100 BUT OVER THOUSANDS OF YEARS, THE HARSH DESERT WIND 191 00:10:25,133 --> 00:10:29,033 HAS SANDBLASTED KHAFRE'S CARVED FEATURES AWAY, 192 00:10:29,067 --> 00:10:31,667 LEAVING JUST A FEW TANTALIZING CLUES 193 00:10:31,700 --> 00:10:34,467 AS TO HOW THE SCULPTURE ORIGINALLY LOOKED. 194 00:10:38,733 --> 00:10:43,233 THE DEEP CUTS IN THE FACE ARE CHISEL MARKS LEFT BY VANDALS 195 00:10:43,267 --> 00:10:45,767 WHO CHOPPED OFF THE NOSE. 196 00:10:45,800 --> 00:10:48,000 BASED ON OTHER STATUES OF THE TIME, 197 00:10:48,033 --> 00:10:51,867 THIS IS WHAT THE NOSE MAY HAVE LOOKED LIKE. 198 00:10:51,900 --> 00:10:56,000 STONE FRAGMENTS FOUND BETWEEN THE PAWS ARE CLUES 199 00:10:56,033 --> 00:11:00,333 THAT THE SPHINX HAD A BEARD. 200 00:11:00,367 --> 00:11:03,067 TRACES OF PAINT BEHIND THE EARS 201 00:11:03,067 --> 00:11:06,667 COULD MEAN THAT IT USED TO WEAR HEAVY MAKEUP 202 00:11:06,700 --> 00:11:08,733 AND WHAT LOOKS LIKE HAIR 203 00:11:08,767 --> 00:11:12,633 IS ACTUALLY A REGAL HEADDRESS... 204 00:11:12,667 --> 00:11:14,400 FRAMING THE IMMORTAL FACE 205 00:11:14,433 --> 00:11:17,267 OF THE GOD KING KHAFRE HIMSELF. 206 00:11:21,367 --> 00:11:25,267 BUT ONE BIG QUESTION REMAINS UNANSWERED. 207 00:11:25,300 --> 00:11:29,333 WHY DID KHAFRE PUT HIS FACE ON THE BODY OF A LION? 208 00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:33,333 THE ANCIENT WORLD HAD NEVER SEEN 209 00:11:33,367 --> 00:11:37,100 AN ANIMAL-HUMAN HYBRID QUITE LIKE IT BEFORE. 210 00:11:37,133 --> 00:11:39,700 USUALLY STATUES IN ANCIENT EGYPT ARE 211 00:11:39,733 --> 00:11:42,267 COMPRISING A HUMAN BODY WITH AN ANIMAL HEAD, 212 00:11:42,300 --> 00:11:43,700 SO THEY'RE USUALLY THAT WAY ROUND, 213 00:11:43,733 --> 00:11:45,567 RATHER THAN IN THE CASE OF THE SPHINX, 214 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:47,467 WHERE WE'VE GOT A LION'S BODY 215 00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:50,900 WITH KHAFRE'S HUMAN HEAD ON TOP. 216 00:11:50,933 --> 00:11:54,500 EGYPTOLOGIST LIDIJA McKNIGHT BELIEVES CATS HAD 217 00:11:54,533 --> 00:11:57,233 SPECIAL RELIGIOUS MEANING TO THE EGYPTIANS 218 00:11:57,267 --> 00:12:00,867 AND THAT PERHAPS KHAFRE PUT HIS HEAD ON A LION 219 00:12:00,900 --> 00:12:05,133 TO IMPRESS HIS CAT-MAD PEOPLE. 220 00:12:05,167 --> 00:12:08,533 LIDIJA LOOKS FOR EVIDENCE OF THIS CAT OBSESSION 221 00:12:08,567 --> 00:12:10,767 IN TINY MUMMIES LIKE THIS, 222 00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,667 COMMONLY UNEARTHED IN EGYPTIAN DIGS. 223 00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:16,367 WE'VE BROUGHT A MUMMIFIED ANIMAL 224 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:18,333 FROM MANCHESTER MUSEUM'S COLLECTIONS, 225 00:12:18,367 --> 00:12:22,233 BECAUSE WE BELIEVE IT TO BE THE MUMMY OF A CAT. 226 00:12:22,267 --> 00:12:25,067 Narrator: TODAY, LIDIJA WANTS TO CONFIRM THE CONTENTS 227 00:12:25,067 --> 00:12:28,133 OF THIS TIGHTLY WRAPPED PACKAGE 228 00:12:28,167 --> 00:12:32,067 AND GET SOME IDEA OF HOW THE ANIMAL DIED. 229 00:12:32,100 --> 00:12:34,733 SHE WANTS TO KNOW IF THE DEATH WAS NATURAL 230 00:12:34,767 --> 00:12:39,300 OR IF THE EGYPTIANS WERE KILLING ANIMALS TO ORDER. 231 00:12:39,333 --> 00:12:41,767 WE BROUGHT IT HERE TODAY TO USE NONINVASIVE, 232 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:43,167 RADIOGRAPHIC METHODS, 233 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,067 WHICH ARE USUALLY USED TO SCAN LIVING PATIENTS, 234 00:12:46,067 --> 00:12:48,600 JUST TO CHECK WHAT'S GOING ON ON THE INSIDE 235 00:12:48,633 --> 00:12:51,267 IN A NONDESTRUCTIVE WAY. 236 00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:54,867 Narrator: FIRST, LIDIJA NEEDS TO CHECK IF IT REALLY IS A CAT 237 00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:57,100 INSIDE THE ANCIENT DRESSINGS. 238 00:12:57,133 --> 00:13:01,833 SHE HUNTS FOR TELL-TALE SIGNS THAT THE SKELETON IS FELINE. 239 00:13:01,867 --> 00:13:05,833 USUALLY, WE IDENTIFY A CAT FROM THE SKULL AND THE TEETH, 240 00:13:05,867 --> 00:13:08,067 SO THE SHAPE OF THE SCULL, THE TEETH, 241 00:13:08,067 --> 00:13:10,233 AND THE LIMB BONES TO THE LEGS. 242 00:13:10,267 --> 00:13:14,633 BUT WE'VE GOT WHAT APPEARS TO BE FOUR LIMBS IN THE POSITION 243 00:13:14,667 --> 00:13:17,067 WE WOULD EXPECT TO FIND THEM. 244 00:13:17,067 --> 00:13:19,233 Narrator: THE ANCIENT SKULL OF THIS SPECIMEN 245 00:13:19,267 --> 00:13:21,067 IS BADLY DAMAGED, 246 00:13:21,067 --> 00:13:22,433 BUT THE LEGS ARE INTACT 247 00:13:22,467 --> 00:13:25,567 AND FOLDED UP UNDERNEATH THE BODY. 248 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:28,067 YOU CAN SEE QUITE NICELY THE PAWS HERE, 249 00:13:28,067 --> 00:13:30,667 SO THIS IS ONE OF YOUR FRONT LIMBS AND THE PAW. 250 00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:34,967 WE'VE GOT WHAT APPEARS TO BE A COMPLETE CAT SKELETON IN THERE. 251 00:13:35,067 --> 00:13:38,067 Narrator: LIDIJA ALSO SEARCHES FOR THIN, CLEAR LINES 252 00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:41,433 THAT RUN HORIZONTALLY ACROSS THE TOP OF THE LEG BONES. 253 00:13:41,467 --> 00:13:46,300 THIS WILL TELL HER HOW OLD THE CAT WAS WHEN IT DIED. 254 00:13:46,333 --> 00:13:48,567 THESE LINES ARE GROWTH PLATES 255 00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:52,833 AND THEY'RE ONLY FOUND IN JUVENILE ANIMALS. 256 00:13:52,867 --> 00:13:55,067 THE PROMINENT GROWTH PLATES ON THIS SPECIMEN 257 00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:56,900 CAN MEAN ONLY ONE THING. 258 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,467 McKnight: SO, IT WAS AN IMMATURE KITTEN 259 00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:04,067 AT THE TIME OF DEATH. 260 00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:06,067 Narrator: THE FACT THAT THIS KITTEN DIED 261 00:14:06,067 --> 00:14:08,067 BEFORE THE END OF ITS NATURAL LIFE 262 00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:11,200 SUGGESTS IT WAS NOT A BELOVED PET. 263 00:14:11,233 --> 00:14:15,400 IT WAS AN ANIMAL BRED IN CAPTIVITY FOR ONE PURPOSE -- 264 00:14:15,433 --> 00:14:18,967 TO BE SLAUGHTERED AND MUMMIFIED 265 00:14:19,067 --> 00:14:21,733 AS AN OFFERING TO THE CAT GODS. 266 00:14:21,767 --> 00:14:25,367 McKnight: RESEARCH ESTIMATES THAT AROUND 10 MILLION CATS 267 00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:27,500 WOULD'VE BEEN MUMMIFIED AS VOTIVE OFFERINGS 268 00:14:27,533 --> 00:14:29,333 DURING THIS 1,000-YEAR TIME PERIOD, 269 00:14:29,367 --> 00:14:32,400 SO WE REALLY ARE LOOKING AT A MASSIVE SCALE INDUSTRY. 270 00:14:35,433 --> 00:14:38,067 Narrator: THE EGYPTIAN PEOPLE CLEARLY THOUGHT CATS WERE 271 00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:41,233 AN IMPORTANT LINK TO THEIR GODS 272 00:14:41,267 --> 00:14:44,200 AND BY PUTTING HIS IMAGE ON THE BODY OF A LION, 273 00:14:44,233 --> 00:14:48,200 KHAFRE MIGHT HAVE FOUND MANY ADMIRERS. 274 00:14:48,233 --> 00:14:50,600 BUT LIDIJA THINKS THAT THE PHARAOH'S MOTIVATION 275 00:14:50,633 --> 00:14:53,833 STRETCHED FAR BEYOND MERE POPULARITY. 276 00:14:53,867 --> 00:14:56,767 WE BELIEVE THAT THE PHARAOHS LIKED TO IMPLY THAT 277 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:58,700 THEY WERE ALMOST GODS ON EARTH, 278 00:14:58,733 --> 00:15:00,867 THAT THEY HAD THE POWER OF A GOD, 279 00:15:00,900 --> 00:15:03,767 BUT IN LIVING HUMAN FORM. 280 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,267 Narrator: DID KHAFRE WANT TO BE SEEN AS A GOD? 281 00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:10,200 IS THAT WHY HE PUT HIS HEAD ON ONE OF THE ANIMALS 282 00:15:10,233 --> 00:15:13,867 HIS SUBJECTS CONSIDERED MOST HOLY? 283 00:15:13,900 --> 00:15:16,867 KHAFRE WANTED TO SHOW HIS DOMINANCE AND POWER, 284 00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:18,933 OVER NOT ONLY THE PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE 285 00:15:18,967 --> 00:15:20,400 IN WHICH THE STATUE STANDS, 286 00:15:20,433 --> 00:15:24,633 BUT ALSO OVER THE PEOPLE OF EGYPT DURING HIS REIGN. 287 00:15:24,667 --> 00:15:27,900 Narrator: TO IMPRESS HIS PEOPLE, KHAFRE ORDERED THE CONSTRUCTION 288 00:15:27,933 --> 00:15:30,500 OF THE BIGGEST STATUE IN EGYPTIAN HISTORY. 289 00:15:30,533 --> 00:15:32,867 BUT THERE WAS A PROBLEM. 290 00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:37,967 NO ANIMAL CARVING THIS BIG HAD EVER BEEN ATTEMPTED BEFORE. 291 00:15:38,067 --> 00:15:41,900 TO ACHIEVE IT, MARK LEHNER THINKS THE EGYPTIAN CRAFTSMEN 292 00:15:41,933 --> 00:15:47,233 MUST'VE LEARNED HOW TO EXPLOIT THE NATURAL LAYERS OF THE ROCK. 293 00:15:47,267 --> 00:15:50,533 WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT THE LAYERS IN THE SPHINX QUARRY 294 00:15:50,567 --> 00:15:52,100 WHERE THEY CUT THE BLOCK. 295 00:15:52,133 --> 00:15:55,133 BUT IT ALL TELLS YOU THAT THE EGYPTIANS 296 00:15:55,167 --> 00:15:57,500 WERE GOOD GEOLOGISTS IN THEIR OWN RIGHT. 297 00:15:57,533 --> 00:15:59,567 THEY USED THE GEOLOGY AND THE LAYERS 298 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:01,633 TO THEIR ADVANTAGE, THAT'S FOR SURE. 299 00:16:04,333 --> 00:16:07,233 Narrator: MARK'S INVESTIGATION SUGGESTS THAT THE EGYPTIANS 300 00:16:07,267 --> 00:16:10,067 WOULD POUND TRENCHES INTO THE BEDROCK 301 00:16:10,067 --> 00:16:12,833 TO FORM A GRID OF DEEP CHANNELS 302 00:16:12,867 --> 00:16:15,400 AND EXPOSE THE LAYERS OF LIMESTONE. 303 00:16:16,667 --> 00:16:19,233 THEY DROVE WOODEN WEDGES BETWEEN THE LAYERS 304 00:16:19,267 --> 00:16:22,867 TO SPLIT THEM WITH EASE 305 00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:25,567 AND LIFT OUT PERFECT BUILDING BLOCKS. 306 00:16:27,500 --> 00:16:29,367 AS THEY EXCAVATED THE ROCKS, 307 00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:32,533 THEY CARVED OUT THE ROUGH SHAPE OF THE SPHINX 308 00:16:32,567 --> 00:16:35,700 AND RECYCLED THE SPOIL TO BUILD THE TEMPLES. 309 00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:43,467 FINALLY, AN ARMY OF STONE MASONS USED COPPER CHISELS... 310 00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:45,900 TO ADD THE DETAIL OF THE PHARAOH'S FACE 311 00:16:45,933 --> 00:16:47,400 AND LION'S BODY. 312 00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:51,967 Lehner: THE COMBINATION OF THE HUMAN HEAD 313 00:16:52,067 --> 00:16:56,200 WITH THE LION BODY SYMBOLIZES SUPREME STRENGTH AND POWER. 314 00:16:56,233 --> 00:16:59,100 AS IN MANY CULTURES, THE LION IS THE SYMBOL, 315 00:16:59,133 --> 00:17:00,900 IS THE KING OF THE BEASTS. 316 00:17:00,933 --> 00:17:05,467 AND YET, THE BEAST IS CONTROLLED BY HUMAN INTELLIGENCE, 317 00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:09,400 INDEED, THE INTELLIGENCE OF PHARAOH HIMSELF. 318 00:17:09,433 --> 00:17:11,633 Narrator: BUT WAS THE SPHINX SIMPLY DESIGNED 319 00:17:11,667 --> 00:17:14,933 TO INSPIRE RELIGIOUS AWE IN THE KING'S SUBJECTS 320 00:17:14,967 --> 00:17:19,767 OR DID IT HAVE AN EVEN MORE ELABORATE PURPOSE? 321 00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:23,067 SOME HISTORIANS NOW BELIEVE THE SPHINX MAY HAVE BEEN PART 322 00:17:23,067 --> 00:17:25,733 OF A SUPERNATURAL MACHINE, 323 00:17:25,767 --> 00:17:28,667 A MACHINE TO RESURRECT THE DEAD. 324 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:40,700 Narrator: THE GREAT SPHINX -- 325 00:17:40,733 --> 00:17:45,700 AN EGYPTIAN CARVING MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS OLD. 326 00:17:45,733 --> 00:17:47,933 IT'S POSSIBLE THIS HUGE STONE ANIMAL 327 00:17:47,967 --> 00:17:49,133 WAS BUILT TO IMPRESS 328 00:17:49,167 --> 00:17:52,467 THE PHARAOH'S CAT-OBSESSED PEOPLE. 329 00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:56,267 BUT EGYPTOLOGIST MARK LEHNER SUSPECTS THAT THE SPHINX 330 00:17:56,300 --> 00:17:59,833 WAS ALSO PART OF SOMETHING MORE MYSTERIOUS -- 331 00:17:59,867 --> 00:18:02,633 THE GROWTH OF A STRANGE NEW CULT. 332 00:18:04,433 --> 00:18:06,067 HE SEARCHES FOR EVIDENCE OF THIS 333 00:18:06,067 --> 00:18:09,733 IN THE TEMPLE AT THE FRONT OF THE SPHINX. 334 00:18:09,767 --> 00:18:12,067 THE SPHINX TEMPLE IS A BIT OF A MYSTERY, 335 00:18:12,100 --> 00:18:16,400 BECAUSE IT WAS STRIPPED OF ALL ITS OUTER CLADDING, 336 00:18:16,433 --> 00:18:18,700 YOU KNOW, THE CASING OF THE WALLS, THE PILLARS, 337 00:18:18,733 --> 00:18:20,900 EVERYTHING THAT WOULD'VE HAD AN INSCRIPTION, 338 00:18:20,933 --> 00:18:23,400 THAT MIGHT HAVE SAID SOMETHING DIRECTLY 339 00:18:23,433 --> 00:18:26,100 ABOUT WHAT THE TEMPLE WAS FOR. 340 00:18:26,133 --> 00:18:29,200 Narrator: BUT DESPITE BEING PILFERED AND VANDALIZED, 341 00:18:29,233 --> 00:18:30,867 THERE ARE JUST ENOUGH CLUES 342 00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:33,067 TO SHOW HOW THIS TEMPLE COULD'VE LOOKED 343 00:18:33,100 --> 00:18:35,800 4,500 YEARS AGO. 344 00:18:39,367 --> 00:18:40,833 ON THE OUTSIDE, 345 00:18:40,867 --> 00:18:43,867 A FACADE OF EXQUISITE GRANITE 346 00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:46,267 SHIPPED IN FROM ASWAN. 347 00:18:49,467 --> 00:18:54,167 IN THE HALLWAYS STOOD 24 MASSIVE PILLARS 348 00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:57,067 TO MARK THE HOURS OF THE EGYPTIAN DAY. 349 00:18:58,700 --> 00:19:01,567 AT THE HEART OF THE TEMPLE WERE TWO SANCTUARIES 350 00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:04,733 ALIGNED TO THE EAST AND WEST 351 00:19:04,767 --> 00:19:08,933 AND A GLEAMING COURTYARD OF ALABASTER TILES 352 00:19:08,967 --> 00:19:12,167 SURROUNDED BY 10 MYSTERIOUS STATUES. 353 00:19:14,867 --> 00:19:17,900 WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THIS LOST TEMPLE? 354 00:19:22,933 --> 00:19:26,067 THE SPHINX TEMPLE IS OFFLINE WITH THE SPHINX, 355 00:19:26,067 --> 00:19:28,133 SHIFTED SLIGHTLY TO THE LEFT. 356 00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:32,500 MARK BELIEVES THAT THIS APPARENT MISTAKE 357 00:19:32,533 --> 00:19:35,067 WAS ACTUALLY DELIBERATE. 358 00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:37,667 COULD IT BE THE KEY TO DECODING THE SECRETS 359 00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:39,900 OF THIS STRANGE RUIN? 360 00:19:39,933 --> 00:19:42,133 THE CURIOUS THING IS THAT THE AXIS OF THE TEMPLE 361 00:19:42,167 --> 00:19:45,067 DOES NOT AIM DIRECTLY AT THE SPHINX. 362 00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:47,867 IT'S AS THOUGH THE SPHINX IS SHOVED TO THE NORTH 363 00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:50,867 AND THE AXIS OF THE TEMPLE POINTS PAST IT, 364 00:19:50,900 --> 00:19:54,133 UP THE WESTERN HORIZON. 365 00:19:54,167 --> 00:19:57,133 Narrator: ONE OTHER FEATURE OF THE TEMPLE LAYOUT 366 00:19:57,167 --> 00:19:59,800 MIGHT BE A CLUE TO WHAT THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS 367 00:19:59,833 --> 00:20:02,933 WERE AIMING THE AXIS TOWARDS. 368 00:20:02,967 --> 00:20:04,533 Lehner: THESE TWO SANCTUARIES, 369 00:20:04,567 --> 00:20:06,467 WHICH ARE IN THE FORM OF RECESSED BAYS 370 00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,900 AND SMALL NICHES, DEFINE THE TEMPLE AXIS. 371 00:20:09,933 --> 00:20:11,167 IT'S VERY COMPELLING TO THINK THAT 372 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:13,100 THAT'S FOR THE RISING SUN ON THE EAST 373 00:20:13,133 --> 00:20:16,233 AND THE SETTING SUN ON THE WEST. 374 00:20:16,267 --> 00:20:18,933 Narrator: MARK BELIEVES THE EGYPTIAN MASTER BUILDERS 375 00:20:18,967 --> 00:20:22,600 WOULD NOT HAVE DONE THIS ACCIDENTALLY. 376 00:20:22,633 --> 00:20:26,167 HE THINKS THEY DELIBERATELY POINTED THE TEMPLE AXIS 377 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:27,667 AT THE SPOT ON THE HORIZON 378 00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:31,233 WHERE THE SUN WOULD SET AT A SPECIAL TIME OF YEAR. 379 00:20:33,433 --> 00:20:37,833 THE SPHINX TEMPLE IS ORIENTED ON THIS AXIS 380 00:20:37,867 --> 00:20:40,933 SO THAT IT IS ALIGNED TO THE SETTING OF THE SUN 381 00:20:40,967 --> 00:20:43,667 AND THE RISING OF THE SUN AT THE EQUINOXES. 382 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,300 Narrator: AS THE SUN SET ON THE EQUINOX, 383 00:20:52,333 --> 00:20:56,400 IT DROPPED DIRECTLY BEHIND THE SHOULDER OF THE SPHINX 384 00:20:56,433 --> 00:20:59,133 AND THE SOUTH SIDE OF KHAFRE'S PYRAMID. 385 00:21:00,833 --> 00:21:04,300 THE SHAPES OF KHAFRE'S PYRAMID AND HIS SPHINX 386 00:21:04,333 --> 00:21:10,733 WOULD MERGE TO BECOME ONE PERFECT SILHOUETTE. 387 00:21:10,767 --> 00:21:12,333 Lehner: KHAFRE AND HIS BUILDERS WERE 388 00:21:12,367 --> 00:21:15,300 TRYING TO HARNESS THE POWER OF THE SUN. 389 00:21:15,333 --> 00:21:19,600 AND AFTER KHAFRE DIED, HE HOPED THAT THIS ALIGNMENT 390 00:21:19,633 --> 00:21:22,133 WOULD BE A KIND OF RESURRECTION MACHINE. 391 00:21:22,167 --> 00:21:24,800 HE WAS, IN EFFECT, HITCHING HIMSELF 392 00:21:24,833 --> 00:21:26,967 TO THE ETERNAL CYCLE OF THE SUN, 393 00:21:27,067 --> 00:21:30,633 SO THAT HE, TOO, WOULD RISE IN THE AFTERLIFE. 394 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:33,900 Narrator: MARK BELIEVES THE TEMPLE 395 00:21:33,933 --> 00:21:36,433 WAS PART OF A NEW CULT IN EGYPT 396 00:21:36,467 --> 00:21:39,233 THAT WORSHIPPED THE SUN AS A CENTRAL DEITY. 397 00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:45,167 THIS IDEOLOGY WAS SET TO DOMINATE EGYPTIAN RELIGION 398 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,733 FOR THE NEXT 2,000 YEARS. 399 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:51,833 MARK ALSO BELIEVES THAT 400 00:21:51,867 --> 00:21:54,333 THE PRECISE POSITIONING OF THE SPHINX TEMPLE 401 00:21:54,367 --> 00:21:56,167 ALLOWED IT TO HARNESS THE POWER 402 00:21:56,200 --> 00:22:00,433 OF ANOTHER DIFFERENT SOLAR EVENT. 403 00:22:00,467 --> 00:22:02,267 IF HE'S CORRECT, 404 00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:04,100 ON THE YEAR'S LONGEST DAY, 405 00:22:04,133 --> 00:22:06,067 THE SUMMER SOLSTICE, 406 00:22:06,067 --> 00:22:08,400 AN OBSERVER AT THE TEMPLE LOCATION 407 00:22:08,433 --> 00:22:13,067 WOULD HAVE WITNESSED ANOTHER AMAZING VISUAL EFFECT. 408 00:22:13,067 --> 00:22:16,200 SETTING DIRECTLY BETWEEN THE TWO GREAT PYRAMIDS, 409 00:22:16,233 --> 00:22:19,600 THE SUN FORMED AN ANCIENT HIEROGLYPH 410 00:22:19,633 --> 00:22:23,967 REPRESENTING THE ETERNAL CYCLE OF REBIRTH. 411 00:22:24,067 --> 00:22:26,067 WITH THIS MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE, 412 00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:28,667 THEY WERE TRYING TO HITCH THEMSELVES 413 00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:31,133 TO THE POWER OF THE SUN. 414 00:22:31,167 --> 00:22:32,400 WHY? 415 00:22:32,433 --> 00:22:35,367 BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED THE KING 416 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,400 WAS LITERALLY THE SON OF THE SUN. 417 00:22:38,433 --> 00:22:42,067 AND HE NEEDED THE POWER OF THE SUN FOR EFFECTIVE RULE 418 00:22:42,067 --> 00:22:44,067 OVER ALL OF EGYPT 419 00:22:44,067 --> 00:22:47,133 AND ALL ITS INHABITANTS. 420 00:22:47,167 --> 00:22:51,533 Narrator: KHAFRE CHANGED THE FACE OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY. 421 00:22:51,567 --> 00:22:54,800 IN BUILDING THE SPHINX AND THE TEMPLES AT ITS FEET, 422 00:22:54,833 --> 00:22:58,967 HE HELPED ADVANCE AN ERA OF SUN WORSHIP IN EGYPT 423 00:22:59,067 --> 00:23:01,767 THAT WOULD LAST FOR THE NEXT TWO MILLENNIA. 424 00:23:03,267 --> 00:23:07,767 IT IS INCREDIBLE TO THINK HOW THE FOURTH DYNASTY EGYPTIANS 425 00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,433 ALIGNED THESE MASSIVE MONUMENTS -- 426 00:23:10,467 --> 00:23:13,300 THE TEMPLES, THE SPHINX, 427 00:23:13,333 --> 00:23:16,233 AND THE GIGANTIC PYRAMIDS OF THEIR TIME. 428 00:23:20,167 --> 00:23:22,233 Narrator: ALTHOUGH INVESTIGATORS HAVE SOLVED 429 00:23:22,267 --> 00:23:24,833 THE MYSTERY OF THE TEMPLES, 430 00:23:24,867 --> 00:23:27,267 SOME OTHER FEATURES OF THE SPHINX COMPLEX 431 00:23:27,300 --> 00:23:29,100 ARE HARDER TO EXPLAIN. 432 00:23:30,633 --> 00:23:33,700 AT THE FRONT OF THE TEMPLES ARE TWO STONE PATHWAYS 433 00:23:33,733 --> 00:23:37,233 THAT LOOK JUST LIKE A MODERN DOCKSIDE SLIPWAY. 434 00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:41,167 WHAT ARE THESE WATERSIDE FEATURES 435 00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:45,067 DOING HERE, IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DESERT? 436 00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:58,733 Narrator: THE GREAT SPHINX AND ITS TEMPLES -- 437 00:23:58,767 --> 00:24:01,633 PART OF AN EGYPTIAN BURIAL COMPLEX 438 00:24:01,667 --> 00:24:04,200 COVERING 500 ACRES. 439 00:24:06,067 --> 00:24:09,267 THIS ANCIENT MULTIPLEX SLOPES GENTLY DOWNHILL 440 00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:12,067 TOWARDS THE SPHINX, 441 00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:13,533 WHERE IT ABRUPTLY ENDS 442 00:24:13,567 --> 00:24:17,967 WITH TWO MYSTERIOUS STONE PATHWAYS. 443 00:24:18,067 --> 00:24:19,967 ANCIENT RAMPS SIMILAR TO THESE 444 00:24:20,067 --> 00:24:24,600 HAVE BEEN FOUND AT THE EDGE OF OLD EGYPTIAN HARBORS, 445 00:24:24,633 --> 00:24:27,900 BUT WHAT ARE THESE RAMPS DOING FIVE MILES AWAY 446 00:24:27,933 --> 00:24:30,733 FROM THE NEAREST WATER? 447 00:24:30,767 --> 00:24:33,333 EGYPTOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT CLUES TO THIS MYSTERY 448 00:24:33,367 --> 00:24:36,167 LIE HIDDEN IN AN UNUSUAL LAYER OF MUD 449 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:38,300 DEEP BELOW THE PATHWAYS. 450 00:24:40,133 --> 00:24:42,467 LIFTING THESE STRANGE STONE STRUCTURES 451 00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:44,233 OUT OF THE SAND 452 00:24:44,267 --> 00:24:45,767 REVEALS THAT THEY STRETCH 453 00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:49,300 100 FEET FROM THE TEMPLE. 454 00:24:49,333 --> 00:24:50,967 THEY SLOPE DOWNHILL, 455 00:24:51,067 --> 00:24:52,967 HUGGING THE TERRAIN PRECISELY. 456 00:24:54,667 --> 00:24:57,800 TOWARDS THE END, THE GROUND THEY SIT IN CHANGES. 457 00:24:59,767 --> 00:25:02,067 HIDDEN IN THE SAND IS A MYSTERIOUS LAYER 458 00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:03,733 OF BLACK SLUDGE 459 00:25:03,767 --> 00:25:06,633 NOT PRESENT ANYWHERE ELSE AROUND THE TEMPLES. 460 00:25:08,333 --> 00:25:11,100 THIS IS A CLUE THAT THESE RAMPS 461 00:25:11,133 --> 00:25:12,533 ONCE SERVED A PURPOSE 462 00:25:12,567 --> 00:25:14,967 WE CAN NO LONGER SEE TODAY. 463 00:25:19,233 --> 00:25:22,067 EGYPTOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT THE DARK LAYER OF MUD 464 00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:25,433 FOUND UNDER THE SPHINX SITE COULD BE EVIDENCE 465 00:25:25,467 --> 00:25:28,667 THAT THESE RAMPS WERE ONCE PART OF A MAN-MADE HARBOR 466 00:25:28,700 --> 00:25:30,067 FED BY THE RIVER NILE 467 00:25:30,100 --> 00:25:32,800 LESS THAN TWO MILES TO THE EAST. 468 00:25:32,833 --> 00:25:34,367 SO WE HAVE THESE RAMPS AND THE QUESTION IS, 469 00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:35,800 WHAT DO THEY LEAD TO? 470 00:25:35,833 --> 00:25:37,200 WHERE ARE THEY GOING? 471 00:25:37,233 --> 00:25:39,267 WELL, ONE OF THE MOST REASONABLE EXPLANATIONS 472 00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:43,767 IS THEY LEAD DOWN, PROBABLY INTO MAYBE A HARBOR. 473 00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:48,133 Narrator: TODAY, RICHARD REDDING IS ON THE MODERN-DAY RIVER NILE. 474 00:25:48,167 --> 00:25:49,867 HE WANTS TO LOOK FOR THE SAME MUD 475 00:25:49,900 --> 00:25:51,833 THAT ENDED UP BY THE SPHINX. 476 00:25:54,167 --> 00:25:56,533 HE BELIEVES THIS MUD IS CARRIED BY THE WATER 477 00:25:56,567 --> 00:25:59,067 WHEN IT'S FLOWING... 478 00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:02,067 BUT THEN SINKS TO THE BOTTOM WHEN IT'S CALM. 479 00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:05,467 Redding: WHAT WE'RE GOING TO TRY AND DO HERE 480 00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:08,133 IS LOOK OUT ON THE CALM AREAS AROUND THE NILE, 481 00:26:08,167 --> 00:26:10,700 FIND SOME SILT IN THESE CALM AREAS 482 00:26:10,733 --> 00:26:12,567 WHERE IT FALLS OUT NATURALLY 483 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:14,600 AND THAT WOULD BE VERY SIMILAR TO THE PROCESS 484 00:26:14,633 --> 00:26:16,367 OF FORMING A SILT LAYER 485 00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:18,467 ON THE BOTTOM OF THIS HARBOR. 486 00:26:21,667 --> 00:26:23,067 Narrator: RICHARD AIMS HIS BOAT 487 00:26:23,067 --> 00:26:24,800 TOWARDS A CALM SECTION OF THE NILE 488 00:26:24,833 --> 00:26:27,700 TO PUT THIS THEORY TO THE TEST. 489 00:26:27,733 --> 00:26:30,800 IF WE HEAD OVER TO THE SHALLOWS OVER HERE, 490 00:26:30,833 --> 00:26:32,067 WE CAN TAKE SOME SAMPLES 491 00:26:32,067 --> 00:26:34,067 OF THE SILT THAT LIE IN THE BOTTOM. 492 00:26:34,067 --> 00:26:35,633 THERE'S NOT MUCH WATER MOVEMENT OVER HERE. 493 00:26:35,667 --> 00:26:39,433 IT'S FAIRLY CALM. 494 00:26:39,467 --> 00:26:41,967 Narrator: HE USES A HAND-OPERATED DRILLING TOOL 495 00:26:42,067 --> 00:26:45,067 CALLED AN AUGER, 496 00:26:45,067 --> 00:26:48,433 TO LIFT OUT SAMPLES OF MUD FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER. 497 00:26:53,733 --> 00:26:57,200 Redding: THIS IS ALMOST EXACTLY WHAT I'D EXPECT 498 00:26:57,233 --> 00:27:00,267 IN A GOOD NILE SILT IN A CALM AREA. 499 00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,700 SEE, THAT'LL -- THAT'LL -- RUBS ON MY FINGER HERE. 500 00:27:03,733 --> 00:27:06,933 Narrator: THIS TYPE OF SILT IS UNIQUE TO THE NILE, 501 00:27:06,967 --> 00:27:08,633 BECAUSE OF THE RIVER'S SOURCE 502 00:27:08,667 --> 00:27:11,333 MILES UPSTREAM IN CENTRAL AFRICA. 503 00:27:11,367 --> 00:27:14,367 Redding: THE SILT CAME DOWN FROM THE ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS. 504 00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:16,133 AND THAT SILT WAS BLACK. 505 00:27:16,167 --> 00:27:17,567 IT WAS RICH IN MINERALS 506 00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,300 THAT ARE DARK, VOLCANIC MINERALS, 507 00:27:19,333 --> 00:27:21,367 SO IT'S EXACTLY WHAT I WOULD EXPECT. 508 00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:24,633 Narrator: RICHARD BELIEVES 509 00:27:24,667 --> 00:27:27,867 THE NILE MUD AT THE BASE OF THE SPHINX 510 00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:29,433 IS PROOF THAT THE EGYPTIANS 511 00:27:29,467 --> 00:27:32,467 CONSTRUCTED A SHELTERED HARBOR HERE. 512 00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:35,567 IT GETS INTO THAT HARBOR, WHICH IS KIND OF A CUL-DE-SAC, 513 00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:37,767 YOU KNOW, A BAG AT THE END. 514 00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:40,100 AND THE WATER HITS THERE, RISES UP, 515 00:27:40,133 --> 00:27:42,633 AND THEN STOPS, AND IT CALMS DOWN. 516 00:27:42,667 --> 00:27:43,733 AND AS IT CALMS, 517 00:27:43,767 --> 00:27:45,433 ALL THAT SILT THAT IT WAS CARRYING, 518 00:27:45,467 --> 00:27:47,067 ALL THAT BLACK SILT, 519 00:27:47,067 --> 00:27:49,833 ALL THAT NILE SILT WILL JUST FALL TO THE BOTTOM 520 00:27:49,867 --> 00:27:52,333 AND CREATE A COATING ON THE BOTTOM OF THE HARBOR. 521 00:27:55,533 --> 00:27:57,200 Narrator: RICHARD IS CONVINCED, 522 00:27:57,233 --> 00:28:00,300 BUT WHY DID THE EGYPTIANS GO TO ALL THIS TROUBLE 523 00:28:00,333 --> 00:28:03,533 AND DIG SUCH A HUGE ARTIFICIAL HARBOR? 524 00:28:03,567 --> 00:28:06,833 ONE THEORY IS THAT THE SPHINX'S RAMPS 525 00:28:06,867 --> 00:28:10,167 WERE JUST ONE PART OF A HUGE WATERFRONT COMPLEX, 526 00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:12,567 SUPPLYING GOODS AND MATERIAL 527 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,633 FOR THE WHOLE GIZA CONSTRUCTION SITE. 528 00:28:16,667 --> 00:28:20,733 BOATS BROUGHT IN GRANITE BLOCKS TO DECORATE THE PYRAMIDS, 529 00:28:20,767 --> 00:28:22,900 TIMBER FOR BUILDING, 530 00:28:22,933 --> 00:28:25,600 AND LIVE CATTLE TO FEED THE ARMY OF LABORERS 531 00:28:25,633 --> 00:28:28,567 WHO LIVED ON THE PLATEAU. 532 00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:30,567 WHEN PHARAOH KHAFRE DIED, 533 00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,733 THE WOODEN COFFIN HOLDING HIS DEAD BODY 534 00:28:33,767 --> 00:28:38,700 WOULD CROSS THESE WATERS TO BEGIN HIS BURIAL CEREMONY 535 00:28:38,733 --> 00:28:41,567 AND THE EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THIS DIVINE PORT 536 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,633 ALLOWED THE GODS, ON THEIR CELESTIAL BARGES, 537 00:28:44,667 --> 00:28:48,133 TO VISIT THE SACRED TEMPLES OF THE DECEASED PHARAOHS. 538 00:28:52,367 --> 00:28:53,867 YOU COULD NOT HAVE BUILT THE PYRAMIDS 539 00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:55,233 WITHOUT WATER ACCESS. 540 00:28:55,267 --> 00:28:57,167 YOU COULD NOT HAVE MOVED THESE LARGE STONES 541 00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:00,700 FROM WAYS ACROSS THE NILE, OVER TO THE PYRAMIDS, 542 00:29:00,733 --> 00:29:02,533 FROM ASWAN, THE RED GRANITE, 543 00:29:02,567 --> 00:29:03,933 ALL THE WAY UP HERE. 544 00:29:03,967 --> 00:29:06,467 ALL THESE MATERIALS HAD TO HAVE BEEN MOVED BY WATER. 545 00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:08,100 THEY COULD NOT HAVE BEEN MOVED BY LAND. 546 00:29:08,133 --> 00:29:11,067 IT WAS JUST CRITICAL THAT YOU HAD THIS WATER TRANSPORT, 547 00:29:11,067 --> 00:29:12,300 THIS WATER SYSTEM, 548 00:29:12,333 --> 00:29:15,667 THIS WATER INFRASTRUCTURE TO BUILD THE PYRAMIDS. 549 00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:21,300 Narrator: THIS STONE GUARDIAN 550 00:29:21,333 --> 00:29:24,400 ONCE STARED OUT OVER GIZA'S BUSTLING HARBOR. 551 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:30,767 YET TODAY, KHAFRE'S FACE HAS ALL BUT CRUMBLED TO THE FLOOR. 552 00:29:31,633 --> 00:29:34,733 THIS COULD BE NATURAL LEVELS OF EROSION, 553 00:29:34,767 --> 00:29:37,067 BUT BIZARRELY, THE SPHINX APPEARS 554 00:29:37,067 --> 00:29:38,367 TO BE AGING FASTER 555 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:40,733 THAN THE PYRAMIDS THAT SURROUND IT. 556 00:29:40,767 --> 00:29:42,400 WHY? 557 00:29:42,433 --> 00:29:44,267 AND HOW LONG DO HISTORIANS HAVE 558 00:29:44,300 --> 00:29:46,667 BEFORE THERE'S NOTHING LEFT TO STUDY? 559 00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:57,933 Narrator: THE SPHINX WATCHES OVER 560 00:29:57,967 --> 00:30:00,900 THE MODERN EGYPTIAN LANDSCAPE. 561 00:30:00,933 --> 00:30:04,567 IT HAS WITNESSED THE BIRTH OF A MODERN AFRICAN COUNTRY, 562 00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:07,900 SEEN CAIRO EXPAND ALL AROUND IT, 563 00:30:07,933 --> 00:30:09,267 AND BECOME ONE OF THE WORLD'S 564 00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,400 MOST VISITED TOURIST ATTRACTIONS. 565 00:30:12,433 --> 00:30:14,367 FOR MOST OF ITS LIFE, 566 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,600 THIS ANCIENT BEAST HAS BEEN UNDER REPAIR. 567 00:30:17,633 --> 00:30:20,933 THE SPHINX IS BEING EATEN AWAY BY A MYSTERIOUS FORM 568 00:30:20,967 --> 00:30:22,700 OF ACCELERATED EROSION 569 00:30:22,733 --> 00:30:25,567 THAT DOESN'T SEEM TO AFFECT THE NEARBY PYRAMIDS. 570 00:30:28,567 --> 00:30:31,233 THE TILES THAT PROTECT THE LOWER BODY 571 00:30:31,267 --> 00:30:33,233 HAVE BEEN ADDED, REPAIRED, 572 00:30:33,267 --> 00:30:37,367 AND REPLACED FOR THE LAST 3,000 YEARS. 573 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,000 FROM THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS, THROUGH THE ROMANS, 574 00:30:40,033 --> 00:30:43,167 RIGHT UP TO MODERN TIMES. 575 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:44,667 IN THE 1920s, 576 00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:46,367 FRENCH ENGINEERS REPAIRED 577 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:48,333 A HUGE CRACK IN THE BODY... 578 00:30:50,533 --> 00:30:52,867 ...PLUGGED UP A HOLE IN ITS SCALP... 579 00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:58,433 ...AND FEARING THAT THE SPHINX MIGHT LOSE ITS HEAD, 580 00:30:58,467 --> 00:31:02,933 THEY PLASTERED HUGE CEMENT BUTTRESSES AROUND THE NECK. 581 00:31:02,967 --> 00:31:05,967 SAVING THE SPHINX IS A BATTLE WITH TIME 582 00:31:06,067 --> 00:31:08,567 THAT CONTINUES TO THIS VERY DAY. 583 00:31:11,467 --> 00:31:14,933 WHY IS THE SPHINX ERODING AWAY SO QUICKLY, 584 00:31:14,967 --> 00:31:18,667 WHILE THE NEARBY PYRAMIDS SIT UNAFFECTED? 585 00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:20,667 MARK AND RICHARD WANT TO FIND OUT. 586 00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:21,933 Lehner: IT'S NOT JUST THE RECENT TIME, 587 00:31:21,967 --> 00:31:23,967 IT'S BEEN HERE FOR 4,500 YEARS, SO... 588 00:31:24,067 --> 00:31:27,267 Narrator: THEY CANNOT INSPECT THE BODY OF THE MONUMENT, 589 00:31:27,300 --> 00:31:29,067 BECAUSE MOST OF IT IS NOW COVERED 590 00:31:29,067 --> 00:31:31,500 IN A PROTECTIVE LAYER OF LIMESTONE CLAY 591 00:31:31,533 --> 00:31:34,933 AND NATURAL STONE TILES. 592 00:31:34,967 --> 00:31:38,233 BUT ON THE QUARRY WALL THAT SURROUNDS THE SPHINX, 593 00:31:38,267 --> 00:31:39,933 THEY FIND EVIDENCE OF A UNIQUE 594 00:31:39,967 --> 00:31:42,167 TYPE OF EROSION THAT ATTACKS LIMESTONE. 595 00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:46,067 WHAT YOU HAVE TO KEEP IN MIND IS THAT THIS PROCESS 596 00:31:46,067 --> 00:31:48,100 AFFECTING THE QUARRY WALL 597 00:31:48,133 --> 00:31:49,900 IS EXACTLY THE PROCESS 598 00:31:49,933 --> 00:31:54,467 THAT IS STILL GOING ON IN THE LION BODY OF THE SPHINX. 599 00:31:54,500 --> 00:31:57,067 AND YOU CAN SEE THE FLAKES ALL AROUND HERE 600 00:31:57,067 --> 00:31:58,567 AND, BASICALLY, WHAT THIS IS, 601 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,067 IS DISINTEGRATED BEDROCK. 602 00:32:01,067 --> 00:32:02,800 YOU HAVE FLAKES COMING OFF. 603 00:32:02,833 --> 00:32:04,067 YOU GOT SOME CHUNKS COMING OFF HERE. 604 00:32:04,100 --> 00:32:05,067 YEAH. 605 00:32:08,067 --> 00:32:09,633 Narrator: GEOLOGY EXPERT RICHARD 606 00:32:09,667 --> 00:32:11,500 THINKS THAT WATER CARRIES SALT 607 00:32:11,533 --> 00:32:13,100 TO THE SURFACE OF THE ROCK, 608 00:32:13,133 --> 00:32:16,933 WHICH THEN HAS A DEVASTATING EFFECT. 609 00:32:16,967 --> 00:32:19,267 THE SALTS GET INTO EVERY PORE, EVERY CRACK, 610 00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:21,600 WHERE IT CRYSTALLIZES AND THE EXPANDING CRYSTALS 611 00:32:21,633 --> 00:32:25,233 HAVE A GREAT FORCE TO THEM, AND IT ACTUALLY BREAKS THE ROCK 612 00:32:25,267 --> 00:32:27,700 AND FORCES PIECES TO COME OFF. 613 00:32:27,733 --> 00:32:30,100 BUT IN A COUNTRY WHERE IT OFTEN DOESN'T RAIN 614 00:32:30,133 --> 00:32:31,700 FOR MONTHS AT A TIME, 615 00:32:31,733 --> 00:32:35,733 WHERE IS THIS WATER COMING FROM? 616 00:32:35,767 --> 00:32:38,233 AND WHY IS IT NOT AFFECTING THE GREAT PYRAMIDS 617 00:32:38,267 --> 00:32:39,633 IN THE SAME WAY? 618 00:32:42,333 --> 00:32:44,600 CARVING THE SPHINX OUT OF THE GROUND 619 00:32:44,633 --> 00:32:47,500 MEANS IT SITS 130 FEET LOWER 620 00:32:47,533 --> 00:32:49,467 THAN THE BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMIDS. 621 00:32:52,067 --> 00:32:55,867 ITS BASE IS CLOSE TO A LAYER OF UNDERGROUND WATER 622 00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:57,967 THAT PUSHES MOISTURE UPWARDS. 623 00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:04,100 THE POROUS LIMESTONE IN THE SPHINX BODY 624 00:33:04,133 --> 00:33:07,700 SUCKS UP THIS LIQUID, LIKE A SPONGE, 625 00:33:07,733 --> 00:33:11,100 WHICH THEN TURNS THE SPHINX'S SKIN TO DUST. 626 00:33:13,367 --> 00:33:14,733 UNLIKE THE PYRAMIDS, 627 00:33:14,767 --> 00:33:16,067 THE SPHINX IS ALSO 628 00:33:16,067 --> 00:33:17,333 DIRECTLY CONNECTED 629 00:33:17,367 --> 00:33:19,333 TO THE ROCK BELOW. 630 00:33:19,367 --> 00:33:21,633 Lehner: THE SPHINX IS NOT A STATUE SITTING SEPARATE 631 00:33:21,667 --> 00:33:25,067 OR EVEN A TEMPLE BUILT OUT OF SEPARATE BLOCKS, 632 00:33:25,067 --> 00:33:28,067 BUT THE SPHINX IS LITERALLY PART OF THE ENVIRONMENT, 633 00:33:28,100 --> 00:33:30,200 IT'S PART OF THE LIVING ROCK. 634 00:33:30,233 --> 00:33:33,733 ALL THE NATURAL PROCESSES THAT AFFECT THIS WALL HERE 635 00:33:33,767 --> 00:33:36,600 ARE AFFECTING THE SPHINX STATUE ITSELF. 636 00:33:37,733 --> 00:33:39,233 Narrator: CARVING THE SPHINX DIRECTLY OUT 637 00:33:39,267 --> 00:33:40,733 OF THE LIMESTONE BEDROCK 638 00:33:40,767 --> 00:33:43,633 MADE THIS GIANT STATUE POSSIBLE, 639 00:33:43,667 --> 00:33:46,233 BUT MAY ALSO HAVE BEEN ITS UNDOING. 640 00:33:49,067 --> 00:33:52,067 ONE SOLUTION TO STEM THE RISING DAM 641 00:33:52,067 --> 00:33:55,867 WOULD BE TO CUT THE SPHINX AWAY FROM THE BEDROCK. 642 00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:58,933 HOWEVER, THE MONUMENT WEIGHS THOUSANDS OF TONS 643 00:33:58,967 --> 00:34:02,233 AND COULD BE TOO FRAGILE FOR THIS SCHEME TO SUCCEED. 644 00:34:04,633 --> 00:34:06,967 SO TODAY, ENGINEERS ARE APPLYING 645 00:34:07,067 --> 00:34:09,367 A LAYER OF SPECIAL LIMESTONE CLAY 646 00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:11,267 CALLED CONSOLIDANT, 647 00:34:11,300 --> 00:34:13,500 TO TRY AND SLOW DOWN THE EROSION. 648 00:34:14,700 --> 00:34:16,200 EVEN THESE DAYS, 649 00:34:16,233 --> 00:34:19,300 THEY ARE HERE ON A REGULAR BASIS 650 00:34:19,333 --> 00:34:22,267 TO TRY TO ARREST THIS PROCESS 651 00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:25,733 AND SAVE THE FORM OF THE SPHINX. 652 00:34:25,767 --> 00:34:28,867 Narrator: FOR CONSERVATORS, IT IS A RACE AGAINST TIME 653 00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:31,900 TO PROTECT THE SPHINX 654 00:34:31,933 --> 00:34:35,533 BEFORE ITS ANCIENT STONE IS LOST TO THE DESERT. 655 00:34:36,533 --> 00:34:40,067 THE SPHINX AND ITS TEMPLES WERE MOST LIKELY DESIGNED 656 00:34:40,067 --> 00:34:42,800 TO KEEP THE GREAT PHARAOH'S MEMORY ALIVE 657 00:34:42,833 --> 00:34:45,633 THROUGH SUN-POWERED RELIGIOUS RITUALS, 658 00:34:47,267 --> 00:34:48,800 BUT THERE ARE PARTS OF THE COMPLEX 659 00:34:48,833 --> 00:34:51,567 THAT LOOK INCOMPLETE. 660 00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:53,067 COMPELLING NEW EVIDENCE 661 00:34:53,067 --> 00:34:57,167 SUGGESTS KHAFRE'S GREAT RESURRECTION MACHINE... 662 00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,533 MAY NEVER HAVE BEEN SWITCHED ON. 663 00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:12,067 Narrator: THE GREAT SPHINX AND ITS TEMPLES 664 00:35:12,067 --> 00:35:14,300 ARE SLOWLY GIVING UP THEIR SECRETS. 665 00:35:15,767 --> 00:35:18,233 THE EGYPTIANS BUILT THESE MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES 666 00:35:18,267 --> 00:35:20,133 FOR THE GREAT PHARAOH KHAFRE... 667 00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,100 ...DESIGNED TO ENSURE HE WAS WORSHIPPED 668 00:35:24,133 --> 00:35:25,333 AFTER HIS DEATH. 669 00:35:27,633 --> 00:35:30,100 BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM. 670 00:35:30,133 --> 00:35:32,467 SOME PARTS OF THE COMPLEX AROUND THE SPHINX 671 00:35:32,500 --> 00:35:34,200 APPEAR INCOMPLETE. 672 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:37,667 Lehner: THIS LEDGE TELLS ME 673 00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:39,100 THEY NEVER REALLY FINISHED THE JOB, 674 00:35:39,133 --> 00:35:42,967 OF THE SPHINX AND THE SPHINX TEMPLE. 675 00:35:43,067 --> 00:35:45,167 Narrator: EGYPTOLOGIST MARK LEHNER SUSPECTS 676 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:46,733 THE MEN CUTTING THIS WALL 677 00:35:46,767 --> 00:35:48,567 ABANDONED THEIR WORK. 678 00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:53,167 SEEN FROM THE AIR, 679 00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:55,100 THE WALL ON THE LEFT OF THE SPHINX 680 00:35:55,133 --> 00:35:56,567 IS A STRAIGHT EDGE, 681 00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:58,067 BUT THE WALL TO THE RIGHT 682 00:35:58,067 --> 00:36:01,900 HAS A SUSPICIOUS PROTRUDING LEDGE. 683 00:36:01,933 --> 00:36:04,067 Lehner: SUDDENLY, WE HAVE THIS HUGE SHELF 684 00:36:04,067 --> 00:36:06,900 OF BEDROCK STICKING OUT. 685 00:36:06,933 --> 00:36:08,633 THIS IS EXACTLY WHERE THEY STOPPED. 686 00:36:08,667 --> 00:36:10,067 AND THIS SUGGESTS TO ME 687 00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:11,900 THAT THEY NEVER REALLY FINISHED 688 00:36:11,933 --> 00:36:15,100 CUTTING THE SPHINX DITCH. 689 00:36:15,133 --> 00:36:17,500 Narrator: MARK AND FELLOW INVESTIGATOR RICHARD 690 00:36:17,533 --> 00:36:19,567 HUNT FOR EVIDENCE THAT THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS 691 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:22,900 HAD STARTED TO CUT THIS PART OF THE WALL AWAY. 692 00:36:23,767 --> 00:36:27,767 Lehner: PROBABLY THIS PATCH WAS ONE PERSON'S ALLOTMENT 693 00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:31,733 AND PROBABLY HE WAS SQUATTED HERE. 694 00:36:31,767 --> 00:36:32,900 MM-HMM. 695 00:36:32,933 --> 00:36:35,300 AND HE'S POUNDING WITH A HAMMERSTONE, 696 00:36:35,333 --> 00:36:39,633 POSSIBLY A CHISEL, NOW AND THEN. 697 00:36:39,667 --> 00:36:42,067 AS MARK AND RICHARD CLEAN THE AREA, 698 00:36:42,067 --> 00:36:44,433 THEY FIND WHAT THEY'RE LOOKING FOR -- 699 00:36:44,467 --> 00:36:47,300 EVIDENCE THAT THIS ROCKFACE WAS STILL BEING WORKED ON 700 00:36:47,333 --> 00:36:50,467 WHEN IT WAS ABANDONED. 701 00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:52,667 THESE THREE CHANNELS CUT INTO THE ROCK 702 00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:55,200 COULD'VE BEEN CHISELED OUT BY LABORERS -- 703 00:36:55,233 --> 00:36:56,300 PART OF A TECHNIQUE 704 00:36:56,333 --> 00:37:00,100 FOR REMOVING THE STONE MOST EFFICIENTLY. 705 00:37:00,133 --> 00:37:01,900 Lehner: YOU CAN SEE THAT HE CUT THESE CHANNELS, 706 00:37:01,933 --> 00:37:03,400 PROBABLY WITH A PICK, 707 00:37:03,433 --> 00:37:05,233 LEAVING THE GREAT HUMPS 708 00:37:05,267 --> 00:37:08,700 THAT HE WOULD THEN WASTE AWAY WITH A HEAVY HAMMERSTONE. 709 00:37:08,733 --> 00:37:11,567 THERE MUST'VE BEEN THREE DOZEN SUCH WORKERS, 710 00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:13,200 EACH WITH THEIR OWN PATCH, 711 00:37:13,233 --> 00:37:15,500 CLINK-A-CHENK, CLINK-A-CHENK, WITH THEIR PICKS 712 00:37:15,533 --> 00:37:17,267 AND THEN BLASTING THE HUMPS AWAY 713 00:37:17,300 --> 00:37:19,267 WITH THEIR HAMMERSTONES 714 00:37:19,300 --> 00:37:20,500 TO BRING THE LEDGE DOWN 715 00:37:20,533 --> 00:37:22,400 TO THE LEVEL OF THE SPHINX'S FLOOR. 716 00:37:22,433 --> 00:37:24,600 IT MUST'VE BEEN QUITE A SCENE. 717 00:37:24,633 --> 00:37:27,500 Narrator: BUT MARK IS CONVINCED THESE EGYPTIAN WORKMEN 718 00:37:27,533 --> 00:37:30,300 SUDDENLY WALKED OFF THE JOB AND LEFT. 719 00:37:30,333 --> 00:37:31,733 WHY? 720 00:37:31,767 --> 00:37:33,833 Lehner: AND OUR BEST GUESS, THAT THE REASON THEY STOPPED, 721 00:37:33,867 --> 00:37:35,733 IS THAT KHAFRE DIED 722 00:37:35,767 --> 00:37:37,367 AND A NEW KING CAME TO THE THRONE 723 00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:38,733 AND THEY HAD TO START IMMEDIATELY 724 00:37:38,767 --> 00:37:40,833 ON HIS PYRAMID COMPLEX. 725 00:37:40,867 --> 00:37:44,233 THE RESURRECTION MACHINE THAT KHAFRE PLANNED 726 00:37:44,267 --> 00:37:46,333 WITH THE SPHINX AND SPHINX TEMPLE 727 00:37:46,367 --> 00:37:48,400 WAS NEVER FINISHED. 728 00:37:51,067 --> 00:37:52,867 Narrator: CONSTRUCTION AT GIZA CARRIED ON 729 00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:56,400 FOR ABOUT ANOTHER 350 YEARS, 730 00:37:56,433 --> 00:37:59,533 BUT THEN, CAME TO A COMPLETE STOP. 731 00:38:00,900 --> 00:38:04,433 INVESTIGATORS NOW BELIEVE THAT A CATACLYSMIC NATURAL EVENT 732 00:38:04,467 --> 00:38:07,500 MADE THE EGYPTIANS ABANDON GIZA. 733 00:38:07,533 --> 00:38:10,567 THE NILE WAS CHANGING COURSE. 734 00:38:12,867 --> 00:38:16,633 AS THE FERTILE WATERS OF THE NILE DRIFTED EAST, 735 00:38:16,667 --> 00:38:19,233 THE GIZA PLATEAU DRIED UP, 736 00:38:19,267 --> 00:38:23,867 AND THE SPHINX BECAME LOST TO THE SANDS OF TIME. 737 00:38:23,900 --> 00:38:26,067 WITHOUT ANYONE ON GUARD, 738 00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:30,100 THIS SACRED SITE WAS LEFT FOR THIEVES TO STRIP IT BARE, 739 00:38:30,133 --> 00:38:33,700 THE VALUABLE STONE AND STATUES LOST FOREVER. 740 00:38:35,733 --> 00:38:37,833 COVERED OVER BY DESERT SANDS, 741 00:38:37,867 --> 00:38:41,433 THE SPHINX COULD'VE BEEN GONE FOR GOOD. 742 00:38:41,467 --> 00:38:45,100 BUT MARK BELIEVES THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT MUCH LATER, 743 00:38:45,133 --> 00:38:47,333 IT WAS REDISCOVERED AND REPURPOSED 744 00:38:47,367 --> 00:38:50,067 BY FUTURE GENERATIONS OF EGYPTIAN PHARAOHS. 745 00:38:51,967 --> 00:38:54,267 HE FINDS THIS EVIDENCE IN A STRANGE PANEL 746 00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:55,833 CALLED A STELE, 747 00:38:55,867 --> 00:38:58,967 WHICH WAS WRITTEN 1,000 YEARS AFTER KHAFRE DEATH 748 00:38:59,067 --> 00:39:01,667 BY PHARAOH THUTMOSE IV. 749 00:39:01,700 --> 00:39:04,267 IT'S ABUNDANTLY CLEAR THAT IT'S THUTMOSE. 750 00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:05,433 IT'S ALL ABOUT THUTMOSE. 751 00:39:05,467 --> 00:39:09,400 HIS NAME IS ALL OVER THE TOP OF THE STELE. 752 00:39:09,433 --> 00:39:11,233 Narrator: MARK DECIPHERS THE HIEROGLYPHS 753 00:39:11,267 --> 00:39:14,067 TO REVEAL THE STORY OF THUTMOSE, 754 00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:16,100 A ROYAL PRINCE WHO CAME TO GIZA 755 00:39:16,133 --> 00:39:19,433 ON A HUNTING TRIP FROM THE CAPITAL MEMPHIS. 756 00:39:19,467 --> 00:39:22,700 AND HE SAYS, HE SLEPT IN THE SHADOW OF THE SPHINX'S HEAD. 757 00:39:22,733 --> 00:39:24,733 THE SPHINX CAME TO HIM IN A DREAM. 758 00:39:24,767 --> 00:39:26,333 SAYS, "THUTMOSE, MY SON, 759 00:39:26,367 --> 00:39:28,767 LOOK HOW THE SAND HAS ENGULFED MY BODY. 760 00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:31,833 CLEAR THE SAND AWAY FROM ME, AND I WILL MAKE YOU THE KING 761 00:39:31,867 --> 00:39:34,600 OF UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT." 762 00:39:34,633 --> 00:39:36,067 Narrator: IT SEEMS THAT THE SPHINX 763 00:39:36,067 --> 00:39:38,300 MADE GOOD ON ITS PROMISE. 764 00:39:38,333 --> 00:39:40,200 THUTMOSE BECAME KING OF EGYPT 765 00:39:40,233 --> 00:39:43,967 DESPITE NOT BEING DIRECTLY IN LINE TO THE THRONE. 766 00:39:44,067 --> 00:39:45,533 Lehner: THUTMOSE PUT UP THIS STELE 767 00:39:45,567 --> 00:39:47,333 IN THE FIRST YEAR OF HIS REIGN. 768 00:39:47,367 --> 00:39:49,533 A COUPLE OTHER KINGS CAME AND PUT UP STELE 769 00:39:49,567 --> 00:39:51,333 IN THE FIRST YEARS OF THEIR REIGNS. 770 00:39:51,367 --> 00:39:54,500 THE SPHINX BECAME LIKE -- IN A WAY, LIKE THE VATICAN, 771 00:39:54,533 --> 00:39:56,433 THE PLACE OF ORDINATION, 772 00:39:56,467 --> 00:39:59,800 THE PLACE WHERE THIS ANCIENT IMAGE OF THE SUN GOD, 773 00:39:59,833 --> 00:40:01,867 THE PROGENITOR OF ALL KINGS, 774 00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:04,700 BESTOWED KINGSHIP ON THOSE 775 00:40:04,733 --> 00:40:06,633 WHO WERE NEWLY ASCENDED TO THE THRONE. 776 00:40:08,867 --> 00:40:11,733 BUILT TO IDOLIZE A PHARAOH, 777 00:40:11,767 --> 00:40:14,067 THE SYMBOL OF A KING 778 00:40:14,100 --> 00:40:18,500 THAT INSPIRED A NEW BREED OF STATUE. 779 00:40:18,533 --> 00:40:20,367 THAT ICONIC IMAGE, THE COMBINATION 780 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:22,200 OF THE PHARAOH'S HEAD AND THE LION BODY, 781 00:40:22,233 --> 00:40:24,133 THE SPHINX, WAS REPLICATED 782 00:40:24,167 --> 00:40:25,800 PROBABLY HUNDRED OF TIMES 783 00:40:25,833 --> 00:40:28,400 THROUGH THE LATER DYNASTIES OF EGYPT. 784 00:40:28,433 --> 00:40:30,733 THE LEGACY OF THE SPHINX HAS GONE WAY BEYOND 785 00:40:30,767 --> 00:40:33,033 WHAT KHAFRE COULD'VE IMAGINED. 786 00:40:33,067 --> 00:40:34,667 Narrator: THE SPHINX HAS SURVIVED 787 00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:36,867 FOR MORE THAN FOUR MILLENNIA, 788 00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:39,600 GUARDING THE ANCIENT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA. 789 00:40:40,733 --> 00:40:42,933 NOTHING, NO PIECE OF ART, 790 00:40:42,967 --> 00:40:44,300 NO SCULPTURE, 791 00:40:44,333 --> 00:40:49,533 NO STATUE ON THIS SCALE HAD EXISTED BEFORE 792 00:40:49,567 --> 00:40:51,933 AND, IN FACT, NO STATUE, 793 00:40:51,967 --> 00:40:53,300 ON THIS SCALE, 794 00:40:53,333 --> 00:40:56,567 WOULD EXIST AGAIN FOR ANOTHER MILLENNIUM. 795 00:40:59,533 --> 00:41:02,867 Narrator: THE GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA -- 796 00:41:02,900 --> 00:41:05,567 ONE OF THE MOST ICONIC AND MYSTERIOUS 797 00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:07,300 STRUCTURES IN THE WORLD. 798 00:41:08,933 --> 00:41:13,233 AS INVESTIGATORS WORK ON THIS GIANT FELINE, 799 00:41:13,267 --> 00:41:17,600 THEY ARE SLOWLY STARTING TO UNEARTH ITS SECRETS. 800 00:41:17,633 --> 00:41:20,633 FROM ITS MYSTIFYING, DISFIGURED FACE, 801 00:41:20,667 --> 00:41:23,300 TO ITS RUINED TEMPLES, 802 00:41:23,333 --> 00:41:25,700 THEY ARE GRADUALLY UNDERSTANDING MORE 803 00:41:25,733 --> 00:41:28,533 ABOUT THIS GREAT STRUCTURE 804 00:41:28,567 --> 00:41:30,600 AND THE KING WHO BUILT IT. 805 00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:40,500 * 61785

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