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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:35,120 DAVID ATTENBOROUGH: A Bengal tiger. 2 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:45,280 She is looking for prey. 3 00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:53,280 One of these deer, perhaps. 4 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:25,720 But the slightest sound from her... 5 00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:26,920 TWIG SNAPS 6 00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:28,520 ...could warn them. 7 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,640 DEER CALLING 8 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:41,680 She will have to try elsewhere. 9 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:51,920 The forests of the world 10 00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:57,280 are home to two-thirds of all species of mammals. 11 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:11,600 For them, it is the most important habitat of all. 12 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:24,600 Equatorial Africa. 13 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:32,600 Chimpanzees. 14 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:43,240 This young chimp has discovered a cloud of bees. 15 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:45,480 They're coming from a hole in the tree, 16 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,240 and he knows that there could be something sweet in there. 17 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:54,400 But it's well defended. 18 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:58,040 BUZZING 19 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:05,480 The alpha male knows the kind of bee that doesn't sting. 20 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:14,880 But they live underground. 21 00:03:15,960 --> 00:03:19,800 So, to get their honey, you need a tool. 22 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:26,640 A straight stick should do the job. 23 00:03:28,960 --> 00:03:31,240 If it's the right length. 24 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:03,080 A sniff tells him that there is honey down there somewhere. 25 00:04:08,200 --> 00:04:10,320 Got it. 26 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:25,600 He found it - and the others will have to wait. 27 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:37,320 Mm! 28 00:04:37,320 --> 00:04:39,760 That looks nice. 29 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:42,560 Is there enough for two, perhaps? 30 00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:53,080 Apparently not. 31 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:01,520 Perhaps he's left some behind. 32 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:07,880 No. 33 00:05:12,160 --> 00:05:13,960 BIRDS CHIRP 34 00:05:13,960 --> 00:05:19,000 But up in the trees, there is more substantial prey. 35 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:30,840 Red-capped mangabeys. 36 00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:56,520 The alpha male investigates. 37 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,960 Others stay on the ground 38 00:06:15,960 --> 00:06:19,040 and get ahead of the mangabeys. 39 00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:40,600 And then some quietly climb into the trees. 40 00:06:59,960 --> 00:07:03,360 The trap is set. 41 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:26,200 LOUD SCREECH 42 00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:27,640 The leader charges. 43 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:30,080 MANGABEYS CALL 44 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:37,000 Some hunters return to the forest floor... 45 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:42,120 ...to prevent their prey from coming to the ground. 46 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:07,080 In panic, the monkeys flee directly towards 47 00:08:07,080 --> 00:08:09,360 the chimps waiting in ambush. 48 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:15,600 SCREECHING 49 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:21,040 And are caught. 50 00:08:28,520 --> 00:08:31,360 The chimps, young and old, 51 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:33,600 females and males, 52 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:36,400 all share in the feast. 53 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:45,640 Teamwork has won, and is rewarded. 54 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:08,360 The forests of Madagascar have their own special fauna, 55 00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:11,920 and it's unlike any other in the world. 56 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:22,600 Among the strangest creatures 57 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:26,280 are little mammals called tenrecs. 58 00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:30,680 They have poor eyesight, 59 00:09:30,680 --> 00:09:33,040 but a keen sense of smell, 60 00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:35,440 and will eat almost any small creature 61 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:37,600 they can find in the leaf litter. 62 00:09:45,680 --> 00:09:50,040 And they manage to find food almost anywhere. 63 00:10:14,200 --> 00:10:17,160 One of the smaller members of the family 64 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:19,840 is having difficulty in keeping up. 65 00:10:28,680 --> 00:10:31,200 And there are dangers around. 66 00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:07,000 The mother realises that one of her family is missing. 67 00:11:11,320 --> 00:11:15,840 She calls to the wanderer using a special instrument - 68 00:11:15,840 --> 00:11:18,600 a patch of stiff bristles on her back 69 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:20,400 that can be vibrated. 70 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:23,720 RATTLING 71 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:43,200 The wanderer recognises the summons 72 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:44,840 and heads towards it. 73 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:55,000 But adult and young are separated by a stream. 74 00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:03,320 It's only a metre or so across, 75 00:12:03,320 --> 00:12:07,520 but that is quite a distance for a tiny tenrec. 76 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:31,280 Oddly, perhaps, tenrecs can swim. 77 00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:00,080 Now it'll have to climb. 78 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:09,040 Strong toes and hooked claws 79 00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:12,440 enable it to cope with the slippery mud. 80 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:20,360 Reunited. 81 00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:39,840 Madagascar's rainforests are tropical, hot and dense. 82 00:13:41,680 --> 00:13:45,600 The forests of North America are also thick. 83 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:50,880 But they are very cold indeed. 84 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,160 This is the home of the forest bobcat. 85 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:10,440 High in the trees, 86 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:14,680 a lone female has seen what she's been waiting for. 87 00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:19,440 The meal that will be essential 88 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:21,800 if she is to survive the coming winter. 89 00:14:30,680 --> 00:14:34,360 The streams are full of newcomers. 90 00:14:36,920 --> 00:14:38,480 Salmon. 91 00:14:40,440 --> 00:14:43,240 Having spent years feeding at sea, 92 00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:46,160 they come back here to spawn. 93 00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:53,680 Otters have been waiting for them 94 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:56,120 and know how to catch them. 95 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:16,520 But cats don't have thick waterproof fur, like otters. 96 00:15:22,480 --> 00:15:25,880 And few like getting their feet wet. 97 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:39,480 She's much more at home on land than in the water. 98 00:15:44,680 --> 00:15:47,760 A fallen tree across the river could help. 99 00:15:51,640 --> 00:15:53,360 LOUD SPLASHING 100 00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,200 She follows the salmon upstream... 101 00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:07,760 ...looking for a place where they're forced to swim close 102 00:16:07,760 --> 00:16:10,440 to the river bank. 103 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:24,280 One of these fish could weigh more than she does. 104 00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:31,960 This is not going to be easy. 105 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:46,480 It's too big and powerful... 106 00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:51,960 ...but these huge fish are worth fighting for. 107 00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:11,040 She follows the river still further upstream. 108 00:17:26,480 --> 00:17:28,480 It's now narrower... 109 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:30,200 ...but swifter. 110 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:50,760 This could be her chance. 111 00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:30,000 This is the first bobcat ever filmed catching salmon. 112 00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:43,160 It's an extraordinary display of the determination 113 00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:48,320 that she will need if she is to survive the cold months ahead. 114 00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:01,720 As temperatures fall, 115 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:07,240 some forests have become draped in a thick layer of snow. 116 00:19:13,720 --> 00:19:17,280 Most of the animals that were here in the summer 117 00:19:17,280 --> 00:19:20,520 have long since retreated south. 118 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:27,240 Those that remain have to dig to reach the vegetation 119 00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:29,720 that lies beneath the snow. 120 00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:34,800 But high in the trees, 121 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:38,600 one mammal gets about without touching the ground. 122 00:19:47,360 --> 00:19:49,760 A Siberian squirrel. 123 00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:57,200 It... 124 00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:59,200 ...can glide. 125 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:28,040 A furry membrane stretches from its wrists to its ankles. 126 00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:35,840 There could hardly be a more efficient way of travelling. 127 00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,800 At this time of the year, 128 00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:59,560 the female squirrels are not only feeding for themselves. 129 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:16,240 They're also raising families. 130 00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:24,440 A disused woodpecker's nest hole 131 00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:28,480 protects the young squirrels from the sub-zero temperature. 132 00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:41,280 Their mother's precious milk must sustain them 133 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:43,720 throughout the winter. 134 00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:56,920 Five weeks later... 135 00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:03,520 ...the warmth of spring has transformed the forests. 136 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:19,400 It's time for the young squirrels to leave the shelter of their nest. 137 00:22:22,120 --> 00:22:25,720 But first flights are somewhat daunting. 138 00:22:44,920 --> 00:22:47,960 One of the youngsters seems keen. 139 00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:53,880 And one not quite so confident. 140 00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:58,880 The first climbs up the tree, while the other watches. 141 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,720 The higher up they go, the further they will glide. 142 00:23:08,320 --> 00:23:09,560 And then... 143 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:14,240 ...lift-off! 144 00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:21,440 Made it. 145 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:25,360 But the other seems to have pre-flight nerves. 146 00:23:35,040 --> 00:23:38,960 Perhaps he'll try... tomorrow. 147 00:23:42,880 --> 00:23:46,000 The warm forests of Costa Rica. 148 00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:50,240 One sound rings out in the dawn. 149 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:53,160 HOWLING ECHOES 150 00:23:55,360 --> 00:23:59,880 It can travel for almost three miles in every direction. 151 00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:07,280 It's the loudest call made by any land mammal. 152 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:10,680 And the singer? 153 00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:17,280 A howler monkey. 154 00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:22,560 A dominant male is proclaiming his family's occupation 155 00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:25,520 of this particular patch of forest. 156 00:24:41,640 --> 00:24:46,280 They eat fruit, but primarily they are leaf-eaters, 157 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:50,640 and they have already stripped this tree of most of its leaves. 158 00:24:55,120 --> 00:24:57,520 It's time for them to move on. 159 00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:02,680 But they rarely descend to the ground. 160 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:09,040 Like many South American monkeys, 161 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,640 they have a grasping tail 162 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:15,400 that they use, in effect, as a fifth limb. 163 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:25,200 With its help, they manage to bridge great gaps. 164 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:42,360 Living in such large groups... 165 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:47,400 ...there is always help for the youngsters. 166 00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:58,240 But sometimes, when you're 30 metres up, 167 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:02,640 you have to take a leap of faith. 168 00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:20,360 Once, they could find great areas 169 00:26:20,360 --> 00:26:23,160 of uninterrupted forest canopy. 170 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:35,800 But today, they have to venture into towns to find the leaves they need. 171 00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:43,920 The alpha male is the leader. 172 00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:48,000 It's up to him to find food. 173 00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:54,640 This is alien territory. 174 00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:08,120 And up here, 175 00:27:08,120 --> 00:27:10,040 there are dangers. 176 00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:11,920 ELECTRICITY CRACKLES 177 00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:15,360 They don't know exactly what they are... 178 00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:32,200 ...but they follow. 179 00:27:36,040 --> 00:27:37,840 TRAFFIC PASSES 180 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:47,640 Their grasping tails are now particularly valuable... 181 00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:51,960 ...and reach cables above them. 182 00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:58,040 But if they touch more than one uninsulated electricity cable... 183 00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:02,960 ...the shock will kill them. 184 00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:27,040 ELECTRICITY BUZZES FAINTLY 185 00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:32,840 In the past three years, 186 00:28:32,840 --> 00:28:37,480 nearly 1,000 monkeys have been electrocuted here. 187 00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:56,040 He keeps a watchful eye on his family. 188 00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:31,920 Once everyone is safely across, 189 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:33,880 he follows. 190 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:59,000 At last, they can all feed. 191 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:11,480 That is not only essential for the howlers... 192 00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:18,640 ...but also for many of the trees on which they feed, 193 00:30:18,640 --> 00:30:22,480 which rely on them both for pollinating the flowers 194 00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:27,280 and for distributing the seeds that the fruits contain. 195 00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:34,640 It's a partnership, with rewards for each. 196 00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:46,240 And nowhere is this interdependence 197 00:30:46,240 --> 00:30:49,240 between plants and mammals more impressive... 198 00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:53,240 ...than here in central Africa. 199 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:57,480 CHIRPING 200 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:03,600 These straw-coloured fruit bats 201 00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,320 have flown right across the continent 202 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:11,000 in order to visit this one small particular patch 203 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,080 of forest in Zambia. 204 00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:21,320 Bats are the only mammals that have powered flight. 205 00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:32,360 And this enables them to visit the Zambian forest 206 00:31:32,360 --> 00:31:35,960 at precisely the time that fruit trees are ripening. 207 00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:43,680 The roost is a crowded place. 208 00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:52,720 And bats, like all of us, have things they need to do. 209 00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:03,600 One thing is for certain. 210 00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:08,240 It's better not to be in the lower branches. 211 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:30,360 The heat of the day has passed, 212 00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:35,200 and as the light fades, the bats start to take off. 213 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:42,200 Guided by their acute sense of smell, 214 00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:44,640 they head off in search of fruit. 215 00:32:57,560 --> 00:33:05,320 Within just 30 minutes, some ten million bats take to the air. 216 00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:16,400 This is the largest and densest concentration of mammals 217 00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,440 to be found anywhere on the planet. 218 00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:55,320 They consume up to 5,000 tonnes of fruit every night. 219 00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:00,720 And within three short weeks, 220 00:34:00,720 --> 00:34:05,160 they will distribute over a billion seeds. 221 00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:08,800 Enough to plant an entire forest. 222 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:19,040 But today, both these bats and their forest are under threat. 223 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:28,920 Human beings have claimed the land, 224 00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:33,440 cutting down trees to create farms and build houses. 225 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:41,760 THUNDER CRACKS 226 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:45,960 The delicate natural balance is at risk. 227 00:34:55,720 --> 00:35:00,360 Without our protection, the survival of entire forests 228 00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:04,240 and their remarkable inhabitants are in danger. 229 00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:23,400 But the impact of human activity is not always so obvious. 230 00:35:25,880 --> 00:35:31,160 In Uganda, the warming of the world is changing the landscape. 231 00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:40,600 As temperatures rise, 232 00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:44,520 the cactus-like euphorbia trees are spreading. 233 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:50,720 And some terrestrial animals are spreading, too. 234 00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:00,520 Not laterally, but upwards. 235 00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:07,080 This pride of lions is starting to claim new territory. 236 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:11,000 FLY BUZZES 237 00:36:14,240 --> 00:36:18,480 In the branches, it can be several degrees cooler 238 00:36:18,480 --> 00:36:20,600 than at ground level. 239 00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:29,320 It's a nice place to relax... 240 00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:36,320 ...if you can find somewhere comfortable to do so. 241 00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:38,280 PANTING 242 00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:46,040 Lions aren't really suited for life in the trees... 243 00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:52,840 ...and they're still trying to get accustomed to it. 244 00:37:05,920 --> 00:37:09,440 But there is little point in getting properly comfortable... 245 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:11,320 SNORTS 246 00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:15,760 ...if there are hungry mouths to be fed. 247 00:37:23,720 --> 00:37:26,960 The dominant female leads the pride... 248 00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:28,400 GROWLS PLAYFULLY 249 00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:31,400 ...followed closely by the cubs. 250 00:37:57,640 --> 00:38:00,120 But instead of starting to hunt, 251 00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:03,360 these lions behave rather strangely. 252 00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:11,960 They start to climb. 253 00:38:24,120 --> 00:38:26,640 It's not only cooler in the branches... 254 00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:36,280 ...they also get a better view of what is going on around them. 255 00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:50,760 Up there, their scent is less noticeable than at ground level. 256 00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:59,280 Their prey seem to forget that they are even there... 257 00:39:02,480 --> 00:39:06,360 ...and stray ever closer to their tree. 258 00:39:24,440 --> 00:39:29,360 Silently, the adult lions drop into action. 259 00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:54,440 The cubs watch. 260 00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:13,600 Now patience is all-important. 261 00:40:29,520 --> 00:40:31,600 SNARLING 262 00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:37,720 The cubs can't stop playing. 263 00:40:39,520 --> 00:40:41,720 That is too much. 264 00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:48,080 LOW GRUNT 265 00:40:49,320 --> 00:40:52,600 These youngsters still have a lot to learn. 266 00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:12,400 The adult lions are also adapting. 267 00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:29,200 Many things are changing. 268 00:41:35,640 --> 00:41:39,280 The future for the hunters on the savannah 269 00:41:39,280 --> 00:41:41,960 is by no means certain. 270 00:41:54,960 --> 00:41:56,480 India. 271 00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:04,440 Hidden deep in a protected tract of jungle... 272 00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:05,840 CUB SQUEAKS 273 00:42:05,840 --> 00:42:08,280 ...a new generation of tiger cubs 274 00:42:08,280 --> 00:42:11,120 are taking their first steps into the forest. 275 00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:23,320 SQUEAKY GROWLS 276 00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:27,800 They are healthy and strong, and growing fast. 277 00:42:33,520 --> 00:42:38,280 Their mother will soon have to go out into the forest to hunt. 278 00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:18,600 The increasing heat of summer 279 00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:22,000 has already scorched the trees and shrubs... 280 00:43:23,360 --> 00:43:25,640 ...and the jungle is bare. 281 00:43:32,320 --> 00:43:37,960 Many prey animals have left the forest to look for food elsewhere. 282 00:43:41,160 --> 00:43:45,360 Those that remain are on high alert. 283 00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,240 It's increasingly hot. 284 00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:17,560 {\an8}These deer are cooling off in a forest lake. 285 00:44:26,720 --> 00:44:31,840 In the water, stealth and camouflage will be of no help to her. 286 00:44:45,280 --> 00:44:47,640 But she still needs to hunt. 287 00:45:05,760 --> 00:45:09,560 She gets as close as she can to her prey, 288 00:45:09,560 --> 00:45:12,920 exploiting every last bit of cover. 289 00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:34,520 SQUEALING 290 00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:50,440 {\an8}She splits the herd. 291 00:45:59,480 --> 00:46:01,360 {\an8}She may be powerful... 292 00:46:02,880 --> 00:46:07,720 {\an8}...but chasing prey in deep water is exhausting. 293 00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:25,640 {\an8}She selects an individual near the shore... 294 00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:29,640 {\an8}...and drives it back into the forest. 295 00:46:39,080 --> 00:46:43,400 {\an8}Once on dry land, she can use all her power and speed. 296 00:47:01,760 --> 00:47:05,880 {\an8}Within minutes, the deer is suffocated. 297 00:47:15,760 --> 00:47:19,920 The tiger's great intelligence and physical skills 298 00:47:19,920 --> 00:47:24,120 make it one of the forest's most impressive hunters. 299 00:47:29,240 --> 00:47:33,000 If we protect these rich and diverse forests, 300 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:36,520 the mammals that live in them will thrive. 301 00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:44,080 Here in India, in the space of just 20 years, 302 00:47:44,080 --> 00:47:47,920 the number of Bengal tigers has doubled. 303 00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:57,880 There are more than 6,000 species of mammals on Earth. 304 00:47:57,880 --> 00:48:03,000 But their fate lies in the hands of just one. 305 00:48:04,440 --> 00:48:06,080 Us. 306 00:48:08,720 --> 00:48:11,760 If we make the right decisions, 307 00:48:11,760 --> 00:48:14,320 we can safeguard the future 308 00:48:14,320 --> 00:48:16,960 not just for our fellow mammals... 309 00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:22,480 ...but for all life on Earth. 310 00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:51,480 DAVID ATTENBOROUGH: Over the course of four years, 311 00:48:51,480 --> 00:48:54,680 the Mammals team travelled across the globe... 312 00:48:55,760 --> 00:48:59,280 ...filming in a great variety of forests. 313 00:49:01,880 --> 00:49:06,040 But one story took them to an unexpected setting. 314 00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:12,800 In Costa Rica, they found themselves on the streets of Playa Hermosa. 315 00:49:15,720 --> 00:49:18,960 Despite being one of the most forested countries, 316 00:49:18,960 --> 00:49:23,280 even here wildlife is competing for space with humans. 317 00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:33,400 For howlers, living in a fragmented forest has grave consequences. 318 00:49:33,400 --> 00:49:35,440 Close to the... 319 00:49:35,440 --> 00:49:42,120 The team enlisted the help of local howler expert Ines Azofeifa Rojas. 320 00:49:42,120 --> 00:49:47,000 The male from troop two and two males from troop three. 321 00:49:48,880 --> 00:49:51,240 I love the howlers. 322 00:49:51,240 --> 00:49:53,240 They are the gardeners of the forest. 323 00:49:53,240 --> 00:49:56,680 They teach me how to live in one environment 324 00:49:56,680 --> 00:49:58,600 and help another species. 325 00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:05,520 Ines has been researching these howlers for the past seven years, 326 00:50:05,520 --> 00:50:08,320 observing them as they travel in search of food 327 00:50:08,320 --> 00:50:11,480 through the town that cuts across their forest. 328 00:50:12,640 --> 00:50:17,560 When the troop is on the move, just as in the forest, 329 00:50:17,560 --> 00:50:20,280 their instinct is to stay up high. 330 00:50:24,400 --> 00:50:28,880 So when they reach a road, they use power lines. 331 00:50:35,760 --> 00:50:37,360 One male. 332 00:50:38,960 --> 00:50:42,640 Oh, my God. This is so close to the electric cable. 333 00:50:44,960 --> 00:50:49,560 If they touch more than one uninsulated cable at the same time, 334 00:50:49,560 --> 00:50:52,720 they will get a fatal electric shock. 335 00:50:57,040 --> 00:51:01,640 Each death can have a huge consequence for the troop, 336 00:51:01,640 --> 00:51:05,920 and Ines has witnessed this first-hand. 337 00:51:05,920 --> 00:51:07,920 ELECTRICITY BUZZES FAINTLY 338 00:51:10,240 --> 00:51:13,640 When we found an alpha male in the power lines, 339 00:51:13,640 --> 00:51:18,000 we also lost all the infants before one year, 340 00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:21,720 because the new alpha male kill all of these infants 341 00:51:21,720 --> 00:51:23,840 to produce a new generation. 342 00:51:23,840 --> 00:51:25,640 So this is a big problem 343 00:51:25,640 --> 00:51:27,640 because we don't lost just one individual. 344 00:51:30,960 --> 00:51:35,160 Whilst 80% of howlers that get electrocuted die... 345 00:51:37,520 --> 00:51:39,280 ...some survive. 346 00:51:43,520 --> 00:51:45,920 These are often infants. 347 00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:55,480 Attached to their mothers, they are protected from a direct shock. 348 00:52:00,480 --> 00:52:02,640 But there is hope. 349 00:52:07,160 --> 00:52:10,640 There are volunteers and organisations working 350 00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:15,120 across the area to get medical treatment to those affected. 351 00:52:23,360 --> 00:52:26,680 Ines is part of an online response team, 352 00:52:26,680 --> 00:52:30,720 on call day or night to rescue survivors. 353 00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:32,800 Last night, we received a call. 354 00:52:32,800 --> 00:52:35,280 One female was electrocution. 355 00:52:35,280 --> 00:52:38,520 This female have an infant approximately one year. 356 00:52:38,520 --> 00:52:42,760 And this infant I take to the rescue centre. 357 00:52:45,520 --> 00:52:50,400 With their help, these individuals have a chance to survive. 358 00:52:51,480 --> 00:52:53,960 But it's a long road to recovery. 359 00:52:55,280 --> 00:52:58,960 Throughout the region, there are just a handful of vets 360 00:52:58,960 --> 00:53:02,160 primed to treat electrocution victims. 361 00:53:02,160 --> 00:53:05,360 Check the mouth, the teeth, how they're doing. 362 00:53:06,680 --> 00:53:08,520 This is a very big problem 363 00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:11,000 because it's so many of them getting electrocuted 364 00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:13,400 that we can be working with one animal 365 00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:16,280 and be receiving an emergency call right away. 366 00:53:16,280 --> 00:53:18,280 The survival rate is very low. 367 00:53:18,280 --> 00:53:22,360 Maybe 15 to 20% of the patients that arrive to us after an electrocution, 368 00:53:22,360 --> 00:53:24,200 they actually are able to survive 369 00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:26,720 and be able to be released back into the wild. 370 00:53:26,720 --> 00:53:29,160 We're going to do all the regular check-up 371 00:53:29,160 --> 00:53:31,360 that these individuals need. 372 00:53:31,360 --> 00:53:33,040 Check the lungs and the heart. 373 00:53:33,040 --> 00:53:35,960 Mm-hm. Everything sounds good. 374 00:53:35,960 --> 00:53:39,280 She will be with us for at least three to four years. 375 00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:42,000 During the next year that she's going to be with us, 376 00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,560 she's always going to be intensive care, 377 00:53:44,560 --> 00:53:48,160 because electrocution can cause severe injuries months, 378 00:53:48,160 --> 00:53:50,280 even years after the trauma. 379 00:53:50,280 --> 00:53:53,760 Hopefully, she's going to be OK and be able to be released. 380 00:53:55,440 --> 00:53:58,920 Back in town, Ines has been identifying hot spots 381 00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:02,560 where most of the electrocutions are happening. 382 00:54:02,560 --> 00:54:07,520 We can have in one accident more than one howler electrocute. 383 00:54:07,520 --> 00:54:12,320 We have some spots that maybe we have five or six individuals 384 00:54:12,320 --> 00:54:14,880 that, in the moment, in the power line. 385 00:54:18,760 --> 00:54:22,560 There is a solution that offers safe passage. 386 00:54:24,520 --> 00:54:29,520 Today, the team are putting up a bridge in a hot spot area, 387 00:54:29,520 --> 00:54:33,600 to give the monkeys an alternative to the power lines. 388 00:54:40,880 --> 00:54:44,200 So, we have a canopy bridge that can connect 389 00:54:44,200 --> 00:54:48,400 these parcels of forest and provide access for more food 390 00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:51,200 and social interaction for the howlers. 391 00:54:58,280 --> 00:55:01,560 For Ines, it's a nervous wait. 392 00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:03,720 They are so curious. 393 00:55:03,720 --> 00:55:08,040 And the howlers are rethinking where they can cross. 394 00:55:12,280 --> 00:55:13,360 Come on, guys. 395 00:55:15,280 --> 00:55:17,040 Oh, my God! 396 00:55:21,840 --> 00:55:24,400 Running, running and running! 397 00:55:25,320 --> 00:55:26,880 Take care, little howler. 398 00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:32,520 Several canopy bridges have now been installed across the town. 399 00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:39,480 Not only has the programme reduced the electrocutions by 90%, 400 00:55:39,480 --> 00:55:42,640 it has also brought more connectivity 401 00:55:42,640 --> 00:55:44,480 to this fragmented forest. 402 00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:50,640 When the humans change the use of land, 403 00:55:50,640 --> 00:55:54,520 we forget that all of this land that we are using 404 00:55:54,520 --> 00:55:57,480 is the habitat of many other species. 405 00:55:57,480 --> 00:56:02,080 Ines's determination to help the howlers has been driven 406 00:56:02,080 --> 00:56:04,520 by reconnecting with the forest. 407 00:56:04,520 --> 00:56:07,800 So, when I began to study the howlers, 408 00:56:07,800 --> 00:56:11,760 I can connect again 409 00:56:11,760 --> 00:56:14,320 with the rights of the forest 410 00:56:14,320 --> 00:56:17,280 and also with all of the other species. 411 00:56:17,280 --> 00:56:20,360 So, my message for many people is, 412 00:56:20,360 --> 00:56:24,800 try to reconnect with whatever species that you want it - 413 00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:27,720 with plants, with trees, with amphibians - 414 00:56:27,720 --> 00:56:32,680 but try to reconnect with this same environment 415 00:56:32,680 --> 00:56:37,400 that we share with other species in the same global planet. 416 00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:43,960 With the knowledge and dedication of local champions, like Ines, 417 00:56:43,960 --> 00:56:47,400 across the series, the production team were able to document 418 00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:50,640 extraordinary moments in the lives of mammals. 419 00:56:53,120 --> 00:56:56,360 As pressure on wildlife increases, 420 00:56:56,360 --> 00:57:00,200 commitment from passionate individuals on the ground... 421 00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:01,880 Here we've got a wolf. 422 00:57:01,880 --> 00:57:03,240 HE LAUGHS 423 00:57:03,240 --> 00:57:05,000 ...does make a difference. 424 00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:07,560 {\an8}Can't ignore how special this place is. 425 00:57:07,560 --> 00:57:10,040 If we continue to share knowledge... 426 00:57:10,040 --> 00:57:12,000 Here's where the den is. Oh, I see. 427 00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:13,680 So, we can connect to that route. 428 00:57:13,680 --> 00:57:16,160 ...and protect the environment... 429 00:57:16,160 --> 00:57:20,120 With the education and working together 430 00:57:20,120 --> 00:57:24,000 for common goals, then I be very optimistic. 431 00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:26,720 ...there can be hope for the future of all mammals... 432 00:57:26,720 --> 00:57:29,040 Yay! 433 00:57:29,040 --> 00:57:31,200 ...including ourselves. 434 00:57:32,640 --> 00:57:35,080 We did it, we did it, we did it! 435 00:57:35,080 --> 00:57:36,960 LAUGHING: We did it! 33531

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