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SAGAN: Imagine that we are travelers
from the stars...
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...bound for the sun.
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00:00:55,303 --> 00:01:00,240
We would discover it surrounded by
four giant, cloudy, gas worlds:
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00:01:00,742 --> 00:01:04,269
Blue Neptune and its
frozen moon, Triton.
5
00:01:07,148 --> 00:01:11,346
And then farther in, Uranus
and its dark rings...
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00:01:11,553 --> 00:01:14,852
...made perhaps of organic matter.
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00:01:30,204 --> 00:01:34,766
Saturn, the jewel
of the solar system...
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00:01:35,209 --> 00:01:39,111
...set within concentric rings...
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...composed of a billion icy moons.
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00:01:55,797 --> 00:02:00,496
And finally, flanked by massive
satellites...
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00:02:00,702 --> 00:02:04,001
...the largest planet, Jupiter.
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00:02:04,472 --> 00:02:06,337
Its multicolored clouds...
13
00:02:06,541 --> 00:02:09,806
...studded with flashes of lightning.
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00:02:14,782 --> 00:02:16,613
Still farther in...
15
00:02:16,985 --> 00:02:19,249
...closer to the sun...
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00:02:19,621 --> 00:02:22,215
...there are no more
giant planets...
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00:02:22,590 --> 00:02:25,957
...only a host of lesser worlds...
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00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:28,492
...made of rock and metal...
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00:02:28,696 --> 00:02:32,291
...some with a thin envelope of air.
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00:02:32,500 --> 00:02:34,127
They huddle about the sun...
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00:02:34,335 --> 00:02:37,600
...with almost no internal heat of
their own...
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00:02:38,172 --> 00:02:41,471
...tiny places with solid surfaces...
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00:02:41,676 --> 00:02:45,544
...one of which is a blue
and pretty world...
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...called Earth.
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00:02:48,383 --> 00:02:50,010
Half-covered with clouds...
26
00:02:50,218 --> 00:02:52,277
...it is the home planet
of travelers...
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00:02:52,487 --> 00:02:55,820
...who have just learned to sail
the sea of space...
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00:02:56,157 --> 00:02:58,455
...to investigate close-up...
29
00:02:58,660 --> 00:03:01,356
...Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune...
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00:03:01,562 --> 00:03:06,329
...its brothers and sisters
in the family of the sun.
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00:03:13,241 --> 00:03:16,733
Human voyages of exploration
to the outer solar system...
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00:03:16,944 --> 00:03:21,210
...are controlled, so far, from a
single place on the planet Earth...
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00:03:21,783 --> 00:03:23,444
...the Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
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00:03:23,651 --> 00:03:26,211
...of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration...
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00:03:26,421 --> 00:03:28,981
...in Pasadena, California.
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00:03:34,162 --> 00:03:38,121
Here on Sunday, July 8th, 1979...
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00:03:38,332 --> 00:03:40,266
...the Voyager 2 spacecraft...
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00:03:40,468 --> 00:03:43,926
...began its close passage
by Jupiter and its moons.
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00:03:50,478 --> 00:03:51,968
General science systems...
40
00:03:52,180 --> 00:03:53,943
JPL MAN:
...are you ready with status check?
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00:03:54,148 --> 00:03:55,206
Yes, I am.
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00:03:55,583 --> 00:03:57,483
SAGAN:
The spacecraft had been instructed...
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00:03:57,685 --> 00:03:59,448
...how to explore
the Jupiter system...
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00:03:59,654 --> 00:04:01,622
...by a sequence of commands
radioed earlier...
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00:04:01,823 --> 00:04:03,484
...to its onboard computers.
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00:04:03,691 --> 00:04:05,625
Power, 450 watts.
47
00:04:05,893 --> 00:04:07,360
Power is go at this time.
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00:04:07,562 --> 00:04:09,154
DSE systems.
49
00:04:12,767 --> 00:04:14,860
LACP mode is far and counter.
50
00:04:15,136 --> 00:04:16,967
We are at take 21 0.
51
00:04:17,171 --> 00:04:20,572
Direction last recorded was reversed,
and the track is track one.
52
00:04:20,775 --> 00:04:24,142
Here we check how faithful
an emissary Voyager is.
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00:04:25,012 --> 00:04:26,946
Does it understand the commands?
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00:04:27,148 --> 00:04:29,309
How is its health, its temperature...
55
00:04:29,584 --> 00:04:30,983
...its brains...
56
00:04:31,185 --> 00:04:32,174
...its heart?
57
00:04:33,087 --> 00:04:35,180
Yes, detailed science is coming up...
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00:04:35,957 --> 00:04:37,822
"A" systems...
59
00:04:38,226 --> 00:04:40,160
...completed the status check...
60
00:04:40,361 --> 00:04:42,386
...and the spacecraft is go.
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00:04:42,597 --> 00:04:43,586
Roger. Thank you.
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00:04:43,798 --> 00:04:48,235
SAGAN: The modern ships that sail to
the planets are unmanned.
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00:04:48,436 --> 00:04:50,165
They are beautifully constructed...
64
00:04:50,371 --> 00:04:53,636
...semi-intelligent robots.
65
00:04:54,242 --> 00:04:56,972
Voyager's eyes are
two television cameras...
66
00:04:57,178 --> 00:05:01,808
...designed to take many thousands
of pictures in the solar system.
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00:05:02,016 --> 00:05:05,747
Along with other instruments, they are
mounted on a scan platform...
68
00:05:05,953 --> 00:05:08,615
...which points at passing planets.
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00:05:08,990 --> 00:05:13,791
Voyager's brains are three integrated
computers set amidships.
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00:05:13,995 --> 00:05:16,896
It communicates with Earth
through a radio antenna...
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00:05:17,098 --> 00:05:19,032
...mounted like a sail.
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00:05:19,233 --> 00:05:22,100
Voyager bears a message
for any alien civilization...
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00:05:22,303 --> 00:05:25,795
...it may one day encounter
in interstellar space.
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00:05:26,641 --> 00:05:31,010
Its louvers open and shut to help
control the onboard temperature.
75
00:05:32,180 --> 00:05:34,944
But Voyager cruises
so far from the sun...
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00:05:35,149 --> 00:05:37,310
...that it cannot depend
on solar power.
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00:05:37,518 --> 00:05:41,079
Instead, it has a small
nuclear power plant...
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00:05:41,289 --> 00:05:44,417
...quarantined from the rest
of the ship.
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00:05:53,901 --> 00:05:56,870
Many things can go wrong
in such pioneering missions.
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00:05:57,338 --> 00:05:59,533
So people are a little uneasy...
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00:05:59,740 --> 00:06:02,072
...at Voyager mission control.
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00:06:02,476 --> 00:06:06,037
Jupiter is surrounded by a shell of
invisible but extremely dangerous...
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00:06:06,247 --> 00:06:08,238
...high-energy charged particles.
84
00:06:08,950 --> 00:06:10,747
If Voyager flies too close...
85
00:06:10,952 --> 00:06:14,080
...its delicate electronics
will be fried.
86
00:06:14,288 --> 00:06:17,485
A collision with a small boulder
in the rings of Jupiter...
87
00:06:17,692 --> 00:06:20,855
...could send the spacecraft tumbling
wildly out of control...
88
00:06:21,062 --> 00:06:24,793
...its antenna unable to find
the Earth, its data lost forever.
89
00:06:30,004 --> 00:06:32,131
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2...
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00:06:32,340 --> 00:06:36,436
...were launched a month apart
in late summer of 1977.
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00:06:36,644 --> 00:06:38,942
After many alarms and close calls...
92
00:06:39,146 --> 00:06:42,877
...they successfully arrived months
apart at the Jupiter system...
93
00:06:43,084 --> 00:06:44,608
...where they worked brilliantly...
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00:06:44,819 --> 00:06:47,686
...providing the first close-up views
of mighty Jupiter...
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00:06:47,889 --> 00:06:50,722
...and its four large
and mysterious moons:
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00:06:50,925 --> 00:06:54,554
Io, the innermost of the four...
97
00:06:55,096 --> 00:06:56,586
...Europa...
98
00:06:56,831 --> 00:07:00,096
...and moving away from Jupiter...
99
00:07:00,301 --> 00:07:01,768
...Ganymede...
100
00:07:03,170 --> 00:07:06,571
...and the outermost big moon...
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00:07:06,774 --> 00:07:08,139
...Callisto.
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00:07:09,844 --> 00:07:14,144
In a mission that costs
a penny a world...
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00:07:14,348 --> 00:07:17,681
...for every human
on the planet Earth.
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Voyager's passage by Jupiter...
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00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:29,757
...accelerated it towards
the planet Saturn.
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00:07:29,964 --> 00:07:33,024
Saturn's gravity will
propel it on to Uranus...
107
00:07:33,234 --> 00:07:37,000
...and in this game of cosmic
billiards, after Uranus...
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00:07:37,204 --> 00:07:41,402
...it will plunge on past Neptune,
leaving the solar system...
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00:07:41,609 --> 00:07:44,009
...and becoming
an interstellar spacecraft...
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00:07:44,211 --> 00:07:47,009
...destined to wander forever...
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00:07:47,214 --> 00:07:49,808
...the great ocean between the stars.
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00:07:50,017 --> 00:07:53,817
And if Voyager should,
sometime in its distant future...
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...encounter beings from
some other civilization in space...
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00:07:58,926 --> 00:08:01,360
...it bears a message.
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00:08:01,562 --> 00:08:05,430
A phonograph record.
Golden, delicate...
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00:08:06,500 --> 00:08:08,195
...with instruction for use.
117
00:08:08,469 --> 00:08:13,099
And on this record are a sampling of
pictures, sounds, greetings...
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00:08:13,741 --> 00:08:16,005
...and an hour and a half
of exquisite music...
119
00:08:16,210 --> 00:08:18,770
...the Earth's greatest hits.
120
00:08:18,980 --> 00:08:20,914
A gift across the cosmic ocean...
121
00:08:21,115 --> 00:08:25,279
...from one island of civilization
to another.
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00:08:26,887 --> 00:08:30,015
The record bears in English...
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00:08:30,224 --> 00:08:33,125
...an additional handwritten
greeting that says:
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00:08:33,694 --> 00:08:38,427
"To the makers of music,
all worlds, all times."
125
00:08:38,733 --> 00:08:42,134
These voyages of exploration
and discovery...
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00:08:42,503 --> 00:08:45,404
...are the latest in a long series
which have characterized...
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00:08:45,606 --> 00:08:48,973
...and distinguished
the human species.
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00:08:49,176 --> 00:08:51,406
In the 1 5th and 16th centuries...
129
00:08:51,612 --> 00:08:54,979
...you could travel from Spain
to the Azores in a few days.
130
00:08:55,182 --> 00:08:58,151
The same time it takes now
to cross that little channel...
131
00:08:58,352 --> 00:09:00,411
...from the Earth to the moon.
132
00:09:01,422 --> 00:09:04,789
It took, then, a few months
to traverse the Atlantic Ocean...
133
00:09:04,992 --> 00:09:07,654
...and reach what was called
the "New World"...
134
00:09:07,862 --> 00:09:08,851
...the Americas.
135
00:09:09,063 --> 00:09:12,829
Today it takes a few months
to cross the inner solar system...
136
00:09:13,034 --> 00:09:16,094
...and reach Mars and Venus,
truly and literally...
137
00:09:16,303 --> 00:09:18,498
...new worlds awaiting us.
138
00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:21,637
In the 1 7th and 18th centuries...
139
00:09:21,842 --> 00:09:26,074
...you could travel from Holland
to China, say, in a year or two...
140
00:09:26,280 --> 00:09:28,339
...the same time
it takes now for Voyager...
141
00:09:28,549 --> 00:09:30,949
...to travel from the Earth
to Jupiter.
142
00:09:34,722 --> 00:09:38,214
And in comparison to the resources
of the society...
143
00:09:38,426 --> 00:09:41,759
...it cost more then to send
sailing ships to the Far East...
144
00:09:41,962 --> 00:09:45,489
...than it does now
to send spaceships to the planets.
145
00:09:49,236 --> 00:09:51,227
The passion to explore...
146
00:09:51,439 --> 00:09:53,771
...is at the heart of being human.
147
00:09:53,974 --> 00:09:56,704
This impulse to go,
to see, to know...
148
00:09:56,911 --> 00:09:59,436
...has found expression
in every culture.
149
00:10:01,182 --> 00:10:04,640
Africa was circumnavigated
by Phoenician sailors...
150
00:10:04,852 --> 00:10:07,446
...in the employ
of an Egyptian pharaoh...
151
00:10:07,655 --> 00:10:10,681
...in the 7th century B.C.
152
00:10:11,959 --> 00:10:14,393
The islands of the Pacific
were settled...
153
00:10:14,595 --> 00:10:18,031
...by skilled and heroic navigators
from Indonesia.
154
00:10:19,500 --> 00:10:22,094
Great fleets of ocean-going junks...
155
00:10:22,303 --> 00:10:25,170
...left the ports
of Ming Dynasty China...
156
00:10:25,372 --> 00:10:28,136
...to explore India and Africa.
157
00:10:28,843 --> 00:10:31,539
A century later,
three ships left Spain...
158
00:10:31,745 --> 00:10:34,111
...under the command
of an Italian navigator...
159
00:10:34,315 --> 00:10:36,408
...to discover the Americas.
160
00:10:37,284 --> 00:10:40,151
And then a Portuguese
expedition succeeded...
161
00:10:40,354 --> 00:10:43,983
...in sailing all the way
around this blue globe.
162
00:10:45,426 --> 00:10:48,020
These voyagers of many cultures...
163
00:10:48,229 --> 00:10:50,891
...were the first planetary explorers.
164
00:10:51,098 --> 00:10:54,192
They have bound the Earth up
into one world.
165
00:10:54,401 --> 00:10:56,460
In our exploration
of other worlds...
166
00:10:56,670 --> 00:10:59,298
...we follow in their footsteps.
167
00:11:01,408 --> 00:11:04,468
Our present spaceships
are the harbingers...
168
00:11:04,678 --> 00:11:09,615
...the vanguard of future human
expeditions to the planets.
169
00:11:10,217 --> 00:11:13,186
We have traveled this way before...
170
00:11:13,387 --> 00:11:16,550
...and there is much to be learned...
171
00:11:16,757 --> 00:11:20,659
...by studying those great voyages of
a few centuries ago.
172
00:11:34,808 --> 00:11:36,366
In the 1 7th century...
173
00:11:36,577 --> 00:11:39,045
...the citizens of the new Dutch
Republic...
174
00:11:39,246 --> 00:11:43,808
...pursued a course of vigorous
planetary exploration.
175
00:11:45,486 --> 00:11:47,886
Holland was then
a revolutionary society.
176
00:11:48,088 --> 00:11:51,057
It had just declared its
independence from the powerful...
177
00:11:51,258 --> 00:11:53,249
...but stagnant Spanish empire...
178
00:11:53,460 --> 00:11:55,655
...and with a newfound
self-confidence...
179
00:11:55,863 --> 00:11:58,798
...Holland embraced, more fully than
any other nation of its time...
180
00:11:58,999 --> 00:12:02,457
...the spirit of the European
Enlightenment.
181
00:12:07,208 --> 00:12:10,837
It was a rational, orderly
and creative society.
182
00:12:11,045 --> 00:12:14,446
But because Spanish ports and vessels
were closed to the Dutch...
183
00:12:14,648 --> 00:12:16,809
...the economic survival
of the tiny republic...
184
00:12:17,017 --> 00:12:21,249
...depended on its ability to
construct, man and operate...
185
00:12:21,455 --> 00:12:24,185
...a great fleet of commercial
sailing vessels.
186
00:12:28,495 --> 00:12:30,326
The Dutch East India Company...
187
00:12:30,531 --> 00:12:33,625
...was a combined governmental
and commercial enterprise...
188
00:12:33,834 --> 00:12:36,462
...which sent shipping
to the far corners of the world...
189
00:12:36,670 --> 00:12:41,164
...to acquire rare commodities and
resell them at a profit in Europe.
190
00:12:41,375 --> 00:12:44,970
Such voyages were the life's blood
of the republic.
191
00:12:48,949 --> 00:12:53,181
Navigational charts and maps
were classified as state secrets.
192
00:12:53,554 --> 00:12:56,682
Ships sometimes left
with sealed sailing orders...
193
00:12:56,890 --> 00:12:59,882
...the crews embarking
for an unknown destination...
194
00:13:00,094 --> 00:13:03,894
...more than a year away
on the far side of the planet.
195
00:13:06,734 --> 00:13:09,999
These expeditions were not only
commercial exploitations...
196
00:13:10,204 --> 00:13:12,263
...although there was certainly
plenty of that.
197
00:13:12,473 --> 00:13:15,704
Beside the usual appeals
of ambition, greed...
198
00:13:15,909 --> 00:13:18,639
...national pride
and the thirst for adventure...
199
00:13:19,013 --> 00:13:22,847
...the Dutch were also motivated
by a powerful scientific curiosity...
200
00:13:23,050 --> 00:13:25,678
...and a fascination with
all things new.
201
00:13:25,886 --> 00:13:28,821
New lands, new peoples...
202
00:13:29,023 --> 00:13:30,650
...new plants and animals.
203
00:13:36,330 --> 00:13:39,731
This building,
then the Amsterdam town hall...
204
00:13:39,933 --> 00:13:43,061
...still attests
to the hardy self-assurance...
205
00:13:43,270 --> 00:13:45,204
...of its 1 7th-century architects.
206
00:13:45,406 --> 00:13:48,864
Its lavish crystal adornments
still reflect...
207
00:13:49,076 --> 00:13:52,068
...the glittering pride they felt
in their accomplishments...
208
00:13:52,279 --> 00:13:53,712
...and their prosperity.
209
00:13:53,914 --> 00:13:57,315
It took shiploads of marble
to build this place.
210
00:13:57,518 --> 00:14:01,614
Constantin Huygens, a poet
and diplomat of the time...
211
00:14:01,822 --> 00:14:05,280
...said that this town hall
dispelled what he called...
212
00:14:05,492 --> 00:14:08,859
..."the Gothic squint and squalor."
213
00:14:10,664 --> 00:14:15,499
The Middle Ages had ended,
the Enlightenment had begun.
214
00:14:19,073 --> 00:14:21,303
Up there, do you see...
215
00:14:21,508 --> 00:14:25,945
...is Atlas supporting the heavens
on his shoulders.
216
00:14:26,547 --> 00:14:28,174
And beneath...
217
00:14:29,616 --> 00:14:32,585
...is Justice with a golden sword...
218
00:14:32,786 --> 00:14:35,448
...and golden scales flanked...
219
00:14:36,390 --> 00:14:39,450
...by Death and Punishment.
220
00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:44,158
And who is it that Justice
is trampling underfoot?
221
00:14:44,365 --> 00:14:48,734
Why, it's Avarice and Envy...
222
00:14:48,936 --> 00:14:51,666
...the gods of the merchants.
223
00:14:51,872 --> 00:14:55,933
The Dutch knew that the unrestrained
pursuit of profit...
224
00:14:56,143 --> 00:14:59,874
...posed serious threats
to the soul of the nation.
225
00:15:01,081 --> 00:15:03,549
A less allegorical symbol...
226
00:15:03,751 --> 00:15:06,447
...is down here, on the floor.
227
00:15:09,757 --> 00:15:12,954
It is a great inlaid map...
228
00:15:13,160 --> 00:15:17,859
...stretching from West Africa
to the Pacific Ocean.
229
00:15:18,065 --> 00:15:21,933
The whole world was then
Holland's arena.
230
00:15:23,470 --> 00:15:26,337
In a typical year, many sailing
vessels...
231
00:15:26,540 --> 00:15:29,839
...set out halfway around the world
for the Far East...
232
00:15:30,043 --> 00:15:34,104
...on voyages of exploration
and discovery, of trade...
233
00:15:34,314 --> 00:15:37,112
...journeys taking years
to accomplish.
234
00:15:37,317 --> 00:15:41,276
Down the west coast of Africa, through
what they called the Ethiopian sea...
235
00:15:41,488 --> 00:15:44,286
...skirting the southern coast
of Africa...
236
00:15:44,491 --> 00:15:47,221
...through the Straits
of Madagascar...
237
00:15:47,428 --> 00:15:51,228
...and on past the southern tip
of India...
238
00:15:51,432 --> 00:15:56,335
...to the Spice Islands
and present-day Indonesia.
239
00:16:01,442 --> 00:16:05,037
Another set of voyages went south
then east, to New Holland...
240
00:16:05,245 --> 00:16:07,770
...later renamed Australia.
241
00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:17,381
And still other journeys ventured
through the Straits of Malacca...
242
00:16:17,858 --> 00:16:20,486
...to the Empire of China.
243
00:16:22,129 --> 00:16:26,998
But Holland was a small country
forced to live by its wits.
244
00:16:27,201 --> 00:16:29,897
There was a strong pacifist element
in its foreign policy.
245
00:16:30,704 --> 00:16:34,435
Never before or since
has Holland boasted such a galaxy...
246
00:16:34,641 --> 00:16:38,338
...of scientists, mathematicians,
philosophers and artists.
247
00:16:40,347 --> 00:16:43,783
This was the time of the great
painters, Rembrandt...
248
00:16:44,952 --> 00:16:46,647
...and Vermeer.
249
00:16:48,155 --> 00:16:52,922
Because Holland was tolerant
of unorthodox opinions...
250
00:16:53,126 --> 00:16:55,890
...it was a refuge
for intellectuals...
251
00:16:56,096 --> 00:17:00,430
...fleeing the thought control and
censorship of other parts of Europe...
252
00:17:00,767 --> 00:17:04,533
...much as the United States benefited
enormously in the 1 930s...
253
00:17:04,738 --> 00:17:07,400
...from the exodus of intellectuals...
254
00:17:07,608 --> 00:17:09,803
...from Nazi-dominated Europe.
255
00:17:10,010 --> 00:17:12,604
And so it was that
17th-century Holland...
256
00:17:12,813 --> 00:17:16,374
...was the home of the great
Jewish philosopher Spinoza...
257
00:17:16,583 --> 00:17:18,983
...who Einstein admired so much...
258
00:17:19,186 --> 00:17:22,019
...of Ren� Descartes,
a pivotal figure...
259
00:17:22,222 --> 00:17:25,282
...in the history of philosophy
and of mathematics...
260
00:17:25,492 --> 00:17:29,758
...and the home of a political
scientist named John Locke...
261
00:17:29,963 --> 00:17:33,194
...who was to have a powerful...
262
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:35,265
...and profound influence...
263
00:17:35,469 --> 00:17:39,565
...on a group of philosophically
inclined revolutionaries...
264
00:17:39,773 --> 00:17:43,573
...named Paine, Hamilton, Adams...
265
00:17:43,777 --> 00:17:45,938
...Franklin and Jefferson.
266
00:17:48,649 --> 00:17:51,117
The Dutch University of Leyden...
267
00:17:51,318 --> 00:17:56,119
...offered a professorship to an
Italian scientist named Galileo...
268
00:17:56,323 --> 00:17:59,156
...who had been forced
by the Catholic Church...
269
00:17:59,359 --> 00:18:01,122
...under threat of torture...
270
00:18:01,328 --> 00:18:04,229
...to recant the heretical position...
271
00:18:04,431 --> 00:18:08,959
...that the Earth went around the sun
and not vice versa.
272
00:18:09,269 --> 00:18:11,703
Galileo had close ties
with Holland.
273
00:18:11,905 --> 00:18:13,736
His first astronomical telescope
was based...
274
00:18:13,941 --> 00:18:16,933
...on a spyglass
of Dutch manufacture.
275
00:18:17,144 --> 00:18:21,205
And with it, he discovered
the craters of the moon...
276
00:18:21,415 --> 00:18:26,114
...the phases of Venus and the
four large moons of Jupiter.
277
00:18:28,522 --> 00:18:30,649
Becoming an exploratory power...
278
00:18:30,857 --> 00:18:34,953
...made Holland a vital intellectual
and cultural center as well.
279
00:18:35,162 --> 00:18:39,724
The improvement of sailing technology
spurred technology in general.
280
00:18:40,334 --> 00:18:44,361
A key problem in navigation was
the determination of longitude.
281
00:18:44,571 --> 00:18:46,539
Latitude could be determined
easily...
282
00:18:46,740 --> 00:18:49,709
...the farther south, the more
southern constellations you could see.
283
00:18:50,310 --> 00:18:54,303
But longitude required precise
timekeeping.
284
00:18:56,750 --> 00:18:57,717
An accurate shipboard clock...
285
00:18:57,918 --> 00:19:00,478
...would continue to keep time
in your home port.
286
00:19:00,687 --> 00:19:03,815
The rising and setting of stars
would give you the local time...
287
00:19:04,024 --> 00:19:06,515
...and the difference
between the two...
288
00:19:06,727 --> 00:19:09,218
...would tell you how far
east or west you had gone.
289
00:19:12,599 --> 00:19:15,227
Technological advance
required the freest...
290
00:19:15,435 --> 00:19:16,925
...possible pursuit of knowledge.
291
00:19:17,337 --> 00:19:21,273
So Holland became the leading
publisher and bookseller in Europe...
292
00:19:21,475 --> 00:19:23,534
...translating works written
in other languages...
293
00:19:23,744 --> 00:19:26,941
...and printing books
that had been censored elsewhere.
294
00:19:28,615 --> 00:19:31,140
Adventures into exotic lands...
295
00:19:31,351 --> 00:19:33,785
...and encounters
with strange societies...
296
00:19:33,987 --> 00:19:35,545
...shook complacency.
297
00:19:37,724 --> 00:19:39,954
They challenged
the prevailing wisdom...
298
00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:43,561
...and showed that ideas accepted
for thousands of years...
299
00:19:43,764 --> 00:19:45,959
...might be fundamentally in error.
300
00:19:58,278 --> 00:20:02,271
In a time when kings and emperors
ruled much of the planet...
301
00:20:02,482 --> 00:20:05,940
...the Dutch Republic was governed,
more than any other world power...
302
00:20:06,153 --> 00:20:07,552
...by the people.
303
00:20:13,794 --> 00:20:17,321
They enjoyed a certain
material well-being.
304
00:20:17,531 --> 00:20:19,624
But the interiors of their houses...
305
00:20:19,833 --> 00:20:22,563
...celebrated by a generation
of Dutch painters...
306
00:20:22,769 --> 00:20:26,796
...suggest restraint and discretion.
307
00:20:33,447 --> 00:20:36,814
The officers of these ships
of exploration and trade...
308
00:20:37,017 --> 00:20:39,315
...would return from their long
voyages...
309
00:20:39,519 --> 00:20:41,817
...share in the goods
they had acquired...
310
00:20:42,255 --> 00:20:46,419
...and discuss the wonders
they had encountered.
311
00:20:52,666 --> 00:20:56,625
Holland prospered
in its freedom of thought.
312
00:21:09,783 --> 00:21:13,241
In Italy, Galileo
had announced other worlds.
313
00:21:13,453 --> 00:21:17,412
Giordano Bruno had speculated
on intelligent life elsewhere.
314
00:21:17,624 --> 00:21:21,116
For this they were
made to suffer brutally.
315
00:21:22,729 --> 00:21:25,789
But in Holland, the astronomer
Christiaan Huygens...
316
00:21:25,999 --> 00:21:30,527
...who strongly supported both ideas,
was showered with honors.
317
00:21:32,773 --> 00:21:36,573
Christiaan was the son
of Constantin Huygens.
318
00:21:38,044 --> 00:21:40,535
The elder Huygens
distinguished himself...
319
00:21:40,747 --> 00:21:44,046
...as a master diplomat of the age,
a man of letters...
320
00:21:44,251 --> 00:21:48,312
...a close friend and translator
of the English poet, John Donne.
321
00:21:50,724 --> 00:21:55,661
Constantin was also an accomplished
composer and musician.
322
00:22:08,441 --> 00:22:10,875
It was Constantin who had discovered
a young painter...
323
00:22:11,077 --> 00:22:13,068
...named Rembrandt van Rijn...
324
00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:16,613
...in several of whose works
he subsequently appears.
325
00:22:17,684 --> 00:22:19,584
He opened the doors of his house...
326
00:22:19,786 --> 00:22:21,651
...to artists, musicians, writers...
327
00:22:21,855 --> 00:22:24,255
...statesmen and scientists.
328
00:22:25,025 --> 00:22:27,050
A feast of goods and ideas...
329
00:22:27,260 --> 00:22:30,093
...from all over the world
awaited them.
330
00:22:32,465 --> 00:22:35,263
The philosopher Descartes,
who visited him here...
331
00:22:35,468 --> 00:22:37,163
...said of Constantin Huygens...
332
00:22:37,370 --> 00:22:40,032
..."I could not believe
that a single mind...
333
00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:42,970
...could occupy itself
with so many things...
334
00:22:43,176 --> 00:22:46,475
...and acquit itself so well
in all of them."
335
00:22:47,514 --> 00:22:49,948
He even excelled
at the art of parenthood.
336
00:22:50,150 --> 00:22:52,414
He was a tender and loving father.
337
00:22:52,619 --> 00:22:56,111
His son, Christiaan, flourished
in this rich environment...
338
00:22:56,323 --> 00:22:59,724
...demonstrating extraordinary talents
for languages, drawing...
339
00:22:59,926 --> 00:23:03,726
...law, science, engineering
mathematics and music.
340
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:10,528
"The world is my country," he said...
341
00:23:10,737 --> 00:23:13,763
..."science my religion."
342
00:23:18,879 --> 00:23:22,110
Light was the motif of the age...
343
00:23:22,315 --> 00:23:26,479
...the symbolic enlightenment of
freedom of thought and religion...
344
00:23:26,686 --> 00:23:29,951
...the light that suffused
the paintings of the time...
345
00:23:30,156 --> 00:23:33,421
...and light as an object
of scientific study.
346
00:23:33,727 --> 00:23:36,662
The microscope was invented in Holland
at this time...
347
00:23:36,863 --> 00:23:40,697
...and became
a drawing-room curiosity.
348
00:23:41,701 --> 00:23:43,896
Its inventor was a friend
of Christiaan Huygens...
349
00:23:44,104 --> 00:23:46,197
...a man named Anton Leeuwenhoek.
350
00:23:55,782 --> 00:23:58,512
The first microscopes
were developed from...
351
00:23:58,718 --> 00:24:00,845
...magnifying glasses
used by drapers...
352
00:24:01,054 --> 00:24:04,285
...to examine the quality of cloth.
353
00:24:10,931 --> 00:24:12,421
Leeuwenhoek and Huygens...
354
00:24:12,632 --> 00:24:15,362
...are the grandfathers of much of
modern medicine.
355
00:24:16,836 --> 00:24:19,828
Because, to his amazement...
356
00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:22,668
...Leeuwenhoek discovered a
universe...
357
00:24:22,876 --> 00:24:24,366
...in a drop of water:
358
00:24:24,577 --> 00:24:28,445
The microbes, which he described
as "animalcules"...
359
00:24:28,648 --> 00:24:31,208
...and thought "cute."
360
00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:41,054
Leeuwenhoek and Huygens...
361
00:24:41,261 --> 00:24:44,025
...were among the first people to see
human sperm cells...
362
00:24:44,230 --> 00:24:48,132
...a hitherto hidden microcosm
of the human life cycle.
363
00:24:49,202 --> 00:24:52,330
Leeuwenhoek had discovered
the microbial world.
364
00:24:52,906 --> 00:24:56,364
Huygens had argued
from his telescopic observations...
365
00:24:56,576 --> 00:24:58,601
...that Mars was another world...
366
00:24:58,812 --> 00:25:01,804
...and probably, an inhabited one.
367
00:25:08,054 --> 00:25:10,545
What a waste of a planet,
he thought...
368
00:25:10,757 --> 00:25:13,191
...if Mars were barren.
369
00:25:15,929 --> 00:25:19,296
So the Viking search
for microbes on Mars...
370
00:25:19,499 --> 00:25:23,458
...can be traced directly back
to Huygens and Leeuwenhoek...
371
00:25:23,670 --> 00:25:26,138
...in 1 7th-century Holland.
372
00:25:30,677 --> 00:25:34,135
The telescope and the microscope
developed here...
373
00:25:34,347 --> 00:25:37,111
...represent an extension
of human vision...
374
00:25:37,317 --> 00:25:39,717
...to the realms of the very small...
375
00:25:39,919 --> 00:25:41,944
...and the very large.
376
00:25:45,191 --> 00:25:49,025
Our observations of atoms
and galaxies...
377
00:25:49,229 --> 00:25:52,130
...were launched
in this time and place.
378
00:25:55,769 --> 00:25:58,237
From the bending of light
through a lens...
379
00:25:58,438 --> 00:26:00,235
...Huygens advanced the idea...
380
00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:02,931
...that light was a kind of wave.
381
00:26:03,143 --> 00:26:05,111
He ground and polished lenses...
382
00:26:05,311 --> 00:26:08,712
...for the successively larger
telescopes he constructed...
383
00:26:08,915 --> 00:26:12,248
...although it did take him
a time to figure out...
384
00:26:12,452 --> 00:26:14,443
...how to use them properly.
385
00:26:23,863 --> 00:26:26,354
Huygens was the first person
to see a surface feature...
386
00:26:26,566 --> 00:26:28,124
...on the planet Mars.
387
00:26:28,601 --> 00:26:30,364
He was the first person
to speculate...
388
00:26:31,071 --> 00:26:33,369
...that Venus is completely
covered with clouds.
389
00:26:34,174 --> 00:26:38,076
He was the first person to understand
the nature of the rings of Saturn.
390
00:26:38,278 --> 00:26:40,371
"Saturn is surrounded," he wrote...
391
00:26:40,580 --> 00:26:42,207
..."by a thin, flat ring...
392
00:26:42,415 --> 00:26:45,907
...which nowhere touches
the body of the planet."
393
00:26:57,197 --> 00:26:59,028
His discoveries with the telescope...
394
00:26:59,232 --> 00:27:01,996
...who by themselves
have ensured his place...
395
00:27:02,202 --> 00:27:04,796
...in the history
of human accomplishment.
396
00:27:13,513 --> 00:27:17,108
Huygens was the discoverer of Titan...
397
00:27:17,317 --> 00:27:19,581
...the largest moon of Saturn.
398
00:27:26,526 --> 00:27:30,587
The immense size and changing clouds
of Jupiter entranced him.
399
00:27:33,967 --> 00:27:36,231
Astronomers, as well as navigators...
400
00:27:36,436 --> 00:27:40,338
...need accurate clocks to time
the movement of the heavens.
401
00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:43,907
Huygens was the inventor
of many precision timepieces...
402
00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:46,510
...including the pendulum clock.
403
00:27:54,654 --> 00:27:58,750
To illustrate the sun-centered
universe of Copernicus...
404
00:27:58,958 --> 00:28:02,587
...he built computers that reproduced
the clockwork of the heavens...
405
00:28:03,363 --> 00:28:05,524
...from Mercury to Saturn.
406
00:28:10,870 --> 00:28:13,532
The machines he designed, he signed...
407
00:28:13,740 --> 00:28:16,732
..."Christiaan Huygens, inventor."
408
00:28:19,345 --> 00:28:21,313
He was delighted that
the Copernican system...
409
00:28:21,514 --> 00:28:24,005
...was widely accepted
in everyday life in Holland...
410
00:28:24,250 --> 00:28:28,118
...and acknowledged by astronomers,
except those, he wrote...
411
00:28:28,321 --> 00:28:31,119
...who "were a bit slow-witted or
under the superstitions...
412
00:28:31,324 --> 00:28:35,021
...imposed by merely human authority.
413
00:28:37,597 --> 00:28:41,624
Across the sea of space...
414
00:28:42,068 --> 00:28:44,059
...the stars...
415
00:28:44,671 --> 00:28:46,605
...are other suns."
416
00:28:46,806 --> 00:28:50,367
A point which Huygens appreciated
perfectly well.
417
00:28:51,344 --> 00:28:56,281
He reasoned that if
our planetary system...
418
00:28:56,583 --> 00:28:59,780
...involved the sun
and planets going around it...
419
00:28:59,986 --> 00:29:03,444
...that those other suns should
likewise have a retinue...
420
00:29:03,656 --> 00:29:05,385
...of planets going around them...
421
00:29:05,592 --> 00:29:09,528
...and also that many of the other
planets were inhabited.
422
00:29:09,796 --> 00:29:11,764
He set forth these conclusions...
423
00:29:11,965 --> 00:29:14,957
...in a remarkable book...
424
00:29:15,168 --> 00:29:17,830
...bearing the triumphant title...
425
00:29:18,037 --> 00:29:21,473
...The Celestial Worlds Discovered.
426
00:29:21,674 --> 00:29:23,141
The subtitle is...
427
00:29:23,343 --> 00:29:25,402
..."Conjectures Concerning...
428
00:29:25,612 --> 00:29:30,447
...the Inhabitants, Plants
and Productions...
429
00:29:30,650 --> 00:29:33,915
...of the Worlds in the Planets."
430
00:29:34,921 --> 00:29:38,755
He wrote this book sometime shortly
before his death...
431
00:29:38,958 --> 00:29:42,724
...in the year 1 690, in this study.
432
00:29:49,836 --> 00:29:50,996
By and large...
433
00:29:51,571 --> 00:29:54,631
...he imagined that the environments
of the other planets...
434
00:29:54,841 --> 00:29:57,639
...and also the inhabitants
of the other planets...
435
00:29:57,844 --> 00:30:02,304
...were pretty much like those
of 17th-century Europe.
436
00:30:02,715 --> 00:30:04,910
I wonder if he imagined...
437
00:30:05,118 --> 00:30:07,848
...traveling to those other worlds
which he had been...
438
00:30:08,054 --> 00:30:10,352
...the first to examine close-up...
439
00:30:10,556 --> 00:30:12,490
...through the telescope.
440
00:30:13,126 --> 00:30:16,892
Perhaps he dreamt that voyages
of discovery to the planets...
441
00:30:17,096 --> 00:30:20,793
...would one day be like the
voyages of geographical discovery...
442
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,434
...in his time and place.
443
00:30:25,905 --> 00:30:29,033
He did imagine of
extraterrestrial beings...
444
00:30:30,243 --> 00:30:33,144
..."that their whole bodies,
and every part of them...
445
00:30:33,346 --> 00:30:36,907
...may be quite distinct
and different from ours.
446
00:30:37,116 --> 00:30:40,108
'Its a very ridiculous opinion,"
he says...
447
00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:42,447
..."that it is impossible
a rational soul...
448
00:30:42,655 --> 00:30:46,113
...should dwell in any other shape
than ours."
449
00:30:46,859 --> 00:30:49,157
You could be smart,
Huygens was saying...
450
00:30:49,362 --> 00:30:51,091
...even if you looked funny.
451
00:30:51,397 --> 00:30:53,262
But he then went on to argue...
452
00:30:53,466 --> 00:30:55,832
...that they didn't look
all that funny...
453
00:30:56,035 --> 00:30:58,503
...that extraterrestrial beings
must have...
454
00:30:58,705 --> 00:31:01,105
...hands and feet and stand upright...
455
00:31:01,307 --> 00:31:03,172
...and have writing and geometry.
456
00:31:03,376 --> 00:31:05,844
Even that the four
moons of Jupiter...
457
00:31:06,045 --> 00:31:10,175
...the Galilean satellites,
were there in order to provide...
458
00:31:10,383 --> 00:31:13,045
...a navigational aid,
a convenience...
459
00:31:13,252 --> 00:31:15,812
...for the sailors
in the Jovian oceans.
460
00:31:16,155 --> 00:31:18,749
Well, maybe.
461
00:31:18,958 --> 00:31:20,892
(WOOD CREAKS)
462
00:31:25,832 --> 00:31:29,962
That bit of speculation
is probably wrong, but...
463
00:31:30,169 --> 00:31:32,603
...think of a citizen
of the 1 7th century...
464
00:31:32,805 --> 00:31:35,273
...with the courage and insight...
465
00:31:35,475 --> 00:31:39,138
...to imagine other landscapes
and other intelligences.
466
00:31:39,345 --> 00:31:42,075
Might there really be mariners...
467
00:31:42,281 --> 00:31:44,442
...on a million other worlds?
468
00:31:47,487 --> 00:31:49,387
In his book, Huygens wrote:
469
00:31:49,589 --> 00:31:53,548
"What a wonderful and amazing scheme
have we here...
470
00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:57,059
...of the magnificent vastness
of the universe.
471
00:31:57,263 --> 00:32:00,926
So many suns. So many earths.
472
00:32:01,134 --> 00:32:05,332
And every one of them
stocked with so many animals.
473
00:32:05,605 --> 00:32:08,005
Adorned with so many seas.
474
00:32:08,207 --> 00:32:10,801
How must our wonder and admiration
be increased...
475
00:32:11,310 --> 00:32:15,610
...when we consider the prodigious
distance and multitude...
476
00:32:15,815 --> 00:32:17,112
...of the stars?"
477
00:32:23,956 --> 00:32:27,722
The Dutch called their ships
"flying boats"...
478
00:32:27,927 --> 00:32:30,828
...and the Voyager spacecraft
are their descendants...
479
00:32:31,030 --> 00:32:33,328
...true flying boats...
480
00:32:33,533 --> 00:32:36,263
...bound for the stars,
and on the way...
481
00:32:36,469 --> 00:32:39,768
...exploring some of those worlds
which Christiaan Huygens...
482
00:32:39,972 --> 00:32:41,405
...a man from Earth...
483
00:32:41,607 --> 00:32:44,474
...knew and loved so well.
484
00:32:46,345 --> 00:32:48,210
Travelers' tales:
485
00:32:48,414 --> 00:32:49,813
A main commodity...
486
00:32:50,016 --> 00:32:54,214
...returned by those sailing ship
voyages of centuries ago...
487
00:32:54,420 --> 00:32:56,820
...were stories.
488
00:32:57,156 --> 00:33:01,490
Stories of alien lands
and exotic creatures.
489
00:33:04,931 --> 00:33:08,594
They evoked a sense of wonder
and stimulated further exploration.
490
00:33:08,801 --> 00:33:11,395
Those tales of strange worlds...
491
00:33:11,604 --> 00:33:14,835
...enabled some Europeans
to see themselves anew.
492
00:33:15,274 --> 00:33:18,710
There had been accounts
of headless people, foot people...
493
00:33:18,911 --> 00:33:20,344
...cyclops people.
494
00:33:21,380 --> 00:33:24,281
Now the Dutch brought back
fantastic stories...
495
00:33:24,517 --> 00:33:26,280
...of giant hunters...
496
00:33:27,220 --> 00:33:28,847
...dodoes...
497
00:33:29,355 --> 00:33:31,414
...rhinos...
498
00:33:31,924 --> 00:33:33,448
...leopards...
499
00:33:33,659 --> 00:33:36,924
...and other creatures.
500
00:33:39,732 --> 00:33:44,328
Modern voyagers
also return travelers' tales:
501
00:33:44,670 --> 00:33:49,607
Tales of a world shattered
like a crystal sphere.
502
00:33:50,376 --> 00:33:52,867
A place where the ground is covered...
503
00:33:53,079 --> 00:33:57,641
...with what looks like
a network of giant cobwebs.
504
00:34:01,020 --> 00:34:04,080
A world with an underground ocean.
505
00:34:05,424 --> 00:34:08,359
Tiny moons shaped like potatoes.
506
00:34:09,762 --> 00:34:12,458
A yellow and red pockmarked land...
507
00:34:12,665 --> 00:34:14,496
...with lakes of molten sulfur...
508
00:34:14,700 --> 00:34:18,693
...and volcanic eruptions
300 kilometers high.
509
00:34:22,475 --> 00:34:24,102
And a place called Jupiter...
510
00:34:24,310 --> 00:34:27,643
...so large that a thousand Earths
would fit inside.
511
00:34:27,847 --> 00:34:31,078
There are no mountains, valleys,
volcanoes or rivers there.
512
00:34:31,284 --> 00:34:34,014
Just a vast ocean of gas and clouds.
513
00:34:34,220 --> 00:34:37,883
Everything we see on Jupiter
is floating in the sky.
514
00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:44,293
But there's much that is fascinating
about Jupiter.
515
00:34:44,630 --> 00:34:48,066
As the solar system condensed
out of interstellar gas and dust...
516
00:34:48,267 --> 00:34:52,704
...Jupiter acquired most of the matter
not ejected into interstellar space...
517
00:34:52,905 --> 00:34:56,204
...and which didn't fall inwards
to form the sun.
518
00:34:56,409 --> 00:35:01,312
Jupiter is made mostly of hydrogen
and helium, just like the sun...
519
00:35:01,514 --> 00:35:06,110
...and had Jupiter been a few dozen
times more massive...
520
00:35:06,319 --> 00:35:07,786
...the matter in it...
521
00:35:07,987 --> 00:35:12,424
...might have undergone thermonuclear
reactions in the interior...
522
00:35:12,625 --> 00:35:16,857
...and Jupiter would have begun
to shine by its own light.
523
00:35:17,063 --> 00:35:21,056
Jupiter is a star that failed.
524
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:22,799
Had it become a star...
525
00:35:23,002 --> 00:35:25,562
...we would be living
in a double-star system...
526
00:35:25,771 --> 00:35:27,864
...with two suns in our sky...
527
00:35:28,074 --> 00:35:31,737
...and the nights
would come more rarely.
528
00:35:31,944 --> 00:35:36,040
Deep below the clouds of Jupiter, the
weights of the layers of atmosphere...
529
00:35:36,248 --> 00:35:39,115
...produce pressures
which are much greater...
530
00:35:39,318 --> 00:35:42,116
...than any that are found
anywhere on the Earth.
531
00:35:42,355 --> 00:35:44,255
The clouds are this layer here.
532
00:35:44,457 --> 00:35:47,517
The deep interior
is this high-pressure place.
533
00:35:47,727 --> 00:35:49,354
The pressure is so large...
534
00:35:49,562 --> 00:35:54,090
...that electrons are squeezed off
hydrogen atoms, producing...
535
00:35:55,101 --> 00:35:59,162
...liquid metallic hydrogen.
536
00:35:59,472 --> 00:36:04,171
But at the very core of Jupiter,
there may be a lump...
537
00:36:04,377 --> 00:36:05,435
...of rock and iron...
538
00:36:05,645 --> 00:36:10,082
...a giant Earth-like world
under astonishing pressures...
539
00:36:10,282 --> 00:36:14,912
...hidden forever at the center
of the largest planet.
540
00:36:17,223 --> 00:36:18,690
Just before Voyager...
541
00:36:18,891 --> 00:36:23,658
...encountered Jupiter, you could see
that giant planet at night...
542
00:36:23,863 --> 00:36:28,800
...shining in the sky as our ancestors
have for the last million years.
543
00:36:29,101 --> 00:36:31,831
And on my way to study
the Voyager data...
544
00:36:32,038 --> 00:36:34,506
...arriving at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
545
00:36:34,707 --> 00:36:37,801
...I thought that Jupiter
would never be the same again.
546
00:36:38,010 --> 00:36:41,969
Never again just a point of light
in the night sky...
547
00:36:42,181 --> 00:36:46,515
...but forever after, a place
to be explored and known.
548
00:36:49,655 --> 00:36:54,183
To see the first close-up images
of a world never before known...
549
00:36:54,393 --> 00:36:58,591
...is a great joy in the life
of a planetary scientist.
550
00:37:00,833 --> 00:37:05,236
In the early morning hours of
July 9th, 1979, on the real-time...
551
00:37:05,438 --> 00:37:08,407
...television monitors at the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory...
552
00:37:08,607 --> 00:37:11,735
...we began to learn
about a world called Europa.
553
00:37:11,977 --> 00:37:14,036
These are the modern explorers.
554
00:37:14,246 --> 00:37:15,975
Men and women trained...
555
00:37:16,182 --> 00:37:19,117
...in astronomy, physics,
geology or engineering.
556
00:37:19,318 --> 00:37:22,287
Many devoting five to eight years
to this single mission.
557
00:37:22,488 --> 00:37:26,049
JPL MAN: Cassen's model for Europa
says if you start with a liquid...
558
00:37:26,258 --> 00:37:29,022
...you can put in enough energy
to keep it liquid.
559
00:37:30,429 --> 00:37:34,490
But Cassen said in order for there
to be enough heating going on...
560
00:37:34,700 --> 00:37:38,932
...you had to start the heating
before Europa basically cooled off.
561
00:37:40,339 --> 00:37:42,671
But what about relief
from the cracks?
562
00:37:45,845 --> 00:37:49,679
...and Europa there's a twin,
a pair there...
563
00:37:50,683 --> 00:37:54,016
You can't look at a world
so different from ours...
564
00:37:54,220 --> 00:37:56,279
...without wondering
how both were made.
565
00:37:56,489 --> 00:37:58,514
Just rotate it out a little bit.
566
00:37:59,959 --> 00:38:03,827
Voyager presented us with six new
worlds in the Jupiter system alone.
567
00:38:04,797 --> 00:38:08,858
The more you learn about other worlds,
the better you understand our own.
568
00:38:09,068 --> 00:38:14,005
We speculate, criticize, argue,
calculate, reflect and wonder.
569
00:38:14,340 --> 00:38:18,106
We return again to the astonishing
data, and slowly...
570
00:38:18,310 --> 00:38:20,676
...we begin to understand.
571
00:38:31,757 --> 00:38:35,124
The Dutch sailing ships brought back
rare and valuable commodities...
572
00:38:35,327 --> 00:38:37,318
...from the new worlds they visited.
573
00:38:37,530 --> 00:38:39,464
Our Voyager spaceships...
574
00:38:39,665 --> 00:38:42,327
...return rare and valuable
information...
575
00:38:42,535 --> 00:38:46,266
...to computerized wharves on this
shore of the sea of space.
576
00:38:47,039 --> 00:38:51,942
Here the data are stored,
enhanced, processed and treasured.
577
00:38:52,645 --> 00:38:56,240
Maps of alien lands will be generated
from this information.
578
00:38:56,448 --> 00:39:00,544
In this electric warehouse
are tens of thousands of images...
579
00:39:00,753 --> 00:39:03,586
...of previously unknown worlds.
580
00:39:05,758 --> 00:39:09,159
How does a picture from
the outer solar system get to us?
581
00:39:09,361 --> 00:39:12,728
Sunlight shines on Europa,
and is reflected back to space...
582
00:39:12,932 --> 00:39:14,763
...where some strikes the phosphors...
583
00:39:14,967 --> 00:39:18,232
...of the Voyager television cameras,
generating an image.
584
00:39:18,437 --> 00:39:21,668
The image is radioed back
across the immense distance...
585
00:39:21,874 --> 00:39:24,035
...of half a billion kilometers...
586
00:39:24,243 --> 00:39:27,440
...to a radio telescope on Earth.
One in Australia, say.
587
00:39:27,646 --> 00:39:30,410
The telescope then passes
the information...
588
00:39:30,616 --> 00:39:33,608
...via communications satellite
in Earth orbit...
589
00:39:33,819 --> 00:39:35,514
...to Southern California.
590
00:39:35,721 --> 00:39:39,680
There, it's transmitted
by a set of microwave relay towers...
591
00:39:39,892 --> 00:39:43,259
...to a computer
at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
592
00:39:44,096 --> 00:39:46,997
...and there it is processed.
593
00:39:54,273 --> 00:39:56,867
The picture is like
a newspaper wire photo...
594
00:39:57,076 --> 00:40:00,978
...made of a million individual dots
of differing shades of gray...
595
00:40:01,180 --> 00:40:03,910
...so fine and close together
that at a distance...
596
00:40:04,116 --> 00:40:06,949
...the constituent dots
are invisible.
597
00:40:07,152 --> 00:40:09,780
We see only
their cumulative effect.
598
00:40:11,023 --> 00:40:14,083
The information specifies
how bright or dark...
599
00:40:14,293 --> 00:40:15,920
...each dot is to be.
600
00:40:16,128 --> 00:40:19,188
After processing, the dots
are stored on a magnetic disk...
601
00:40:19,398 --> 00:40:21,832
...something like a phonograph record.
602
00:40:22,067 --> 00:40:25,901
By this day, there were already 1 1,000
pictures from Voyager 2 in our...
603
00:40:26,105 --> 00:40:27,766
...electronic library.
604
00:40:28,774 --> 00:40:32,505
Finally, the end product
of this remarkable set...
605
00:40:32,711 --> 00:40:34,941
...of links and relays...
606
00:40:36,048 --> 00:40:39,643
...is a hard copy which comes
out of this machine showing...
607
00:40:40,052 --> 00:40:42,987
...in this case,
the wonders of Europa...
608
00:40:43,188 --> 00:40:47,420
...which were recorded for the first
time in human history, today.
609
00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:50,986
It is absolutely astonishing.
610
00:40:51,964 --> 00:40:56,526
Voyager 1 got very good pictures
of the other three big moons...
611
00:40:56,735 --> 00:41:00,102
...Galilean satellites of Jupiter,
but not of Europa.
612
00:41:00,306 --> 00:41:03,241
It was left to Voyager 2 today...
613
00:41:03,442 --> 00:41:06,536
...to get the first
close-up pictures of Europa...
614
00:41:06,745 --> 00:41:10,272
...where we see things that are only
a few kilometers across.
615
00:41:10,482 --> 00:41:13,645
At first glance, it looks like
nothing so much as...
616
00:41:13,852 --> 00:41:18,789
...the canal network of Mars that
Lowell imagined existed on that planet.
617
00:41:19,258 --> 00:41:24,195
We see an amazing, intricate network
of crisscrossing...
618
00:41:24,463 --> 00:41:26,761
...straight and curved lines.
619
00:41:26,966 --> 00:41:29,025
Are these straight lines ridges?
620
00:41:29,234 --> 00:41:30,326
Are they troughs?
621
00:41:30,536 --> 00:41:33,562
Is it connected with plate tectonics
on the Earth?
622
00:41:33,772 --> 00:41:38,072
How does it illuminate the other
satellites of the Jovian system?
623
00:41:38,377 --> 00:41:41,676
At this moment,
the vaunted technology...
624
00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:44,178
...has produced something
astonishing.
625
00:41:44,383 --> 00:41:46,681
But it remains for...
626
00:41:47,186 --> 00:41:51,555
...the limitations and cleverness
of another device...
627
00:41:51,757 --> 00:41:54,692
...the human brain, to figure it out.
628
00:41:56,862 --> 00:42:00,923
Fortunately, we have plenty
of pictures to help us.
629
00:42:01,900 --> 00:42:05,927
What about Gene's idea of geysers
down the troughs?
630
00:42:06,138 --> 00:42:08,265
Geysers down the troughs?
631
00:42:09,475 --> 00:42:11,534
LARR Y SODERBLOM:
You need a mechanism to drive it.
632
00:42:11,744 --> 00:42:15,043
SAGAN:
Larry Soderblom, Voyager imaging team.
633
00:42:15,247 --> 00:42:20,150
LARR Y: An idea was proposed a while
ago that we might have a sort of...
634
00:42:20,352 --> 00:42:22,547
...champagne-bottle model.
And that's...
635
00:42:22,755 --> 00:42:26,088
You seal the crust and have liquid
underneath that solid crust.
636
00:42:26,592 --> 00:42:30,028
Do you have then a condition which
is an explosive effervescence?
637
00:42:30,362 --> 00:42:32,523
SAGAN:
Lonnie Lane, deputy project scientist.
638
00:42:33,799 --> 00:42:37,530
You have enough resolution
in some of these pictures that...
639
00:42:37,736 --> 00:42:40,170
...you don't see anything
spread laterally.
640
00:42:40,372 --> 00:42:43,000
Do we have the high-resolution piece?
641
00:42:43,275 --> 00:42:45,869
-It was right here.
-There it is.
642
00:42:46,078 --> 00:42:49,013
We'll pick out the relief,
and if we're going to see...
643
00:42:49,214 --> 00:42:50,511
...the things we recognize...
644
00:42:50,716 --> 00:42:53,412
SAGAN: Weeks after the pictures
from Europa were received...
645
00:42:53,619 --> 00:42:55,712
...we were still debating
what was in them.
646
00:42:55,921 --> 00:42:58,890
It's as if we almost got to the...
647
00:42:59,725 --> 00:43:01,158
Look at the mesas here.
648
00:43:01,760 --> 00:43:04,923
We almost got the resolution
needed to see the craters.
649
00:43:05,130 --> 00:43:08,566
The craters which would last
indefinitely on a crust this thin.
650
00:43:08,767 --> 00:43:10,291
Apart from the r�seaus...
651
00:43:10,502 --> 00:43:15,337
...there's a set of very fine
small dots, markings...
652
00:43:15,541 --> 00:43:17,736
...mostly in the mottled terrain.
653
00:43:17,943 --> 00:43:21,538
Like those guys. Do you think
those are...
654
00:43:21,747 --> 00:43:25,205
...sites of outgassing, calderas,
fumaroles, solfataras?
655
00:43:25,417 --> 00:43:28,545
I don't know, but I'll tell you
one thing I just found...
656
00:43:30,789 --> 00:43:32,188
Look right here.
657
00:43:33,759 --> 00:43:35,124
It disappeared.
658
00:43:36,228 --> 00:43:38,389
See the central peak?
659
00:43:38,597 --> 00:43:40,497
See the little hole?
660
00:43:43,168 --> 00:43:45,636
I think it's an impact crater.
Look at the central peak.
661
00:43:45,838 --> 00:43:47,931
SAGAN:
There are almost no impact craters.
662
00:43:48,140 --> 00:43:49,767
Wait, we just found one.
663
00:43:49,975 --> 00:43:51,203
Almost none.
664
00:43:52,311 --> 00:43:56,441
Therefore, finding one which is
alleged to be the exception...
665
00:43:56,648 --> 00:43:59,640
...maybe it's not the exception,
but something else.
666
00:43:59,852 --> 00:44:04,016
Perhaps, but you asked about those
little holes that we can't make out.
667
00:44:06,158 --> 00:44:09,525
The big craters go away by some
rheological deformation...
668
00:44:09,728 --> 00:44:12,561
...and the little ones stay
but are out of our resolution.
669
00:44:12,764 --> 00:44:16,666
That's because they're one-tenth
the depth of the rigid crust.
670
00:44:16,869 --> 00:44:18,063
Well, maybe.
671
00:44:19,304 --> 00:44:22,000
SAGAN: Computer processing of
the pictures has revealed...
672
00:44:22,207 --> 00:44:25,438
...a few features on Europa
which seem to be impact craters.
673
00:44:25,644 --> 00:44:26,702
But something...
674
00:44:26,912 --> 00:44:29,210
...has wiped out the big craters.
675
00:44:29,414 --> 00:44:31,746
Computer processing
also played a major role...
676
00:44:31,950 --> 00:44:35,977
...in an amazing Voyager discovery
made on the moon next to Europa...
677
00:44:36,188 --> 00:44:38,952
...a world called lo.
678
00:44:40,492 --> 00:44:43,791
Even from Earth we could tell
that lo had a strange color.
679
00:44:43,996 --> 00:44:47,363
We knew that somehow sulfur
had been removed from its surface...
680
00:44:47,566 --> 00:44:51,229
...and ejected into a great
doughnut of gas orbiting Jupiter.
681
00:44:51,436 --> 00:44:55,304
Then Voyager 1 sailed close to lo.
682
00:44:57,709 --> 00:45:01,941
There were a few places on lo which
looked like the mouths of volcanoes...
683
00:45:02,147 --> 00:45:03,842
...but it was hard to be sure.
684
00:45:04,716 --> 00:45:08,208
Then, Linda Morabito, a member
of the Voyager navigation team...
685
00:45:08,420 --> 00:45:11,287
...used a computer
to enhance the edge of lo...
686
00:45:11,490 --> 00:45:14,015
...in order to bring out
the stars behind.
687
00:45:14,226 --> 00:45:18,128
Four days after the Voyager 1
encounter with Jupiter...
688
00:45:18,330 --> 00:45:22,130
...I was looking at an
optical navigation frame.
689
00:45:22,334 --> 00:45:26,464
In enhancing this particular quadrant,
what became very evident to me...
690
00:45:26,672 --> 00:45:28,731
...was an anomalous crescent...
691
00:45:28,941 --> 00:45:32,308
...in the upper left-hand corner,
just off the limb of lo.
692
00:45:32,511 --> 00:45:33,705
SAGAN:
What was it?
693
00:45:33,912 --> 00:45:36,312
The plume was in exactly
the position...
694
00:45:36,515 --> 00:45:38,540
...of one of the suspected volcanoes.
695
00:45:38,951 --> 00:45:42,352
We realized then that
what we were observing...
696
00:45:42,554 --> 00:45:46,615
...was a volcanic plume and,
in fact, a volcanic eruption.
697
00:45:48,694 --> 00:45:53,393
SAGAN: Voyager had discovered the
first active volcano beyond the Earth.
698
00:45:55,767 --> 00:45:58,201
We then found that lo
has many volcanoes.
699
00:45:58,403 --> 00:46:01,497
There are at least nine
intermittently active plumes...
700
00:46:01,707 --> 00:46:04,335
...and hundreds, maybe thousands,
of extinct ones.
701
00:46:04,543 --> 00:46:08,536
The plumes can eject sulfur
and other atoms off lo altogether...
702
00:46:08,880 --> 00:46:12,441
...and account for the sulfur clouds
surrounding Jupiter.
703
00:46:13,185 --> 00:46:17,952
Rivers of molten sulfur flow down
the sides of the volcanic mountains...
704
00:46:18,156 --> 00:46:21,216
...and are the probable source
of Io's distinctive colors.
705
00:46:21,426 --> 00:46:26,159
The volcanoes may be tapping some vast
underground ocean of liquid sulfur...
706
00:46:26,365 --> 00:46:30,734
...beneath a surface
that is only a few thousand years old.
707
00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:38,098
So far, in our voyages
to the outer solar system...
708
00:46:38,343 --> 00:46:40,811
...we humans have stayed home...
709
00:46:41,013 --> 00:46:44,244
...and sent robots and computers
to explore in our stead.
710
00:46:44,449 --> 00:46:47,509
Someday, perhaps, we'll go ourselves.
711
00:46:48,620 --> 00:46:49,814
But suppose...
712
00:46:50,422 --> 00:46:53,357
...like those Dutch sea captains
of the 1 7th century...
713
00:46:53,558 --> 00:46:56,994
...the computers aboard Voyager
could keep a ship's log.
714
00:46:57,195 --> 00:47:01,291
That log, a combination of the events
of Voyagers 1 and 2...
715
00:47:01,500 --> 00:47:04,367
...might read something like this:
716
00:47:06,805 --> 00:47:11,504
Day 1: After much concern
about provisions and instruments...
717
00:47:11,710 --> 00:47:15,942
...we successfully lift off from
Cape Canaveral on our long journey...
718
00:47:16,148 --> 00:47:18,742
...to the planets and the stars.
719
00:47:27,159 --> 00:47:31,357
Day 13: We have taken the first
photograph of the Earth and moon...
720
00:47:31,563 --> 00:47:35,090
...as worlds together in space.
A pretty pair.
721
00:47:39,104 --> 00:47:42,631
Day 1 70: A problem
in the deployment of the boom...
722
00:47:42,841 --> 00:47:45,139
...that supports
the science scan platform.
723
00:47:45,344 --> 00:47:47,141
If the problem is not solved...
724
00:47:47,346 --> 00:47:49,940
...we will be unable to take
most of our pictures.
725
00:47:54,186 --> 00:47:59,123
Day 207: Boom problem solved, but
failure of main radio transmitter.
726
00:47:59,658 --> 00:48:01,751
If the backup transmitter
also fails...
727
00:48:01,960 --> 00:48:05,225
...no one on Earth
will ever hear from us again.
728
00:48:06,264 --> 00:48:07,458
Day 21 5:
729
00:48:07,666 --> 00:48:09,964
We cross the orbit of Mars...
730
00:48:10,168 --> 00:48:12,295
...and enter the main asteroid belt.
731
00:48:13,905 --> 00:48:18,171
Day 570: We can now make out
finer detail on Jupiter...
732
00:48:18,377 --> 00:48:22,040
...than the largest telescopes
on Earth have ever obtained.
733
00:48:27,052 --> 00:48:28,679
Day 640:
734
00:48:28,887 --> 00:48:32,618
The cloud patterns are distinctive
and gorgeous.
735
00:48:32,824 --> 00:48:34,451
No painter trapped on Earth...
736
00:48:34,659 --> 00:48:37,457
...ever imagined a world
so strange and lovely.
737
00:48:40,699 --> 00:48:44,226
The white clouds are ammonia
crystals, high and cold.
738
00:48:44,436 --> 00:48:47,166
We do not know the nature
of the red-brown clouds.
739
00:48:47,372 --> 00:48:49,966
Maybe phosphorous or sulfur
as a stain.
740
00:48:50,175 --> 00:48:54,612
Perhaps organic molecules of the sort
that led, four billion years ago...
741
00:48:54,813 --> 00:48:57,680
...back on Earth,
to the origin of life.
742
00:48:57,883 --> 00:49:00,579
And what is the great red spot?
743
00:49:01,086 --> 00:49:02,075
(COMPUTER HUMS)
744
00:49:03,355 --> 00:49:06,449
It is an immense swirling column
of gas...
745
00:49:06,658 --> 00:49:08,853
...reaching high above adjacent
clouds.
746
00:49:09,060 --> 00:49:11,893
So large that it could hold
half a dozen Earths.
747
00:49:12,097 --> 00:49:15,533
Its motion hypnotizes us.
748
00:49:19,304 --> 00:49:23,104
Some think that the red spot
is a great spinning storm...
749
00:49:23,308 --> 00:49:25,674
...a million years old.
750
00:49:28,914 --> 00:49:33,851
Day 650: Encounter.
A day of wonders.
751
00:49:37,055 --> 00:49:39,148
The ship maneuvers
so we can take pictures...
752
00:49:39,357 --> 00:49:41,985
...of the multi-ringed basin
on Callisto.
753
00:49:46,965 --> 00:49:51,493
Images of the astonishing
lined surface of Ganymede.
754
00:49:56,074 --> 00:49:58,804
A close passage by Europa.
755
00:50:01,179 --> 00:50:03,647
And, a view of volcanic lo.
756
00:50:07,419 --> 00:50:10,855
We successfully negotiate
the treacherous radiation belts...
757
00:50:11,056 --> 00:50:14,492
...and accomplish
the ring plane crossing.
758
00:50:15,627 --> 00:50:18,095
Looking back, we marvel
at the rings...
759
00:50:18,296 --> 00:50:23,063
...and see the sun emerge
from behind the giant planet.
760
00:50:28,039 --> 00:50:32,976
We are outward bound on our mission
to explore the outer solar system.
761
00:50:33,879 --> 00:50:35,870
Ten thousand years from now...
762
00:50:36,081 --> 00:50:39,608
...Voyager will plunge onward
to the stars.
763
00:50:40,752 --> 00:50:45,382
We have made the ships
that sail the sea of space.
764
00:50:49,261 --> 00:50:50,888
We travel past Jupiter...
765
00:50:51,096 --> 00:50:54,395
...three quarters of a billion
kilometers from the sun...
766
00:50:54,933 --> 00:50:57,959
...Saturn, one and a half billion,
Uranus, three billion...
767
00:50:58,169 --> 00:51:02,799
...and Neptune, four and a half
billion kilometers away.
768
00:51:05,877 --> 00:51:07,276
In our ship of the mind...
769
00:51:07,479 --> 00:51:11,745
...we retrace the itinerary
of the two Voyager spacecraft...
770
00:51:11,950 --> 00:51:15,647
...on their journeys to Saturn
and beyond.
771
00:51:17,722 --> 00:51:20,987
Saturn was first glimpsed
through the telescope by Galileo.
772
00:51:21,192 --> 00:51:24,127
Its rings first understood by Huygens.
773
00:51:24,329 --> 00:51:28,698
But only now do we begin to penetrate
its deeper mysteries.
774
00:51:34,673 --> 00:51:38,575
Saturn is the second largest planet
in the solar system.
775
00:51:39,444 --> 00:51:43,676
Like Jupiter, it is cloud-covered,
and rotates once every 10 hours.
776
00:51:43,882 --> 00:51:47,215
It has a weaker magnetic field,
a weaker radiation belt...
777
00:51:47,419 --> 00:51:49,683
...and a grand, magnificent...
778
00:51:49,888 --> 00:51:53,085
...exquisite system of rings.
779
00:51:54,793 --> 00:51:57,557
The rings are composed of billions
of tiny moons...
780
00:51:57,762 --> 00:52:00,560
...each circling Saturn
in its own orbit.
781
00:52:01,266 --> 00:52:05,498
The biggest gap in the rings
is called the Cassini Division...
782
00:52:05,704 --> 00:52:08,798
...after the colleague of Huygens
who first discovered it.
783
00:52:09,741 --> 00:52:11,299
There are many other gaps...
784
00:52:11,509 --> 00:52:14,535
...each produced by the periodic
gravitational tugs...
785
00:52:14,746 --> 00:52:16,737
...of one of the larger outer moons.
786
00:52:33,865 --> 00:52:36,356
From just beneath the ring plane...
787
00:52:36,568 --> 00:52:40,231
...we see a sky full of moons.
788
00:53:00,058 --> 00:53:04,654
Within the rings,
the individual moons become visible.
789
00:53:06,531 --> 00:53:10,092
They are orbiting chunks
of snow and ice...
790
00:53:11,436 --> 00:53:13,802
...each perhaps a meter across.
791
00:53:19,344 --> 00:53:22,939
In young parts of the ring system,
there hasn't been enough time...
792
00:53:23,148 --> 00:53:27,517
...for collisions to round the edges
of these fragments...
793
00:53:27,719 --> 00:53:30,210
...the snowballs of Saturn.
794
00:54:16,234 --> 00:54:21,001
Far from the rings,
bathed in its red light...
795
00:54:22,307 --> 00:54:26,073
...we encounter Saturn's immense
cloud-covered moon...
796
00:54:26,277 --> 00:54:27,505
...Titan.
797
00:54:40,458 --> 00:54:42,892
It has an atmosphere
denser than that of Mars...
798
00:54:43,695 --> 00:54:45,526
...and a thick layer of red clouds...
799
00:54:45,730 --> 00:54:49,291
...which are probably composed
of complex organic molecules...
800
00:54:49,501 --> 00:54:53,164
...produced by solar ultraviolet light
and other energy sources...
801
00:54:53,371 --> 00:54:55,066
...from the methane-rich air.
802
00:55:02,413 --> 00:55:05,678
No ship from Earth
has ever penetrated those clouds...
803
00:55:05,884 --> 00:55:10,446
...and viewed, close-up,
the surface of this tantalizing world.
804
00:55:16,795 --> 00:55:20,162
It seems likely that the ground
is covered, encrusted...
805
00:55:20,365 --> 00:55:24,426
...with organic molecules
raining from the sky.
806
00:55:30,408 --> 00:55:34,708
There may be volcanoes
and valleys of ice...
807
00:55:34,913 --> 00:55:37,711
...and, just perhaps...
808
00:55:37,916 --> 00:55:42,785
...hiding in the warm places,
some very different kind of life.
809
00:55:50,862 --> 00:55:52,921
Near an ice cliff of Titan...
810
00:55:53,131 --> 00:55:56,498
...through a rare break
in the clouds of organic molecules...
811
00:55:56,701 --> 00:56:01,536
...we can see, looming and lovely,
the ringed planet, Saturn.
812
00:56:03,007 --> 00:56:07,341
It is a view that will still be
appreciated centuries from now...
813
00:56:07,579 --> 00:56:09,740
...by our descendants,
who will know it well.
814
00:56:09,948 --> 00:56:12,348
As well as we have come to know...
815
00:56:12,550 --> 00:56:15,883
...Hudson's Bay and the Barents Sea...
816
00:56:16,087 --> 00:56:20,080
...Indonesia, and Australia
and New York.
817
00:56:20,925 --> 00:56:25,521
They will look back to when Titan was
first seen by Voyager spaceships...
818
00:56:25,730 --> 00:56:28,893
...on their epic journeys
past the giant planets...
819
00:56:29,100 --> 00:56:30,795
...out of the solar system...
820
00:56:31,002 --> 00:56:34,802
...to the great dark
between the stars.
821
00:56:52,257 --> 00:56:54,282
Since Cosmos was first shown...
822
00:56:54,492 --> 00:56:58,394
...Voyager spacecraft have explored
the systems of the planets...
823
00:56:58,596 --> 00:57:01,360
...Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune...
824
00:57:01,566 --> 00:57:06,435
...and have now passed the outermost
planets on their way to the stars.
825
00:57:06,871 --> 00:57:10,568
We inserted the flavor of those
encounters in our captain's log.
826
00:57:11,342 --> 00:57:13,367
But with image processing...
827
00:57:13,578 --> 00:57:17,810
...we've been able to reconstruct
astonishing movies...
828
00:57:18,082 --> 00:57:19,743
...of some of these worlds.
829
00:57:19,951 --> 00:57:23,352
Here, for example, is Jupiter,
with its great red spot.
830
00:57:24,923 --> 00:57:28,188
And volcanic lo, spinning before us.
831
00:57:29,193 --> 00:57:34,130
Icy Enceladus, a tiny moon of Saturn,
on much of which, somehow...
832
00:57:34,599 --> 00:57:36,533
...the craters have melted.
833
00:57:37,735 --> 00:57:40,101
And Miranda, of Uranus.
834
00:57:41,639 --> 00:57:44,369
Austere, blue Neptune.
835
00:57:46,711 --> 00:57:50,112
Or consider Titan,
the giant moon of Saturn.
836
00:57:50,315 --> 00:57:53,682
We've taken the nitrogen and methane
in its atmosphere...
837
00:57:53,885 --> 00:57:57,377
...irradiated it in the lab with
electrons of the sort that are...
838
00:57:57,588 --> 00:58:00,250
...beamed at Titan from
Saturn's magnetic field...
839
00:58:00,458 --> 00:58:03,154
...and we made this stuff...
840
00:58:03,761 --> 00:58:08,198
...which matches, almost perfectly, the
observed properties of the Titan haze.
841
00:58:08,399 --> 00:58:09,491
What is it?
842
00:58:09,701 --> 00:58:12,135
It's a mixture of
complex organic molecules.
843
00:58:12,337 --> 00:58:15,534
You drop some into water and,
among other things, you make...
844
00:58:15,740 --> 00:58:18,334
...amino acids,
the building blocks of proteins.
845
00:58:18,543 --> 00:58:21,478
So the starting materials of life...
846
00:58:21,679 --> 00:58:25,877
...are raining from the skies
of Titan, like manna from heaven.
847
00:58:26,084 --> 00:58:28,746
I can't wait
until the Cassini mission...
848
00:58:28,953 --> 00:58:33,219
...sends an entry probe
through the organic haze of Titan...
849
00:58:33,424 --> 00:58:35,551
...to its enigmatic surface.
850
00:58:35,960 --> 00:58:40,897
The Voyager spacecraft rush on
past the planets and to the stars...
851
00:58:41,132 --> 00:58:43,259
...still returning data.
852
00:58:43,801 --> 00:58:46,463
As it left the planetary part
of the solar system...
853
00:58:46,671 --> 00:58:48,935
...Voyager 1 turned back...
854
00:58:49,140 --> 00:58:53,008
...to take one last portrait
of the planets of the solar system.
855
00:58:53,678 --> 00:58:56,613
...and one of those pictures
was of the Earth.
856
00:58:56,814 --> 00:59:01,251
A tiny blue dot, set in a sunbeam.
857
00:59:01,886 --> 00:59:03,217
Here it is.
858
00:59:03,421 --> 00:59:05,946
That's where we live. That's home.
859
00:59:06,157 --> 00:59:10,025
We humans are one species,
and this is our world.
860
00:59:10,528 --> 00:59:12,860
It is our responsibility
to cherish it.
861
00:59:13,064 --> 00:59:17,023
Of all the worlds in our solar system,
the only one, so far as we know...
862
00:59:17,235 --> 00:59:19,135
...graced by life.
9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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