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Freeman:
From the dawn of history,
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humans have believed
in divine forces
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that created our world.
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And today most of us
still pray to a higher power.
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But is God really out there?
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Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org
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Scientists are now searching
for the divine
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in the most unlikely places...
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in virtual reality labs...
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...in the minds
of chimpanzees...
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...and in the old clothes
of a serial killer.
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The path to God
is taking an unexpected turn.
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Did we invent God?
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Space, time, life itself.
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The secrets of the cosmos
lie through the wormhole.
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Through the Wormhole 03x10
Did We Invent God ? Original Air Date on August 8, 2012
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== sync, corrected by elderman ==
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The quest
for scientific knowledge
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has taken us on a breathtaking
journey of discovery.
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We've unraveled the physics
that govern the heavens...
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...and the tiny atoms
that form our bodies.
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But science
has not yet found proof
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that God created all this.
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Now there's a new place to look
for an answer.
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Because recent research suggests
the truth may not be out there,
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but in here,
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inside all of us.
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Did God invent humanity,
or did we invent God?
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When I was 12 years old,
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I lost someone very close,
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someone who was far too young.
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I just could not
make sense of it.
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I was told he was with God
in Heaven.
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But I just
could not understand why,
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if God was out there,
he would take him from me.
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And so that day,
I began to wonder
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if God, Angels, and Heaven
were all just make-believe.
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Psychologist Jesse Bering
is trying to understand
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how and when children
come to believe in God.
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It's a career path that,
from the beginning,
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has gotten him into trouble.
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Bering:
I was at a friend's house,
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and his mother,
as a German immigrant,
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had a collection of eggs
that were decoratively painted.
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Nobody was home.
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We were just
kind of goofing around,
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and I just caught a glimpse
of this egg
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out of the corner of my eye.
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I picked it up.
I was fascinated by it.
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As I picked it up,
I accidentally cracked the egg.
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And then I just pretended
like nothing happened.
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A couple of days later,
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she discovered the cracked egg.
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And she was basically
interrogating
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all the local children
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to find out who actually
committed this heinous act
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of breaking her precious egg.
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When I was asked if I did it,
I said, "absolutely not.
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"I don't know
what you're talking about.
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I swear to God
that I didn't do it."
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And then the matter
was just dropped.
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Nobody ever
talked about it again.
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"If he's willing to sort of
invoke God in his defense,
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then he must be telling
the truth."
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Freeman: Like most children
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who escape punishment
for their crimes,
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Jesse could not escape
the haunting that followed.
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I started having nightmares,
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all the misfortunes
that were happening to me.
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You know,
a splinter getting in my hand
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I attributed to God
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sort of giving me a sign
he was punishing me
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because I had lied about this.
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The interesting thing,
I suppose, is that I --
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you know, I didn't come from
a very religious background.
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Freeman: When Jesse grew up
to become a scientist,
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he set out to understand
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why he had sensed the
retribution of God in his youth.
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And so he built
a psychological experiment
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to probe just what is going on
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inside the developing minds
of children.
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To them, Jesse's experiment
appears to be a simple game.
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Well, almost simple.
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So, what were the rules?
Who remembers the three rules?
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Don't pass that line.
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Boy: Keep your hands
behind your back.
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Keep one hand
behind your back.
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You got to throw
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with the hand that you don't
usually use, right?
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What was the third rule?
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Throw it like that.
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Yeah, you got to throw it
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with your back turned
to the board.
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You can't --
you can't face it.
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Freeman: It's an all but
impossible game to win,
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but Jesse's not keeping score.
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All he cares about,
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as he watches
from the side room,
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is whether the children cheat.
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Bering:
He thinks he's alone.
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He thinks he's alone
in the room.
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We want to see if he actually
follows the rules.
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Oh, there he goes.
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He actually steps over the line,
so he's broken one of the rules.
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Sort of flirting dangerously
with breaking some more rules.
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Oh, there we go,
a very egregious violation --
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placing it right in the middle.
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Not atypical.
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I think most kids, if they think
that they're not being watched,
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they're gonna revert
to this type of behavior.
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Freeman:
With children age 6 to 7,
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a little cheating
is par for the course.
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But now Jesse brings in
a new group of kids.
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Here they are.
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He and his assistant prep them
for the same game.
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You can't go
over that line.
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Only this time,
Jesse adds a supernatural twist.
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Bering: The children
wearing the blue shirts,
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they're going to hear about
somebody sitting in this chair.
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It might look like
an empty chair to us,
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but, in fact, we tell these kids
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there's an invisible woman
sitting in this chair.
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Now, that sounds a little scary,
but we make her very friendly.
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We say this is Princess Alice,
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and Princess Alice
is a magic princess.
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She's got this special ability
to make herself invisible.
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Well, maybe she's just --
you can't feel her,
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but that doesn't mean
that she's not there.
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She's just invisible.
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All I can feel
is just here.
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That's all you can feel?
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Freeman:
Most of this group of children
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act like they don't believe
in Princess Alice.
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But when they're left alone,
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their behavior tells
a different story.
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Bering: She's already thrown
all four of the balls.
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I don't think that
she actually got any of them
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to stick on the dart board,
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and she's not interested
in cheating.
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I think she's being
pretty true to the law here.
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Oh, here she goes.
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She's -- this is what we see
sometimes with children.
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They actually run their hand
over the chair,
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as though they're sort of
testing
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or trying to feel
Princess Alice.
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And she actually said earlier
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that she didn't believe
in Princess Alice.
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That just shows you
the power of belief, really.
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Freeman: Jesse has performed
this experiment
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with hundreds of children.
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Hardly any of the kids who are
told about Princess Alice cheat.
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They intuitively feel
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she's really there,
watching them.
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Bering:
What we're really seeing here is
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an untarnished view
of human nature.
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I mean,
these are really young kids.
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These are 6- and 7-year-olds.
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You know, they've been told
all sorts of things,
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but they haven't been told
about Princess Alice.
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Freeman: Jesse believes that
regardless of their upbringing,
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children's minds are hardwired
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to believe
in a hidden world of spirits,
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a place where princess Alice
or God might exist.
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But why do such beliefs
take hold?
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Bruce Hood is one of Britain's
leading psychologists.
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His work recently won him
an invitation
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to give the Royal Institution's
Christmas lecture series,
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one of the country's
highest scientific honors.
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Bruce is researching
the psychological foundation
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of all religious beliefs.
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It's a work that started one day
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when he was watching
his sleeping daughter.
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He was not contemplating
the miracle of life,
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but rather her blanky.
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Hood:
It's a grubby little cloth,
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and I'm sure parents
will recognize this thing.
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Now, what starts off as
a little bit of self soothing,
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soon these objects take on
very strange qualities,
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almost as if they're alive.
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Children even talk to them.
They think they've got feelings.
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They make them almost humanlike,
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which is extraordinary
when you think about it
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'cause it's just
a piece of cloth.
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Freeman:
Bruce wanted to find out
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why children believe
these objects are so special.
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So, he performed an experiment
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with young kids
and a magic machine.
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Bruce told the children
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it would make a perfect copy
of their toys,
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thanks, in fact, to the help
of a hidden researcher.
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He then told them they were
allowed to keep only one toy
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and must throw away the other.
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Nearly every child
chose the original
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and tossed the copy.
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Hood: They needed
the original one back.
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And I think it's because they're
thinking in an essentialist way.
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This is an idea
that we view the world
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with this additional dimension.
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Freeman:
Essentialism is the belief
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that certain objects
have a hidden essence,
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one that cannot be transferred
to a copy
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even if it looks
absolutely identical.
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It is a conviction
young children hold strongly.
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00:10:09,530 --> 00:10:13,932
But do we outgrow this sense
of a hidden essence?
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Bruce found an answer by turning
his lectures into an experiment,
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one that he's trying out today
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on the staff
of the Royal Institution.
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00:10:23,976 --> 00:10:26,943
I was in New York last year,
and I bought Einstein --
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one of Einstein's fountain pens.
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00:10:29,013 --> 00:10:31,513
So this is
an original Einstein pen.
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I'm very proud of this,
if you like to have a look.
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In fact, you're welcome
to hold it and pass it along.
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00:10:43,156 --> 00:10:46,592
Now, I happen to have
another thing here.
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This is a cardigan.
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00:10:48,963 --> 00:10:50,963
It belonged to Jeffrey Dahmer,
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00:10:50,965 --> 00:10:53,766
the serial killer
who murdered 17 people
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and brutally cut them up,
ate them,
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00:10:56,336 --> 00:10:58,970
and did some
very despicable things.
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00:10:58,972 --> 00:11:02,406
Now, would you like to pass
that along and hold it?
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00:11:02,408 --> 00:11:03,474
The cardigan itself?
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00:11:03,476 --> 00:11:05,008
Yeah.
Would you put it on?
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00:11:05,010 --> 00:11:08,211
I won't put it on, no.
No?
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Freeman: Most of us are revolted
by the thought
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of wearing the sweater
of a serial killer,
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00:11:13,951 --> 00:11:17,018
no matter how many times
it may have been cleaned.
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00:11:19,388 --> 00:11:23,291
Well, I have to let you
into a secret.
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00:11:23,293 --> 00:11:25,192
It's not Jeffrey Dahmer's
sweater at all.
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00:11:25,194 --> 00:11:28,395
But just the thought of it
belonging to the serial killer,
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00:11:28,397 --> 00:11:31,031
for most people,
it's repulsive and repugnant.
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And, sad to say,
this isn't Einstein's pen.
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It's just
a regular fountain pen.
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Freeman:
Bruce believes this sense
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that sacred and evil essences
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can contaminate
the material world
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is the most primal form
of human spirituality,
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a foundation upon which
every religion is built.
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Hood: I think religions
capitalize on this assumption
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that there is hidden structure.
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00:11:57,023 --> 00:11:59,589
What religions do is
they provide a framework,
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a narrative which allows people
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00:12:01,259 --> 00:12:04,327
to try and put these forces
together in a meaningful way.
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00:12:08,665 --> 00:12:11,500
Freeman:
Psychologists like Bruce argue
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00:12:11,502 --> 00:12:14,169
that this innate
spiritual intuition
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00:12:14,171 --> 00:12:16,805
might be an artifact
of our intelligent minds
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00:12:16,807 --> 00:12:20,442
trying to make sense
of a chaotic world.
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00:12:20,444 --> 00:12:23,511
But this innate belief
in a hidden spiritual dimension
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00:12:23,513 --> 00:12:26,914
is often reinforced
by experience,
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00:12:26,916 --> 00:12:31,585
because one in 10 of us
will visit this mysterious realm
249
00:12:31,587 --> 00:12:34,554
in an out-of-body experience.
250
00:12:34,556 --> 00:12:38,257
When we leave our bodies,
do we meet God?
251
00:12:40,790 --> 00:12:45,259
Is there a reality
beyond the world we see?
252
00:12:45,261 --> 00:12:48,929
A place
where God and spirits live?
253
00:12:48,931 --> 00:12:53,266
Some people believe they have
glimpsed this hidden world
254
00:12:53,268 --> 00:12:55,534
in an out-of-body experience.
255
00:12:55,536 --> 00:13:00,238
Are these phenomena proof
of the existence of God?
256
00:13:03,508 --> 00:13:08,078
Neurologist Olaf Blanke
is trying to discover
257
00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:12,849
what really happens during
an out-of-body experience.
258
00:13:12,851 --> 00:13:16,051
Blanke: What is very typical
for this out-of-body phenomenon
259
00:13:16,053 --> 00:13:17,686
is that it is felt.
260
00:13:17,688 --> 00:13:19,521
It's highly spiritual.
261
00:13:19,523 --> 00:13:20,789
You know, think about it.
262
00:13:20,791 --> 00:13:22,257
You feel separated.
263
00:13:22,259 --> 00:13:24,224
Your mind is physically --
264
00:13:24,226 --> 00:13:27,193
or you experience as separated
from your body.
265
00:13:27,195 --> 00:13:29,328
So, how could this be?
This doesn't fit.
266
00:13:31,298 --> 00:13:33,966
Freeman: Most people who have
had an out-of-body experience
267
00:13:33,968 --> 00:13:39,038
report being spirited away
to a hidden realm.
268
00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:42,574
But Olaf suspects
these voyages to the beyond
269
00:13:42,576 --> 00:13:45,477
take place
purely inside our heads.
270
00:13:46,412 --> 00:13:48,146
Because while diagnosing
271
00:13:48,148 --> 00:13:51,316
one of his epileptic patients
for treatment,
272
00:13:51,318 --> 00:13:52,950
he sent a mild current
273
00:13:52,952 --> 00:13:55,686
to electrodes implanted
in her brain
274
00:13:55,688 --> 00:14:00,690
and inadvertently triggered
an out-of-body experience.
275
00:14:00,692 --> 00:14:02,358
Blanke: She had the impression
276
00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:04,827
that she herself
would be under the ceiling
277
00:14:04,829 --> 00:14:08,396
of the stimulation room
and to be looking down,
278
00:14:08,398 --> 00:14:10,565
seeing herself, her body,
279
00:14:10,567 --> 00:14:12,634
as well as the people
sitting around her.
280
00:14:14,870 --> 00:14:19,107
Freeman: Olaf had sent
a mild stimulating current
281
00:14:19,109 --> 00:14:23,410
to his patient's temporoparietal
junction, or TPJ.
282
00:14:23,412 --> 00:14:25,445
This automatized
body representation,
283
00:14:25,447 --> 00:14:28,281
when we stimulate it in this
region in this one patient,
284
00:14:28,283 --> 00:14:29,882
could not fuse
285
00:14:29,884 --> 00:14:32,552
where you see your body
and where you feel your body.
286
00:14:32,554 --> 00:14:36,087
And this kind
of discoherent representation
287
00:14:36,089 --> 00:14:39,056
may lead to
an out-of-body experience.
288
00:14:40,626 --> 00:14:43,494
Freeman: The TPJ
is the brain's navigator,
289
00:14:43,496 --> 00:14:45,962
rather like the captain
of a submarine
290
00:14:45,964 --> 00:14:49,031
who can't actually see
where his vessel is heading
291
00:14:49,033 --> 00:14:52,701
but has to rely on indirect
measurements of his position,
292
00:14:52,703 --> 00:14:55,703
like water-pressure readings
and sonar pings.
293
00:14:55,705 --> 00:14:57,805
[ Sonar pinging ]
294
00:14:57,807 --> 00:15:01,442
If the data coming into the TPJ
is interfered with,
295
00:15:01,444 --> 00:15:05,178
the navigation system
can become disoriented.
296
00:15:05,180 --> 00:15:09,281
The TPJ could tell you
you are upside down
297
00:15:09,283 --> 00:15:11,516
or somewhere you really aren't.
298
00:15:11,518 --> 00:15:13,351
[ Crash! ]
299
00:15:13,353 --> 00:15:15,853
[ Blink! Blink! Blink! ]
300
00:15:15,855 --> 00:15:18,856
If his hypothesis was correct,
301
00:15:18,858 --> 00:15:23,227
Olaf realized
that out-of-body experiences
302
00:15:23,229 --> 00:15:26,897
might also be induced
in any brain, epileptic or not,
303
00:15:26,899 --> 00:15:29,599
by tampering with
people's senses.
304
00:15:29,601 --> 00:15:32,837
And to achieve this effect
in a healthy subject
305
00:15:32,839 --> 00:15:34,872
without implanting electrodes,
306
00:15:34,874 --> 00:15:39,644
Olaf built a cutting-edge
virtual-reality laboratory.
307
00:15:39,646 --> 00:15:43,587
Virtual reality gives us the
possibility in the research lab
308
00:15:43,589 --> 00:15:48,330
to disassociate touch from sight
of our participant's body.
309
00:15:48,332 --> 00:15:50,767
Careful.
310
00:15:50,769 --> 00:15:53,202
So, for this experiment,
311
00:15:53,204 --> 00:15:55,837
you will stand with your feet
in front of there.
312
00:15:55,839 --> 00:15:57,372
Mm-hmm.
Yes.
313
00:15:57,374 --> 00:16:00,042
Then I will put this
on your head,
314
00:16:00,044 --> 00:16:02,678
and you will follow
instructions on the screen.
315
00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:05,247
Freeman:
The subject sees a live feed
316
00:16:05,249 --> 00:16:07,782
from a camera placed
behind her back.
317
00:16:09,685 --> 00:16:12,520
She feels a gentle stroke
on her back,
318
00:16:12,522 --> 00:16:14,923
but sees the stroking
as if her body
319
00:16:14,925 --> 00:16:17,692
is actually two feet
in front of her mind.
320
00:16:17,694 --> 00:16:20,760
Blanke: So the brain is exposed
to a spatial conflict,
321
00:16:20,762 --> 00:16:22,796
and being exposed
to this spatial conflict
322
00:16:22,798 --> 00:16:23,864
for a long time,
323
00:16:23,866 --> 00:16:26,899
people start identifying
with the avatar
324
00:16:26,901 --> 00:16:29,735
rather than
with their physical body.
325
00:16:29,737 --> 00:16:33,706
Freeman: When asked to move back
from where they are standing
326
00:16:33,708 --> 00:16:36,075
and then return
to the same spot,
327
00:16:36,077 --> 00:16:40,245
the subjects always end up
not in their original position,
328
00:16:40,247 --> 00:16:42,713
but two feet forward --
329
00:16:42,715 --> 00:16:46,082
precisely where their virtual
avatar appeared to be.
330
00:16:46,084 --> 00:16:47,283
The feeling is --
331
00:16:47,285 --> 00:16:49,718
it's very strange
at the beginning,
332
00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:51,720
but it's actually very pleasant.
333
00:16:51,722 --> 00:16:55,256
It's more like my mind --
334
00:16:55,258 --> 00:16:58,927
like my body is more
the one I'm seeing,
335
00:16:58,929 --> 00:17:01,129
which is actually my body,
336
00:17:01,131 --> 00:17:05,566
but it's more like I'm there
where I see myself to be.
337
00:17:05,568 --> 00:17:08,869
Freeman: When Olaf performed
this experiment
338
00:17:08,871 --> 00:17:12,071
with the subject
wearing an E.E.G. sensor,
339
00:17:12,073 --> 00:17:15,741
he discovered that the brain's
temporoparietal junction
340
00:17:15,743 --> 00:17:17,942
was highly active.
341
00:17:17,944 --> 00:17:21,979
The TPJ was struggling
to create a cohesive reality
342
00:17:21,981 --> 00:17:25,082
out of the conflicting
sensory input,
343
00:17:25,084 --> 00:17:27,184
and the net result was
344
00:17:27,186 --> 00:17:31,488
the sensation that she might be
outside her body.
345
00:17:31,490 --> 00:17:35,825
Olaf believes that when we have
an out-of-body experience,
346
00:17:35,827 --> 00:17:37,827
we never leave our bodies,
347
00:17:37,829 --> 00:17:39,529
and the entities we sense
348
00:17:39,531 --> 00:17:43,165
are nothing more than phantoms
of the brain.
349
00:17:43,167 --> 00:17:47,735
But believers sense God
in their lives every day,
350
00:17:47,737 --> 00:17:50,803
not just in these rare
and intense moments.
351
00:17:50,805 --> 00:17:53,070
Many of us see the hand of God
352
00:17:53,072 --> 00:17:56,206
constantly shaping
the world around us,
353
00:17:56,208 --> 00:18:00,577
and this psychologist
believes she knows why.
354
00:18:04,643 --> 00:18:08,278
Why did she die so young?
355
00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:12,716
Why did the hurricane
destroy our town?
356
00:18:12,718 --> 00:18:16,119
Why did he win the lottery?
357
00:18:16,121 --> 00:18:20,789
To many believers,
it's all part of God's plan.
358
00:18:20,791 --> 00:18:24,826
But psychologists are now asking
another question.
359
00:18:24,828 --> 00:18:28,696
Why do we always ask why?
360
00:18:28,698 --> 00:18:32,167
Could the urge
to find reason in our lives
361
00:18:32,169 --> 00:18:34,902
have driven us to invent God?
362
00:18:38,139 --> 00:18:40,207
Jennifer Whitson
is a psychologist
363
00:18:40,209 --> 00:18:43,543
at the University of Texas
Austin.
364
00:18:43,545 --> 00:18:46,947
She studies how human beings
interpret meaning
365
00:18:46,949 --> 00:18:50,316
from signs and events
in the world around them.
366
00:18:50,318 --> 00:18:55,554
Her interest in the subject
began when she was a girl
367
00:18:55,556 --> 00:18:59,257
and became obsessed with
a deck of Tarot cards.
368
00:18:59,259 --> 00:19:00,592
Whitson:
When I was in high school,
369
00:19:00,594 --> 00:19:03,527
I got really excited
about Tarot cards.
370
00:19:03,529 --> 00:19:04,928
I had my own deck,
371
00:19:04,930 --> 00:19:07,597
and I was, you know, drawing
all the cards all the time.
372
00:19:07,599 --> 00:19:11,166
They did make me feel
like I was connected
373
00:19:11,168 --> 00:19:14,069
to a greater pattern
in the universe in some way,
374
00:19:14,071 --> 00:19:16,738
that the cards were giving me
deeper insight
375
00:19:16,740 --> 00:19:18,539
than I could manage on my own.
376
00:19:18,541 --> 00:19:20,508
Freeman: The uncanny ability
377
00:19:20,510 --> 00:19:23,911
of Tarot cards
or a fortune teller
378
00:19:23,913 --> 00:19:26,013
to see events in our lives
379
00:19:26,015 --> 00:19:29,383
is something many of us
have experienced.
380
00:19:29,385 --> 00:19:32,586
And by the time
Jennifer earned her PhD,
381
00:19:32,588 --> 00:19:35,555
she scientifically
understood why.
382
00:19:35,557 --> 00:19:37,858
Our brains connect things.
They just do it naturally.
383
00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:40,193
So, when you draw the cards,
384
00:19:40,195 --> 00:19:42,595
your brain will still just jump
right in and start saying,
385
00:19:42,597 --> 00:19:44,163
"Oh, I am having trouble
with that.
386
00:19:44,165 --> 00:19:45,231
"Oh, that is a challenge.
387
00:19:45,233 --> 00:19:46,565
Oh, maybe I am
overlooking this."
388
00:19:46,567 --> 00:19:47,799
It's like magic.
389
00:19:47,801 --> 00:19:49,634
Your brain will just start
to make a story for you.
390
00:19:49,636 --> 00:19:52,770
So, even though I don't believe
that they're doing anything,
391
00:19:52,772 --> 00:19:55,873
even though I see them as just
sort of a random collection
392
00:19:55,875 --> 00:19:59,243
of various symbols
and meanings...
393
00:19:59,245 --> 00:20:00,411
it's still really fun
394
00:20:00,413 --> 00:20:02,679
to watch my brain
knit things together for me.
395
00:20:06,383 --> 00:20:08,250
Freeman:
Nearly every religion teaches
396
00:20:08,252 --> 00:20:10,652
that the events
taking place in the world
397
00:20:10,654 --> 00:20:13,221
really are connected.
398
00:20:13,223 --> 00:20:16,825
They're all part
of a divine scheme,
399
00:20:16,827 --> 00:20:18,460
whether it be called karma,
400
00:20:18,462 --> 00:20:21,896
the will of God,
or Qadar Allah.
401
00:20:21,898 --> 00:20:23,664
When catastrophes strike,
402
00:20:23,666 --> 00:20:26,200
many believers
see these tragedies
403
00:20:26,202 --> 00:20:28,201
as the work of a higher power
404
00:20:28,203 --> 00:20:32,070
brought about for reasons that
we may not fully understand,
405
00:20:32,072 --> 00:20:35,272
whereas others see
these same events
406
00:20:35,274 --> 00:20:38,175
as nothing more
than random chance.
407
00:20:38,177 --> 00:20:40,778
Jennifer devised
a psychological study
408
00:20:40,780 --> 00:20:42,146
to try to understand
409
00:20:42,148 --> 00:20:46,016
why people might develop
such different mind-sets.
410
00:20:46,018 --> 00:20:48,216
Whitson: They came
into the study, and we said,
411
00:20:48,218 --> 00:20:50,684
"Hey, you're going to see
a series of paired symbols
412
00:20:50,686 --> 00:20:52,352
"on the computer screen.
413
00:20:52,354 --> 00:20:55,988
"The computer has generated
these symbols using a concept.
414
00:20:55,990 --> 00:20:58,424
It's your job to figure out
what that concept is."
415
00:20:58,426 --> 00:21:00,425
We didn't give them any feedback
416
00:21:00,427 --> 00:21:02,661
about whether
they were right or wrong,
417
00:21:02,663 --> 00:21:05,163
so they had complete control
over that task.
418
00:21:05,165 --> 00:21:08,032
Freeman: This task is, however,
a calculated trick
419
00:21:08,034 --> 00:21:11,402
to get the participants feeling
in a secure frame of mind
420
00:21:11,404 --> 00:21:12,769
before the real test --
421
00:21:12,771 --> 00:21:17,373
searching for patterns
in images of white noise.
422
00:21:17,375 --> 00:21:20,208
Whitson: Then we simply show you
an image of static,
423
00:21:20,210 --> 00:21:22,310
a still photograph
of just noise,
424
00:21:22,312 --> 00:21:23,945
and we say, very simply,
425
00:21:23,947 --> 00:21:26,447
"Do you see anything here --
yes or no?
426
00:21:26,449 --> 00:21:27,782
If so, what?"
427
00:21:27,784 --> 00:21:31,285
Freeman: Each participant
who looked at the white noise
428
00:21:31,287 --> 00:21:34,187
saw it as completely random
and meaningless.
429
00:21:34,189 --> 00:21:38,690
Now Jennifer repeats the same
experiment with a new group,
430
00:21:38,692 --> 00:21:40,392
but for their warm-up,
431
00:21:40,394 --> 00:21:43,462
Jennifer has preprogrammed
the computer
432
00:21:43,464 --> 00:21:45,831
to utterly frustrate them.
433
00:21:45,833 --> 00:21:48,399
Whitson: The feedback
that you receive is random.
434
00:21:48,401 --> 00:21:50,368
And so, you are
randomly being told
435
00:21:50,370 --> 00:21:54,138
that you're correct or incorrect
no matter what it is you do.
436
00:21:54,140 --> 00:21:56,606
Freeman:
This second set of subjects
437
00:21:56,608 --> 00:22:00,142
all believe they have utterly
flunked the initial test,
438
00:22:00,144 --> 00:22:03,579
and when they begin looking at
the white-noise images,
439
00:22:03,581 --> 00:22:04,914
they do so feeling
440
00:22:04,916 --> 00:22:08,050
they are not in control
of their surroundings.
441
00:22:08,052 --> 00:22:10,052
And Jennifer documented
442
00:22:10,054 --> 00:22:14,922
how it changed their perception
of the random images of noise.
443
00:22:14,924 --> 00:22:16,991
Whitson: Looking at them
purely objectively,
444
00:22:16,993 --> 00:22:20,160
the answer should be no
every time -- no, no, no.
445
00:22:20,162 --> 00:22:22,896
But what we see is that
when people lack control,
446
00:22:22,898 --> 00:22:25,231
they're significantly
more likely to say,
447
00:22:25,233 --> 00:22:27,167
"Yes, I see something
in this image.
448
00:22:27,169 --> 00:22:28,468
There's something there."
449
00:22:30,004 --> 00:22:31,371
Freeman:
Jennifer's work shows
450
00:22:31,373 --> 00:22:34,007
that lack of control
encourages our brain
451
00:22:34,009 --> 00:22:38,710
to seek patterns in what
otherwise would be randomness.
452
00:22:38,712 --> 00:22:40,478
All of these false patterns,
453
00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:42,613
all of these illusory patterns
are connected.
454
00:22:42,615 --> 00:22:44,815
All of them are influenced
by lacking control.
455
00:22:44,817 --> 00:22:46,282
So, when people lack control,
456
00:22:46,284 --> 00:22:48,751
they're more likely to see
trends in the stock market
457
00:22:48,753 --> 00:22:49,885
that don't exist.
458
00:22:49,887 --> 00:22:51,952
They're more likely
to see conspiracies
459
00:22:51,954 --> 00:22:54,051
in the world around them
that don't exist,
460
00:22:54,053 --> 00:22:56,018
because it's
our instinctive sense
461
00:22:56,020 --> 00:22:57,085
to try and react
462
00:22:57,087 --> 00:22:59,220
to the situation
which we lacked control
463
00:22:59,222 --> 00:23:02,356
by making sense of it,
understanding it,
464
00:23:02,358 --> 00:23:04,358
even if it's
a false understanding.
465
00:23:09,330 --> 00:23:11,363
Freeman:
This effect could explain
466
00:23:11,365 --> 00:23:13,499
why religion is so successful
467
00:23:13,501 --> 00:23:16,234
among the poor
and disenfranchised.
468
00:23:16,236 --> 00:23:20,704
Whenever people feel like
their lives are out of control,
469
00:23:20,706 --> 00:23:24,808
God helps them
make sense of things.
470
00:23:24,810 --> 00:23:27,010
There is a lot of randomness
in our lives.
471
00:23:27,012 --> 00:23:28,377
There is a lot of chaos.
472
00:23:28,379 --> 00:23:30,880
There are many, many, many
things we do not control.
473
00:23:30,882 --> 00:23:33,382
And so we have to pick
out of that chaos
474
00:23:33,384 --> 00:23:35,250
things that are meaningful to us
475
00:23:35,252 --> 00:23:38,785
to make a sensible story
out of our lives.
476
00:23:42,589 --> 00:23:46,491
Psychologists believe
that our intelligent minds
477
00:23:46,493 --> 00:23:50,194
constantly strive
to make sense of the world.
478
00:23:50,196 --> 00:23:54,198
For every action,
there must be a cause.
479
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:57,868
But there are other intelligent
creatures on the planet.
480
00:23:57,870 --> 00:24:00,037
Do they believe in God?
481
00:24:02,304 --> 00:24:04,772
In every civilization on earth,
482
00:24:04,774 --> 00:24:07,709
people perform
religious rituals.
483
00:24:07,711 --> 00:24:12,147
Buddhists chant.
Hindus draw shapes in chalk.
484
00:24:12,149 --> 00:24:15,183
Christians baptize.
485
00:24:15,185 --> 00:24:18,619
Scientists now believe
our spiritual behavior
486
00:24:18,621 --> 00:24:21,555
stems from
our advanced intelligence.
487
00:24:21,557 --> 00:24:24,525
If this is the case,
488
00:24:24,527 --> 00:24:28,762
do other intelligent creatures
experience God?
489
00:24:30,531 --> 00:24:34,901
Danny Povinelli
of the University of Louisiana
490
00:24:34,903 --> 00:24:39,271
is a world-renowned expert
in comparative psychology.
491
00:24:39,273 --> 00:24:41,540
He's a meticulous scientist
492
00:24:41,542 --> 00:24:46,943
who intimately studies
the mind of chimpanzees.
493
00:24:51,547 --> 00:24:54,415
Povinelli: I first became interested
in chimps when I was 14.
494
00:24:54,417 --> 00:24:56,584
And I had read all of the work
495
00:24:56,586 --> 00:24:58,252
about how they could use
sign language
496
00:24:58,254 --> 00:25:00,254
and do all of these fabulous
things with tools.
497
00:25:00,256 --> 00:25:04,257
And so I thought they were
pretty much hairy human children
498
00:25:04,259 --> 00:25:05,658
that couldn't quite speak,
499
00:25:05,660 --> 00:25:08,427
and the scientific story was
that meant they were self-aware.
500
00:25:08,429 --> 00:25:11,029
You know, for a young,
introspective teenager,
501
00:25:11,031 --> 00:25:13,298
that meant there might be
another organism
502
00:25:13,300 --> 00:25:14,566
out there on earth
503
00:25:14,568 --> 00:25:17,702
that was asking the same
existential questions I was
504
00:25:17,704 --> 00:25:19,604
about what it meant to be alive.
505
00:25:19,606 --> 00:25:22,073
That's good stuff.
No, this one's mine.
506
00:25:22,075 --> 00:25:25,376
This is mine.
You got one.
507
00:25:25,378 --> 00:25:27,478
Freeman: And for Danny,
508
00:25:27,480 --> 00:25:31,081
the most important
existential question
509
00:25:31,083 --> 00:25:33,116
a thinking creature
could ask was,
510
00:25:33,118 --> 00:25:36,520
is there a God out there?
511
00:25:36,522 --> 00:25:39,356
So, when he grew up
to become a scientist,
512
00:25:39,358 --> 00:25:42,259
he developed a series of tests
to explore the difference
513
00:25:42,261 --> 00:25:45,896
between the way chimps and
humans think about the world.
514
00:25:47,431 --> 00:25:49,765
We're gonna give Billy
a little test here --
515
00:25:49,767 --> 00:25:52,968
a really short object
and a long object.
516
00:25:52,970 --> 00:25:55,237
We're gonna see if Billy knows
which one to use.
517
00:25:55,239 --> 00:25:59,073
Go ahead, Billy.
Go ahead. Go ahead.
518
00:25:59,075 --> 00:26:01,175
But you can see he knows
to use the long one here
519
00:26:01,177 --> 00:26:02,643
to get the treat
that he wants.
520
00:26:02,645 --> 00:26:05,545
Good job.
Good job.
521
00:26:05,547 --> 00:26:08,214
Freeman: Billy the chimp
immediately knows
522
00:26:08,216 --> 00:26:11,350
that only the longer stick
will reach the Gummy Bears.
523
00:26:11,352 --> 00:26:15,187
The short and long sticks
are obviously different to him.
524
00:26:15,189 --> 00:26:16,588
But for chimps,
525
00:26:16,590 --> 00:26:19,691
not all tools
are as easy to tell apart
526
00:26:19,693 --> 00:26:22,160
as they are for us.
527
00:26:22,162 --> 00:26:23,995
Okay, now, we're
gonna try something
528
00:26:23,997 --> 00:26:25,162
a little bit different.
529
00:26:25,164 --> 00:26:26,597
In this experiment,
530
00:26:26,599 --> 00:26:29,399
the goal is to crush a nut
with one of two blocks.
531
00:26:29,401 --> 00:26:32,068
The blocks look identical,
532
00:26:32,070 --> 00:26:35,404
but, in reality,
have different weights.
533
00:26:35,406 --> 00:26:38,106
You know which one's a good one
to crack the nut?
534
00:26:38,108 --> 00:26:39,473
How do you know?
535
00:26:39,475 --> 00:26:41,775
Because the pillow's going down
more than that one.
536
00:26:41,777 --> 00:26:45,545
Oh. Well, why does that mean
that that's the good one?
537
00:26:45,547 --> 00:26:48,915
Because this one's
more heavier.
538
00:26:48,917 --> 00:26:50,517
Well,
let's see if you're right.
539
00:26:52,786 --> 00:26:54,153
[ Laughs ]
540
00:26:54,155 --> 00:26:55,987
Good job.
I love these things.
541
00:26:55,989 --> 00:26:57,756
I'm gonna eat one.
Good job.
542
00:26:57,758 --> 00:26:59,824
Good work.
Give me five.
543
00:26:59,826 --> 00:27:03,794
Now Billy takes a crack
at the same problem.
544
00:27:03,796 --> 00:27:06,796
We're gonna see if Billy can
immediately figure out
545
00:27:06,798 --> 00:27:07,930
which one to use.
546
00:27:07,932 --> 00:27:10,033
Go ahead, Billy.
547
00:27:10,035 --> 00:27:11,334
Good job, Billy.
548
00:27:11,336 --> 00:27:12,836
Okay.
That's the hard way, Billy.
549
00:27:12,838 --> 00:27:13,971
That's the hard way.
550
00:27:13,973 --> 00:27:16,206
Here.
Try it the easy way.
551
00:27:16,208 --> 00:27:17,874
Crack it.
Crack it, Billy.
552
00:27:17,876 --> 00:27:19,843
There you go.
There you go.
553
00:27:19,845 --> 00:27:22,312
Good job, Billy.
Good job.
554
00:27:22,314 --> 00:27:24,614
Freeman:
The ability to understand
555
00:27:24,616 --> 00:27:28,485
that objects can have
hidden properties like weight
556
00:27:28,487 --> 00:27:31,522
appears to be beyond chimps.
557
00:27:31,524 --> 00:27:34,958
But how about understanding
that other living beings
558
00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:37,727
have something hidden
under their skulls?
559
00:27:37,729 --> 00:27:42,231
Can chimps sense
the minds of others?
560
00:27:42,233 --> 00:27:43,632
Povinelli: Theory of mind is
561
00:27:43,634 --> 00:27:45,767
our ability to empathize
with other people
562
00:27:45,769 --> 00:27:47,736
and imagine
what it might be like
563
00:27:47,738 --> 00:27:50,037
to be in that other person's
perspective
564
00:27:50,039 --> 00:27:51,638
from a certain point of view.
565
00:27:51,640 --> 00:27:54,308
We know that a chimp like Billy
566
00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:56,142
can approach someone,
make a gesture,
567
00:27:56,144 --> 00:27:58,911
look up into their eyes and
ask for cookies if he wants them
568
00:27:58,913 --> 00:28:00,346
or a Gummy Bear,
569
00:28:00,348 --> 00:28:03,549
but does Billy realize that
someone can actually see him,
570
00:28:03,551 --> 00:28:05,650
there's an inner
visual experience?
571
00:28:05,652 --> 00:28:09,187
Freeman: Danny came up
with another experiment
572
00:28:09,189 --> 00:28:12,823
to test whether chimpanzees
possess a theory of mind.
573
00:28:12,825 --> 00:28:14,291
Watch this. Ooh.
574
00:28:14,293 --> 00:28:16,760
He shows Billy
two pairs of sunglasses.
575
00:28:16,762 --> 00:28:18,294
The blue ones are normal.
576
00:28:18,296 --> 00:28:20,430
He can see out of them
just fine.
577
00:28:20,432 --> 00:28:22,031
Cool.
578
00:28:22,033 --> 00:28:25,601
But the yellow ones
are blacked out on the inside.
579
00:28:25,603 --> 00:28:29,671
When Billy puts them on,
he's completely in the dark.
580
00:28:29,673 --> 00:28:31,773
Now we're going to
let Billy observe
581
00:28:31,775 --> 00:28:34,108
someone else
wearing these sunglasses,
582
00:28:34,110 --> 00:28:35,910
and we're gonna see if he knows
583
00:28:35,912 --> 00:28:38,679
that only the person
wearing the blue ones
584
00:28:38,681 --> 00:28:40,081
can actually see him.
585
00:28:40,083 --> 00:28:42,350
Go ask for it.
586
00:28:48,023 --> 00:28:49,423
Freeman: Even though chimps
587
00:28:49,425 --> 00:28:52,125
can easily distinguish
the colors of the sunglasses,
588
00:28:52,127 --> 00:28:54,628
and they know the yellow ones
are blacked out,
589
00:28:54,630 --> 00:28:59,232
Danny found that chimps approach
food givers at random.
590
00:28:59,234 --> 00:29:02,235
Chimps do not appear
to know or care
591
00:29:02,237 --> 00:29:05,171
that other creatures
are conscious beings.
592
00:29:10,142 --> 00:29:13,510
But human beings
already have a theory of mind
593
00:29:13,512 --> 00:29:15,045
at a very young age.
594
00:29:15,047 --> 00:29:17,147
Povinelli:
Go ask one for a Gummy Bear.
595
00:29:17,149 --> 00:29:18,315
But you can't say a word
596
00:29:18,317 --> 00:29:20,650
and you got to stay at
this side of the rope, okay?
597
00:29:20,652 --> 00:29:21,751
You ready?
Uh-huh.
598
00:29:21,753 --> 00:29:23,419
Go.
599
00:29:23,421 --> 00:29:26,720
Oh, good job.
Good job.
600
00:29:26,722 --> 00:29:28,289
Why did you ask her
for one?
601
00:29:28,291 --> 00:29:30,290
Because she can see.
602
00:29:30,292 --> 00:29:32,393
How do you know
that he can't see you?
603
00:29:32,395 --> 00:29:34,161
Because
there's paint on it.
604
00:29:34,163 --> 00:29:36,129
How do you know
she can see you?
605
00:29:36,131 --> 00:29:37,931
Because
there's no paint.
606
00:29:37,933 --> 00:29:39,899
Good job.
High five.
607
00:29:39,901 --> 00:29:41,401
Nice job, Kelly.
608
00:29:41,403 --> 00:29:45,601
By somewhere
between 3 to 5 years of age,
609
00:29:45,603 --> 00:29:47,501
young children consolidate
610
00:29:47,503 --> 00:29:50,502
a human way of thinking
about the world,
611
00:29:50,504 --> 00:29:52,304
that there are features
of the world
612
00:29:52,306 --> 00:29:55,640
that they can directly grab
ahold of with their hands,
613
00:29:55,642 --> 00:29:59,609
feel, smell, hear, taste, see.
614
00:29:59,611 --> 00:30:02,078
And then there's
a more abstract world, also,
615
00:30:02,080 --> 00:30:04,180
that bridges together
these things --
616
00:30:04,182 --> 00:30:06,849
things like force,
mental states.
617
00:30:06,851 --> 00:30:10,285
And unlike that,
no matter what age a chimp is,
618
00:30:10,287 --> 00:30:14,089
even full adult chimps
never seem to make that leap.
619
00:30:14,091 --> 00:30:17,291
Freeman: We share our planet
with chimpanzees
620
00:30:17,293 --> 00:30:20,294
and about 9 million
other species.
621
00:30:20,296 --> 00:30:21,929
But Danny believes
622
00:30:21,931 --> 00:30:26,299
that only Homo Sapiens
is capable of believing in God
623
00:30:26,301 --> 00:30:30,202
because being able to perceive
a divine consciousness
624
00:30:30,204 --> 00:30:35,007
requires a theory of mind,
which we alone possess.
625
00:30:35,009 --> 00:30:37,743
Povinelli: Chimps don't have
rituals of any kind.
626
00:30:37,745 --> 00:30:40,612
There are no cultural traditions
that are passed on
627
00:30:40,614 --> 00:30:43,181
that are at the level of worship
or praying.
628
00:30:43,183 --> 00:30:45,850
They share with us
a lot of abilities that we have,
629
00:30:45,852 --> 00:30:48,185
but the human mind
has something different.
630
00:30:48,187 --> 00:30:50,988
The core of religious experience
631
00:30:50,990 --> 00:30:54,892
involves not only sensing
this divine mind,
632
00:30:54,894 --> 00:30:57,928
but also communicating with it.
633
00:30:57,930 --> 00:31:00,964
Does God really answer
our prayers?
634
00:31:00,966 --> 00:31:03,566
Or is it all just in our heads?
635
00:31:07,660 --> 00:31:10,594
The book of James says,
636
00:31:10,596 --> 00:31:14,330
"If any of you lacks wisdom,
ask of God,
637
00:31:14,332 --> 00:31:16,898
and it shall be given."
638
00:31:16,900 --> 00:31:21,469
Hindus pray to Lord Shiva
to protect them from harm.
639
00:31:21,471 --> 00:31:23,971
Nearly all religions believe
640
00:31:23,973 --> 00:31:28,208
we can petition the divine
for help or guidance,
641
00:31:28,210 --> 00:31:32,412
but how do we hear
God's answers?
642
00:31:34,181 --> 00:31:37,017
Jesse Bering's psychological
research has shown
643
00:31:37,019 --> 00:31:40,521
that children instinctively
believe in supernatural entities
644
00:31:40,523 --> 00:31:42,556
from a very young age.
645
00:31:42,558 --> 00:31:46,960
Now he's trying to figure out
when they begin to believe
646
00:31:46,962 --> 00:31:51,798
those entities can communicate
with them or send them signs.
647
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:53,600
We create a laboratory situation
648
00:31:53,602 --> 00:31:56,535
where unexpected things happen
in the environment,
649
00:31:56,537 --> 00:32:00,439
and we find out the age
at which they begin to see
650
00:32:00,441 --> 00:32:02,774
events happening
that are unexpected
651
00:32:02,776 --> 00:32:04,276
as basically being signs.
652
00:32:04,278 --> 00:32:06,344
Freeman:
Jesse and his assistants
653
00:32:06,346 --> 00:32:09,814
secretly place a ball
in one of two boxes
654
00:32:09,816 --> 00:32:13,888
and ask the children
to guess which one.
655
00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:20,160
However, he also lets them know
they have a supernatural helper,
656
00:32:20,162 --> 00:32:23,162
his loyal sidekick,
Princess Alice.
657
00:32:23,164 --> 00:32:25,965
Bering: Princess Alice
can make herself invisible.
658
00:32:25,967 --> 00:32:28,367
That's her superpower.
659
00:32:28,369 --> 00:32:31,470
She's gonna tell you
when you pick the wrong box.
660
00:32:31,472 --> 00:32:33,639
I don't know
how she's gonna tell you,
661
00:32:33,641 --> 00:32:36,608
but somehow she'll tell you
when you pick the wrong box.
662
00:32:36,610 --> 00:32:39,444
Let's say that a kid puts
their hand on top of the box
663
00:32:39,446 --> 00:32:40,879
and all of a sudden,
664
00:32:40,881 --> 00:32:44,516
they see this light flickering
in the corner of the room.
665
00:32:44,518 --> 00:32:45,950
The expectation would be
666
00:32:45,952 --> 00:32:48,186
that they would simply move
their hand to the opposite box
667
00:32:48,188 --> 00:32:49,387
as though they understand
668
00:32:49,389 --> 00:32:50,955
that she is giving them
a message
669
00:32:50,957 --> 00:32:52,189
or communicating with them.
670
00:32:52,191 --> 00:32:55,324
Okay, now we're gonna see
a 4-year-old
671
00:32:55,326 --> 00:32:59,295
and see how she responds to
Princess Alice talking to her.
672
00:33:05,500 --> 00:33:07,768
She looks at the light,
673
00:33:07,770 --> 00:33:09,537
but not
terribly interested in it,
674
00:33:09,539 --> 00:33:10,905
doesn't seem to be motivated
675
00:33:10,907 --> 00:33:13,874
to move her hand
to the opposite box.
676
00:33:13,876 --> 00:33:17,144
Freeman: Jesse argues
that belief in the divine
677
00:33:17,146 --> 00:33:18,945
requires a theory of mind,
678
00:33:18,947 --> 00:33:23,251
the ability to comprehend
that other beings are thinking.
679
00:33:23,253 --> 00:33:25,892
But two-way communication
with a hidden entity
680
00:33:25,894 --> 00:33:27,260
requires something more.
681
00:33:27,262 --> 00:33:29,795
Children must be able
to understand
682
00:33:29,797 --> 00:33:32,931
that Princess Alice
also has a theory of mind,
683
00:33:32,933 --> 00:33:36,401
that she, too, is aware
that they have a mind --
684
00:33:36,403 --> 00:33:39,838
a mind hard at work
choosing a box.
685
00:33:45,811 --> 00:33:48,212
Bering: And as simple
as this might seem to us,
686
00:33:48,214 --> 00:33:49,447
this is actually
687
00:33:49,449 --> 00:33:51,382
a fairly sophisticated
cognitive achievement.
688
00:33:51,384 --> 00:33:52,616
He has to understand
689
00:33:52,618 --> 00:33:54,751
that Princess Alice
is communicating with him.
690
00:33:54,753 --> 00:33:56,553
Younger children can't do this.
691
00:33:56,555 --> 00:33:59,689
It's only about age 7
or so -- 7, 8, 9 --
692
00:33:59,691 --> 00:34:01,958
that we begin to see
a clear indication
693
00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:04,660
that children are really
beginning to understand
694
00:34:04,662 --> 00:34:07,697
Princess Alice as thinking about
what they're thinking,
695
00:34:07,699 --> 00:34:09,064
understanding, in this case,
696
00:34:09,066 --> 00:34:10,933
that they don't know where
the ball's actually hidden.
697
00:34:10,935 --> 00:34:13,735
Freeman:
Younger children may attribute
698
00:34:13,737 --> 00:34:15,937
the strange flickering light
to Princess Alice,
699
00:34:15,939 --> 00:34:17,772
but they cannot comprehend
700
00:34:17,774 --> 00:34:20,808
that she's doing it
to send them a message.
701
00:34:20,810 --> 00:34:23,477
And while younger kids
might pray to God,
702
00:34:23,479 --> 00:34:25,879
Jesse's work shows
703
00:34:25,881 --> 00:34:29,982
that only older children
with more developed intelligence
704
00:34:29,984 --> 00:34:32,852
actually perceive
answers to prayers
705
00:34:32,854 --> 00:34:34,791
in the world around them.
706
00:34:34,793 --> 00:34:37,629
Princess Alice is basically
being sort of a God by proxy.
707
00:34:37,631 --> 00:34:39,297
She's making these happen
708
00:34:39,299 --> 00:34:41,632
like the light
flashing on and off
709
00:34:41,634 --> 00:34:44,969
just like God would, in
principle, create a thunderstorm
710
00:34:44,971 --> 00:34:46,404
to give one a message
711
00:34:46,406 --> 00:34:50,341
or create a parking lot opening
up at just the right time.
712
00:34:50,343 --> 00:34:52,976
Freeman: Jesse believes
713
00:34:52,978 --> 00:34:56,446
we develop the mental ability
to read these messages
714
00:34:56,448 --> 00:34:58,815
whether we believe in God
or not.
715
00:34:58,817 --> 00:35:02,051
Jesse experienced
this phenomenon firsthand
716
00:35:02,053 --> 00:35:03,786
when his mother, Alice,
717
00:35:03,788 --> 00:35:06,255
the inspiration
behind Princess Alice,
718
00:35:06,257 --> 00:35:07,857
was dying.
719
00:35:07,859 --> 00:35:09,526
Bering:
She wasn't convinced absolutely
720
00:35:09,528 --> 00:35:11,160
that there was something
after death,
721
00:35:11,162 --> 00:35:12,662
but she told me
that if there was,
722
00:35:12,664 --> 00:35:13,830
she would come back somehow
723
00:35:13,832 --> 00:35:15,698
and give me a message
and communicate with me.
724
00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:17,566
Freeman: After she passed,
725
00:35:17,568 --> 00:35:20,102
Jesse was overwhelmed
with grief,
726
00:35:20,104 --> 00:35:21,770
and as a scientist,
727
00:35:21,772 --> 00:35:25,006
he was shocked
at what his mind did next.
728
00:35:25,008 --> 00:35:27,842
When she died,
the following evening,
729
00:35:27,844 --> 00:35:31,544
the wind chimes outside of her
window where she had passed away
730
00:35:31,546 --> 00:35:33,680
started to move
and make sound...
731
00:35:33,682 --> 00:35:35,781
[ Wind chimes tinkling ]
732
00:35:35,783 --> 00:35:38,751
...which was odd because
there wasn't a lot of wind,
733
00:35:38,753 --> 00:35:41,486
and my mind immediately sort of
leapt to the conclusion
734
00:35:41,488 --> 00:35:44,154
that this was my mother
telling me that she was okay.
735
00:35:44,156 --> 00:35:46,757
She was giving me a message
not to worry about her,
736
00:35:46,759 --> 00:35:48,892
everything was fine.
737
00:35:48,894 --> 00:35:50,627
[ Wind chimes tinkling ]
738
00:35:50,629 --> 00:35:51,928
It's completely unconscious.
739
00:35:51,930 --> 00:35:54,097
It's not something deliberate
that I was trying to do.
740
00:35:54,099 --> 00:35:55,731
It just happened.
741
00:35:57,467 --> 00:36:01,069
Belief is basically
sort of the default setting
742
00:36:01,071 --> 00:36:03,404
for the human cognitive system.
743
00:36:03,406 --> 00:36:07,807
It's seducing us with these
very powerful intuitions
744
00:36:07,809 --> 00:36:10,277
that things happen for a reason.
745
00:36:16,548 --> 00:36:18,715
Freeman: Jesse's work shows
746
00:36:18,717 --> 00:36:21,418
we all naturally develop
the ability
747
00:36:21,420 --> 00:36:24,487
to receive messages from God.
748
00:36:24,489 --> 00:36:28,657
Believers feel
these messages are real.
749
00:36:28,659 --> 00:36:32,561
Atheists argue they are just
in our imagination.
750
00:36:32,563 --> 00:36:37,498
And this neuroscientist
is peering into our minds,
751
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:40,935
trying to discover who is right.
752
00:36:44,073 --> 00:36:46,641
What is real?
753
00:36:46,643 --> 00:36:48,643
We define reality
754
00:36:48,645 --> 00:36:54,815
by what we can see, hear,
touch, smell, or taste.
755
00:36:54,817 --> 00:36:56,516
Inside the brain,
756
00:36:56,518 --> 00:37:00,120
these senses exist
as electrical signals.
757
00:37:00,122 --> 00:37:04,223
For us, the entire sum
of all reality
758
00:37:04,225 --> 00:37:09,328
is contained in this bundle
of electrical wiring.
759
00:37:09,330 --> 00:37:13,466
So, when our brains sense God...
760
00:37:15,670 --> 00:37:20,106
...does that make God real?
761
00:37:20,108 --> 00:37:25,945
Andy Newberg is the founding
father of Neurotheology,
762
00:37:25,947 --> 00:37:27,847
a new branch of neuroscience
763
00:37:27,849 --> 00:37:31,850
that studies the effects of
spirituality on the human brain.
764
00:37:31,852 --> 00:37:34,986
It's a scientific quest
he has pursued
765
00:37:34,988 --> 00:37:37,087
as long as he can remember.
766
00:37:37,089 --> 00:37:38,655
Ever since I was a kid,
767
00:37:38,657 --> 00:37:42,191
I was very interested in
trying to understand reality.
768
00:37:42,193 --> 00:37:43,793
I was disturbed by the fact
769
00:37:43,795 --> 00:37:46,295
that everyone was looking at
the same reality,
770
00:37:46,297 --> 00:37:48,063
and yet there were people
with different religions
771
00:37:48,065 --> 00:37:49,998
and different political beliefs.
772
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:52,066
Freeman: Andy found a way
773
00:37:52,068 --> 00:37:54,568
to peer inside the brains
of believers
774
00:37:54,570 --> 00:37:57,838
while they were in the midst
of a religious ritual.
775
00:37:57,840 --> 00:38:02,510
It's the highest of high-tech
brain-imaging devices --
776
00:38:02,512 --> 00:38:04,611
the SPECT scanner.
777
00:38:04,613 --> 00:38:06,112
I'm gonna come in,
778
00:38:06,114 --> 00:38:08,282
and I'm gonna just inject you
through the I.V. with the gold,
779
00:38:08,284 --> 00:38:10,016
and I'm gonna try very hard
not to disturb you
780
00:38:10,018 --> 00:38:12,118
or distract you
or make any noise,
781
00:38:12,120 --> 00:38:15,889
and you're just gonna continue
to do your prayer session
782
00:38:15,891 --> 00:38:17,090
until it's done.
783
00:38:17,092 --> 00:38:20,526
This woman
is a Presbyterian minister.
784
00:38:20,528 --> 00:38:24,429
She's prayed to God daily
for over 34 years.
785
00:38:24,431 --> 00:38:28,572
Right now,
she's deep in prayer.
786
00:38:28,574 --> 00:38:31,241
At the height
of her connection with God,
787
00:38:31,243 --> 00:38:35,512
Andy injects her
with a harmless radioactive dye.
788
00:38:37,782 --> 00:38:40,350
Over the course
of the next few minutes
789
00:38:40,352 --> 00:38:41,951
as she continues to pray,
790
00:38:41,953 --> 00:38:44,687
the dye migrates
to the parts of her brain
791
00:38:44,689 --> 00:38:47,556
where the blood flow
is the strongest.
792
00:38:47,558 --> 00:38:49,391
Newberg: The brain works
in a very nice way
793
00:38:49,393 --> 00:38:51,126
that the more active
a particular part is,
794
00:38:51,128 --> 00:38:52,494
the more blood flow it gets,
795
00:38:52,496 --> 00:38:55,163
and the less active it is,
the less blood flow it gets.
796
00:38:55,165 --> 00:38:58,866
Freeman: These are the images
of her brain
797
00:38:58,868 --> 00:39:01,335
before and during her prayer.
798
00:39:01,337 --> 00:39:02,970
The redder the shade,
799
00:39:02,972 --> 00:39:06,006
the more active
the neural area is.
800
00:39:06,008 --> 00:39:07,875
Newberg:
This is the resting scan.
801
00:39:07,877 --> 00:39:09,443
This is the prayer scan
802
00:39:09,445 --> 00:39:12,613
showing increased activity
in the frontal lobes
803
00:39:12,615 --> 00:39:15,616
and in the language area
of the brain.
804
00:39:15,618 --> 00:39:18,852
Freeman: Andy has scanned
hundreds of brains
805
00:39:18,854 --> 00:39:22,088
in the midst
of their prayer rituals,
806
00:39:22,090 --> 00:39:25,091
from Muslim imams
to Tibetan monks
807
00:39:25,093 --> 00:39:27,760
to meditating atheists.
808
00:39:27,762 --> 00:39:29,194
Newberg: So, for example,
809
00:39:29,196 --> 00:39:32,030
when a person feels deeply
focused on their prayer,
810
00:39:32,032 --> 00:39:33,297
we see increased activity
811
00:39:33,299 --> 00:39:34,998
in the focusing area
of the brain.
812
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:38,801
Freeman: This area of the brain,
the frontal lobe,
813
00:39:38,803 --> 00:39:42,803
is intensely active
when we hold conversations.
814
00:39:42,805 --> 00:39:45,603
It allows us to speak
and to listen.
815
00:39:45,605 --> 00:39:50,407
Andy believes that
in Judeo-Christian prayer,
816
00:39:50,409 --> 00:39:53,176
the frontal lobe activates
817
00:39:53,178 --> 00:39:56,712
just as it would
in normal conversation.
818
00:39:56,714 --> 00:39:58,013
To the brain,
819
00:39:58,015 --> 00:40:00,382
talking to God
is indistinguishable
820
00:40:00,384 --> 00:40:02,050
from talking to a person.
821
00:40:05,888 --> 00:40:07,788
When we study
Buddhist meditation,
822
00:40:07,790 --> 00:40:09,690
where they're
visualizing something,
823
00:40:09,692 --> 00:40:11,258
we might expect to see a change
824
00:40:11,260 --> 00:40:15,194
or an increase of activity in
the visual areas of the brain.
825
00:40:15,196 --> 00:40:17,096
Freeman: In Buddhist practice,
826
00:40:17,098 --> 00:40:19,598
the divine is
an abstract presence...
827
00:40:21,534 --> 00:40:24,935
...not a person
who is directly spoken to,
828
00:40:24,937 --> 00:40:28,037
but rather an essence
that can be visualized
829
00:40:28,039 --> 00:40:31,674
during deep meditation.
830
00:40:31,676 --> 00:40:34,043
And when Andy
looks at the brains
831
00:40:34,045 --> 00:40:36,578
of people
who do not believe in God,
832
00:40:36,580 --> 00:40:39,113
he finds that simple,
quiet meditation
833
00:40:39,115 --> 00:40:42,983
produces none of the brain
activity of believers.
834
00:40:42,985 --> 00:40:45,385
Newberg:
This was a scan of an atheist --
835
00:40:45,387 --> 00:40:48,087
we actually had them meditating
or contemplating God --
836
00:40:48,089 --> 00:40:50,657
showing that the frontal lobes
don't activate
837
00:40:50,659 --> 00:40:53,059
as opposed to
the person praying who does.
838
00:40:53,061 --> 00:40:57,329
Freeman: To an atheist,
God is unimaginable.
839
00:40:57,331 --> 00:41:02,600
But to the believer, experiences
of God are more than thoughts.
840
00:41:02,602 --> 00:41:04,068
They are lived sensations
841
00:41:04,070 --> 00:41:09,406
and just as real as the physical
world that we all sense.
842
00:41:09,408 --> 00:41:10,773
So, it helps us to understand
843
00:41:10,775 --> 00:41:13,108
that at least when they're
describing this to us,
844
00:41:13,110 --> 00:41:16,844
that they are really having
this kind of an experience.
845
00:41:16,846 --> 00:41:18,379
What I like to say is
846
00:41:18,381 --> 00:41:20,614
that the experience is
at least neurologically real.
847
00:41:20,616 --> 00:41:24,117
Freeman:
Andy's brain studies show
848
00:41:24,119 --> 00:41:26,252
that all religions create
neurological experiences
849
00:41:26,254 --> 00:41:28,120
that are just as real
850
00:41:28,122 --> 00:41:33,759
as if God physically existed
in the world outside our brains.
851
00:41:33,761 --> 00:41:36,928
And if God only exists
inside our brains,
852
00:41:36,930 --> 00:41:39,731
that does not mean
God is not real.
853
00:41:39,733 --> 00:41:45,302
Our brains are where
reality crystallizes for us.
854
00:41:47,105 --> 00:41:49,039
Newberg:
There's certainly this notion
855
00:41:49,041 --> 00:41:51,474
that there is something bigger
than all of us here,
856
00:41:51,476 --> 00:41:53,142
and whether
it's the whole universe
857
00:41:53,144 --> 00:41:55,377
or whether there is something
beyond all of that,
858
00:41:55,379 --> 00:41:57,179
I'm still working on that.
859
00:41:57,181 --> 00:41:58,279
And if I ever figure it out,
860
00:41:58,281 --> 00:41:59,714
I'll certainly
let everyone know.
861
00:41:59,716 --> 00:42:00,781
[ Chuckles ]
862
00:42:00,783 --> 00:42:05,085
Did we invent God...
863
00:42:05,087 --> 00:42:08,621
or did God invent us?
864
00:42:08,623 --> 00:42:12,224
Our expeditions into the depths
of the human mind
865
00:42:12,226 --> 00:42:15,560
are revealing that both ideas
may be correct,
866
00:42:15,562 --> 00:42:19,997
because God is inseparable
from the way we see the world.
867
00:42:19,999 --> 00:42:22,098
The search for divine truth
868
00:42:22,100 --> 00:42:25,134
may now turn us
away from the Heavens
869
00:42:25,136 --> 00:42:26,836
and towards the self,
870
00:42:26,838 --> 00:42:31,740
where God is woven
into every fiber of our being,
871
00:42:31,742 --> 00:42:34,242
and our belief could be
872
00:42:34,244 --> 00:42:37,746
the very thing
that makes us human.
873
00:42:37,771 --> 00:42:41,771
== sync, corrected by elderman ==
874
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:45,074
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875
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