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[Music]
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[Music]
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the japanese have rights and ceremonies
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so different from those of all other
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nations
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the things they do are beyond imagining
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and it may be truly said that japan is a
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world the reverse of europe
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to the first westerners in japan it was
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a mysterious world
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it was the fabled isle of zeppongu that
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marco polo had only heard about
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the land of riches that christopher
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columbus set out to find
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when the portuguese arrived in japan in
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1543 they encountered a country
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embroiled in civil war
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[Applause]
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of this chaos one samurai warrior would
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emerge
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he would create a regime so strong it
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endured for over 250 years
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[Music]
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witnesses to this world both western
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observers and japanese wrote of these
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changing times
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theirs is a story of flowering culture
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of poetic ritual
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and of rigid power struggles
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it is the saga of opening trade with
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europe and then closing its doors to the
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west
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these are the memoirs of japan's secret
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empire
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[Music]
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[Applause]
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[Music]
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on the 25th day of the eighth month of
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the year of the water and the hair
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there appeared off our western shore a
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big ship
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no one knew whence it had come
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as a buddhist monk later recounted
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samurai guards were quickly dispatched
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to warn their master
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there were strangers on board these
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ships unlike anyone the japanese had
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ever seen
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[Music]
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the local warlord called a daimyo
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summoned these strangers
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the first europeans to ever set foot on
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japanese shores
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it was the year 1543
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when these portuguese merchants arrived
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the daimyo was intrigued by their
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peculiar unknown weapons
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the japanese always like novel things
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new things are fed so to speak
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and so
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they were very very interested in the
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europeans
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[Music]
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after he watched the portuguese shoot
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down a duck the daimyo purchased two
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guns and put his swordsmith to work
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making copies
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then he asked for shooting lessons
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these first europeans their guns and
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their religion would have unforeseeable
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consequences
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[Music]
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in this same year a boy was born to a
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daimyo family
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he would be known as tokugawa ieyasu
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his destiny would be to change japan
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forever
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[Music]
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as an elite member of the samurai class
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the boy inherited a world of tradition
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a feudal realm of samurai warriors who
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ruled by birthright and sword
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[Music]
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the son of a daimyo lord iyasu would
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soon have to give up children's games
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for the politics of war
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[Music]
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when iyasu was still a child the ruling
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daimyo demanded that iyaso's father send
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the young boy to him as a hostage
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insurance that all orders would be
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obeyed
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when children were taken as hostages
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it did not mean prisoners
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this was all part of the political
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negotiation in which our alliances had
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to be formed
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because no one trusted
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no one else
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so
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there had to be guarantee
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and therefore the hostage was used
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[Music]
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as a hostage the young samurai boy
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traveled in the style befitting his
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daimyo rank
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[Music]
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he could not know his destiny
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nor could he know that he would never
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see his father again
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he would grow up a hostage his life
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captive to the turmoil of civil war
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[Music]
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the whole of japan was involved in wars
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treachery was rampant and nobody trusted
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his neighbor
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they would enter into league with one
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faction and then deserted for another as
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the winds of fortune blew
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[Music]
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joao rodriguez an eyewitness to these
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perilous times was one of the first
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portuguese to arrive in japan
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he came as a cabin boy of 15 and would
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soon become a jesuit missionary
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[Music]
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as portuguese merchants traversed the
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oceans in search of new ports for trade
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jesuit missionaries accompanied them
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searching for souls to save
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the jesuits were young and dedicated
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braving the hardships of the dangerous
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two-year voyage to reach japan
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a country which they considered ripe for
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conversion
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[Music]
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they sent home tantalizing reports of an
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alien world
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[Music]
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everything is so different and opposite
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that they are like us in practically
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nothing
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now all this would not be surprising if
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they were like so many barbarians
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but what astonishes me
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is that they behave as very prudent and
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cultured people in all these matters
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this is something which i would not dare
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to affirm
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if i had not had so much experience
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among them
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the missionaries thought that the
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japanese were such a remarkable race
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their culture was so developed that it
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was worthwhile writing back to europe
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about the culture which they found the
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language the japanese spoke and a very
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complex political system
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without any influence from christianity
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without any influence from europe
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and so i think this is a thing which one
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should bear in mind that this was the
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first time europeans dealt with asians
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on equal terms and not as conquerors and
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conquered people
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their way of writing is very different
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from ours because they write from the
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top of the page down to the bottom
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i asked the japanese why they did not
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write in our way and he asked me why we
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did not write in their way
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he explained that as a head of a man is
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at the top and his feet are at the
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bottom
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so too a man should ride from top to
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bottom
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during his more than 30 years in japan
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joao rodriguez became so fluent in
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japanese he became known as the
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interpreter
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his work allowed him to observe all
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levels of society
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from the highest daimyo warlords
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to the lowest japanese farmer
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[Music]
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every class of person noble or humble
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uses a fan throughout the whole kingdom
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people who have business matters and
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other things which they wish to remember
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write them down on their fans
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they are always carrying these fans
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about in their hands
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opening them shutting them and looking
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at them
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nobody would go out into the street
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without one
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[Music]
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the japanese joao rodriguez observed
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regarded the europeans with equal
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fascination
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they greatly wondered that are big and
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long noses thick beards and red or fair
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hair and considered all these things as
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so many defects
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they called them the southern barbarians
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which is not a very flattering term
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their eating habits were rather
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different
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the japanese were so polite eating with
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chopsticks etc
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whereas in those days europeans normally
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yet with just a knife and with your
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fingers
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and then of course the japanese most the
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japanese take a bath every day whereas
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europeans i'm afraid in those days
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went for months and months and months
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without taking a bath
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and to some extent they deserve the
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epithet of barbarians
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[Music]
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but however they were regarded the
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missionaries were determined to stay in
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japan
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our only desire was to preach and
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proclaim the law of the creator even if
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there were only one japanese christian
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in the whole country any missionary
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would spend all his life here just for
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the sake of that one person
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these men were very very zealous and the
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conditions were rather good for the
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conversion of people to christianity
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when you have bloodshed revolutions
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fighting battles
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death
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in large numbers
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obviously people's thoughts do tend to
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go to the next life
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in little more than 50 years these
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missionaries established over 200
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catholic churches primarily in southern
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japan and converted up to a quarter
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million japanese
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[Music]
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when a japanese lord or japanese daimyo
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changed his religion he would bring
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pressure on his people because he had
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absolute power of life and death on the
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people below him
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and so you've got in a relatively short
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short period of time
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a large-scale conversions
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but there was another factor that some
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of the daimyo
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when they became christian they had
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certain considerations of commerce in
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the back of their mind because where the
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missionaries went the portuguese
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merchants went
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and the portuguese merchants offered
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very profitable trade vis-a-vis japanese
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[Music]
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commerce and religion intertwined
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some japanese profited while others
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watched with growing concern convinced
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of christianity's threat to their power
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merchants and missionaries these early
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europeans had set a course which would
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eventually run into unexpected
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consequences
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[Music]
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so
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[Music]
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to endure the rigors of never-ending
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training to remain clear-minded in the
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face of grave danger
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to face death matter of factly
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this is the art of kendo the way of the
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sword
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master swordsman taught young samurai
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the skills of sword fighting and the
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traditions of a samurai code of honor
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this was the education the young eyasu
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would receive even as a hostage
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when you took a hostage in a certain
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class they were usually treated very
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cordially and they were given education
289
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as just as they would be
290
00:15:05,199 --> 00:15:08,240
given at home
291
00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:12,720
he probably had a very stoic spartan
292
00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:14,639
kind of education
293
00:15:14,639 --> 00:15:18,639
taught military skills martial arts and
294
00:15:18,639 --> 00:15:23,120
chinese classics japanese classics
295
00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:26,560
the entire life of yes was that of
296
00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:30,880
patience and forbearance people say
297
00:15:31,020 --> 00:15:34,169
[Music]
298
00:15:34,399 --> 00:15:37,279
the young hostage tokugawa isu would
299
00:15:37,279 --> 00:15:41,800
learn what it meant to be a samurai
300
00:15:43,759 --> 00:15:46,560
adapter stands with the head erect
301
00:15:46,560 --> 00:15:49,199
neither hanging down or looking up nor
302
00:15:49,199 --> 00:15:50,800
twisted
303
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:52,959
do not roll your eyes nor allow them to
304
00:15:52,959 --> 00:15:56,560
blink but slightly narrow them
305
00:15:56,560 --> 00:15:58,880
raise your abdomen so that you do not
306
00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:01,030
bend at the hips
307
00:16:01,030 --> 00:16:04,320
[Music]
308
00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:07,360
a legendary swordsman miyamoto musashi
309
00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:09,440
would preserve the way of the samurai in
310
00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:12,320
a classic book the five rings
311
00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:14,399
it was a guide to strategy its
312
00:16:14,399 --> 00:16:16,800
philosophy embraced in japan even to
313
00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:19,279
this day
314
00:16:19,519 --> 00:16:22,399
in all forms of strategy it is necessary
315
00:16:22,399 --> 00:16:24,320
to maintain the combat stance in
316
00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:25,680
everyday life
317
00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:27,440
and to make your everyday stance your
318
00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:29,340
combat stance
319
00:16:29,340 --> 00:16:34,000
[Music]
320
00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:37,279
at age 15 ieyasu entered manhood and
321
00:16:37,279 --> 00:16:39,279
earned the right to carry the two swords
322
00:16:39,279 --> 00:16:40,510
of the samurai
323
00:16:40,510 --> 00:16:47,360
[Music]
324
00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:50,920
hathaway
325
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:53,759
the sword was the symbol of the samurai
326
00:16:53,759 --> 00:16:54,639
class
327
00:16:54,639 --> 00:16:56,480
only in the samurai were authorized to
328
00:16:56,480 --> 00:16:59,600
carry two swords a large one and a small
329
00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:02,959
one the samurai with these two swords
330
00:17:02,959 --> 00:17:06,559
ruled over the farmer in the merchant
331
00:17:07,119 --> 00:17:08,959
you're born into being a samurai it's a
332
00:17:08,959 --> 00:17:10,799
responsibility amongst the
333
00:17:10,799 --> 00:17:12,400
responsibilities of being a summoner i
334
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,119
was always carrying one sword
335
00:17:15,119 --> 00:17:17,359
to use to enact justice
336
00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:18,959
if somebody were rude to you it was your
337
00:17:18,959 --> 00:17:20,480
duty to
338
00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:22,959
kill them
339
00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:24,400
but still
340
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:26,160
no someone would walk around outside
341
00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:27,439
without a sword
342
00:17:27,439 --> 00:17:29,440
and if they were caught without a sword
343
00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:31,360
they could be punished for not upholding
344
00:17:31,360 --> 00:17:32,020
their duty
345
00:17:32,020 --> 00:17:36,400
[Music]
346
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:38,480
while the samurai class comprised less
347
00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:40,720
than 10 percent of the population their
348
00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:43,600
presence loomed larger than life
349
00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:45,280
even the missionaries wrote as if the
350
00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:48,960
samurai were the whole of society
351
00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:51,120
they carry a sword and dagger both
352
00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:53,679
inside and outside the house and lay
353
00:17:53,679 --> 00:17:56,160
them at their pillows when they sleep
354
00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:58,240
never in my life have i met people who
355
00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:01,039
rely so much on their arms they are very
356
00:18:01,039 --> 00:18:04,160
warlike and are always involved in wars
357
00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:06,240
and thus the ableist man becomes their
358
00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:09,120
greatest lord
359
00:18:10,559 --> 00:18:12,559
it was not only the men who swore to
360
00:18:12,559 --> 00:18:14,720
uphold this ideal
361
00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:16,640
samurai women were also trained to
362
00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:19,600
protect their family
363
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,880
the most important thing about samurai's
364
00:18:22,880 --> 00:18:25,120
daughters or wives
365
00:18:25,120 --> 00:18:28,480
was never to forget the honor
366
00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:31,600
and the pride as samurai's
367
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:33,440
daughter
368
00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:36,080
in crisis they would have to be prepared
369
00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:37,919
to kill themselves
370
00:18:37,919 --> 00:18:40,240
rather than be shamed
371
00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:43,840
disgraced by the enemies
372
00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:00,559
the samurai defended his home and family
373
00:19:00,559 --> 00:19:02,240
but his true glory came on the
374
00:19:02,240 --> 00:19:04,720
battlefield defending his lord against
375
00:19:04,720 --> 00:19:07,720
enemies
376
00:19:07,980 --> 00:19:11,099
[Applause]
377
00:19:15,610 --> 00:19:27,120
[Music]
378
00:19:27,120 --> 00:19:30,240
the samurai dressed carefully for combat
379
00:19:30,240 --> 00:19:32,080
the finely stitched fabric and leather
380
00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:34,640
appeared elegant even fragile
381
00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:37,200
unseen were the tightly woven plates of
382
00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:39,840
steel
383
00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:43,440
much like his protective armor a
384
00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:45,760
warrior's refined appearance concealed
385
00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:48,400
his impenetrable inner core
386
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:50,400
this ethic preserved in writings of the
387
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:52,640
samurai would prepare the warrior to
388
00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:54,720
meet life and death
389
00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:57,360
with honor
390
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:03,200
a samurai would wash himself with cold
391
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:04,960
water every morning
392
00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:06,880
sent the shaven top of his head and hair
393
00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:09,600
with incense to make himself presentable
394
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:12,000
he was ready to be killed in battle at
395
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,559
any moment
396
00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:18,080
cherry blossoms
397
00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:21,520
are often compared to the samurai
398
00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:23,760
they are a beautiful sight like the
399
00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:26,240
warrior in his shiny armor
400
00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:29,840
but it takes only one big storm for the
401
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:33,039
petals to fall to the ground
402
00:20:33,039 --> 00:20:37,240
just like the warrior in battle
403
00:20:41,590 --> 00:20:47,989
[Music]
404
00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:54,720
for samurai as important as knowing how
405
00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:57,919
to kill was knowing how and when
406
00:20:57,919 --> 00:21:00,400
to die
407
00:21:01,679 --> 00:21:04,000
in the battlefield especially
408
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,159
your last moment of
409
00:21:06,159 --> 00:21:07,520
life
410
00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:09,840
you have to show your control
411
00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,799
the controlling your body controlling
412
00:21:12,799 --> 00:21:13,600
your
413
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:15,679
destiny faith
414
00:21:15,679 --> 00:21:20,240
is the vindication indication of your
415
00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:22,640
internal strength so it's the last
416
00:21:22,640 --> 00:21:23,600
moment
417
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:27,520
that you have to stage your death
418
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:32,400
seppuku or harikiri is the ritual of
419
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,360
suicide as practiced by samurai
420
00:21:35,360 --> 00:21:39,190
[Music]
421
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:42,240
warrior carried two swords on his hip a
422
00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:44,960
long one and a short one
423
00:21:44,960 --> 00:21:46,960
the short sword was for cutting open his
424
00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:48,080
abdomen
425
00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:50,960
why would a samurai cut open his abdomen
426
00:21:50,960 --> 00:21:53,919
well japanese especially samurai believe
427
00:21:53,919 --> 00:21:56,240
that the heart was in the belly
428
00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:57,840
they believe that whether their heart
429
00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:00,480
was pure or impure would be revealed
430
00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:04,080
when they disemboweled themselves
431
00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:07,919
from the death poem to the final thrust
432
00:22:07,919 --> 00:22:10,480
of the dagger seppuku is a ceremonial
433
00:22:10,480 --> 00:22:13,440
ritual of suicide ensuring an honorable
434
00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:14,020
death
435
00:22:14,020 --> 00:22:22,559
[Music]
436
00:22:22,559 --> 00:22:24,480
joao rodriguez wrote of a man who
437
00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:28,640
committed the ritual of seppuku
438
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,080
the samurai dressed in the customary
439
00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:34,480
white kimono solemnly and with great
440
00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:37,510
dignity mounted a raised platform
441
00:22:37,510 --> 00:22:44,700
[Music]
442
00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:47,120
then in a loud voice he told him to
443
00:22:47,120 --> 00:22:49,280
watch him carefully as he cut himself
444
00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:51,900
open
445
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:57,520
[Music]
446
00:22:57,520 --> 00:22:59,760
he seated himself and wrote his will
447
00:22:59,760 --> 00:23:01,679
slowly and calmly
448
00:23:01,679 --> 00:23:03,600
asking his lord to look after his son
449
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,000
and family for he was going to die on
450
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,640
account of his honor
451
00:23:13,360 --> 00:23:15,120
he bade farewell
452
00:23:15,120 --> 00:23:16,720
and then in front of them all he
453
00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:19,679
fearlessly cut his belly
454
00:23:19,679 --> 00:23:22,640
and so he died
455
00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:26,760
this sort of thing often happens
456
00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:40,420
[Music]
457
00:23:43,260 --> 00:23:45,760
[Music]
458
00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:48,240
there is timing in everything
459
00:23:48,240 --> 00:23:50,320
timing in strategy cannot be mastered
460
00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:53,070
without a great deal of practice
461
00:23:53,070 --> 00:23:55,200
[Music]
462
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:57,120
there is timing in the whole life of the
463
00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:58,240
warrior
464
00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:00,640
in his thriving and declining in his
465
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,600
harmony and accord
466
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:05,600
these are the enduring principles which
467
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,960
guided the life of the samurai warrior
468
00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:10,799
for tokugawa
469
00:24:10,799 --> 00:24:12,880
patient strategizing would become his
470
00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:16,159
most powerful weapon
471
00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:18,720
he was now of age 18 years old and
472
00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:20,880
married with two children but he was
473
00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,120
still a hostage of the ruling daimyo
474
00:24:23,120 --> 00:24:26,120
warlord
475
00:24:26,210 --> 00:24:29,430
[Music]
476
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:37,840
as time passed eeyosu strengthened his
477
00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:40,400
skills as a warrior fighting alongside
478
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:42,720
his daimyo master
479
00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:44,799
when his master was killed in battle
480
00:24:44,799 --> 00:24:47,520
ieyasu was finally free to determine his
481
00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:50,240
own destiny
482
00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,720
yes was put in a position to have to
483
00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:57,360
make a decision at some point
484
00:24:57,360 --> 00:25:00,000
whether to go along with the hostess
485
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:01,840
family but
486
00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:04,799
at all times he never forgot
487
00:25:04,799 --> 00:25:07,039
his ambition to go back to his original
488
00:25:07,039 --> 00:25:10,159
castle and to regain all the territory
489
00:25:10,159 --> 00:25:12,960
that his father's family had
490
00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:15,120
and to expand that
491
00:25:15,120 --> 00:25:17,440
and to go back to his retainers who were
492
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:21,799
faithfully waiting for him
493
00:25:30,159 --> 00:25:32,320
hiyasu reclaimed his title as an
494
00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:34,000
independent lord
495
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,159
a daimyo
496
00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:45,520
he returned to his family estate
497
00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:48,080
he could now fight on his own terms for
498
00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:51,200
his own people
499
00:25:52,799 --> 00:25:55,200
i fought against my enemies solely in
500
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:57,360
order that i might take my revenge on my
501
00:25:57,360 --> 00:25:59,679
father's adversaries
502
00:25:59,679 --> 00:26:01,679
because i was convinced of the rightness
503
00:26:01,679 --> 00:26:04,000
of my intention to help the people and
504
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,120
bring peace to the land
505
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:09,200
the years of captivity had honed his
506
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:10,640
discipline
507
00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:12,880
according to his samurai training he now
508
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:16,480
carefully plotted his strategy
509
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:22,320
in a crucial move iyasu allied himself
510
00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:23,919
with the man who killed his daimyo
511
00:26:23,919 --> 00:26:26,510
master oda nobunaga
512
00:26:26,510 --> 00:26:31,500
[Music]
513
00:26:32,159 --> 00:26:34,080
nobunaga had become the most powerful
514
00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:35,679
warlord in japan
515
00:26:35,679 --> 00:26:39,559
feared and ruthless
516
00:26:41,919 --> 00:26:44,400
the missionary joao rodriguez documented
517
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,159
nobunaga's campaign to unify japan
518
00:26:48,159 --> 00:26:50,559
nobunaga was the first to begin cutting
519
00:26:50,559 --> 00:26:52,320
through the thick forest of wars and
520
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:54,559
discord in japan
521
00:26:54,559 --> 00:26:56,799
he subdued about half the country and
522
00:26:56,799 --> 00:26:59,039
fear of him made the remaining part
523
00:26:59,039 --> 00:27:03,480
ready to obey him in anything
524
00:27:06,150 --> 00:27:20,880
[Music]
525
00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:23,279
in the battle of nagashino nobunaga
526
00:27:23,279 --> 00:27:24,799
armed three thousand of his foot
527
00:27:24,799 --> 00:27:29,000
soldiers three ranks deep
528
00:27:29,760 --> 00:27:34,510
[Music]
529
00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:40,480
as ten thousand enemy warriors charged
530
00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:42,480
nobunaga's musketeers fired in
531
00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:43,919
succession
532
00:27:43,919 --> 00:27:47,410
decimating the opposing army
533
00:27:47,410 --> 00:27:53,840
[Music]
534
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:56,159
nobunaga's innovations in the use of
535
00:27:56,159 --> 00:27:58,559
firearms completely changes the face of
536
00:27:58,559 --> 00:28:00,320
samurai warfare
537
00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:02,880
the old idea was where you would have
538
00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,840
two samurai meet on the field of battle
539
00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:07,600
they would shout out their names and
540
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:10,080
their lineages where they were from uh
541
00:28:10,080 --> 00:28:11,760
sometimes one would ride out in front of
542
00:28:11,760 --> 00:28:13,760
all these troops and and challenge
543
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:17,440
someone to come and defeat him
544
00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:19,520
so it was it was very manly it was
545
00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:22,730
imbued with the ideal of valor
546
00:28:22,730 --> 00:28:28,080
[Music]
547
00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:31,600
now you have faceless ranks of samurai
548
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:35,450
shooting other faceless ranks of samurai
549
00:28:35,450 --> 00:28:38,559
[Music]
550
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,760
nobunaga continued to amass power
551
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:43,760
until one night treachery within his
552
00:28:43,760 --> 00:28:45,680
inner circle caught him off guard
553
00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:48,859
[Music]
554
00:28:52,559 --> 00:28:55,200
a missionary was nearby
555
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,039
some christians came just as i was
556
00:28:57,039 --> 00:28:59,440
vesting to say an early mass and told me
557
00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:01,440
to wait because there was a commotion in
558
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:03,679
front of the palace
559
00:29:03,679 --> 00:29:06,320
we'd once began to hear musket shots and
560
00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:08,000
see flames
561
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,320
we learned that it had not been a brawl
562
00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:12,000
but that one of his generals had turned
563
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,480
traitor
564
00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:18,720
some say he cut his belly while others
565
00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:20,559
believe that he set fire to the palace
566
00:29:20,559 --> 00:29:22,799
and perished in the flames
567
00:29:22,799 --> 00:29:25,120
what we do know however is that of this
568
00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:27,760
man who made everyone trembled not only
569
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:29,600
at the sound of his voice but at the
570
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:31,279
mention of his name
571
00:29:31,279 --> 00:29:33,760
there did not remain even a small hair
572
00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:36,080
which was not reduced to dust
573
00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:39,320
and ashes
574
00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:43,440
as the flames burned nobunaga's loyal
575
00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:46,080
general toyotomi hideyoshi seized the
576
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:46,610
moment
577
00:29:46,610 --> 00:29:50,000
[Music]
578
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:51,840
hideyoshi immediately
579
00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:54,640
springs into action murdering
580
00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:56,640
the murderer of his own lord which then
581
00:29:56,640 --> 00:29:58,799
gives him the the right in essence to
582
00:29:58,799 --> 00:30:01,600
claim leadership of nobunaga's vast
583
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,900
coalition of armies
584
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:12,799
[Music]
585
00:30:12,799 --> 00:30:16,640
he also watched from a distance
586
00:30:16,799 --> 00:30:18,399
would he subordinate himself to
587
00:30:18,399 --> 00:30:20,720
hideyoshi's command
588
00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:24,510
or was it time to fight for control
589
00:30:24,510 --> 00:30:37,729
[Music]
590
00:30:41,679 --> 00:30:43,279
these were the men who would bring an
591
00:30:43,279 --> 00:30:46,559
end to the brutal civil wars
592
00:30:46,559 --> 00:30:48,640
they would go down in history as the
593
00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:50,399
unifiers
594
00:30:50,399 --> 00:30:52,480
there's a story in japanese that
595
00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:53,760
explains
596
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,000
the character of the three unifiers and
597
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,640
nobunaga hideyoshi and ieyasu are
598
00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:00,799
watching a cuckoo bird waiting for it to
599
00:31:00,799 --> 00:31:03,279
sing but the bird doesn't sing
600
00:31:03,279 --> 00:31:04,960
and nobunaga says
601
00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:07,200
little bird if you don't sing i will
602
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:09,440
kill you
603
00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:11,519
and hideyoshi says little bird if you
604
00:31:11,519 --> 00:31:15,440
don't sing i'll make you sing
605
00:31:15,519 --> 00:31:18,000
and he asa says little bird if you don't
606
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,399
sing i'll wait for you to sing
607
00:31:20,399 --> 00:31:21,919
and iayasu
608
00:31:21,919 --> 00:31:25,120
is a patient strategist who will wait
609
00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:25,919
for
610
00:31:25,919 --> 00:31:29,279
things to go his way and then he'll act
611
00:31:29,279 --> 00:31:31,919
after nobunaga's death ieyasu and
612
00:31:31,919 --> 00:31:34,320
hideyoshi faced off in a measured game
613
00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:35,760
of strategy
614
00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:37,919
each in his own way trying to outsmart
615
00:31:37,919 --> 00:31:39,200
the other
616
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:42,200
dude
617
00:31:48,559 --> 00:31:50,880
was a courageous man who never hesitated
618
00:31:50,880 --> 00:31:52,320
in battle
619
00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:54,640
however though he was brave he was also
620
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:56,640
cautious
621
00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:58,399
one famous story
622
00:31:58,399 --> 00:32:01,279
yasu was known as an excellent horseman
623
00:32:01,279 --> 00:32:03,200
one day he and his troops had to cross a
624
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:06,000
very narrow bridge over a raging river
625
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:07,760
everyone was watching to see how the
626
00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:09,679
great ieyasu would ride his horse over
627
00:32:09,679 --> 00:32:11,679
this dangerous bridge
628
00:32:11,679 --> 00:32:13,440
to his men's surprise
629
00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:15,279
eyasu dismounted
630
00:32:15,279 --> 00:32:17,120
took the horse's reins in his hands and
631
00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:19,039
carefully led the horse over the bridge
632
00:32:19,039 --> 00:32:21,519
to the other side of the river
633
00:32:21,519 --> 00:32:24,399
that's how vigilant he was
634
00:32:24,399 --> 00:32:26,320
i believe this kind of caution helped
635
00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:30,100
him to be victorious in battle
636
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:31,760
[Music]
637
00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:33,919
while iayasu practiced restraint and
638
00:32:33,919 --> 00:32:35,760
careful strategizing
639
00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:40,640
hideyoshi acted quickly and decisively
640
00:32:41,279 --> 00:32:43,919
hideyoshi was from peasant stock the son
641
00:32:43,919 --> 00:32:45,840
of a lowly foot soldier he worked his
642
00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:48,720
way up through the ranks
643
00:32:48,720 --> 00:32:50,640
hideyoshi became known as a brilliant
644
00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:52,880
general and he held the same grand
645
00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:55,279
vision of himself
646
00:32:55,279 --> 00:32:57,360
when my mother conceived me she was
647
00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:00,159
given a miraculous omen
648
00:33:00,159 --> 00:33:02,480
on the very night that i was born the
649
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,120
room was suddenly aglow with sunlight
650
00:33:05,120 --> 00:33:07,360
thus changing night to day
651
00:33:07,360 --> 00:33:09,840
finally they divined the child whose
652
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:12,399
birth was attended by these miracles was
653
00:33:12,399 --> 00:33:14,880
destined to become a man of unusual
654
00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:17,039
attainments
655
00:33:17,039 --> 00:33:21,200
this prediction is fulfilled in me
656
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,679
shortly after hideyoshi took control
657
00:33:23,679 --> 00:33:26,640
ieyasu challenged him
658
00:33:26,640 --> 00:33:28,960
but ieyasu soon realized there was more
659
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:32,159
to be gained as hideyoshi's ally than as
660
00:33:32,159 --> 00:33:34,900
his enemy
661
00:33:34,900 --> 00:33:44,559
[Music]
662
00:33:44,559 --> 00:33:47,519
hideyoshi rewarded iasu for his loyalty
663
00:33:47,519 --> 00:33:50,159
with a vast domain of land and ordered
664
00:33:50,159 --> 00:33:51,519
him to make his headquarters in the
665
00:33:51,519 --> 00:33:54,480
remote fishing village of edo 300 miles
666
00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:57,210
east of hideyoshi's castle in osaka
667
00:33:57,210 --> 00:34:00,499
[Music]
668
00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:05,039
some might have thought the gift an
669
00:34:05,039 --> 00:34:06,399
insult
670
00:34:06,399 --> 00:34:08,480
but in edo the village that would later
671
00:34:08,480 --> 00:34:11,599
become tokyo ieyasu busied his troops
672
00:34:11,599 --> 00:34:13,760
building a massive five-story castle
673
00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:16,340
fortification
674
00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:19,449
[Music]
675
00:34:22,090 --> 00:34:45,290
[Music]
676
00:34:47,839 --> 00:34:50,399
within the walls of the city of osaka
677
00:34:50,399 --> 00:34:52,719
hideyoshi was consumed with fortifying
678
00:34:52,719 --> 00:34:55,678
his own castle
679
00:34:58,079 --> 00:34:59,920
reputed to be the most impregnable
680
00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:02,480
fortress of its time it was also one of
681
00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:04,430
the most ostentatious
682
00:35:04,430 --> 00:35:08,800
[Music]
683
00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:11,599
osaka castle had a strategic location
684
00:35:11,599 --> 00:35:14,839
close to the emperor's palace in nearby
685
00:35:14,839 --> 00:35:17,680
kyoto for centuries the emperor had
686
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:20,640
remained a ruler in name only ignored by
687
00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:23,359
those who truly held power
688
00:35:23,359 --> 00:35:25,359
he wilded away his days with court
689
00:35:25,359 --> 00:35:30,000
gossip calligraphy and poetry
690
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:33,599
by iaso's time the court is still
691
00:35:33,599 --> 00:35:35,440
powerless but
692
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:38,079
it is only the court which can appoint
693
00:35:38,079 --> 00:35:39,440
the shogun
694
00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:42,240
so in the ultimate symbolic sense
695
00:35:42,240 --> 00:35:44,560
the court is still the arbiter of final
696
00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:45,599
resort
697
00:35:45,599 --> 00:35:48,160
that's why all the warlords are aiming
698
00:35:48,160 --> 00:35:50,720
for kyoto you have to get the emperor to
699
00:35:50,720 --> 00:35:53,440
recognize that you're the most powerful
700
00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:56,079
of all of the combatants on the field of
701
00:35:56,079 --> 00:35:59,079
battle
702
00:36:03,359 --> 00:36:05,760
hideyoshi curried the emperor's favor
703
00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:07,680
inviting him to no plays and musical
704
00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:10,400
performances
705
00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:12,320
but the emperor would not grant this
706
00:36:12,320 --> 00:36:14,720
warrior of peasant stock the title of
707
00:36:14,720 --> 00:36:17,200
shogun
708
00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:23,040
ieyasu never relinquished his desire for
709
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:24,240
power
710
00:36:24,240 --> 00:36:25,839
he offered the emperor more than
711
00:36:25,839 --> 00:36:28,480
invitations he arranged the marriage of
712
00:36:28,480 --> 00:36:29,920
one of his granddaughters to the
713
00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:32,720
emperor's son
714
00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:34,800
all of the lords in japan used family to
715
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:36,320
cement political alliances you would
716
00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:39,520
marry off daughters or marry off sons
717
00:36:39,520 --> 00:36:42,240
what ieyasu did in particular was have
718
00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:44,640
an abundance of sons that he could use
719
00:36:44,640 --> 00:36:47,839
he could set them up to support his
720
00:36:47,839 --> 00:36:50,640
nascent government he could set them up
721
00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:53,119
as independent military lords that he
722
00:36:53,119 --> 00:36:55,200
could then call upon
723
00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:57,680
for help
724
00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:01,920
in contrast iasu's rival hideyoshi
725
00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:05,520
failed to produce a male heir
726
00:37:05,920 --> 00:37:08,160
finally he adopted a nephew and groomed
727
00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:11,440
him as his successor
728
00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:13,920
then at 60 years of age hideyoshi
729
00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:16,160
finally fathered a son of his own
730
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:18,480
he called him hideyori and he was the
731
00:37:18,480 --> 00:37:20,960
jewel of his life
732
00:37:20,960 --> 00:37:23,119
hideyoshi's thoughts now turn to the
733
00:37:23,119 --> 00:37:26,400
safety and survival of his young son
734
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,520
i cannot describe the endless tdm
735
00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:31,920
as if i were guarding an empty house
736
00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:35,040
when hidiori is not here with me
737
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:36,480
i say again
738
00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:38,480
strictly order that all be vigilant
739
00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:40,079
against fire
740
00:37:40,079 --> 00:37:41,920
each night have someone make the rounds
741
00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:44,960
of the rooms two or three times
742
00:37:44,960 --> 00:37:47,839
as hideyoshi obsessed over his own son
743
00:37:47,839 --> 00:37:50,400
his adopted son now an adult
744
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:52,079
was in peril
745
00:37:52,079 --> 00:37:53,520
it's clear that by the end of his life
746
00:37:53,520 --> 00:37:55,440
hideyoshi was acting more and more
747
00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:56,880
erratically
748
00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:59,599
he became increasingly cruel if not
749
00:37:59,599 --> 00:38:00,880
sadistic
750
00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:03,520
then when he finally in his final years
751
00:38:03,520 --> 00:38:06,480
produced an heir of his own he ordered
752
00:38:06,480 --> 00:38:09,040
this adult male who had been his heir to
753
00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:11,839
commit suicide
754
00:38:11,840 --> 00:38:13,200
[Music]
755
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:15,599
hideyoshi then ordered his adopted son's
756
00:38:15,599 --> 00:38:19,839
entire family put to death
757
00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:23,680
a missionary recounted
758
00:38:23,680 --> 00:38:25,440
they were drawn along the streets in the
759
00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:26,400
carts
760
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:28,480
the open view of the world
761
00:38:28,480 --> 00:38:30,720
thirty-one ladies and gentlemen
762
00:38:30,720 --> 00:38:32,560
with the two sons and one daughter of
763
00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:34,160
his adopted son
764
00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:35,920
the oldest of whom was not more than
765
00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:37,920
five years old
766
00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:40,240
all their bodies were thrown into a pit
767
00:38:40,240 --> 00:38:41,920
over which was built a little chapel
768
00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:44,800
with a tomb in it with this inscription
769
00:38:44,800 --> 00:38:48,720
the tomb of the traitors
770
00:38:51,270 --> 00:38:54,579
[Applause]
771
00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:59,119
soon after hideyoshi's health began to
772
00:38:59,119 --> 00:39:00,560
fail
773
00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:02,880
he wrote his death poem
774
00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:04,079
ah
775
00:39:04,079 --> 00:39:06,480
as the dew i fall
776
00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:09,119
as the dew i vanish
777
00:39:09,119 --> 00:39:11,359
even osaka fortress
778
00:39:11,359 --> 00:39:15,720
is a dream within a dream
779
00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:18,400
hideyoshi then called iayasu and four of
780
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:21,119
the most powerful daimyo to his deathbed
781
00:39:21,119 --> 00:39:23,040
he appointed them legal protectors of
782
00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:26,160
his five-year-old son hidayori his heir
783
00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:28,440
and the future ruler of japan
784
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:37,440
[Music]
785
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:39,680
hiyasu pledged to protect the boy with
786
00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:41,839
his own life
787
00:39:41,839 --> 00:39:44,320
pledge that would become very difficult
788
00:39:44,320 --> 00:39:47,480
to keep
789
00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:07,119
[Music]
790
00:40:07,119 --> 00:40:09,599
it is said that war is a curse
791
00:40:09,599 --> 00:40:11,599
it is resorted to only when it is
792
00:40:11,599 --> 00:40:13,359
inevitable
793
00:40:13,359 --> 00:40:15,760
however in time of peace
794
00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:17,520
do not forget the possibility of
795
00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:20,400
disturbances
796
00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:23,839
iayasu was on guard
797
00:40:23,839 --> 00:40:25,839
those daimyo who feared his growing
798
00:40:25,839 --> 00:40:28,820
power began to plot against him
799
00:40:28,820 --> 00:40:31,359
[Applause]
800
00:40:31,359 --> 00:40:34,000
yeah's territory now extended throughout
801
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,240
most of japan
802
00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:37,920
he was determined to maintain his
803
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:41,280
holdings and expand his base of power
804
00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:43,920
one of eas's nicknames is the old badger
805
00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:46,480
and it reflects his craftiness
806
00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:50,480
as well as his famed ability to wait
807
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:52,880
and he waits until after hideyoshi is
808
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:55,040
dead until he has a clear preponderance
809
00:40:55,040 --> 00:40:56,240
of power
810
00:40:56,240 --> 00:40:58,640
and then makes his move uh to become the
811
00:40:58,640 --> 00:41:02,480
dominant military leader in japan
812
00:41:04,319 --> 00:41:08,240
ieyasu mobilized his troops
813
00:41:08,720 --> 00:41:10,880
he sent one division to ogaki castle
814
00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:14,400
where his enemies were gathering
815
00:41:17,599 --> 00:41:19,920
when the battle began women and children
816
00:41:19,920 --> 00:41:21,839
rushed to safety
817
00:41:21,839 --> 00:41:24,400
iayasu sent a large force to lay siege
818
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:26,480
to the castle
819
00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:28,000
and they fought
820
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,040
day and night
821
00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:32,960
one of the young girls at the castle
822
00:41:32,960 --> 00:41:35,440
later told her family of the terrifying
823
00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:37,200
experience
824
00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:39,359
mothers concubines and daughters all
825
00:41:39,359 --> 00:41:43,119
stayed in the tower and cast bullets
826
00:41:46,240 --> 00:41:47,599
there was panel
827
00:41:47,599 --> 00:41:50,000
a bullet struck my younger brother
828
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:52,160
killing him on the spot
829
00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:56,400
it was a cruel sight indeed it was
830
00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:58,880
we felt as if we should die
831
00:41:58,880 --> 00:42:01,040
there was nothing but fear and horror
832
00:42:01,040 --> 00:42:03,119
left
833
00:42:03,119 --> 00:42:05,599
as the battle wore on heads of slain
834
00:42:05,599 --> 00:42:07,280
warriors were brought to the castle to
835
00:42:07,280 --> 00:42:09,520
be prepared for the ritual presentation
836
00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:11,920
to the victor
837
00:42:11,920 --> 00:42:14,240
it was believed that even in death the
838
00:42:14,240 --> 00:42:16,319
samurai should be viewed as a worthy
839
00:42:16,319 --> 00:42:18,800
opponent
840
00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:21,599
those people who are in the castle would
841
00:42:21,599 --> 00:42:23,760
wash the heads and they'll put some
842
00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:26,160
cosmetics on the face of the dead
843
00:42:26,160 --> 00:42:27,359
corpses
844
00:42:27,359 --> 00:42:30,800
because they were proof of having killed
845
00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:32,480
someone important
846
00:42:32,480 --> 00:42:35,359
that was part of the very small part of
847
00:42:35,359 --> 00:42:39,200
what they did which is inconceivable
848
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:41,839
to you know us modern people more than
849
00:42:41,839 --> 00:42:42,350
women
850
00:42:42,350 --> 00:42:43,760
[Music]
851
00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:45,839
all the decapitated heads were brought
852
00:42:45,839 --> 00:42:47,520
into the tower
853
00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:49,359
we weren't a bit afraid of the heads and
854
00:42:49,359 --> 00:42:51,440
used to sleep in the midst of the nasty
855
00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:55,640
smell of bloody heads
856
00:43:00,480 --> 00:43:03,200
victorious at ogaki castle ieyasu's
857
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:05,599
troops now pursued the rebellious daimyo
858
00:43:05,599 --> 00:43:08,400
and their armies
859
00:43:11,440 --> 00:43:13,839
they faced off in a narrow valley just
860
00:43:13,839 --> 00:43:17,760
west of the village of sekigahara
861
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:20,319
this would be the battle that changed
862
00:43:20,319 --> 00:43:24,599
the course of japanese history
863
00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:29,359
ieyasu set up his command post atop a
864
00:43:29,359 --> 00:43:31,599
hill overlooking the valley
865
00:43:31,599 --> 00:43:33,280
waiting through the night for the rest
866
00:43:33,280 --> 00:43:35,630
of his armies to arrive
867
00:43:35,630 --> 00:43:39,189
[Music]
868
00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:42,079
at dawn iaosu's attendant physician
869
00:43:42,079 --> 00:43:44,560
hastily noted in his journal
870
00:43:44,560 --> 00:43:46,720
slight rain
871
00:43:46,720 --> 00:43:49,440
dense fog in the mountain valley
872
00:43:49,440 --> 00:43:51,119
can't see
873
00:43:51,119 --> 00:43:54,560
barely made out enemy banners
874
00:43:54,560 --> 00:43:56,960
on horseback lord iayatsu made out their
875
00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,839
positions estimate distance at two and a
876
00:43:59,839 --> 00:44:01,599
half miles
877
00:44:01,599 --> 00:44:03,599
iayasu was outnumbered
878
00:44:03,599 --> 00:44:06,160
with only 50 000 troops challenging his
879
00:44:06,160 --> 00:44:09,040
enemies 80 thousand
880
00:44:09,040 --> 00:44:10,880
he waited for his son to arrive with
881
00:44:10,880 --> 00:44:13,760
reinforcements
882
00:44:17,040 --> 00:44:18,880
but at eight in the morning the fog
883
00:44:18,880 --> 00:44:21,040
suddenly lifted and the two opposing
884
00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:23,119
armies found themselves within striking
885
00:44:23,119 --> 00:44:25,520
distance
886
00:44:25,920 --> 00:44:28,880
ieyasu could wait no more
887
00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:31,280
rallying his troops it was said he sent
888
00:44:31,280 --> 00:44:34,319
them forward with his famous battle cry
889
00:44:34,319 --> 00:44:36,319
there are only two ways to come back
890
00:44:36,319 --> 00:44:38,079
from the battlefield
891
00:44:38,079 --> 00:44:40,319
with the head of an enemy or without
892
00:44:40,319 --> 00:44:43,340
your own
893
00:44:43,340 --> 00:44:48,909
[Music]
894
00:44:51,090 --> 00:45:04,079
[Music]
895
00:45:04,079 --> 00:45:06,480
ieyasu watched as his troops faced what
896
00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:10,920
seemed insurmountable odds
897
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:19,060
[Music]
898
00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:25,200
then suddenly the tide turned
899
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:27,520
several enemy daimyo and their armies
900
00:45:27,520 --> 00:45:30,160
convinced of iasu's ultimate victory
901
00:45:30,160 --> 00:45:34,800
defected and joined iayasu's forces
902
00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:36,160
[Music]
903
00:45:36,160 --> 00:45:39,440
by 2pm iasu's troops had defeated the
904
00:45:39,440 --> 00:45:42,400
rebellious army
905
00:45:50,720 --> 00:45:52,640
brought an end to the warring states and
906
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:55,280
signaled the beginning of a new era
907
00:45:55,280 --> 00:45:57,599
that's the significance of the battle of
908
00:45:57,599 --> 00:45:59,000
sekigahara
909
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:02,480
[Music]
910
00:46:02,480 --> 00:46:05,119
in recognition of ieyasu's power the
911
00:46:05,119 --> 00:46:07,920
emperor awarded him the title of shogun
912
00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:12,079
the barbarian subduing generalissimo
913
00:46:12,079 --> 00:46:15,040
tokugawa ieyasu now had the authority to
914
00:46:15,040 --> 00:46:19,599
rule japan in all military matters
915
00:46:22,960 --> 00:46:25,520
he ruled unchallenged but always there
916
00:46:25,520 --> 00:46:27,760
was the specter of hideyoshi's young son
917
00:46:27,760 --> 00:46:31,520
hideori growing up in osaka castle
918
00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:33,680
ieyasu had sworn with his life to
919
00:46:33,680 --> 00:46:35,839
protect the boy the boy who could
920
00:46:35,839 --> 00:46:42,040
someday lay claim to all iyeasu had won
921
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:50,400
as the young boy hideori approached
922
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:53,200
manhood a daimyo warned
923
00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:56,560
although he is
924
00:46:56,560 --> 00:46:59,040
would never let him rule japan
925
00:46:59,040 --> 00:47:01,200
sooner or later some ambitious character
926
00:47:01,200 --> 00:47:04,240
will ferment rebellion in his name
927
00:47:04,240 --> 00:47:06,400
and even if hirayori knows nothing about
928
00:47:06,400 --> 00:47:08,960
it he will be blamed and forced to
929
00:47:08,960 --> 00:47:10,480
commit suicide
930
00:47:10,480 --> 00:47:14,400
to the grief of hideyoshi's ghost
931
00:47:15,599 --> 00:47:17,920
now the tokugawas had no divine right to
932
00:47:17,920 --> 00:47:19,280
rule japan
933
00:47:19,280 --> 00:47:21,440
they ruled japan because they were the
934
00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:22,800
most powerful
935
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:24,720
they had the most money they had the
936
00:47:24,720 --> 00:47:26,640
most soldiers but they had no divine
937
00:47:26,640 --> 00:47:28,720
right and there were many other powerful
938
00:47:28,720 --> 00:47:31,119
daimyo especially in the west the
939
00:47:31,119 --> 00:47:32,720
christian daimyo
940
00:47:32,720 --> 00:47:33,680
and so
941
00:47:33,680 --> 00:47:36,000
if there were any philosophy any
942
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:38,160
political
943
00:47:38,160 --> 00:47:40,160
movement that would bring these daimyo
944
00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:42,319
together as a coalition against the
945
00:47:42,319 --> 00:47:45,440
tokugawa family that was very dangerous
946
00:47:45,440 --> 00:47:46,880
tokugawa
947
00:47:46,880 --> 00:47:49,760
tolerated no dissent he expelled many of
948
00:47:49,760 --> 00:47:51,920
the foreign missionaries including joao
949
00:47:51,920 --> 00:47:54,640
rodriguez
950
00:47:56,079 --> 00:47:57,760
yasuo wanted to
951
00:47:57,760 --> 00:48:00,960
clear the board of all these foreign
952
00:48:00,960 --> 00:48:02,960
influences which were just muddying the
953
00:48:02,960 --> 00:48:06,800
waters making life more complicated
954
00:48:06,800 --> 00:48:08,800
he even ordered all christian activity
955
00:48:08,800 --> 00:48:10,960
among the japanese halted
956
00:48:10,960 --> 00:48:13,040
but still he faced the only true threat
957
00:48:13,040 --> 00:48:16,150
to his power the young hideori
958
00:48:16,150 --> 00:48:18,559
[Music]
959
00:48:18,559 --> 00:48:20,480
by the time he reaches adulthood
960
00:48:20,480 --> 00:48:22,800
hidiori can no longer be ignored by
961
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:25,119
ieyasu he's a threat simply because he
962
00:48:25,119 --> 00:48:28,000
exists he is the legitimate heir of
963
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:30,000
hideyoshi
964
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:32,800
ieyasu is supposed to be supporting him
965
00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:35,760
until he until he becomes an adult
966
00:48:35,760 --> 00:48:36,720
and
967
00:48:36,720 --> 00:48:39,839
he poses an intrinsic threat to the
968
00:48:39,839 --> 00:48:43,440
legitimacy of the tokugawa shogunate
969
00:48:43,440 --> 00:48:46,079
ieyasu came to but one conclusion he
970
00:48:46,079 --> 00:48:48,079
could no longer honor his pledge to a
971
00:48:48,079 --> 00:48:51,520
dead ally to protect his son
972
00:48:51,520 --> 00:48:54,160
he i also decided to go into battle once
973
00:48:54,160 --> 00:48:56,480
more
974
00:48:56,480 --> 00:48:58,240
it was obviously going to be another
975
00:48:58,240 --> 00:48:59,920
showdown
976
00:48:59,920 --> 00:49:02,880
and the many many many samurai in their
977
00:49:02,880 --> 00:49:04,480
thousands
978
00:49:04,480 --> 00:49:08,480
and these were hard bitten warriors
979
00:49:08,960 --> 00:49:12,240
they still owed loyalty to hideyoshi's
980
00:49:12,240 --> 00:49:14,319
family and of course they owed just as
981
00:49:14,319 --> 00:49:17,839
much royalty to his son
982
00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:20,240
so they gathered in osaka castle and
983
00:49:20,240 --> 00:49:23,680
osaka was a very very very strong castle
984
00:49:23,680 --> 00:49:27,720
it was considered impregnable
985
00:49:30,130 --> 00:49:46,039
[Music]
986
00:49:47,040 --> 00:49:50,400
in the winter of 1614 ieyasu accused
987
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,040
hideori of subversion and ordered his
988
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:57,600
troops to advance against osaka castle
989
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:04,710
[Music]
990
00:50:04,710 --> 00:50:06,000
[Applause]
991
00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:09,520
hidiori's supporters nearly 100 000 held
992
00:50:09,520 --> 00:50:12,520
strong
993
00:50:20,480 --> 00:50:22,880
retaliated with a devious plan
994
00:50:22,880 --> 00:50:25,040
he sent a woman samurai to negotiate a
995
00:50:25,040 --> 00:50:28,430
truce with hidiori's mother
996
00:50:28,430 --> 00:50:31,560
[Music]
997
00:50:34,160 --> 00:50:36,480
ieyasu offered a safe haven for
998
00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:39,440
hideori's garrison if in return he
999
00:50:39,440 --> 00:50:41,520
agreed not to mount further rebellion
1000
00:50:41,520 --> 00:50:45,040
against ieyasu's rule
1001
00:50:45,280 --> 00:50:48,000
to prove his intentions easy signed the
1002
00:50:48,000 --> 00:50:49,420
pledge in blood
1003
00:50:49,420 --> 00:50:52,559
[Music]
1004
00:50:52,559 --> 00:50:54,800
hideori's mother convinced her son to
1005
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:57,839
accept the offer
1006
00:50:59,359 --> 00:51:03,280
yayasu's ploy had worked
1007
00:51:05,839 --> 00:51:08,880
as soon as the fighting stopped iayasu
1008
00:51:08,880 --> 00:51:11,280
began to fill in the moots of osaka
1009
00:51:11,280 --> 00:51:12,960
castle the deep notes
1010
00:51:12,960 --> 00:51:14,400
and the people in the osago castle
1011
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:15,920
protested a lot that was not in the
1012
00:51:15,920 --> 00:51:17,599
agreement but
1013
00:51:17,599 --> 00:51:19,440
that didn't matter they filled in the
1014
00:51:19,440 --> 00:51:20,720
moats
1015
00:51:20,720 --> 00:51:23,520
and once the moats were filled in then
1016
00:51:23,520 --> 00:51:26,000
yayasu's troops would storm into the
1017
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:27,760
castle
1018
00:51:27,760 --> 00:51:31,720
and there was a dreadful slaughter
1019
00:51:36,100 --> 00:51:55,760
[Music]
1020
00:51:55,760 --> 00:51:58,319
thousands of defeated soldiers women and
1021
00:51:58,319 --> 00:52:02,760
children fled the castle compound
1022
00:52:03,560 --> 00:52:06,400
[Music]
1023
00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:08,640
a european merchant recorded the event
1024
00:52:08,640 --> 00:52:10,319
in his journal
1025
00:52:10,319 --> 00:52:12,800
we had news today that dear yasu hath
1026
00:52:12,800 --> 00:52:15,200
taken the fortress of osaka and
1027
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:19,680
overthrown the forces of hiding
1028
00:52:19,680 --> 00:52:22,079
they say the taking of this fortress
1029
00:52:22,079 --> 00:52:26,079
have cost about 100 000 lives
1030
00:52:26,079 --> 00:52:28,640
and that no dead man of account is found
1031
00:52:28,640 --> 00:52:30,559
with his head on
1032
00:52:30,559 --> 00:52:33,839
but all cut off
1033
00:52:35,280 --> 00:52:40,440
yeyasu's army set the castle on fire
1034
00:52:40,540 --> 00:52:45,940
[Music]
1035
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:49,440
as the flames raged around him hideori
1036
00:52:49,440 --> 00:52:51,760
refused to surrender and was left with
1037
00:52:51,760 --> 00:52:54,319
no other option
1038
00:52:54,319 --> 00:52:56,510
he committed seppuku
1039
00:52:56,510 --> 00:53:00,739
[Music]
1040
00:53:07,200 --> 00:53:09,119
there's one big problem with killing
1041
00:53:09,119 --> 00:53:11,760
hidiori however and that's that ieyasu
1042
00:53:11,760 --> 00:53:14,559
was supposed to be his supporter it's a
1043
00:53:14,559 --> 00:53:18,079
very realistic cold-blooded strategy
1044
00:53:18,079 --> 00:53:19,040
but
1045
00:53:19,040 --> 00:53:22,160
he wanted to establish a dynasty that
1046
00:53:22,160 --> 00:53:25,920
would last through the ages
1047
00:53:25,920 --> 00:53:29,599
there is reason to believe that ieyasu
1048
00:53:29,599 --> 00:53:31,440
genuinely regretted
1049
00:53:31,440 --> 00:53:32,880
having to kill
1050
00:53:32,880 --> 00:53:35,920
the son of his former lord
1051
00:53:35,920 --> 00:53:38,240
iyasu is said to have
1052
00:53:38,240 --> 00:53:40,079
paid penance by writing the name of the
1053
00:53:40,079 --> 00:53:43,119
buddha ten thousand times on scrolls of
1054
00:53:43,119 --> 00:53:45,680
parchment
1055
00:53:46,820 --> 00:53:52,640
[Music]
1056
00:53:52,640 --> 00:53:55,280
tokugawa ieyasu had wiped out the last
1057
00:53:55,280 --> 00:53:57,040
threats to his power
1058
00:53:57,040 --> 00:53:59,680
or so it seemed
1059
00:53:59,680 --> 00:54:02,400
but not everyone was under his control
1060
00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:04,160
there were the western traders who he
1061
00:54:04,160 --> 00:54:06,880
valued but mistrusted and the christians
1062
00:54:06,880 --> 00:54:10,000
who he considered a threat
1063
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,280
tokugawa ieyasu had won the wars
1064
00:54:13,280 --> 00:54:15,280
his struggle to control the future of
1065
00:54:15,280 --> 00:54:19,720
japan had just begun
1066
00:54:28,720 --> 00:54:30,800
you
67903
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