Original subtitles

[Music]

[Music]

the japanese have rights and ceremonies

so different from those of all other

nations

the things they do are beyond imagining

and it may be truly said that japan is a

world the reverse of europe

to the first westerners in japan it was

a mysterious world

it was the fabled isle of zeppongu that

marco polo had only heard about

the land of riches that christopher

columbus set out to find

when the portuguese arrived in japan in

1543 they encountered a country

embroiled in civil war

[Applause]

of this chaos one samurai warrior would

emerge

he would create a regime so strong it

endured for over 250 years

[Music]

witnesses to this world both western

observers and japanese wrote of these

changing times

theirs is a story of flowering culture

of poetic ritual

and of rigid power struggles

it is the saga of opening trade with

europe and then closing its doors to the

west

these are the memoirs of japan's secret

empire

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[Applause]

[Music]

on the 25th day of the eighth month of

the year of the water and the hair

there appeared off our western shore a

big ship

no one knew whence it had come

as a buddhist monk later recounted

samurai guards were quickly dispatched

to warn their master

there were strangers on board these

ships unlike anyone the japanese had

ever seen

[Music]

the local warlord called a daimyo

summoned these strangers

the first europeans to ever set foot on

japanese shores

it was the year 1543

when these portuguese merchants arrived

the daimyo was intrigued by their

peculiar unknown weapons

the japanese always like novel things

new things are fed so to speak

and so

they were very very interested in the

europeans

[Music]

after he watched the portuguese shoot

down a duck the daimyo purchased two

guns and put his swordsmith to work

making copies

then he asked for shooting lessons

these first europeans their guns and

their religion would have unforeseeable

consequences

[Music]

in this same year a boy was born to a

daimyo family

he would be known as tokugawa ieyasu

his destiny would be to change japan

forever

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as an elite member of the samurai class

the boy inherited a world of tradition

a feudal realm of samurai warriors who

ruled by birthright and sword

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the son of a daimyo lord iyasu would

soon have to give up children's games

for the politics of war

[Music]

when iyasu was still a child the ruling

daimyo demanded that iyaso's father send

the young boy to him as a hostage

insurance that all orders would be

obeyed

when children were taken as hostages

it did not mean prisoners

this was all part of the political

negotiation in which our alliances had

to be formed

because no one trusted

no one else

so

there had to be guarantee

and therefore the hostage was used

[Music]

as a hostage the young samurai boy

traveled in the style befitting his

daimyo rank

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he could not know his destiny

nor could he know that he would never

see his father again

he would grow up a hostage his life

captive to the turmoil of civil war

[Music]

the whole of japan was involved in wars

treachery was rampant and nobody trusted

his neighbor

they would enter into league with one

faction and then deserted for another as

the winds of fortune blew

[Music]

joao rodriguez an eyewitness to these

perilous times was one of the first

portuguese to arrive in japan

he came as a cabin boy of 15 and would

soon become a jesuit missionary

[Music]

as portuguese merchants traversed the

oceans in search of new ports for trade

jesuit missionaries accompanied them

searching for souls to save

the jesuits were young and dedicated

braving the hardships of the dangerous

two-year voyage to reach japan

a country which they considered ripe for

conversion

[Music]

they sent home tantalizing reports of an

alien world

[Music]

everything is so different and opposite

that they are like us in practically

nothing

now all this would not be surprising if

they were like so many barbarians

but what astonishes me

is that they behave as very prudent and

cultured people in all these matters

this is something which i would not dare

to affirm

if i had not had so much experience

among them

the missionaries thought that the

japanese were such a remarkable race

their culture was so developed that it

was worthwhile writing back to europe

about the culture which they found the

language the japanese spoke and a very

complex political system

without any influence from christianity

without any influence from europe

and so i think this is a thing which one

should bear in mind that this was the

first time europeans dealt with asians

on equal terms and not as conquerors and

conquered people

their way of writing is very different

from ours because they write from the

top of the page down to the bottom

i asked the japanese why they did not

write in our way and he asked me why we

did not write in their way

he explained that as a head of a man is

at the top and his feet are at the

bottom

so too a man should ride from top to

bottom

during his more than 30 years in japan

joao rodriguez became so fluent in

japanese he became known as the

interpreter

his work allowed him to observe all

levels of society

from the highest daimyo warlords

to the lowest japanese farmer

[Music]

every class of person noble or humble

uses a fan throughout the whole kingdom

people who have business matters and

other things which they wish to remember

write them down on their fans

they are always carrying these fans

about in their hands

opening them shutting them and looking

at them

nobody would go out into the street

without one

[Music]

the japanese joao rodriguez observed

regarded the europeans with equal

fascination

they greatly wondered that are big and

long noses thick beards and red or fair

hair and considered all these things as

so many defects

they called them the southern barbarians

which is not a very flattering term

their eating habits were rather

different

the japanese were so polite eating with

chopsticks etc

whereas in those days europeans normally

yet with just a knife and with your

fingers

and then of course the japanese most the

japanese take a bath every day whereas

europeans i'm afraid in those days

went for months and months and months

without taking a bath

and to some extent they deserve the

epithet of barbarians

[Music]

but however they were regarded the

missionaries were determined to stay in

japan

our only desire was to preach and

proclaim the law of the creator even if

there were only one japanese christian

in the whole country any missionary

would spend all his life here just for

the sake of that one person

these men were very very zealous and the

conditions were rather good for the

conversion of people to christianity

when you have bloodshed revolutions

fighting battles

death

in large numbers

obviously people's thoughts do tend to

go to the next life

in little more than 50 years these

missionaries established over 200

catholic churches primarily in southern

japan and converted up to a quarter

million japanese

[Music]

when a japanese lord or japanese daimyo

changed his religion he would bring

pressure on his people because he had

absolute power of life and death on the

people below him

and so you've got in a relatively short

short period of time

a large-scale conversions

but there was another factor that some

of the daimyo

when they became christian they had

certain considerations of commerce in

the back of their mind because where the

missionaries went the portuguese

merchants went

and the portuguese merchants offered

very profitable trade vis-a-vis japanese

[Music]

commerce and religion intertwined

some japanese profited while others

watched with growing concern convinced

of christianity's threat to their power

merchants and missionaries these early

europeans had set a course which would

eventually run into unexpected

consequences

[Music]

so

[Music]

to endure the rigors of never-ending

training to remain clear-minded in the

face of grave danger

to face death matter of factly

this is the art of kendo the way of the

sword

master swordsman taught young samurai

the skills of sword fighting and the

traditions of a samurai code of honor

this was the education the young eyasu

would receive even as a hostage

when you took a hostage in a certain

class they were usually treated very

cordially and they were given education

as just as they would be

given at home

he probably had a very stoic spartan

kind of education

taught military skills martial arts and

chinese classics japanese classics

the entire life of yes was that of

patience and forbearance people say

[Music]

the young hostage tokugawa isu would

learn what it meant to be a samurai

adapter stands with the head erect

neither hanging down or looking up nor

twisted

do not roll your eyes nor allow them to

blink but slightly narrow them

raise your abdomen so that you do not

bend at the hips

[Music]

a legendary swordsman miyamoto musashi

would preserve the way of the samurai in

a classic book the five rings

it was a guide to strategy its

philosophy embraced in japan even to

this day

in all forms of strategy it is necessary

to maintain the combat stance in

everyday life

and to make your everyday stance your

combat stance

[Music]

at age 15 ieyasu entered manhood and

earned the right to carry the two swords

of the samurai

[Music]

hathaway

the sword was the symbol of the samurai

class

only in the samurai were authorized to

carry two swords a large one and a small

one the samurai with these two swords

ruled over the farmer in the merchant

you're born into being a samurai it's a

responsibility amongst the

responsibilities of being a summoner i

was always carrying one sword

to use to enact justice

if somebody were rude to you it was your

duty to

kill them

but still

no someone would walk around outside

without a sword

and if they were caught without a sword

they could be punished for not upholding

their duty

[Music]

while the samurai class comprised less

than 10 percent of the population their

presence loomed larger than life

even the missionaries wrote as if the

samurai were the whole of society

they carry a sword and dagger both

inside and outside the house and lay

them at their pillows when they sleep

never in my life have i met people who

rely so much on their arms they are very

warlike and are always involved in wars

and thus the ableist man becomes their

greatest lord

it was not only the men who swore to

uphold this ideal

samurai women were also trained to

protect their family

the most important thing about samurai's

daughters or wives

was never to forget the honor

and the pride as samurai's

daughter

in crisis they would have to be prepared

to kill themselves

rather than be shamed

disgraced by the enemies

the samurai defended his home and family

but his true glory came on the

battlefield defending his lord against

enemies

[Applause]

[Music]

the samurai dressed carefully for combat

the finely stitched fabric and leather

appeared elegant even fragile

unseen were the tightly woven plates of

steel

much like his protective armor a

warrior's refined appearance concealed

his impenetrable inner core

this ethic preserved in writings of the

samurai would prepare the warrior to

meet life and death

with honor

a samurai would wash himself with cold

water every morning

sent the shaven top of his head and hair

with incense to make himself presentable

he was ready to be killed in battle at

any moment

cherry blossoms

are often compared to the samurai

they are a beautiful sight like the

warrior in his shiny armor

but it takes only one big storm for the

petals to fall to the ground

just like the warrior in battle

[Music]

for samurai as important as knowing how

to kill was knowing how and when

to die

in the battlefield especially

your last moment of

life

you have to show your control

the controlling your body controlling

your

destiny faith

is the vindication indication of your

internal strength so it's the last

moment

that you have to stage your death

seppuku or harikiri is the ritual of

suicide as practiced by samurai

[Music]

warrior carried two swords on his hip a

long one and a short one

the short sword was for cutting open his

abdomen

why would a samurai cut open his abdomen

well japanese especially samurai believe

that the heart was in the belly

they believe that whether their heart

was pure or impure would be revealed

when they disemboweled themselves

from the death poem to the final thrust

of the dagger seppuku is a ceremonial

ritual of suicide ensuring an honorable

death

[Music]

joao rodriguez wrote of a man who

committed the ritual of seppuku

the samurai dressed in the customary

white kimono solemnly and with great

dignity mounted a raised platform

[Music]

then in a loud voice he told him to

watch him carefully as he cut himself

open

[Music]

he seated himself and wrote his will

slowly and calmly

asking his lord to look after his son

and family for he was going to die on

account of his honor

he bade farewell

and then in front of them all he

fearlessly cut his belly

and so he died

this sort of thing often happens

[Music]

[Music]

there is timing in everything

timing in strategy cannot be mastered

without a great deal of practice

[Music]

there is timing in the whole life of the

warrior

in his thriving and declining in his

harmony and accord

these are the enduring principles which

guided the life of the samurai warrior

for tokugawa

patient strategizing would become his

most powerful weapon

he was now of age 18 years old and

married with two children but he was

still a hostage of the ruling daimyo

warlord

[Music]

as time passed eeyosu strengthened his

skills as a warrior fighting alongside

his daimyo master

when his master was killed in battle

ieyasu was finally free to determine his

own destiny

yes was put in a position to have to

make a decision at some point

whether to go along with the hostess

family but

at all times he never forgot

his ambition to go back to his original

castle and to regain all the territory

that his father's family had

and to expand that

and to go back to his retainers who were

faithfully waiting for him

hiyasu reclaimed his title as an

independent lord

a daimyo

he returned to his family estate

he could now fight on his own terms for

his own people

i fought against my enemies solely in

order that i might take my revenge on my

father's adversaries

because i was convinced of the rightness

of my intention to help the people and

bring peace to the land

the years of captivity had honed his

discipline

according to his samurai training he now

carefully plotted his strategy

in a crucial move iyasu allied himself

with the man who killed his daimyo

master oda nobunaga

[Music]

nobunaga had become the most powerful

warlord in japan

feared and ruthless

the missionary joao rodriguez documented

nobunaga's campaign to unify japan

nobunaga was the first to begin cutting

through the thick forest of wars and

discord in japan

he subdued about half the country and

fear of him made the remaining part

ready to obey him in anything

[Music]

in the battle of nagashino nobunaga

armed three thousand of his foot

soldiers three ranks deep

[Music]

as ten thousand enemy warriors charged

nobunaga's musketeers fired in

succession

decimating the opposing army

[Music]

nobunaga's innovations in the use of

firearms completely changes the face of

samurai warfare

the old idea was where you would have

two samurai meet on the field of battle

they would shout out their names and

their lineages where they were from uh

sometimes one would ride out in front of

all these troops and and challenge

someone to come and defeat him

so it was it was very manly it was

imbued with the ideal of valor

[Music]

now you have faceless ranks of samurai

shooting other faceless ranks of samurai

[Music]

nobunaga continued to amass power

until one night treachery within his

inner circle caught him off guard

[Music]

a missionary was nearby

some christians came just as i was

vesting to say an early mass and told me

to wait because there was a commotion in

front of the palace

we'd once began to hear musket shots and

see flames

we learned that it had not been a brawl

but that one of his generals had turned

traitor

some say he cut his belly while others

believe that he set fire to the palace

and perished in the flames

what we do know however is that of this

man who made everyone trembled not only

at the sound of his voice but at the

mention of his name

there did not remain even a small hair

which was not reduced to dust

and ashes

as the flames burned nobunaga's loyal

general toyotomi hideyoshi seized the

moment

[Music]

hideyoshi immediately

springs into action murdering

the murderer of his own lord which then

gives him the the right in essence to

claim leadership of nobunaga's vast

coalition of armies

[Music]

he also watched from a distance

would he subordinate himself to

hideyoshi's command

or was it time to fight for control

[Music]

these were the men who would bring an

end to the brutal civil wars

they would go down in history as the

unifiers

there's a story in japanese that

explains

the character of the three unifiers and

nobunaga hideyoshi and ieyasu are

watching a cuckoo bird waiting for it to

sing but the bird doesn't sing

and nobunaga says

little bird if you don't sing i will

kill you

and hideyoshi says little bird if you

don't sing i'll make you sing

and he asa says little bird if you don't

sing i'll wait for you to sing

and iayasu

is a patient strategist who will wait

for

things to go his way and then he'll act

after nobunaga's death ieyasu and

hideyoshi faced off in a measured game

of strategy

each in his own way trying to outsmart

the other

dude

was a courageous man who never hesitated

in battle

however though he was brave he was also

cautious

one famous story

yasu was known as an excellent horseman

one day he and his troops had to cross a

very narrow bridge over a raging river

everyone was watching to see how the

great ieyasu would ride his horse over

this dangerous bridge

to his men's surprise

eyasu dismounted

took the horse's reins in his hands and

carefully led the horse over the bridge

to the other side of the river

that's how vigilant he was

i believe this kind of caution helped

him to be victorious in battle

[Music]

while iayasu practiced restraint and

careful strategizing

hideyoshi acted quickly and decisively

hideyoshi was from peasant stock the son

of a lowly foot soldier he worked his

way up through the ranks

hideyoshi became known as a brilliant

general and he held the same grand

vision of himself

when my mother conceived me she was

given a miraculous omen

on the very night that i was born the

room was suddenly aglow with sunlight

thus changing night to day

finally they divined the child whose

birth was attended by these miracles was

destined to become a man of unusual

attainments

this prediction is fulfilled in me

shortly after hideyoshi took control

ieyasu challenged him

but ieyasu soon realized there was more

to be gained as hideyoshi's ally than as

his enemy

[Music]

hideyoshi rewarded iasu for his loyalty

with a vast domain of land and ordered

him to make his headquarters in the

remote fishing village of edo 300 miles

east of hideyoshi's castle in osaka

[Music]

some might have thought the gift an

insult

but in edo the village that would later

become tokyo ieyasu busied his troops

building a massive five-story castle

fortification

[Music]

[Music]

within the walls of the city of osaka

hideyoshi was consumed with fortifying

his own castle

reputed to be the most impregnable

fortress of its time it was also one of

the most ostentatious

[Music]

osaka castle had a strategic location

close to the emperor's palace in nearby

kyoto for centuries the emperor had

remained a ruler in name only ignored by

those who truly held power

he wilded away his days with court

gossip calligraphy and poetry

by iaso's time the court is still

powerless but

it is only the court which can appoint

the shogun

so in the ultimate symbolic sense

the court is still the arbiter of final

resort

that's why all the warlords are aiming

for kyoto you have to get the emperor to

recognize that you're the most powerful

of all of the combatants on the field of

battle

hideyoshi curried the emperor's favor

inviting him to no plays and musical

performances

but the emperor would not grant this

warrior of peasant stock the title of

shogun

ieyasu never relinquished his desire for

power

he offered the emperor more than

invitations he arranged the marriage of

one of his granddaughters to the

emperor's son

all of the lords in japan used family to

cement political alliances you would

marry off daughters or marry off sons

what ieyasu did in particular was have

an abundance of sons that he could use

he could set them up to support his

nascent government he could set them up

as independent military lords that he

could then call upon

for help

in contrast iasu's rival hideyoshi

failed to produce a male heir

finally he adopted a nephew and groomed

him as his successor

then at 60 years of age hideyoshi

finally fathered a son of his own

he called him hideyori and he was the

jewel of his life

hideyoshi's thoughts now turn to the

safety and survival of his young son

i cannot describe the endless tdm

as if i were guarding an empty house

when hidiori is not here with me

i say again

strictly order that all be vigilant

against fire

each night have someone make the rounds

of the rooms two or three times

as hideyoshi obsessed over his own son

his adopted son now an adult

was in peril

it's clear that by the end of his life

hideyoshi was acting more and more

erratically

he became increasingly cruel if not

sadistic

then when he finally in his final years

produced an heir of his own he ordered

this adult male who had been his heir to

commit suicide

[Music]

hideyoshi then ordered his adopted son's

entire family put to death

a missionary recounted

they were drawn along the streets in the

carts

the open view of the world

thirty-one ladies and gentlemen

with the two sons and one daughter of

his adopted son

the oldest of whom was not more than

five years old

all their bodies were thrown into a pit

over which was built a little chapel

with a tomb in it with this inscription

the tomb of the traitors

[Applause]

soon after hideyoshi's health began to

fail

he wrote his death poem

ah

as the dew i fall

as the dew i vanish

even osaka fortress

is a dream within a dream

hideyoshi then called iayasu and four of

the most powerful daimyo to his deathbed

he appointed them legal protectors of

his five-year-old son hidayori his heir

and the future ruler of japan

[Music]

hiyasu pledged to protect the boy with

his own life

pledge that would become very difficult

to keep

[Music]

it is said that war is a curse

it is resorted to only when it is

inevitable

however in time of peace

do not forget the possibility of

disturbances

iayasu was on guard

those daimyo who feared his growing

power began to plot against him

[Applause]

yeah's territory now extended throughout

most of japan

he was determined to maintain his

holdings and expand his base of power

one of eas's nicknames is the old badger

and it reflects his craftiness

as well as his famed ability to wait

and he waits until after hideyoshi is

dead until he has a clear preponderance

of power

and then makes his move uh to become the

dominant military leader in japan

ieyasu mobilized his troops

he sent one division to ogaki castle

where his enemies were gathering

when the battle began women and children

rushed to safety

iayasu sent a large force to lay siege

to the castle

and they fought

day and night

one of the young girls at the castle

later told her family of the terrifying

experience

mothers concubines and daughters all

stayed in the tower and cast bullets

there was panel

a bullet struck my younger brother

killing him on the spot

it was a cruel sight indeed it was

we felt as if we should die

there was nothing but fear and horror

left

as the battle wore on heads of slain

warriors were brought to the castle to

be prepared for the ritual presentation

to the victor

it was believed that even in death the

samurai should be viewed as a worthy

opponent

those people who are in the castle would

wash the heads and they'll put some

cosmetics on the face of the dead

corpses

because they were proof of having killed

someone important

that was part of the very small part of

what they did which is inconceivable

to you know us modern people more than

women

[Music]

all the decapitated heads were brought

into the tower

we weren't a bit afraid of the heads and

used to sleep in the midst of the nasty

smell of bloody heads

victorious at ogaki castle ieyasu's

troops now pursued the rebellious daimyo

and their armies

they faced off in a narrow valley just

west of the village of sekigahara

this would be the battle that changed

the course of japanese history

ieyasu set up his command post atop a

hill overlooking the valley

waiting through the night for the rest

of his armies to arrive

[Music]

at dawn iaosu's attendant physician

hastily noted in his journal

slight rain

dense fog in the mountain valley

can't see

barely made out enemy banners

on horseback lord iayatsu made out their

positions estimate distance at two and a

half miles

iayasu was outnumbered

with only 50 000 troops challenging his

enemies 80 thousand

he waited for his son to arrive with

reinforcements

but at eight in the morning the fog

suddenly lifted and the two opposing

armies found themselves within striking

distance

ieyasu could wait no more

rallying his troops it was said he sent

them forward with his famous battle cry

there are only two ways to come back

from the battlefield

with the head of an enemy or without

your own

[Music]

[Music]

ieyasu watched as his troops faced what

seemed insurmountable odds

[Music]

then suddenly the tide turned

several enemy daimyo and their armies

convinced of iasu's ultimate victory

defected and joined iayasu's forces

[Music]

by 2pm iasu's troops had defeated the

rebellious army

brought an end to the warring states and

signaled the beginning of a new era

that's the significance of the battle of

sekigahara

[Music]

in recognition of ieyasu's power the

emperor awarded him the title of shogun

the barbarian subduing generalissimo

tokugawa ieyasu now had the authority to

rule japan in all military matters

he ruled unchallenged but always there

was the specter of hideyoshi's young son

hideori growing up in osaka castle

ieyasu had sworn with his life to

protect the boy the boy who could

someday lay claim to all iyeasu had won

as the young boy hideori approached

manhood a daimyo warned

although he is

would never let him rule japan

sooner or later some ambitious character

will ferment rebellion in his name

and even if hirayori knows nothing about

it he will be blamed and forced to

commit suicide

to the grief of hideyoshi's ghost

now the tokugawas had no divine right to

rule japan

they ruled japan because they were the

most powerful

they had the most money they had the

most soldiers but they had no divine

right and there were many other powerful

daimyo especially in the west the

christian daimyo

and so

if there were any philosophy any

political

movement that would bring these daimyo

together as a coalition against the

tokugawa family that was very dangerous

tokugawa

tolerated no dissent he expelled many of

the foreign missionaries including joao

rodriguez

yasuo wanted to

clear the board of all these foreign

influences which were just muddying the

waters making life more complicated

he even ordered all christian activity

among the japanese halted

but still he faced the only true threat

to his power the young hideori

[Music]

by the time he reaches adulthood

hidiori can no longer be ignored by

ieyasu he's a threat simply because he

exists he is the legitimate heir of

hideyoshi

ieyasu is supposed to be supporting him

until he until he becomes an adult

and

he poses an intrinsic threat to the

legitimacy of the tokugawa shogunate

ieyasu came to but one conclusion he

could no longer honor his pledge to a

dead ally to protect his son

he i also decided to go into battle once

more

it was obviously going to be another

showdown

and the many many many samurai in their

thousands

and these were hard bitten warriors

they still owed loyalty to hideyoshi's

family and of course they owed just as

much royalty to his son

so they gathered in osaka castle and

osaka was a very very very strong castle

it was considered impregnable

[Music]

in the winter of 1614 ieyasu accused

hideori of subversion and ordered his

troops to advance against osaka castle

[Music]

[Applause]

hidiori's supporters nearly 100 000 held

strong

retaliated with a devious plan

he sent a woman samurai to negotiate a

truce with hidiori's mother

[Music]

ieyasu offered a safe haven for

hideori's garrison if in return he

agreed not to mount further rebellion

against ieyasu's rule

to prove his intentions easy signed the

pledge in blood

[Music]

hideori's mother convinced her son to

accept the offer

yayasu's ploy had worked

as soon as the fighting stopped iayasu

began to fill in the moots of osaka

castle the deep notes

and the people in the osago castle

protested a lot that was not in the

agreement but

that didn't matter they filled in the

moats

and once the moats were filled in then

yayasu's troops would storm into the

castle

and there was a dreadful slaughter

[Music]

thousands of defeated soldiers women and

children fled the castle compound

[Music]

a european merchant recorded the event

in his journal

we had news today that dear yasu hath

taken the fortress of osaka and

overthrown the forces of hiding

they say the taking of this fortress

have cost about 100 000 lives

and that no dead man of account is found

with his head on

but all cut off

yeyasu's army set the castle on fire

[Music]

as the flames raged around him hideori

refused to surrender and was left with

no other option

he committed seppuku

[Music]

there's one big problem with killing

hidiori however and that's that ieyasu

was supposed to be his supporter it's a

very realistic cold-blooded strategy

but

he wanted to establish a dynasty that

would last through the ages

there is reason to believe that ieyasu

genuinely regretted

having to kill

the son of his former lord

iyasu is said to have

paid penance by writing the name of the

buddha ten thousand times on scrolls of

parchment

[Music]

tokugawa ieyasu had wiped out the last

threats to his power

or so it seemed

but not everyone was under his control

there were the western traders who he

valued but mistrusted and the christians

who he considered a threat

tokugawa ieyasu had won the wars

his struggle to control the future of

japan had just begun

you