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Previously on "The Roosevelts"...
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I have always been fond of
the Old West African proverb
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"speak softly and carry a big stick,
and you will go far."
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America's youngest
president charged ahead.
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The Panama canal is one of the great
achievements of the human race.
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And after a secret courtship,
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the celebrated marriage
of Eleanor and Franklin.
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My one great wish is always
to prove worthy of him.
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And now part 3 of "The Roosevelts,
An Intimate History."
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S01E03 "The Fire Of Life"
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In the early autumn of 1910,
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voters living along the back roads
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of upstate dutchess county, New York,
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were startled by something
altogether new...
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A bright red two-cylinder
Maxwell touring car,
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draped with bunting.
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The car's owner,
a poughkeepsie piano-tuner,
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was behind the wheel.
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Next to him was an eager young
candidate for the State Senate,
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt of Hyde Park.
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When he entered politics,
everything was new to him.
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And especially new was,
was dealing on a more or less
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equal basis with ordinary people.
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And he loved it.
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I don't think he ever lost the sense
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that he was a bit apart
from everyone else,
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but he loved seeing how much like
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an ordinary person he could be.
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And I think he really
did that all his life.
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He was a 28-year old lawyer who
had never run for anything before.
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And he was a Democrat running in a
traditionally Republican district.
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But he was also the fifth cousin
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of the most popular man in America,
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the ex-president of the United
States, Theodore Roosevelt.
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Young Roosevelt had promised
"a strenuous campaign."
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It proved so strenuous that
he spent one afternoon
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across the state line in Connecticut,
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pumping the hands of baffled farmers
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who couldn't vote for him
even if they'd wanted to.
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He professed to be
"dee-lighted" by everything,
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just as his cousin always was.
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"I'm not Teddy,
" he liked to tell the crowds.
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"A little shaver said
to me the other day
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"That he knew I wasn't Teddy...
I asked him why, and he replied,
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because you don't show
your teeth. '" but he did.
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He was already a top-notch salesman
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because he wouldn't immediately
enter into a topic of politics
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when he met a party.
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He would approach them as a friend
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and would lead up to that
with that smile of his.
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Tom Leonard.
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The mid-term elections proved a disaster
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for the Republicans nationally.
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Democrats captured the house
for the first time in 16 years.
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And, as Franklin's proud mother
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kept a tally of her boy's triumph,
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the Democratic tide helped sweep him
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into the New York State Senate.
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He was on his way.
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Two weeks after his party's
spectacular defeat at the polls,
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Theodore Roosevelt traveled to
Washington to make a speech.
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He stopped by the White
House for the first time
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since leaving it 11/2 years earlier.
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President William Howard Taft
and his wife were out of town.
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Roosevelt remembered every
servant and gardener by name,
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asked about their families,
and exclaimed over
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a piece of the corn bread
he'd especially loved
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while living at the White House,
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brought to him hot from the kitchen.
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When he was shown into the
handsome new oval office
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that had been built over
the old tennis court,
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he strode across the room and sat
down in the president's chair.
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It seemed very "natural" to
be sitting there, he said.
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Roosevelt had a natural capacity
to lead in every Avenue of Life.
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He could lead men up San Juan Hill.
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He could lead men on a
posse in the badlands.
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And the greatest mistake
that he ever made
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was to relinquish power when he had it.
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And leaving at the height of his powers
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as the youngest former president
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was a ruinously ludicrous
thing for him to do.
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He never could live happily
on the periphery of anything.
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He had to be in the arena.
He left power too soon.
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During the next 10 years,
Franklin Roosevelt
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would first follow the
political trail his hero,
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Theodore Roosevelt, had pioneered.
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Then he would deviate
dramatically from it
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and finally find himself torn among
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political and family
and personal loyalties
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that threatened to destroy
what seemed at first
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to be a charmed career.
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Eleanor Roosevelt would struggle to find
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a place for herself in
her own growing family,
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suffer a betrayal that
threatened to shatter forever
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her fragile sense of self,
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and then begin to build a
fulfilling life of her own,
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free of crippling fear.
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Theodore Roosevelt had
once pledged not to try
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to run for the presidency again,
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but now he had begun to change his mind.
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That decision would alter the
course of American politics.
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And along the way,
the old intimate connection
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between the Roosevelts of Hyde Park
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and the Roosevelts of Oyster
Bay would begin to fray.
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January 17, 1911.
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Senator Franklin Roosevelt
is less than 30.
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He is tall and lithe.
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With his handsome face and
his form of supple strength
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he could make a fortune on the stage
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and set the matinee
girl's heart throbbing
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with subtle and happy emotion.
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But no one would suspect behind
that highly polished exterior
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the quiet force and
determination that now are
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sending shivers down the spine
of Tammany's striped mascot.
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"The New York Times."
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Franklin Roosevelt's debut in Albany
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was nearly as noisy as his
cousin's had been 29 years before.
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Theodore Roosevelt had made
his reputation by embarrassing
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the bosses of his own Republican party.
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Franklin lost no time in taking on
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the New York City Democratic
machine, Tammany Hall.
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FDR did everything he could think of
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to make himself seem like TR, in Albany.
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He, he really was a sort of
caricature of a caricature
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of, of TR for quite a while.
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And just like the boys
at Groton and Harvard,
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the professional politicians
in Albany couldn't stand him.
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When the political boss of the bowery
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saw Franklin's name on the
list of Democratic newcomers,
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00:07:59,420 --> 00:08:02,393
he said, "well,
if we've caught a Roosevelt",
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00:08:02,423 --> 00:08:05,796
"we'd better take him down
and drop him off the docks.
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The Roosevelts run true to form."
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Meanwhile, a seat in the United States
senate for New York had opened up.
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In those days, U.S.
Senators were still chosen
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by their state legislatures.
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The Democrats were in
control in New York
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and their boss, Charles Murphy,
had already made his choice:
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A Buffalo Millionaire
named Billy Sheehan,
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personally charming, privately corrupt.
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00:08:35,990 --> 00:08:40,931
And the outnumbered Republicans
had agreed not to put up a fight.
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But a band of 21 reform-minded Democrats
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had resolved to block Sheehan
with a nominee of their own.
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Franklin joined their ranks,
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and because he alone was wealthy enough
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to rent a house in Albany...
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The rebels met in its
library each morning,
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producing so much blue cigar smoke
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that Eleanor had to move the
children to the top floor.
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The press found the
idea of a new Roosevelt
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repeating his celebrated cousin's
Albany battles irresistible.
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"It's the most humanly
interesting political fight
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for many years,
" wrote the Albany Stringer
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for the "New York Herald, " Louis Howe.
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Franklin thought so, too.
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He denounced Tammany Hall
as a "noxious weed, "
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its members as "hopelessly
stupid" and "beasts of prey."
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Tammany spokesmen responded
that Franklin was a snob,
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a secret Republican, anti-Catholic.
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"There's nothing the
matter with Sheehan, "
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Manhattan assemblyman
Alfred E. Smith said,
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"except he's an Irishman."
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The stalemate dragged
on for 21/2 months...
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And might have gone on even longer
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if a fire hadn't gutted the
state Capitol building,
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requiring the weary and
impatient Democrats
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to caucus in cramped
quarters across the street.
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00:10:08,514 --> 00:10:12,022
Finally, the Tammany boss
named a new candidate,
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an Irish-American judge every
bit as pliant as Sheehan.
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Roosevelt and the remaining
insurgents gave in...
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And then worked hard to make
a defeat seem like a victory.
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I have just returned from a big fight,
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a fight that went 64 rounds,
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and there was fighting every
second of those 64 rounds.
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This fight was a free-for-all,
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and many on the other side
got good and battered.
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The battle ended in harmony,
and we have chosen
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a man for the people who will
be dictated to by no one.
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"We are all really proud of the way"
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you have handled yourself, "
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Theodore Roosevelt told Franklin.
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"Good luck to you."
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Here in Albany began a
dual existence for me
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which was to last all
the rest of my life.
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Public service, whether my
husband was in or out of office,
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was to be part of our
daily life from now on.
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Eleanor was fascinated
by the Sheehan battle
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and pleased at her own
ability to function
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apart from her mother-in-law
in a wholly new world.
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She organized a reception
for 250 constituents,
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00:11:35,336 --> 00:11:37,808
supplied food and drink every evening
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00:11:37,838 --> 00:11:40,811
for Franklin and his fellow insurgents,
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00:11:40,841 --> 00:11:44,682
and got to know all kinds of
people... including a number of
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politicians who were
unable to resist her
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00:11:48,148 --> 00:11:53,148
but couldn't stand her husband,
because he seemed so unreliable.
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00:11:53,587 --> 00:11:56,560
Franklin Roosevelt battled
hard for a direct primary
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that would have allowed
voters, not bosses,
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00:11:59,059 --> 00:12:02,733
to choose their senators,
but then backed away
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00:12:02,763 --> 00:12:06,865
at the last minute from a reform
charter for New York City.
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00:12:09,302 --> 00:12:14,302
After a fire at the triangle
shirtwaist company killed 146 women,
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00:12:15,075 --> 00:12:19,144
a special commission produced
a flood of 32 reform bills.
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00:12:20,747 --> 00:12:23,253
Roosevelt voted for all of them,
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00:12:23,283 --> 00:12:26,457
but when the most hotly
contested vote came...
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00:12:26,487 --> 00:12:29,526
On a bill setting a
50-hour-per-week work limit
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00:12:29,556 --> 00:12:31,428
for women and children...
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00:12:31,458 --> 00:12:34,431
He didn't bother to
show up for the debate.
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00:12:34,461 --> 00:12:36,634
"He was a very uncertain factor, "
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00:12:36,664 --> 00:12:38,736
one reformer remembered.
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00:12:38,766 --> 00:12:41,700
"No one could ever tell
how he was going to vote."
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00:12:43,836 --> 00:12:47,544
And throughout, he maintained
an earnest, pious air,
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00:12:47,574 --> 00:12:50,648
compounded by what one
observer remembered as
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00:12:50,678 --> 00:12:53,217
"the unfortunate habit...
so natural that
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00:12:53,247 --> 00:12:56,754
he was unaware of it...
of throwing his head up, which,
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00:12:56,784 --> 00:12:58,756
"combined with his great height,
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00:12:58,786 --> 00:13:03,786
"gave him the appearance of looking
down his nose at most people."
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00:13:03,891 --> 00:13:07,164
And that famous image we
have of him with his,
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00:13:07,194 --> 00:13:10,200
his chin up, you know,
that great pose of confidence,
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00:13:10,230 --> 00:13:14,571
chin up, at that time it
was his nose in the air.
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00:13:14,601 --> 00:13:17,341
"Awful arrogant fellow,
that Roosevelt, "
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00:13:17,371 --> 00:13:20,477
big Tim Sullivan, a ward boss, said.
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00:13:20,507 --> 00:13:25,115
Looking back many years later,
Franklin himself agreed.
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00:13:25,145 --> 00:13:27,084
"You know, " he told an old friend,
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00:13:27,114 --> 00:13:31,016
"I was an awfully mean cuss when
I first went into politics."
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00:13:41,060 --> 00:13:42,900
If they treated Theodore
as they deal with
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00:13:42,930 --> 00:13:45,970
certain composite
substances in chemistry
225
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:48,539
and melted him down to
his ultimate, central,
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00:13:48,569 --> 00:13:53,210
indestructible stuff,
it's not a statesman they'd find,
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00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:57,781
or a hunter, or a historian,
or a naturalist...
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00:13:57,811 --> 00:14:00,484
They'd find a preacher militant.
229
00:14:00,514 --> 00:14:02,753
Owen Wister.
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00:14:02,783 --> 00:14:07,691
On February 24, 1912,
Theodore Roosevelt announced
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00:14:07,721 --> 00:14:09,827
that he was once again a candidate
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00:14:09,857 --> 00:14:12,763
for president of the United States.
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00:14:12,793 --> 00:14:14,999
"My hat is in the ring, " he said,
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00:14:15,029 --> 00:14:19,136
"the fight is on and I am
stripped to the buff."
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00:14:19,166 --> 00:14:20,871
He had been restless ever since
236
00:14:20,901 --> 00:14:24,642
his return from Africa
two years earlier.
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00:14:24,672 --> 00:14:27,272
He was still only 53 years old.
238
00:14:34,947 --> 00:14:37,755
President Taft,
his handpicked successor,
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00:14:37,785 --> 00:14:40,657
had proved a disappointment
to many progressives...
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00:14:40,687 --> 00:14:42,960
And to Roosevelt.
241
00:14:42,990 --> 00:14:46,330
Amiable, well-meaning, and enormous...
242
00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:49,500
He weighed well over 330 pounds...
243
00:14:49,530 --> 00:14:53,270
Taft backed away from
meaningful tariff reform,
244
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:56,407
retreated in the face of
timber and mining interests
245
00:14:56,437 --> 00:14:58,976
eager to get at national forests,
246
00:14:59,006 --> 00:15:01,845
refused to intervene
in legislative matters
247
00:15:01,875 --> 00:15:04,415
on the grounds that it would
violate the Constitutional
248
00:15:04,445 --> 00:15:07,212
doctrine of separation of powers.
249
00:15:08,815 --> 00:15:12,956
But his critics... TR included...
Failed to acknowledge the many
250
00:15:12,986 --> 00:15:15,220
progressive actions he had taken.
251
00:15:16,856 --> 00:15:21,856
Taft had succeeded at everything
he had done up to that point.
252
00:15:21,895 --> 00:15:24,368
He'd been Roosevelt's secretary of war.
253
00:15:24,398 --> 00:15:25,969
He'd been a successful judge.
254
00:15:25,999 --> 00:15:29,139
He'd been governor general
of the Philippines.
255
00:15:29,169 --> 00:15:32,409
And he was a lovely
person to have around.
256
00:15:32,439 --> 00:15:34,945
Everyone loved will Taft.
257
00:15:34,975 --> 00:15:39,116
Roosevelt thought that he would
make a wonderful successor.
258
00:15:39,146 --> 00:15:42,920
But I think he would have been
disappointed in anyone because
259
00:15:42,950 --> 00:15:44,683
he wasn't president anymore.
260
00:15:48,187 --> 00:15:50,327
Roosevelt now thought Taft
261
00:15:50,357 --> 00:15:52,996
"utterly helpless as a leader."
262
00:15:53,026 --> 00:15:56,967
He felt both personally
and politically betrayed.
263
00:15:56,997 --> 00:16:00,404
In a celebrated speech
at Osawatomie, Kansas,
264
00:16:00,434 --> 00:16:03,640
he called for a "new nationalism."
265
00:16:03,670 --> 00:16:07,611
Social justice in America,
he said, could only be achieved
266
00:16:07,641 --> 00:16:10,214
through a strong federal government
267
00:16:10,244 --> 00:16:13,751
and a president who saw
it as his duty to act as
268
00:16:13,781 --> 00:16:16,014
"the steward of the public interest."
269
00:16:18,851 --> 00:16:21,325
But William Howard
Taft's Republican party
270
00:16:21,355 --> 00:16:23,994
did not see things that way.
271
00:16:24,024 --> 00:16:27,764
It was actually a collection
of strong state parties.
272
00:16:27,794 --> 00:16:31,201
Those state parties controlled
their state legislatures,
273
00:16:31,231 --> 00:16:35,139
which were, in turn,
controlled by the interests...
274
00:16:35,169 --> 00:16:40,169
Banks in New York, timber in
Michigan, copper in Montana,
275
00:16:42,309 --> 00:16:44,543
and rail roads everywhere.
276
00:16:46,712 --> 00:16:49,186
The man who wrongly holds
that every human right
277
00:16:49,216 --> 00:16:51,922
is second to his profit
must now give way
278
00:16:51,952 --> 00:16:54,825
to the advocate of human welfare,
279
00:16:54,855 --> 00:16:57,761
who rightly maintains that
every man holds his property
280
00:16:57,791 --> 00:16:59,997
subject to the general
right of the community
281
00:17:00,027 --> 00:17:02,599
to regulate its use to whatever degree
282
00:17:02,629 --> 00:17:04,608
the public welfare may require it.
283
00:17:06,566 --> 00:17:09,773
His wife Edith saw what was coming.
284
00:17:09,803 --> 00:17:13,610
She was against her husband's
return to presidential politics.
285
00:17:13,640 --> 00:17:16,513
She was sure the old
guard would deny him
286
00:17:16,543 --> 00:17:19,183
the Republican nomination, she said,
287
00:17:19,213 --> 00:17:22,052
and could see no "possible
result which could"
288
00:17:22,082 --> 00:17:25,289
give me aught but keen regret."
289
00:17:25,319 --> 00:17:28,258
Roosevelt's old friend,
Massachusetts senator
290
00:17:28,288 --> 00:17:33,030
Henry Cabot Lodge, also
begged him to stay out of it.
291
00:17:33,060 --> 00:17:36,633
But Roosevelt was determined to run.
292
00:17:36,663 --> 00:17:40,565
7 out of 19 Republican governors
promised their support.
293
00:17:43,069 --> 00:17:45,542
Ohio Congressman Nick long worth,
294
00:17:45,572 --> 00:17:48,846
who had married TR's
rebellious daughter Alice,
295
00:17:48,876 --> 00:17:52,416
said that at the prospect
of a return to action,
296
00:17:52,446 --> 00:17:55,452
he suddenly seemed 10 years younger,
297
00:17:55,482 --> 00:17:59,518
"in such wonderful spirits,
that he behaved like a boy."
298
00:18:13,299 --> 00:18:16,173
State party machines still
picked most delegates
299
00:18:16,203 --> 00:18:18,375
to the Republican convention,
300
00:18:18,405 --> 00:18:22,913
but a dozen states would hold
direct primaries that year.
301
00:18:22,943 --> 00:18:25,349
If Roosevelt could demonstrate in those
302
00:18:25,379 --> 00:18:28,886
that voters overwhelmingly
wanted him, he reasoned,
303
00:18:28,916 --> 00:18:31,716
the bosses would be unable to resist.
304
00:18:35,254 --> 00:18:38,929
The fight went on for almost 4 months...
305
00:18:38,959 --> 00:18:42,366
Bitter, damaging, personal.
306
00:18:42,396 --> 00:18:46,603
Roosevelt called Taft a
"puzzlewit, " "a fathead, "
307
00:18:46,633 --> 00:18:50,468
"disloyal to every canon
of decency and fair play."
308
00:18:52,572 --> 00:18:56,146
"Once Roosevelt gets into a fight,
" one friend explained,
309
00:18:56,176 --> 00:19:01,046
"he is completely dominated by the
desire to destroy his adversary."
310
00:19:03,316 --> 00:19:04,556
Taft is desolate.
311
00:19:05,985 --> 00:19:08,792
He can't believe that this
friendship has been destroyed.
312
00:19:08,822 --> 00:19:11,195
It's inexpressibly sad.
313
00:19:11,225 --> 00:19:12,830
It means more to him
to lose the friendship
314
00:19:12,860 --> 00:19:14,578
than to lose the presidency.
315
00:19:15,628 --> 00:19:18,101
"I don't want to fight, " Taft said.
316
00:19:18,131 --> 00:19:20,771
"But when I do fight,
I want to hit hard.
317
00:19:20,801 --> 00:19:24,041
Even a rat in a corner will fight."
318
00:19:24,071 --> 00:19:28,045
He denounced Roosevelt as
a "freak", a "demagogue, "
319
00:19:28,075 --> 00:19:32,077
"the most dangerous man we have had
in this country since its origin."
320
00:19:33,846 --> 00:19:35,520
But his heart wasn't in it.
321
00:19:37,316 --> 00:19:39,089
One evening, a reporter came upon
322
00:19:39,119 --> 00:19:42,693
an exhausted Taft aboard his train.
323
00:19:42,723 --> 00:19:46,530
"Roosevelt was my closest friend,
" the president said,
324
00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:47,843
and began to weep.
325
00:19:50,196 --> 00:19:52,102
When the primary season ended,
326
00:19:52,132 --> 00:19:55,005
Roosevelt had captured 9 states...
327
00:19:55,035 --> 00:19:59,142
Including Taft's own home state of Ohio.
328
00:19:59,172 --> 00:20:03,074
It was clear that most
Republican Voters wanted change.
329
00:20:05,378 --> 00:20:07,684
But just as Edith had predicted,
330
00:20:07,714 --> 00:20:11,288
when the party met in the
Chicago coliseum in June,
331
00:20:11,318 --> 00:20:15,659
the old guard regulars in
charge were immovable.
332
00:20:15,689 --> 00:20:20,689
They awarded all but 19 of the
254 contested delegates to Taft.
333
00:20:22,896 --> 00:20:26,770
Roosevelt declared he was being
robbed and told his followers
334
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:31,008
not to bother sitting
through the roll call.
335
00:20:31,038 --> 00:20:32,876
They walked out.
336
00:20:32,906 --> 00:20:36,580
"The parting of the ways
has come, " Roosevelt said.
337
00:20:36,610 --> 00:20:40,417
The Republican party must stand
"for the rights of humanity
338
00:20:40,447 --> 00:20:43,315
or else it must stand
for special privilege."
339
00:20:47,153 --> 00:20:50,255
The next day, he appeared
before his supporters.
340
00:20:52,091 --> 00:20:54,464
The victory shall be ours,
341
00:20:54,494 --> 00:20:55,499
and it shall be won
342
00:20:55,529 --> 00:20:58,168
as we have already won
so many victories,
343
00:20:58,198 --> 00:21:01,566
by clean and honest fighting
for the loftiest of causes.
344
00:21:04,837 --> 00:21:08,512
We fight in honorable fashion
for the good of mankind;
345
00:21:08,542 --> 00:21:10,581
fearless of the future;
346
00:21:10,611 --> 00:21:13,250
unheeding of our individual fates;
347
00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:17,554
with unflinching hearts
and undimmed eyes.
348
00:21:17,584 --> 00:21:20,719
We stand at Armageddon,
and we battle for the lord!
349
00:21:23,323 --> 00:21:26,091
They cheered him for 45 minutes.
350
00:21:28,694 --> 00:21:31,301
If they wished to form a third party
351
00:21:31,331 --> 00:21:33,637
and have him make the fight,
he told them,
352
00:21:33,667 --> 00:21:38,667
"I will make it, even if only
one state should support me."
353
00:21:38,905 --> 00:21:41,812
Officially, his followers
would call themselves
354
00:21:41,842 --> 00:21:44,648
the progressives,
after the social policies
355
00:21:44,678 --> 00:21:47,284
they and he had championed.
356
00:21:47,314 --> 00:21:50,721
But because their candidate
had told a reporter he felt
357
00:21:50,751 --> 00:21:53,256
"as strong as a bull moose, "
358
00:21:53,286 --> 00:21:57,160
they would be remembered
as the bull moose party.
359
00:21:57,190 --> 00:22:01,760
Many of his closest friends thought
he was making a terrible mistake.
360
00:22:04,563 --> 00:22:06,370
I don't think you can
say it was a mistake
361
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:11,400
because he would have exploded from
unspent energy if he hadn't done it.
362
00:22:13,939 --> 00:22:17,314
And there's nothing wrong with
every once in a while saying
363
00:22:17,344 --> 00:22:18,715
that two parties aren't responsive
364
00:22:18,745 --> 00:22:22,219
to a rising sentiment in the country.
365
00:22:22,249 --> 00:22:25,789
The two-party system
is an excellent thing
366
00:22:25,819 --> 00:22:28,125
but it is not graven on the heart of man
367
00:22:28,155 --> 00:22:29,860
by the finger of God.
368
00:22:29,890 --> 00:22:34,231
There are occasions when a
serious politician will say
369
00:22:34,261 --> 00:22:36,633
there are serious forces in the country
370
00:22:36,663 --> 00:22:39,036
that are not being
responded to by a kind of
371
00:22:39,066 --> 00:22:43,807
political market failure,
and a third party is required.
372
00:22:43,837 --> 00:22:47,044
And for all the personal
demons that drove him,
373
00:22:47,074 --> 00:22:50,447
I think it's fair to say that
Teddy Roosevelt also had
374
00:22:50,477 --> 00:22:52,717
a public spirit that caused him to move.
375
00:22:54,513 --> 00:22:57,688
TR as a student of
Lincoln's career knows that
376
00:22:57,718 --> 00:22:59,589
the Republican party was just invented
377
00:22:59,619 --> 00:23:03,160
as this strange third party in 1854.
378
00:23:03,190 --> 00:23:07,164
And if you could do that to
meet the needs of the 1850s,
379
00:23:07,194 --> 00:23:09,733
why couldn't you do it in 1912,
380
00:23:09,763 --> 00:23:14,037
because he said, "the two
main parties are husks."
381
00:23:14,067 --> 00:23:18,542
Neither party was really
addressing modern industrial life.
382
00:23:18,572 --> 00:23:22,913
Both parties were, were stalling
and they are stuck with,
383
00:23:22,943 --> 00:23:27,517
you know, party bosses and the
issues of a past generation.
384
00:23:27,547 --> 00:23:30,320
A third party was needed to bring
385
00:23:30,350 --> 00:23:32,416
the crucial issues to the forefront.
386
00:23:34,086 --> 00:23:35,673
Roosevelt's blood was up.
387
00:23:37,723 --> 00:23:40,230
He championed positions far more radical
388
00:23:40,260 --> 00:23:43,166
than any he had espoused before,
389
00:23:43,196 --> 00:23:45,936
positions that had been
put forward for decades
390
00:23:45,966 --> 00:23:49,606
by Americans who felt left out.
391
00:23:49,636 --> 00:23:51,908
The progressive platform recognized
392
00:23:51,938 --> 00:23:56,938
a woman's right to vote and
labor's right to organize;
393
00:23:57,177 --> 00:23:59,816
promised to curtail campaign spending
394
00:23:59,846 --> 00:24:02,853
and defend natural resources;
395
00:24:02,883 --> 00:24:07,883
limit the work day to 8 hours
and the work week to 6 days;
396
00:24:08,922 --> 00:24:11,294
and to provide federal insurance
397
00:24:11,324 --> 00:24:15,666
for the elderly,
the jobless, and the sick.
398
00:24:15,696 --> 00:24:18,635
If judges dared interfere
with the new laws,
399
00:24:18,665 --> 00:24:22,539
he said, they should be
recalled by the voters.
400
00:24:22,569 --> 00:24:26,143
"When a judge decides a
Constitutional question,
401
00:24:26,173 --> 00:24:30,714
When he decides what the people
as a whole can and cannot do,
402
00:24:30,744 --> 00:24:33,440
the people should have the right
to recall that decision...
403
00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:35,547
if they think that it is wrong."
404
00:24:37,850 --> 00:24:39,790
He truly had come to believe that
405
00:24:39,820 --> 00:24:42,392
the progressive agenda
would save this country
406
00:24:42,422 --> 00:24:45,095
from a bloody social
revolution of the kind that
407
00:24:45,125 --> 00:24:49,299
would occur in Russia.
This is not political opportunism.
408
00:24:49,329 --> 00:24:52,402
He believed that the only way
to save capitalist America
409
00:24:52,432 --> 00:24:56,306
was to have a social Democratic
gradualist revolution here,
410
00:24:56,336 --> 00:24:58,709
which we call progressivism.
411
00:24:58,739 --> 00:25:01,172
This was genuine, mature ideology.
412
00:25:02,641 --> 00:25:04,750
But of course he also wanted back in.
413
00:25:06,145 --> 00:25:09,219
Roosevelt was confident
he could beat Taft,
414
00:25:09,249 --> 00:25:12,489
but his hope of defeating the
Democrats rested on their
415
00:25:12,519 --> 00:25:15,592
picking what he called "a reactionary."
416
00:25:15,622 --> 00:25:19,196
And two of the 3 leading
candidates were just the kind of
417
00:25:19,226 --> 00:25:21,259
opponents he'd hoped for.
418
00:25:23,195 --> 00:25:25,802
But after 46 exhausting ballots
419
00:25:25,832 --> 00:25:28,338
at their convention in Baltimore,
420
00:25:28,368 --> 00:25:31,241
the Democrats settled on Woodrow Wilson,
421
00:25:31,271 --> 00:25:34,478
the former president of
Princeton University
422
00:25:34,508 --> 00:25:37,714
and governor of New Jersey.
423
00:25:37,744 --> 00:25:40,851
He'd only been in politics two years,
424
00:25:40,881 --> 00:25:43,787
but he appealed to reformers
because he'd beaten
425
00:25:43,817 --> 00:25:47,624
his own party machine to
pass progressive legislation
426
00:25:47,654 --> 00:25:49,259
in his state.
427
00:25:49,289 --> 00:25:51,228
From Roosevelt's point of view,
428
00:25:51,258 --> 00:25:53,958
Wilson was the worst possible opponent.
429
00:25:55,961 --> 00:25:58,335
Nothing new is happening in politics
430
00:25:58,365 --> 00:26:02,005
except Mr. Roosevelt, who is always new,
431
00:26:02,035 --> 00:26:07,035
being bound by nothing in the
heavens above or in the earth below.
432
00:26:08,041 --> 00:26:11,848
He is now rampant and
very diligently employed
433
00:26:11,878 --> 00:26:14,985
in splitting his party wide open...
434
00:26:15,015 --> 00:26:18,622
So that we Democrats may get in.
435
00:26:18,652 --> 00:26:19,805
Woodrow Wilson.
436
00:26:26,759 --> 00:26:30,634
Dear Franklin,
I hope you will be re-elected
437
00:26:30,664 --> 00:26:34,938
because I know how honest
and fearless you are
438
00:26:34,968 --> 00:26:39,968
and that nothing will change
when you are honest and right.
439
00:26:40,140 --> 00:26:44,581
I hope the "Bull Moose"
party will endorse you.
440
00:26:44,611 --> 00:26:48,752
Of course it ought to,
to be true to its principles.
441
00:26:48,782 --> 00:26:50,032
Mama.
442
00:26:50,584 --> 00:26:54,291
For the first time,
the 1912 election would divide
443
00:26:54,321 --> 00:26:58,962
the Hyde Park Roosevelts from
their Oyster Bay cousins.
444
00:26:58,992 --> 00:27:01,998
Franklin Roosevelt could not
help but admire the battle
445
00:27:02,028 --> 00:27:04,568
Theodore Roosevelt was waging.
446
00:27:04,598 --> 00:27:08,605
"It is indeed a marvelous thing,
" he told an old friend.
447
00:27:08,635 --> 00:27:12,676
But he was already enlisted
in the opposing army.
448
00:27:12,706 --> 00:27:15,679
Long before the bull
moose party was created,
449
00:27:15,709 --> 00:27:18,676
he had been a vocal
supporter of Woodrow Wilson.
450
00:27:19,979 --> 00:27:23,620
Eleanor remained of two minds.
451
00:27:23,650 --> 00:27:26,623
Franklin is well satisfied
452
00:27:26,653 --> 00:27:29,392
with Mr. Wilson's nomination.
453
00:27:29,422 --> 00:27:34,422
But I wish Franklin could be
fighting now for Uncle Ted,
454
00:27:34,494 --> 00:27:38,096
for I feel he is in the
party of the future.
455
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:43,773
Franklin would be unable
to fight for himself
456
00:27:43,803 --> 00:27:46,209
or anyone else that fall.
457
00:27:46,239 --> 00:27:49,146
He was up for re-election
to the State Senate
458
00:27:49,176 --> 00:27:53,283
but he and Eleanor had both
come down with typhoid fever
459
00:27:53,313 --> 00:27:57,754
and were confined to their
house on East 65th Street.
460
00:27:57,784 --> 00:28:00,485
Luck brought him an able stand-in.
461
00:28:02,354 --> 00:28:05,095
That fall, the same Red Maxwell
462
00:28:05,125 --> 00:28:07,130
that had introduced Franklin Roosevelt
463
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:09,966
to his constituents two years earlier
464
00:28:09,996 --> 00:28:13,770
prowled dutchess county
again in search of votes...
465
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:15,739
But this time it was carrying
466
00:28:15,769 --> 00:28:18,875
a very different kind of passenger.
467
00:28:18,905 --> 00:28:23,113
Louis McHenry Howe was a
veteran Albany newspaperman,
468
00:28:23,143 --> 00:28:24,948
gruff and diminutive,
469
00:28:24,978 --> 00:28:27,884
chain-smoking and so famously homely
470
00:28:27,914 --> 00:28:31,516
he sometimes called himself
a "medieval gnome."
471
00:28:32,918 --> 00:28:35,759
Louis Howe is a marvelous character.
472
00:28:35,789 --> 00:28:39,796
He was a little, tiny, hideous man.
473
00:28:39,826 --> 00:28:42,666
He sort of gloried in being ugly.
474
00:28:42,696 --> 00:28:46,736
He smoked like a chimney
and was covered with ashes.
475
00:28:46,766 --> 00:28:48,805
He never stopped talking.
476
00:28:48,835 --> 00:28:51,708
And the Roosevelt children hated him.
477
00:28:51,738 --> 00:28:55,779
Howe loved politics and
political maneuvering,
478
00:28:55,809 --> 00:28:59,983
was drawn to power but knew he
could never win it for himself,
479
00:29:00,013 --> 00:29:02,586
and saw that the closest
he could ever get
480
00:29:02,616 --> 00:29:04,821
was to make himself indispensable
481
00:29:04,851 --> 00:29:07,624
to young Franklin Roosevelt.
482
00:29:07,654 --> 00:29:11,094
He latched on to Franklin
Roosevelt and he was
483
00:29:11,124 --> 00:29:14,831
able to tell Roosevelt
when he was wrong.
484
00:29:14,861 --> 00:29:16,166
He was really the only person
485
00:29:16,196 --> 00:29:18,501
who ever could do that consistently.
486
00:29:18,531 --> 00:29:21,597
"You're a damn fool, Franklin.
Don't think of doing that."
487
00:29:22,735 --> 00:29:25,275
When he met him in 1911,
488
00:29:25,305 --> 00:29:29,279
he actually put aside a bottle of Sherry
489
00:29:29,309 --> 00:29:32,115
and said that he would open it
490
00:29:32,145 --> 00:29:34,317
after Roosevelt became president.
491
00:29:34,347 --> 00:29:36,453
And he decided when no one else
492
00:29:36,483 --> 00:29:38,588
in his right mind would have thought so,
493
00:29:38,618 --> 00:29:40,357
except possibly Roosevelt, that
494
00:29:40,387 --> 00:29:44,995
he should be president
of the United States
495
00:29:45,025 --> 00:29:47,731
He had already begun to
address his employer,
496
00:29:47,761 --> 00:29:52,230
only partly joking, as "beloved
and revered future president."
497
00:29:55,768 --> 00:29:58,842
Howe crisscrossed Roosevelt's district.
498
00:29:58,872 --> 00:30:00,977
He shook hundreds of hands,
499
00:30:01,007 --> 00:30:04,948
promised jobs on behalf of the
candidate wherever he could,
500
00:30:04,978 --> 00:30:07,884
and introduced a shrewd innovation...
501
00:30:07,914 --> 00:30:12,289
Mimeographed "personalized"
letters to farmers, fishermen,
502
00:30:12,319 --> 00:30:16,760
and apple growers, promising
each group special legislation.
503
00:30:16,790 --> 00:30:20,664
And he placed newspaper ads
denouncing Republican bosses
504
00:30:20,694 --> 00:30:24,701
and promising support
for woman suffrage.
505
00:30:24,731 --> 00:30:29,105
Dear Mr. Roosevelt,
here is your first ad.
506
00:30:29,135 --> 00:30:30,473
As I have pledged you in it
507
00:30:30,503 --> 00:30:32,609
I thought you might
like to know casually
508
00:30:32,639 --> 00:30:35,912
what kind of a mess I
was getting you into.
509
00:30:35,942 --> 00:30:39,215
Please wire ok, if it's all right.
510
00:30:39,245 --> 00:30:41,612
Your slave and servant, Howe.
511
00:30:45,217 --> 00:30:47,357
What a miserable showing
some of the so-called
512
00:30:47,387 --> 00:30:49,793
progressive leaders have made.
513
00:30:49,823 --> 00:30:53,296
They represent nothing
but sound and fury.
514
00:30:53,326 --> 00:30:56,866
The minute they were up against
deeds instead of words,
515
00:30:56,896 --> 00:30:59,536
they quit forthwith.
516
00:30:59,566 --> 00:31:01,738
From the first, Theodore Roosevelt's
517
00:31:01,768 --> 00:31:04,269
third party campaign was crippled.
518
00:31:06,805 --> 00:31:09,646
Many of those who had urged
him to challenge Taft...
519
00:31:09,676 --> 00:31:13,016
Including 5 of the 7
Republican governors...
520
00:31:13,046 --> 00:31:16,353
Backed off when he became a Bull Moose.
521
00:31:16,383 --> 00:31:20,757
Those who did rally to him
were devoted but disorganized
522
00:31:20,787 --> 00:31:22,787
and often amateurish.
523
00:31:25,324 --> 00:31:28,898
Taft mostly stayed off
the campaign trail,
524
00:31:28,928 --> 00:31:31,901
convinced his cause was hopeless,
525
00:31:31,931 --> 00:31:34,938
but he issued statements
denouncing what he saw as
526
00:31:34,968 --> 00:31:38,108
Roosevelt's dangerous radicalism.
527
00:31:38,138 --> 00:31:41,845
"One who so lightly regards
Constitutional principles,
528
00:31:41,875 --> 00:31:44,981
and especially the
independence of the judiciary"
529
00:31:45,011 --> 00:31:49,019
was unfit for the presidency,
he said, adding,
530
00:31:49,049 --> 00:31:51,721
"I say this sorrowfully, but I say it
531
00:31:51,751 --> 00:31:53,730
with the conviction of the truth."
532
00:32:02,494 --> 00:32:07,304
Roosevelt and Wilson each
traveled the country by train...
533
00:32:07,334 --> 00:32:11,941
And TR sometimes delivered 30
whistle-stop speeches a day,
534
00:32:11,971 --> 00:32:15,812
shadow-boxing through the
caboose to maintain his energy
535
00:32:15,842 --> 00:32:19,115
before stepping out onto the platform.
536
00:32:19,145 --> 00:32:22,919
Again and again, he denounced
his Democratic opponent
537
00:32:22,949 --> 00:32:25,922
as a secret advocate of state's rights,
538
00:32:25,952 --> 00:32:29,292
a false progressive
masquerading as a friend of
539
00:32:29,322 --> 00:32:32,128
strong federal government.
540
00:32:32,158 --> 00:32:35,832
Both candidates actually
agreed with Wilson's view that
541
00:32:35,862 --> 00:32:39,469
"the president is at liberty
in both law and conscience
542
00:32:39,499 --> 00:32:41,671
to be as big as he can, "
543
00:32:41,701 --> 00:32:45,575
and both men lashed out at the
giant trusts and monopolies
544
00:32:45,605 --> 00:32:46,971
at every stop.
545
00:32:49,074 --> 00:32:51,314
But Roosevelt's "new nationalism"
546
00:32:51,344 --> 00:32:54,017
called only for their regulation,
547
00:32:54,047 --> 00:32:57,787
while Wilson's "new freedom"
seemed to suggest that
548
00:32:57,817 --> 00:32:59,751
he would actually break them up.
549
00:33:05,758 --> 00:33:09,432
In my dream, I saw President McKinley
550
00:33:09,462 --> 00:33:11,334
sit up in his coffin
551
00:33:11,364 --> 00:33:14,170
pointing at a man in monk's attire
552
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:18,708
in whom I recognized Theodore Roosevelt.
553
00:33:18,738 --> 00:33:23,279
The dead president said,
"this is my murderer,
554
00:33:23,309 --> 00:33:24,675
avenge my death."
555
00:33:27,045 --> 00:33:29,686
On the evening of October 14,
556
00:33:29,716 --> 00:33:32,155
Theodore Roosevelt was in Milwaukee
557
00:33:32,185 --> 00:33:34,257
standing in his open automobile
558
00:33:34,287 --> 00:33:37,293
in front of the gilpatric hotel,
559
00:33:37,323 --> 00:33:39,157
waving his hat to the crowd.
560
00:33:41,627 --> 00:33:45,268
A delusional German immigrant
named John Schrank,
561
00:33:45,298 --> 00:33:50,298
standing just 7 feet away,
aimed a pistol at his chest.
562
00:33:51,104 --> 00:33:53,743
He had been stalking
Roosevelt for a month,
563
00:33:53,773 --> 00:33:58,743
convinced the ghost of William
McKinley was directing his hand.
564
00:34:04,883 --> 00:34:08,758
The bullet passed through the
ex-president's spectacles case
565
00:34:08,788 --> 00:34:11,828
and the folded 50-page speech behind it,
566
00:34:11,858 --> 00:34:16,533
smashed through his chest wall,
and lodged in a splintered rib
567
00:34:16,563 --> 00:34:19,107
less than a quarter of
an inch from his heart.
568
00:34:23,102 --> 00:34:26,509
Roosevelt dabbed at his mouth,
found no blood,
569
00:34:26,539 --> 00:34:30,046
and concluded his lungs were undamaged.
570
00:34:30,076 --> 00:34:35,076
He insisted on delivering his
speech despite his wound.
571
00:34:35,115 --> 00:34:39,322
"I did not care a rap for being shot,
" he later told a friend.
572
00:34:39,352 --> 00:34:44,352
"It is a trade risk which every prominent
man should accept as a matter of course."
573
00:34:46,459 --> 00:34:47,897
Friends, I shall ask you to be
574
00:34:47,927 --> 00:34:50,400
as quiet as possible.
575
00:34:50,430 --> 00:34:52,102
I don't know whether
you fully understand
576
00:34:52,132 --> 00:34:54,804
that I have just been shot.
577
00:34:54,834 --> 00:34:56,806
There is where the bullet went through.
578
00:34:56,836 --> 00:34:59,909
He showed the crowd his
mangled glasses case,
579
00:34:59,939 --> 00:35:04,614
unbuttoned his jacket so that
they could see his bloody shirt.
580
00:35:04,644 --> 00:35:06,216
The bullet is in me now,
581
00:35:06,246 --> 00:35:09,619
so that I cannot make
a very long speech,
582
00:35:09,649 --> 00:35:12,283
but I will try my best.
583
00:35:15,020 --> 00:35:18,728
And now, friends,
this effort to assassinate me
584
00:35:18,758 --> 00:35:23,633
emphasizes to a peculiar degree the
need of the progressive movement.
585
00:35:23,663 --> 00:35:24,901
Every good citizen...
586
00:35:24,931 --> 00:35:27,604
His whole heart and soul
was in this struggle,
587
00:35:27,634 --> 00:35:28,905
he said.
588
00:35:28,935 --> 00:35:31,141
"What we progressives e trying to do
589
00:35:31,171 --> 00:35:33,810
"is to enroll rich and poor,
590
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:36,713
to stand together for the
most elementary rights
591
00:35:36,743 --> 00:35:38,781
of good citizenship."
592
00:35:38,811 --> 00:35:41,818
"Mr. Wilson has distinctly
committed himself
593
00:35:41,848 --> 00:35:44,687
"to the old flintlock,
muzzle-loaded doctrine
594
00:35:44,717 --> 00:35:46,856
"of states' rights.
595
00:35:46,886 --> 00:35:49,387
We are for the people's rights."
596
00:35:51,023 --> 00:35:53,863
Pale and sometimes
swaying at the podium,
597
00:35:53,893 --> 00:35:56,399
he went on for more than an hour
598
00:35:56,429 --> 00:35:58,835
before his aides could get him to stop
599
00:35:58,865 --> 00:36:01,671
and agree to go to the hospital.
600
00:36:01,701 --> 00:36:04,207
The news spread fast.
601
00:36:04,237 --> 00:36:08,545
Edith Roosevelt heard it while
attending the theater in New York.
602
00:36:08,575 --> 00:36:12,182
He sent her a telegram
urging her to stay home.
603
00:36:12,212 --> 00:36:15,618
He'd been far more seriously
injured falling off horses,
604
00:36:15,648 --> 00:36:17,153
he said.
605
00:36:17,183 --> 00:36:19,489
But she hurried west, anyway;
606
00:36:19,519 --> 00:36:21,191
assurances like that had been made
607
00:36:21,221 --> 00:36:24,360
about William McKinley, too.
608
00:36:24,390 --> 00:36:28,465
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt,
still recovering from typhoid,
609
00:36:28,495 --> 00:36:31,601
anxiously telephoned "the
New York Times" that evening
610
00:36:31,631 --> 00:36:35,438
to get the latest bulletins
on his condition.
611
00:36:35,468 --> 00:36:39,142
The ex-president's sons
hurried to his side.
612
00:36:39,172 --> 00:36:42,946
Woodrow Wilson suspended his campaign.
613
00:36:42,976 --> 00:36:47,450
Even Roosevelt's enemies were
impressed by his courage.
614
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:50,653
No one should vote for him
simply because he'd been shot,
615
00:36:50,683 --> 00:36:53,056
the editor of "Collier's" wrote,
616
00:36:53,086 --> 00:36:56,292
"but no amount of argument,
no amount of reflection
617
00:36:56,322 --> 00:36:58,261
"concentrated in many months,
618
00:36:58,291 --> 00:37:01,831
"could have influenced as many
Americans as were stirred
619
00:37:01,861 --> 00:37:03,761
by the shot of a madman."
620
00:37:06,398 --> 00:37:09,639
He was out of action and
under his wife's strict care
621
00:37:09,669 --> 00:37:12,509
for almost two weeks.
622
00:37:12,539 --> 00:37:16,346
"This thing about ours being
a campaign against boss rule
623
00:37:16,376 --> 00:37:20,283
"is a fake, " Roosevelt
joked to a reporter.
624
00:37:20,313 --> 00:37:23,247
"I was never so boss-ruled in my life."
625
00:37:26,351 --> 00:37:30,288
The former president made one more
campaign appearance in Manhattan.
626
00:37:32,624 --> 00:37:34,931
At the sight of him, moving slowly
627
00:37:34,961 --> 00:37:37,800
and still unable to raise his right arm,
628
00:37:37,830 --> 00:37:40,565
the crowd cheered for 43 minutes.
629
00:37:43,268 --> 00:37:45,464
He believed he would win, he told them.
630
00:37:47,072 --> 00:37:50,513
But win or lose,
I am glad beyond measure
631
00:37:50,543 --> 00:37:52,982
that I am one of the
many who in this fight
632
00:37:53,012 --> 00:37:56,486
have stood ready to spend and be spent,
633
00:37:56,516 --> 00:37:59,856
pledged to fight while
life lasts the great fight
634
00:37:59,886 --> 00:38:02,258
for righteousness and for brotherhood
635
00:38:02,288 --> 00:38:04,255
and for the welfare of mankind.
636
00:38:07,893 --> 00:38:10,733
On election day, Roosevelt cast his vote
637
00:38:10,763 --> 00:38:13,169
at the Oyster Bay firehouse,
638
00:38:13,199 --> 00:38:17,207
then stood aside as first his
chauffeur and then his valet
639
00:38:17,237 --> 00:38:20,410
stepped into the same voting booth.
640
00:38:20,440 --> 00:38:23,908
He waited for the returns that
evening at Sagamore Hill.
641
00:38:26,979 --> 00:38:30,053
Roosevelt easily beat Taft.
642
00:38:30,083 --> 00:38:34,518
But his entry into the race had
ensured a Democratic victory.
643
00:38:36,555 --> 00:38:38,628
Woodrow Wilson won the presidency
644
00:38:38,658 --> 00:38:41,197
with only 42% of the vote,
645
00:38:41,227 --> 00:38:45,235
and his party gained control of
both the senate and the house
646
00:38:45,265 --> 00:38:48,132
for the first time in
almost two decades.
647
00:38:50,035 --> 00:38:51,774
There is no use disguising the fact that
648
00:38:51,804 --> 00:38:55,278
the defeat at the polls is overwhelming.
649
00:38:55,308 --> 00:38:58,314
I had expected defeat,
but I had expected
650
00:38:58,344 --> 00:39:01,184
that we would make a better showing.
651
00:39:01,214 --> 00:39:04,106
I try not to think of the
damage to myself personally.
652
00:39:05,450 --> 00:39:08,024
He was so used to being
popular and loved
653
00:39:08,054 --> 00:39:10,187
and then he's suddenly a pariah.
654
00:39:11,556 --> 00:39:13,696
Alice used to say that
there is a melancholy
655
00:39:13,726 --> 00:39:16,733
that ran through the Roosevelt family.
656
00:39:16,763 --> 00:39:19,068
And he had it throughout his whole life
657
00:39:19,098 --> 00:39:21,666
but he had always had
a way to fight it off.
658
00:39:22,701 --> 00:39:25,542
But he fell into a depression.
659
00:39:25,572 --> 00:39:27,043
He just sort of closed himself in
660
00:39:27,073 --> 00:39:29,579
and they had to call a family doctor.
661
00:39:29,609 --> 00:39:32,448
They were very concerned about him.
662
00:39:32,478 --> 00:39:34,617
He was surprised by the defeat
663
00:39:34,647 --> 00:39:36,853
but also by the enormity of the defeat.
664
00:39:36,883 --> 00:39:40,089
I mean, he had, he had lost by quite
a bit and just hadn't expected it.
665
00:39:40,119 --> 00:39:42,992
I mean, he's, Theodore
Roosevelt doesn't lose.
666
00:39:43,022 --> 00:39:45,795
"I cannot bear to have father beaten, "
667
00:39:45,825 --> 00:39:49,232
Edith confided to her
diary at Sagamore Hill.
668
00:39:49,262 --> 00:39:51,901
"It makes me so choke
when I think of father
669
00:39:51,931 --> 00:39:53,970
almost being assassinated
670
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:58,041
and the people being such cold fishes."
671
00:39:58,071 --> 00:40:00,510
He was brave about it in public
672
00:40:00,540 --> 00:40:03,746
and quite sad about it in private.
673
00:40:03,776 --> 00:40:08,051
Mrs. Roosevelt wrote one of
the children who was away
674
00:40:08,081 --> 00:40:10,653
that "father spends
more time on horseback"
675
00:40:10,683 --> 00:40:12,817
than I have ever known him to do."
676
00:40:24,029 --> 00:40:27,470
On the same day Theodore
Roosevelt was defeated,
677
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:32,008
Franklin Roosevelt was easily
re-elected to the State Senate,
678
00:40:32,038 --> 00:40:35,606
thanks largely to the
political skill of Louis Howe.
679
00:40:37,609 --> 00:40:39,215
Recovered from their illness,
680
00:40:39,245 --> 00:40:41,517
Franklin and Eleanor went to Washington
681
00:40:41,547 --> 00:40:44,220
for Woodrow Wilson's inauguration,
682
00:40:44,250 --> 00:40:48,091
where Josephus Daniels,
the new secretary of the Navy,
683
00:40:48,121 --> 00:40:50,693
sought Franklin out.
684
00:40:50,723 --> 00:40:52,795
Roosevelt had been an early supporter
685
00:40:52,825 --> 00:40:55,331
of the new Democratic president.
686
00:40:55,361 --> 00:40:57,800
He had a reputation as a reformer.
687
00:40:57,830 --> 00:41:01,504
He had a life-long interest
in sailing and the sea.
688
00:41:01,534 --> 00:41:06,476
And, most important, he bore
the country's most famous name.
689
00:41:06,506 --> 00:41:08,311
"How would you like
to come to Washington
690
00:41:08,341 --> 00:41:11,647
as assistant secretary?" Daniels asked.
691
00:41:11,677 --> 00:41:16,052
He was offering him Theodore
Roosevelt's old job.
692
00:41:16,082 --> 00:41:18,482
"I'd like it bully well!" Franklin said.
693
00:41:20,652 --> 00:41:24,327
Oyster Bay, March 18, 1913.
694
00:41:24,357 --> 00:41:27,797
I was very much pleased
that you were appointed
695
00:41:27,827 --> 00:41:30,700
as assistant secretary of the Navy.
696
00:41:30,730 --> 00:41:33,002
It is interesting to see that
you are at another place
697
00:41:33,032 --> 00:41:35,838
which I myself once held.
698
00:41:35,868 --> 00:41:38,474
I am sure you will enjoy
yourself to the full
699
00:41:38,504 --> 00:41:40,376
as assistant secretary and that
700
00:41:40,406 --> 00:41:41,993
you will do capital work.
701
00:41:43,342 --> 00:41:46,349
New York Democratic bosses
were as glad to see
702
00:41:46,379 --> 00:41:49,252
Franklin leave the State
Senate for Washington
703
00:41:49,282 --> 00:41:52,922
as Republican bosses had been
to see Theodore Roosevelt
704
00:41:52,952 --> 00:41:57,360
run for vice president 14 years before.
705
00:41:57,390 --> 00:42:00,263
Franklin Roosevelt was just 31,
706
00:42:00,293 --> 00:42:04,233
the youngest assistant secretary
of the Navy in history,
707
00:42:04,263 --> 00:42:07,437
7 years younger than
Theodore Roosevelt had been
708
00:42:07,467 --> 00:42:10,606
when he first sat at the same desk,
709
00:42:10,636 --> 00:42:13,042
so young and so young-looking
710
00:42:13,072 --> 00:42:15,878
that a dinner companion
who didn't catch his name
711
00:42:15,908 --> 00:42:19,610
thought him a "naughty little boy,
just out of college."
712
00:42:22,013 --> 00:42:25,755
He and his new boss seemed
hopelessly mismatched.
713
00:42:25,785 --> 00:42:29,725
The new assistant secretary had
attended Groton and Harvard,
714
00:42:29,755 --> 00:42:32,228
learned to sail aboard
his father's yacht,
715
00:42:32,258 --> 00:42:33,963
and, like his cousin Theodore,
716
00:42:33,993 --> 00:42:38,134
believed in a strong
defense and a big Navy.
717
00:42:38,164 --> 00:42:42,205
Josephus Daniels was a newspaper
editor from North Carolina
718
00:42:42,235 --> 00:42:44,607
who called battleships "boats, "
719
00:42:44,637 --> 00:42:47,043
seemed most concerned with banning wine
720
00:42:47,073 --> 00:42:50,012
from officers' messes
throughout the fleet,
721
00:42:50,042 --> 00:42:53,516
and was a close ally of
Wilson's secretary of state
722
00:42:53,546 --> 00:42:55,551
William Jennings Bryan,
723
00:42:55,581 --> 00:42:58,855
who believed strong
defenses were a provocation
724
00:42:58,885 --> 00:43:01,124
and promised that the United States
725
00:43:01,154 --> 00:43:04,188
would never go to war on his watch.
726
00:43:07,059 --> 00:43:09,932
Not long after Franklin
took up his new duties,
727
00:43:09,962 --> 00:43:12,668
his boss went off on an inspection tour,
728
00:43:12,698 --> 00:43:15,538
leaving him in charge.
729
00:43:15,568 --> 00:43:17,573
"There's a Roosevelt on the job today, "
730
00:43:17,603 --> 00:43:19,509
Franklin told a reporter.
731
00:43:19,539 --> 00:43:21,477
"You remember what
happened the last time
732
00:43:21,507 --> 00:43:25,081
a Roosevelt occupied
a similar position?"
733
00:43:25,111 --> 00:43:28,112
What had happened was the
Spanish-American war.
734
00:43:29,514 --> 00:43:31,754
Eleanor, sensitive to any feeling
735
00:43:31,784 --> 00:43:34,057
among her Oyster Bay relatives
736
00:43:34,087 --> 00:43:36,893
that she and Franklin might
unfairly be exploiting
737
00:43:36,923 --> 00:43:40,563
their link with Theodore
Roosevelt, was appalled.
738
00:43:40,593 --> 00:43:44,200
It was a "horrid little remark,
" she told her husband.
739
00:43:44,230 --> 00:43:47,437
Franklin did not apologize.
740
00:43:47,467 --> 00:43:50,907
Secretary Daniels had
already noted in his diary
741
00:43:50,937 --> 00:43:54,477
that Franklin's "distinguished
cousin TR went from
742
00:43:54,507 --> 00:43:57,713
the Navy department to the presidency.
743
00:43:57,743 --> 00:44:01,517
May history repeat itself,
" Daniels said.
744
00:44:01,547 --> 00:44:04,887
Franklin could not have agreed more.
745
00:44:04,917 --> 00:44:09,917
He and Eleanor rented Theodore Roosevelt's
sister Bamie's home at 1733 N Street.
746
00:44:12,325 --> 00:44:16,232
TR had spent the first few
nights of his presidency there
747
00:44:16,262 --> 00:44:18,968
and afterwards had walked there so often
748
00:44:18,998 --> 00:44:21,871
to talk things over
with his shrewd sister
749
00:44:21,901 --> 00:44:25,374
that the press called it
the "Little White House."
750
00:44:25,404 --> 00:44:28,511
It would be Franklin Roosevelt's
headquarters for the next
751
00:44:28,541 --> 00:44:32,615
several crowded, frenetic years.
752
00:44:32,645 --> 00:44:37,645
Eleanor brought to it all the organizational
skills she'd learned in Albany,
753
00:44:38,050 --> 00:44:41,157
seeing to the needs of
her growing household,
754
00:44:41,187 --> 00:44:44,026
entertaining her uncle's old friends,
755
00:44:44,056 --> 00:44:47,497
getting to know new people
from all over the country,
756
00:44:47,527 --> 00:44:51,734
who might be helpful to
her husband's ambitions.
757
00:44:51,764 --> 00:44:55,671
My calls began in the autumn of 1914
758
00:44:55,701 --> 00:45:00,701
under poor auspices,
for I was feeling miserable again,
759
00:45:00,873 --> 00:45:03,846
as another baby was coming along.
760
00:45:03,876 --> 00:45:08,876
Somehow or other I made my
rounds every afternoon,
761
00:45:08,948 --> 00:45:13,948
and from 10 to 30 calls were checked
off on my list day after day.
762
00:45:15,455 --> 00:45:20,163
Mondays, the wives of the
justices of the supreme court;
763
00:45:20,193 --> 00:45:23,533
Tuesdays, the members of Congress.
764
00:45:23,563 --> 00:45:26,602
Franklin's official
duties at the department
765
00:45:26,632 --> 00:45:30,339
included procurement,
budgets, and overseeing
766
00:45:30,369 --> 00:45:35,178
the 65,000 civilians who
worked in the Navy yards.
767
00:45:35,208 --> 00:45:37,880
But he was not content with that.
768
00:45:37,910 --> 00:45:41,217
"I get my fingers into about
everything, " he said,
769
00:45:41,247 --> 00:45:43,280
"and there's no law against it."
770
00:45:45,150 --> 00:45:48,624
Louis Howe guarded the
home-like outer office,
771
00:45:48,654 --> 00:45:53,563
seeing to details, screening
admirals and ordinary visitors
772
00:45:53,593 --> 00:45:58,593
with the same brusque air,
and always making sure the press
773
00:45:58,864 --> 00:46:00,698
heard what his boss was doing.
774
00:46:01,967 --> 00:46:04,974
When Franklin is assistant
secretary of the Navy,
775
00:46:05,004 --> 00:46:07,643
as Theodore was, he first is
776
00:46:07,673 --> 00:46:11,614
associating with his prep school chums
777
00:46:11,644 --> 00:46:15,218
and various people from his social
class who he, he meets with.
778
00:46:15,248 --> 00:46:18,921
And as time goes on he,
he ends up spending more time
779
00:46:18,951 --> 00:46:23,951
with labor leaders,
ship-builders, ordinary people
780
00:46:24,891 --> 00:46:27,597
who made something of themselves.
781
00:46:27,627 --> 00:46:31,567
He started to realize the folks
who actually got things done,
782
00:46:31,597 --> 00:46:33,364
made things happen.
783
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:38,307
Franklin reveled in the
trappings of his new job.
784
00:46:38,337 --> 00:46:42,745
17 guns greeted him whenever
he stepped aboard a ship.
785
00:46:42,775 --> 00:46:46,082
He affected a Navy cape
and designed an official
786
00:46:46,112 --> 00:46:49,819
assistant secretary's flag for himself.
787
00:46:49,849 --> 00:46:51,053
And whenever he could get away
788
00:46:51,083 --> 00:46:53,756
to his summer home on Campobello Island,
789
00:46:53,786 --> 00:46:56,859
he liked to come and go by destroyer,
790
00:46:56,889 --> 00:46:59,295
guiding the big warship
through the narrows
791
00:46:59,325 --> 00:47:02,565
with his own sure hand at the wheel.
792
00:47:02,595 --> 00:47:06,269
When it came time for the 10th
reunion of his Harvard class,
793
00:47:06,299 --> 00:47:10,034
he arranged to have it held on
the deck of the USS "Palmer."
794
00:47:11,803 --> 00:47:13,843
At lunch on the second day,
795
00:47:13,873 --> 00:47:17,013
Franklin made his grand entrance.
796
00:47:17,043 --> 00:47:20,383
He had that characteristic
way of throwing his head back
797
00:47:20,413 --> 00:47:22,752
and saying, "how are you, Jack?"
798
00:47:22,782 --> 00:47:24,754
"How are you, waiter?"
799
00:47:24,784 --> 00:47:27,089
I know I had the feeling, "hell, Frank",
800
00:47:27,119 --> 00:47:29,859
"you can't put on all
that stuff with us.
801
00:47:29,889 --> 00:47:32,061
We knew you from the old days!"
802
00:47:32,091 --> 00:47:35,526
Walter Sachs, Harvard, class of 1904.
803
00:47:41,266 --> 00:47:45,741
On February 27, 1914,
shortly after midday,
804
00:47:45,771 --> 00:47:50,771
we started down the river
of doubt into the unknown.
805
00:47:50,977 --> 00:47:52,448
The lofty and matted forest
806
00:47:52,478 --> 00:47:56,319
rose like a green wall on either hand.
807
00:47:56,349 --> 00:47:59,355
The trees were stately and beautiful,
808
00:47:59,385 --> 00:48:03,087
the looped and twisted vines
hung from them like great ropes.
809
00:48:07,359 --> 00:48:09,532
After Theodore Roosevelt's defeat
810
00:48:09,562 --> 00:48:13,703
as the progressive party's
candidate for president in 1912,
811
00:48:13,733 --> 00:48:16,472
he undertook another great adventure...
812
00:48:16,502 --> 00:48:20,710
An expedition into the Amazon
rainforest to chart the course
813
00:48:20,740 --> 00:48:24,080
of a newly discovered jungle waterway.
814
00:48:24,110 --> 00:48:27,350
The expedition's leader
was Candido Rodon,
815
00:48:27,380 --> 00:48:30,586
the Brazilian explorer who
had discovered its headwaters
816
00:48:30,616 --> 00:48:35,616
and given it its name... "Rio de
Duvida"... the "River of Doubt."
817
00:48:36,889 --> 00:48:39,495
No one knew where it led.
818
00:48:39,525 --> 00:48:43,966
Roosevelt's 24-year-old son
Kermit, a trained engineer,
819
00:48:43,996 --> 00:48:45,468
went with him.
820
00:48:45,498 --> 00:48:49,839
The depression he'd first
experienced as a child had deepened,
821
00:48:49,869 --> 00:48:51,807
and like his late uncle Elliott,
822
00:48:51,837 --> 00:48:54,944
he had begun drinking to obliterate it.
823
00:48:54,974 --> 00:48:58,014
His mother wanted him to
take care of his father;
824
00:48:58,044 --> 00:49:02,118
his father hoped this dangerous
mission would provide his son
825
00:49:02,148 --> 00:49:04,887
with the kind of action
that had always eased
826
00:49:04,917 --> 00:49:08,391
his own bouts of melancholy.
827
00:49:08,421 --> 00:49:12,261
The expedition was the
55-year-old Theodore Roosevelt's
828
00:49:12,291 --> 00:49:15,631
"last chance to be a boy, " he said.
829
00:49:15,661 --> 00:49:18,801
Instead it would nearly kill him...
830
00:49:18,831 --> 00:49:20,964
And turn him into an old man.
831
00:49:26,171 --> 00:49:31,171
The Roosevelt party...
22 men and 7 dugout canoes...
832
00:49:31,377 --> 00:49:34,912
Would not see another
human being for 48 days.
833
00:49:44,656 --> 00:49:47,697
Flesh-eating piranhas prowled the river;
834
00:49:47,727 --> 00:49:50,027
so did 15-foot crocodiles.
835
00:49:52,263 --> 00:49:55,971
Insects swarmed so thickly
Roosevelt had to wear
836
00:49:56,001 --> 00:49:59,709
protective gear to write
articles for "Scribner's."
837
00:49:59,739 --> 00:50:04,246
Termites ate part of his pith helmet.
838
00:50:04,276 --> 00:50:06,949
Rain fell in sheets.
839
00:50:06,979 --> 00:50:11,979
Roosevelt noted that everything
that didn't rot, rusted.
840
00:50:12,051 --> 00:50:15,291
The expedition soon ran out of food...
841
00:50:15,321 --> 00:50:19,095
And found it hard to
replenish its supply.
842
00:50:19,125 --> 00:50:23,527
The animals they expected to live
off were furtive, invisible.
843
00:50:28,718 --> 00:50:32,091
Unseen Indians of the Cinta Larga Tribe,
844
00:50:32,121 --> 00:50:34,588
who sometimes killed and ate strangers
845
00:50:34,740 --> 00:50:37,480
who dared intrude into their forest,
846
00:50:37,510 --> 00:50:42,510
stalked the party... and shot one of
the expedition's dogs full of arrows.
847
00:50:45,973 --> 00:50:47,189
These Cinta Larga watched
848
00:50:47,219 --> 00:50:49,959
Roosevelt and his men
throughout this trip.
849
00:50:49,989 --> 00:50:53,295
They would sometimes
hear them next to them;
850
00:50:53,325 --> 00:50:54,695
they never saw them.
851
00:50:56,426 --> 00:50:58,300
They would sometimes come
across their villages
852
00:50:58,330 --> 00:51:00,736
even with smoke still
rising out of fires
853
00:51:00,766 --> 00:51:03,239
that they had just put out.
854
00:51:03,269 --> 00:51:06,275
They would sometimes see footprints.
855
00:51:06,305 --> 00:51:10,112
Their dogs sensed them all the time.
856
00:51:10,142 --> 00:51:12,949
They were always barking at the woods.
857
00:51:12,979 --> 00:51:16,218
And they lived in terror.
858
00:51:16,248 --> 00:51:19,121
5 out of 7 dugout canoes were lost
859
00:51:19,151 --> 00:51:21,657
in the fast-moving water.
860
00:51:21,687 --> 00:51:24,860
New ones had to be carved
from hollowed trees
861
00:51:24,890 --> 00:51:29,226
and hauled by land around
rapids and waterfalls.
862
00:51:31,029 --> 00:51:33,397
One man was swept away by a torrent.
863
00:51:36,201 --> 00:51:40,376
Roosevelt and Kermit
both contracted malaria.
864
00:51:40,406 --> 00:51:43,479
Things got steadily worse.
865
00:51:43,509 --> 00:51:46,515
Two of their canoes were
trapped in the water.
866
00:51:46,545 --> 00:51:48,984
And Roosevelt, being Roosevelt,
867
00:51:49,014 --> 00:51:51,020
even though he's already
ill with malaria,
868
00:51:51,050 --> 00:51:52,788
he charges right into the river
869
00:51:52,818 --> 00:51:57,026
to try to free some of
these trapped canoes.
870
00:51:57,056 --> 00:51:59,656
And he slips and gashes his leg.
871
00:52:02,560 --> 00:52:04,930
He immediately knows
that he's in trouble.
872
00:52:06,631 --> 00:52:09,033
He very quickly develops an infection.
873
00:52:10,635 --> 00:52:13,875
And he gets to a point where he
can't lift his head off a cot.
874
00:52:16,207 --> 00:52:18,342
The expedition struggled on.
875
00:52:20,145 --> 00:52:21,584
They came to a set of rapids.
876
00:52:21,614 --> 00:52:26,614
It was a series of 6 falls,
the final of which was 30 feet.
877
00:52:27,653 --> 00:52:29,925
And Colonel Rondon, who had spent
878
00:52:29,955 --> 00:52:32,928
half of his life in
the rainforest, said,
879
00:52:32,958 --> 00:52:35,398
"there's no way we can
get through these.
880
00:52:35,428 --> 00:52:37,566
We're going to have to leave our canoes
881
00:52:37,596 --> 00:52:39,802
and strike out into the rainforest.
882
00:52:39,832 --> 00:52:41,365
Every man for himself."
883
00:52:43,735 --> 00:52:47,877
And Roosevelt couldn't even
sit up, much less walk,
884
00:52:47,907 --> 00:52:50,538
much less fight his way
through this rainforest.
885
00:52:52,243 --> 00:52:57,243
And so he calls for his son
and he says, "get out."
886
00:52:57,349 --> 00:52:58,632
I will stay here."
887
00:53:00,585 --> 00:53:03,459
The ex-president of the
United States of America
888
00:53:03,489 --> 00:53:07,096
intended to swallow a
lethal dose of the morphine
889
00:53:07,126 --> 00:53:10,599
he always carried with
him into the wilderness.
890
00:53:10,629 --> 00:53:12,796
He did not want to be a burden.
891
00:53:14,265 --> 00:53:18,474
It wasn't a decision built of fear,
892
00:53:18,504 --> 00:53:19,875
and it wasn't a dramatic thing.
893
00:53:19,905 --> 00:53:22,111
It was simply "this is
the right thing to do"
894
00:53:22,141 --> 00:53:23,946
and I'm going to do it."
895
00:53:23,976 --> 00:53:26,282
But Kermit would not hear of it.
896
00:53:26,312 --> 00:53:29,685
He was, after all, a Roosevelt, too.
897
00:53:29,715 --> 00:53:32,088
He would sooner have died himself
898
00:53:32,118 --> 00:53:37,118
than leave his father behind,
alive or dead.
899
00:53:37,256 --> 00:53:40,196
I saw that if I did end my life,
900
00:53:40,226 --> 00:53:41,597
that would only make it more sure
901
00:53:41,627 --> 00:53:43,599
that Kermit would not get out.
902
00:53:43,629 --> 00:53:46,335
For I knew he would not abandon me,
903
00:53:46,365 --> 00:53:49,972
but would insist on
bringing my body out, too.
904
00:53:50,002 --> 00:53:52,975
That, of course,
would have been impossible.
905
00:53:53,005 --> 00:53:56,212
So there was only one
thing for me to do,
906
00:53:56,242 --> 00:53:58,134
and that was to come out myself.
907
00:54:01,412 --> 00:54:03,853
Kermit was terrified.
908
00:54:03,883 --> 00:54:08,357
He kept a diary and every day it's,
"I'm worried about father."
909
00:54:08,387 --> 00:54:09,358
"I'm worried about father.
910
00:54:09,388 --> 00:54:12,361
We have to get father out."
911
00:54:12,391 --> 00:54:14,430
Kermit's weeks of working alongside
912
00:54:14,460 --> 00:54:19,301
the expedition's porters
and paddlers paid off.
913
00:54:19,331 --> 00:54:22,204
He used his engineering
skill to lower the dugouts
914
00:54:22,234 --> 00:54:24,974
down the steep canyon walls,
915
00:54:25,004 --> 00:54:27,237
and kept his men moving forward.
916
00:54:30,575 --> 00:54:33,749
But there was still more trouble.
917
00:54:33,779 --> 00:54:37,881
A Porter shot and killed a
companion and fled into the forest.
918
00:54:39,684 --> 00:54:44,627
A deep gorge and an apparently
impassable series of new rapids
919
00:54:44,657 --> 00:54:46,123
stretched on ahead.
920
00:54:48,560 --> 00:54:52,501
Theodore was helpless now,
forced to be paddled along
921
00:54:52,531 --> 00:54:54,164
beneath a makeshift tent.
922
00:54:55,667 --> 00:54:59,742
His fever rose to 104.
923
00:54:59,772 --> 00:55:04,013
He grew delirious, reciting
the same few lines of poetry
924
00:55:04,043 --> 00:55:09,043
"In Xanadu did Kublai Khan
925
00:55:09,615 --> 00:55:12,316
a stately pleasure-dome decree..."
926
00:55:15,345 --> 00:55:19,482
The expedition's doctor cut
open his leg to save his life.
927
00:55:21,282 --> 00:55:25,018
Roosevelt endured the
surgery without anesthetic.
928
00:55:27,261 --> 00:55:31,297
Under Kermit's command,
the party staggered on.
929
00:55:36,437 --> 00:55:38,943
Finally, on April 26,
930
00:55:38,973 --> 00:55:41,513
after a month and a
half in the wilderness,
931
00:55:41,543 --> 00:55:44,382
they came upon a 6-man relief party
932
00:55:44,412 --> 00:55:47,613
that had been sent to help
them out of the rainforest.
933
00:55:49,817 --> 00:55:52,857
Here's Roosevelt so ill,
934
00:55:52,887 --> 00:55:57,887
and he looks up and he sees on
this bank the Brazilian flag
935
00:55:58,126 --> 00:56:01,533
and the flag of the
United States of America.
936
00:56:01,563 --> 00:56:04,664
And he knows that they're gonna
be ok, that they're saved.
937
00:56:06,333 --> 00:56:09,307
The River of Doubt,
which turned out to be almost
938
00:56:09,337 --> 00:56:13,873
half as long as the Rhine,
was renamed "Rio Roosevelt."
939
00:56:17,711 --> 00:56:22,711
New Yorkers gave Roosevelt another
big welcome when he returned home,
940
00:56:23,051 --> 00:56:26,291
but friends were shocked
by his appearance.
941
00:56:26,321 --> 00:56:31,196
He had lost 55 pounds...
roughly a quarter of his weight...
942
00:56:31,226 --> 00:56:34,032
Could barely make himself
heard when speaking,
943
00:56:34,062 --> 00:56:39,062
and leaned on a cane he
bravely called "my big stick."
944
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:41,973
As he limped down the companionway,
945
00:56:42,003 --> 00:56:45,410
the impression was strong
that the colonel had endured
946
00:56:45,440 --> 00:56:48,680
the greatest hardships of his life.
947
00:56:48,710 --> 00:56:49,863
"New York Sun."
948
00:56:50,978 --> 00:56:54,352
It now seemed likely
that his public life
949
00:56:54,382 --> 00:56:56,282
really had come to an end.
950
00:57:08,629 --> 00:57:12,129
August 1, 1914.
951
00:57:12,166 --> 00:57:15,340
As I am writing, a great black tornado
952
00:57:15,370 --> 00:57:18,409
trembles on the edge of Europe
953
00:57:18,439 --> 00:57:20,211
and the whole question of peace and war
954
00:57:20,241 --> 00:57:21,785
trembles in the balance.
955
00:57:23,243 --> 00:57:25,250
It is not a good thing
for a country to have
956
00:57:25,280 --> 00:57:28,253
a professional yodeler, a human trombone
957
00:57:28,283 --> 00:57:31,556
like Mr. Bryan as secretary of state,
958
00:57:31,586 --> 00:57:36,494
nor a college president like Mr.
Wilson as head of the nation,
959
00:57:36,524 --> 00:57:39,731
with a hypocritical ability
to deceive plain people
960
00:57:39,761 --> 00:57:41,266
and no real knowledge or wisdom
961
00:57:41,296 --> 00:57:43,840
concerning internal and
international affairs.
962
00:57:45,899 --> 00:57:48,606
In early August of 1914,
963
00:57:48,636 --> 00:57:50,675
5 weeks after the assassination
964
00:57:50,705 --> 00:57:54,379
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo,
965
00:57:54,409 --> 00:57:58,082
Germany declared war
on Russia and France
966
00:57:58,112 --> 00:58:01,886
and sent troops across
the Belgian border.
967
00:58:01,916 --> 00:58:06,424
Britain then declared war on Germany.
968
00:58:06,454 --> 00:58:11,396
Russia then went to war against
the Austro-Hungarian empire.
969
00:58:11,426 --> 00:58:15,300
By the end of the year,
almost all of Europe and part of Asia
970
00:58:15,330 --> 00:58:19,599
were engulfed in what the world
would call the Great War.
971
00:58:34,314 --> 00:58:38,256
Eleanor was at Campobello
with the children.
972
00:58:38,286 --> 00:58:42,727
A complete smash-up is inevitable.
973
00:58:42,757 --> 00:58:46,125
Mr. Daniels totally fails
to grasp the situation.
974
00:58:48,028 --> 00:58:51,336
I'm alive and well and
keen about everything,
975
00:58:51,366 --> 00:58:56,366
running the real work,
though Josephus is here!
976
00:58:56,437 --> 00:59:01,073
He is bewildered by it all,
very sweet but very sad.
977
00:59:02,342 --> 00:59:04,816
I am not surprised at what you say
978
00:59:04,846 --> 00:59:06,985
about Mr. Daniels
979
00:59:07,015 --> 00:59:10,521
for one could expect little else.
980
00:59:10,551 --> 00:59:15,159
To understand the present
gigantic conflict,
981
00:59:15,189 --> 00:59:18,129
one must have at least a
glimmering of understanding
982
00:59:18,159 --> 00:59:20,693
of foreign nations and their histories.
983
00:59:22,963 --> 00:59:27,963
I can see you managing
everything while J.D.
984
00:59:28,202 --> 00:59:30,403
Wrings his hands in horror.
985
00:59:42,582 --> 00:59:44,522
President Wilson called for
986
00:59:44,552 --> 00:59:48,059
"strict and impartial neutrality,
" and insisted that
987
00:59:48,089 --> 00:59:51,529
strengthening American armed
forces would only serve
988
00:59:51,559 --> 00:59:54,465
to provoke the belligerents.
989
00:59:54,495 --> 00:59:58,870
The British fleet blockaded
Germany to choke off armaments.
990
00:59:58,900 --> 01:00:03,174
The Germane... in retaliation...
Unleashed submarines and warned
991
01:00:03,204 --> 01:00:05,905
they would sink enemy vessels on sight.
992
01:00:10,510 --> 01:00:13,551
All of the Roosevelts sided
with england and her allies
993
01:00:13,581 --> 01:00:16,954
from the moment the first gun was fired.
994
01:00:16,984 --> 01:00:19,591
"Even I long to go over
into the thick of it
995
01:00:19,621 --> 01:00:23,528
and right the wrong, " Franklin
told an old British friend.
996
01:00:23,558 --> 01:00:26,397
"England's course has
been magnificent...
997
01:00:26,427 --> 01:00:29,895
If that German fleet would
only come out and fight!"
998
01:00:31,531 --> 01:00:34,372
But as an official in the
Wilson administration,
999
01:00:34,402 --> 01:00:38,509
Franklin had to keep such
thoughts to himself.
1000
01:00:38,539 --> 01:00:41,446
Theodore Roosevelt did not.
1001
01:00:41,476 --> 01:00:43,581
More and more I come to the view
1002
01:00:43,611 --> 01:00:46,284
that in a really
tremendous world struggle,
1003
01:00:46,314 --> 01:00:49,087
with a great moral issue involved,
1004
01:00:49,117 --> 01:00:52,624
neutrality does not serve righteousness;
1005
01:00:52,654 --> 01:00:56,922
for to be neutral between right
and wrong is to serve wrong.
1006
01:01:00,160 --> 01:01:04,836
In the spring of 1915,
as the war intensified,
1007
01:01:04,866 --> 01:01:09,007
Theodore Roosevelt found himself
in a Syracuse courtroom...
1008
01:01:09,037 --> 01:01:10,903
On trial for libel.
1009
01:01:12,740 --> 01:01:15,847
In a recent speech, he'd said
that when it came down to
1010
01:01:15,877 --> 01:01:18,383
a struggle between "popular rights
1011
01:01:18,413 --> 01:01:21,152
and corrupt and
machine-ruled government"
1012
01:01:21,182 --> 01:01:23,488
the interests of the
Republican and Democratic
1013
01:01:23,518 --> 01:01:28,518
bosses of New York were
"fundamentally identical."
1014
01:01:28,623 --> 01:01:33,064
The Republican boss,
William Barnes, immediately sued.
1015
01:01:33,094 --> 01:01:36,467
Roosevelt cast about among
old friends and allies
1016
01:01:36,497 --> 01:01:40,638
for those willing to testify
to the truth of his charge.
1017
01:01:40,668 --> 01:01:44,208
Most backed away,
unwilling to risk the wrath
1018
01:01:44,238 --> 01:01:47,478
of one boss or the other.
1019
01:01:47,508 --> 01:01:49,547
Franklin was different.
1020
01:01:49,577 --> 01:01:53,151
During the 1911 senate
battle over Billy Sheehan,
1021
01:01:53,181 --> 01:01:57,889
he'd seen collusion between the
bosses of both parties firsthand
1022
01:01:57,919 --> 01:02:00,525
and was more than willing
to say so in court
1023
01:02:00,555 --> 01:02:05,163
on behalf of the man who
continued to be his hero.
1024
01:02:05,193 --> 01:02:08,499
When a lawyer asked Franklin
what relation he was
1025
01:02:08,529 --> 01:02:11,436
to the former president, he grinned.
1026
01:02:11,466 --> 01:02:16,466
"Fifth cousin by blood, " he said
proudly, "and nephew by law!"
1027
01:02:17,438 --> 01:02:19,544
"I shall never forget the capital way
1028
01:02:19,574 --> 01:02:21,546
in which you gave your testimony, "
1029
01:02:21,576 --> 01:02:25,183
the ex-president told
Franklin afterwards.
1030
01:02:25,213 --> 01:02:28,553
Theodore Roosevelt himself
was such a voluble,
1031
01:02:28,583 --> 01:02:31,155
intimidating witness in his own defense
1032
01:02:31,185 --> 01:02:33,858
that the plaintiff's
lawyer begged the judge
1033
01:02:33,888 --> 01:02:37,962
to make the ex-president
"confine himself to words
1034
01:02:37,992 --> 01:02:40,058
and not answer with his whole body."
1035
01:02:43,263 --> 01:02:47,171
Theodore Roosevelt was asleep
in his Syracuse hotel room
1036
01:02:47,201 --> 01:02:51,776
on the night of may 7
when the telephone rang.
1037
01:02:51,806 --> 01:02:54,846
A newspaperman was calling.
1038
01:02:54,876 --> 01:02:56,381
A German submarine had sunk
1039
01:02:56,411 --> 01:03:01,411
the British passenger ship
"lusitania" off the coast of Ireland.
1040
01:03:01,482 --> 01:03:05,823
More than 1,100 men, women,
and children had drowned,
1041
01:03:05,853 --> 01:03:10,695
including 128 American citizens.
1042
01:03:10,725 --> 01:03:13,097
Did Roosevelt have a comment?
1043
01:03:13,127 --> 01:03:15,366
The trial was still on.
1044
01:03:15,396 --> 01:03:20,071
Two German-Americans sat on the
jury that would decide his fate.
1045
01:03:20,101 --> 01:03:23,436
But Roosevelt could not
keep from speaking out.
1046
01:03:25,438 --> 01:03:28,813
This represents not merely piracy,
1047
01:03:28,843 --> 01:03:30,848
but piracy on a vaster scale of murder
1048
01:03:30,878 --> 01:03:33,951
than the old-time
pirates ever practiced.
1049
01:03:33,981 --> 01:03:36,187
It seems inconceivable
that we can refrain
1050
01:03:36,217 --> 01:03:38,489
from taking action in this matter,
1051
01:03:38,519 --> 01:03:41,125
for we owe it not only to humanity
1052
01:03:41,155 --> 01:03:43,322
but to our own national self-respect.
1053
01:03:45,559 --> 01:03:49,100
It took the jurors two days,
but in the end,
1054
01:03:49,130 --> 01:03:52,637
all 12 of them exonerated Roosevelt,
1055
01:03:52,667 --> 01:03:55,940
who went right back on the attack.
1056
01:03:55,970 --> 01:03:58,976
There is a chance of our going to war,
1057
01:03:59,006 --> 01:04:01,550
but I don't think it is
very much of a chance.
1058
01:04:03,577 --> 01:04:05,483
Wilson and Bryan are cordially supported
1059
01:04:05,513 --> 01:04:07,919
by all the hyphenated Americans,
1060
01:04:07,949 --> 01:04:11,889
by the solid flub-dub and pacifist vote.
1061
01:04:11,919 --> 01:04:15,460
Every soft creature,
every coward and weakling,
1062
01:04:15,490 --> 01:04:18,463
every man who can't look
more than 6 inches ahead,
1063
01:04:18,493 --> 01:04:21,499
every man whose God is money,
or pleasure, or ease
1064
01:04:21,529 --> 01:04:25,403
is enthusiastically in favor of Wilson;
1065
01:04:25,433 --> 01:04:27,572
and at present the good
citizens, as a whole,
1066
01:04:27,602 --> 01:04:30,770
are puzzled and don't
understand the situation.
1067
01:04:32,706 --> 01:04:34,879
It was excessive.
1068
01:04:34,909 --> 01:04:37,482
But it also was visceral
in the sense that
1069
01:04:37,512 --> 01:04:40,418
he didn't like the
presbyterian moralist,
1070
01:04:40,448 --> 01:04:45,256
just struck Teddy Roosevelt as,
I think, part of the effeminacy
1071
01:04:45,286 --> 01:04:47,830
that he associated with
a commercial Republic.
1072
01:04:49,055 --> 01:04:51,496
Wilson declared, "there is such a thing
1073
01:04:51,526 --> 01:04:53,898
as being too proud to fight"
1074
01:04:53,928 --> 01:04:58,369
He complained again and again
about Secretary Daniels being
1075
01:04:58,399 --> 01:05:02,573
that further infuriated
Theodore Roosevelt.
1076
01:05:02,603 --> 01:05:06,110
But the president also agreed
to double the defense budget
1077
01:05:06,140 --> 01:05:10,181
in the interest of what Wilson
now called "preparedness."
1078
01:05:10,211 --> 01:05:14,819
Theodore Roosevelt called
it "half-preparedness."
1079
01:05:14,849 --> 01:05:19,849
Meanwhile, Franklin organized
a 50,000-man naval reserve,
1080
01:05:19,954 --> 01:05:23,594
relentlessly drove shipyards
to greater efforts,
1081
01:05:23,624 --> 01:05:26,297
and laid the keels of new battleships,
1082
01:05:26,327 --> 01:05:29,867
including one being built
in the Brooklyn Navy yard,
1083
01:05:29,897 --> 01:05:32,870
the USS "Arizona."
1084
01:05:32,900 --> 01:05:37,275
He complained again and again
about secretary Daniels being
1085
01:05:37,305 --> 01:05:39,977
"too damned slow for words"...
1086
01:05:40,007 --> 01:05:42,947
And surreptitiously slipped
damaging information
1087
01:05:42,977 --> 01:05:46,484
about his boss and the
administration's defense efforts
1088
01:05:46,514 --> 01:05:48,119
to the ranking Republican
1089
01:05:48,149 --> 01:05:51,556
on the house military affairs committee.
1090
01:05:51,586 --> 01:05:55,126
If the public ever turned on the
administration for having been
1091
01:05:55,156 --> 01:05:57,929
too slow in preparing for war,
1092
01:05:57,959 --> 01:06:01,432
he was determined he
would not be blamed.
1093
01:06:01,462 --> 01:06:04,335
And he shared his cousin
Theodore's conviction
1094
01:06:04,365 --> 01:06:09,101
that the United States not
only would... but should...
1095
01:06:21,281 --> 01:06:23,387
Hyde Park was very definitely
1096
01:06:23,417 --> 01:06:26,657
my most favorite place in life.
1097
01:06:26,687 --> 01:06:30,494
Hyde Park was home and the
only place I ever thought
1098
01:06:30,524 --> 01:06:33,164
was completely home.
1099
01:06:33,194 --> 01:06:34,860
Anna Roosevelt.
1100
01:06:36,863 --> 01:06:39,704
Franklin and Eleanor
Roosevelt had houses
1101
01:06:39,734 --> 01:06:42,506
in New York City and Washington, D.C.
1102
01:06:42,536 --> 01:06:45,243
And on Campobello Island.
1103
01:06:45,273 --> 01:06:49,080
But for their 4 children...
Anna, James, Elliott,
1104
01:06:49,110 --> 01:06:51,282
and the second Franklin Jr...
1105
01:06:51,312 --> 01:06:55,086
It was their grandmother's home
at Hyde Park that represented
1106
01:06:55,116 --> 01:06:59,285
a sanctuary from their parents'
increasingly turbulent world.
1107
01:07:01,621 --> 01:07:06,621
In 1915, Sara Delano Roosevelt
greatly expanded Springwood
1108
01:07:06,661 --> 01:07:09,000
to accommodate them and
the nurses and maids
1109
01:07:09,030 --> 01:07:11,068
that traveled with them.
1110
01:07:11,098 --> 01:07:14,038
The house now included so many bedrooms
1111
01:07:14,068 --> 01:07:17,975
she sometimes called it "our hotel."
1112
01:07:18,005 --> 01:07:20,578
The renovated first floor, modeled after
1113
01:07:20,608 --> 01:07:22,713
the country houses of the Roosevelts'
1114
01:07:22,743 --> 01:07:25,082
aristocratic friends in england,
1115
01:07:25,112 --> 01:07:29,553
was meant to be a showcase for
her son and his collections...
1116
01:07:29,583 --> 01:07:34,425
His stuffed birds;
His naval prints and books;
1117
01:07:34,455 --> 01:07:38,396
and albums filled with stamps.
1118
01:07:38,426 --> 01:07:43,200
When he was there, Franklin acted
just as his own father had:
1119
01:07:43,230 --> 01:07:47,471
He rode with his children,
swam and sledded,
1120
01:07:47,501 --> 01:07:49,868
and took them ice boating on the Hudson.
1121
01:07:51,938 --> 01:07:54,840
But his visits with the
family were always brief.
1122
01:07:57,344 --> 01:08:00,244
I do so wish
1123
01:08:00,581 --> 01:08:03,521
the holiday had been longer
and less interrupted
1124
01:08:03,551 --> 01:08:05,389
while it lasted.
1125
01:08:05,419 --> 01:08:07,959
I felt Tuesday as if
I was really getting
1126
01:08:07,989 --> 01:08:12,630
back to earth again...
and I know it is hard for us both
1127
01:08:12,660 --> 01:08:14,966
to lead this kind of life...
1128
01:08:14,996 --> 01:08:17,335
But it is a little like a drug habit...
1129
01:08:17,365 --> 01:08:19,098
Almost impossible to stop.
1130
01:08:22,369 --> 01:08:25,710
Eleanor liked the new
Springwood at first.
1131
01:08:25,740 --> 01:08:29,213
It was "very home-like and for
the chicks, " she told a friend,
1132
01:08:29,243 --> 01:08:31,082
"ideal."
1133
01:08:31,112 --> 01:08:33,384
But it remained her
mother-in-law's home,
1134
01:08:33,414 --> 01:08:38,414
she remembered many years later,
and, "I was only a visitor."
1135
01:08:38,452 --> 01:08:39,690
Sara Delano Roosevelt
1136
01:08:39,720 --> 01:08:43,661
was a very great mother and
a very tough mother-in-law.
1137
01:08:43,691 --> 01:08:48,691
And part of the reason we
remember her as a dragon,
1138
01:08:48,896 --> 01:08:51,335
she's often portrayed as a dragon,
1139
01:08:51,365 --> 01:08:54,005
is that her daughter-in-law, in the end,
1140
01:08:54,035 --> 01:08:56,407
came to think of her as a dragon.
1141
01:08:56,437 --> 01:08:58,709
Sara ran everything.
1142
01:08:58,739 --> 01:09:01,712
She called her grandchildren
"our children."
1143
01:09:01,742 --> 01:09:03,581
She weighed them, dressed them,
1144
01:09:03,611 --> 01:09:06,817
saw to their manners,
showered them with gifts...
1145
01:09:06,847 --> 01:09:08,753
And offered what Anna remembered as
1146
01:09:08,783 --> 01:09:12,356
"consistent, warm, spontaneous love"...
1147
01:09:12,386 --> 01:09:16,560
The kind of love Eleanor had
never known when she was a girl
1148
01:09:16,590 --> 01:09:20,092
and now found hard to
provide to her own children.
1149
01:09:21,961 --> 01:09:25,903
Up to a point it is good
for us to know that
1150
01:09:25,933 --> 01:09:29,140
there are people in the
world who will give us love
1151
01:09:29,170 --> 01:09:33,311
and unquestioned loyalty.
1152
01:09:33,341 --> 01:09:36,814
I doubt, However, if it is good for us
1153
01:09:36,844 --> 01:09:39,750
to feel assured of this devotion
1154
01:09:39,780 --> 01:09:44,522
without the accompanying
obligation of having to justify
1155
01:09:44,552 --> 01:09:47,152
this devotion by our behavior.
1156
01:09:48,788 --> 01:09:50,328
Sara had firm views
1157
01:09:50,358 --> 01:09:53,030
about her daughter-in-law, as well.
1158
01:09:53,060 --> 01:09:56,067
"If you'd just run your comb
through your hair, dear, "
1159
01:09:56,097 --> 01:09:59,170
she once told Eleanor in
front of dinner guests,
1160
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:00,933
"you'd look so much nicer."
1161
01:10:03,570 --> 01:10:06,911
On March 11, 1916, Eleanor gave birth
1162
01:10:06,941 --> 01:10:09,914
to John Aspinwall Roosevelt.
1163
01:10:09,944 --> 01:10:14,518
She had now borne 6 children,
5 of whom had lived.
1164
01:10:14,548 --> 01:10:19,457
There would be no more.
She was 31 years old.
1165
01:10:19,487 --> 01:10:21,759
The decade during which, she said,
1166
01:10:21,789 --> 01:10:26,789
"I was always just getting over a baby
or about to have another" was over.
1167
01:10:27,595 --> 01:10:30,468
She was ready to resume
a life of her own,
1168
01:10:30,498 --> 01:10:34,400
to find a new kind of
fulfillment, on her own terms.
1169
01:10:40,974 --> 01:10:45,449
On June 14, 1916,
with the nominating conventions
1170
01:10:45,479 --> 01:10:50,479
just weeks away, President
Wilson led a preparedness parade
1171
01:10:50,551 --> 01:10:54,659
up Pennsylvania Avenue from the
Capitol to the White House...
1172
01:10:54,689 --> 01:10:56,894
And made sure that Theodore Roosevelt's
1173
01:10:56,924 --> 01:10:59,263
young Democratic cousin
1174
01:10:59,293 --> 01:11:01,632
was marching with him.
1175
01:11:01,662 --> 01:11:04,135
The Navy department made
an excellent showing
1176
01:11:04,165 --> 01:11:08,272
in the parade, and when I
passed the reviewing stand
1177
01:11:08,302 --> 01:11:11,342
I was sent for to join the
president in the stand
1178
01:11:11,372 --> 01:11:13,605
and spend the next 4 hours there!
1179
01:11:16,976 --> 01:11:18,082
It would be a mistake
1180
01:11:18,112 --> 01:11:21,185
to re-nominate me in 1916
1181
01:11:21,215 --> 01:11:22,787
unless the country has in its mood
1182
01:11:22,817 --> 01:11:27,124
something of the heroic...
Unless it feels not only
1183
01:11:27,154 --> 01:11:30,661
devotion to ideals but
the purpose to realize
1184
01:11:30,691 --> 01:11:32,191
those ideals in action.
1185
01:11:34,394 --> 01:11:37,368
Theodore Roosevelt
hoped somehow to obtain
1186
01:11:37,398 --> 01:11:39,904
both the progressive and the Republican
1187
01:11:39,934 --> 01:11:43,007
presidential nominations that year.
1188
01:11:43,037 --> 01:11:45,343
But the old guard of his old party
1189
01:11:45,373 --> 01:11:48,179
had not forgiven him for 1912.
1190
01:11:48,209 --> 01:11:49,680
And while most Americans
1191
01:11:49,710 --> 01:11:52,316
sympathized with Britain and France
1192
01:11:52,346 --> 01:11:54,985
and now supported preparedness,
1193
01:11:55,015 --> 01:12:00,015
they still remained reluctant to
get involved in a far-away war.
1194
01:12:00,921 --> 01:12:05,396
The Republicans chose instead
the austere, mildly progressive
1195
01:12:05,426 --> 01:12:09,567
supreme court justice
Charles Evans Hughes.
1196
01:12:09,597 --> 01:12:14,338
Roosevelt privately called
him "the bearded lady."
1197
01:12:14,368 --> 01:12:17,208
But when Roosevelt's name
was placed in nomination
1198
01:12:17,238 --> 01:12:20,778
at the progressive party
convention in June,
1199
01:12:20,808 --> 01:12:24,982
he sent a telegram from Sagamore
Hill declining the honor
1200
01:12:25,012 --> 01:12:28,185
and urging his followers
to abandon their new party
1201
01:12:28,215 --> 01:12:29,615
and vote Republican.
1202
01:12:31,251 --> 01:12:34,458
The delegates were stunned.
1203
01:12:34,488 --> 01:12:37,461
When the telegram was read,
for a moment,
1204
01:12:37,491 --> 01:12:39,797
there was silence.
1205
01:12:39,827 --> 01:12:42,666
Then there was a roar of rage.
1206
01:12:42,696 --> 01:12:45,269
It was the cry of a broken heart
1207
01:12:45,299 --> 01:12:49,774
such as no convention ever had
uttered in this land before.
1208
01:12:49,804 --> 01:12:52,476
I had tears in my eyes.
1209
01:12:52,506 --> 01:12:54,111
I saw hundreds of men tear
1210
01:12:54,141 --> 01:12:56,847
the Roosevelt picture
or the Roosevelt badge
1211
01:12:56,877 --> 01:13:00,718
from their coats,
and throw it on the floor.
1212
01:13:00,748 --> 01:13:02,118
William Allen White.
1213
01:13:04,751 --> 01:13:07,958
In November, Wilson won a narrow victory
1214
01:13:07,988 --> 01:13:12,229
on the slogan, "he kept us out of war."
1215
01:13:12,259 --> 01:13:16,066
"We are passing through a streak
of yellow in our national life, "
1216
01:13:16,096 --> 01:13:17,727
Roosevelt told his sister.
1217
01:13:20,266 --> 01:13:24,642
The progressive party
disintegrated without its hero.
1218
01:13:24,672 --> 01:13:27,411
Some members returned
to the Republicans;
1219
01:13:27,441 --> 01:13:30,114
some became Democrats.
1220
01:13:30,144 --> 01:13:32,883
A number of the social
and economic reforms
1221
01:13:32,913 --> 01:13:35,553
Roosevelt and the
progressives had championed
1222
01:13:35,583 --> 01:13:39,123
had already become law
thanks to Woodrow Wilson's
1223
01:13:39,153 --> 01:13:41,525
shrewd political skills...
1224
01:13:41,555 --> 01:13:45,229
A new antitrust statute,
workmen's compensation,
1225
01:13:45,259 --> 01:13:49,333
a ban on most child labor,
a federal reserve board
1226
01:13:49,363 --> 01:13:52,303
and federal trade commission.
1227
01:13:52,333 --> 01:13:54,438
But making a reality of other planks
1228
01:13:54,468 --> 01:13:56,707
in the old progressive platform
1229
01:13:56,737 --> 01:14:01,073
would have to wait for another
time... and another Roosevelt.
1230
01:14:09,749 --> 01:14:13,958
Let us dare to look
the truth in the face.
1231
01:14:13,988 --> 01:14:18,195
There is no question
about "going to war."
1232
01:14:18,225 --> 01:14:20,204
Germany is already at war with us.
1233
01:14:23,963 --> 01:14:25,569
The only question for us to decide
1234
01:14:25,599 --> 01:14:30,599
is whether we shall make
war nobly or ignobly.
1235
01:14:35,074 --> 01:14:40,074
In Europe, the war on the
Western front dragged on.
1236
01:14:40,314 --> 01:14:44,583
New machines of war made
old tactics obsolete.
1237
01:14:47,153 --> 01:14:48,387
Millions died.
1238
01:14:53,726 --> 01:14:58,102
The battle lines had been
frozen for nearly 3 years now,
1239
01:14:58,132 --> 01:15:01,238
along a line that stretched 450 Miles
1240
01:15:01,268 --> 01:15:03,502
from Belgium to Switzerland.
1241
01:15:12,745 --> 01:15:17,745
In early 1917, in an attempt to
strangle British supply lines
1242
01:15:18,819 --> 01:15:20,357
and break the deadlock,
1243
01:15:20,387 --> 01:15:24,461
Germany began waging
unrestricted submarine warfare
1244
01:15:24,491 --> 01:15:29,428
on all vessels... including
American merchant ships.
1245
01:15:33,499 --> 01:15:36,235
Wilson severed relations with Germany.
1246
01:15:39,105 --> 01:15:41,745
Then, an intercepted German telegram
1247
01:15:41,775 --> 01:15:44,248
to the Mexican president promised that
1248
01:15:44,278 --> 01:15:46,584
in exchange for help in the event of war
1249
01:15:46,614 --> 01:15:48,419
with the United States,
1250
01:15:48,449 --> 01:15:53,449
Texas, Arizona, and new Mexico
would be returned to Mexico.
1251
01:15:54,154 --> 01:15:58,295
Wilson still seemed reluctant
to take further action.
1252
01:15:58,325 --> 01:16:00,664
"My God, why doesn't he do something?"
1253
01:16:00,694 --> 01:16:02,700
Theodore Roosevelt said.
1254
01:16:02,730 --> 01:16:05,569
"If he does not go to
war with Germany now,
1255
01:16:05,599 --> 01:16:07,143
I shall skin him alive."
1256
01:16:08,801 --> 01:16:10,307
And I think he felt that
1257
01:16:10,337 --> 01:16:13,978
Woodrow Wilson flinching from
the great test of our time,
1258
01:16:14,008 --> 01:16:18,582
world war I, was unworthy
of our energetic country.
1259
01:16:18,612 --> 01:16:20,618
War is good for us.
1260
01:16:20,648 --> 01:16:22,586
This is a side of Mr. Roosevelt
1261
01:16:22,616 --> 01:16:24,883
that's not attractive but really there.
1262
01:16:26,352 --> 01:16:29,693
On the evening of March 9, 1917...
1263
01:16:29,723 --> 01:16:33,530
Just 4 days after Wilson's
second inauguration...
1264
01:16:33,560 --> 01:16:36,066
Franklin met secretly in a private room
1265
01:16:36,096 --> 01:16:38,502
at the metropolitan club in Manhattan
1266
01:16:38,532 --> 01:16:41,238
with 9 of the president's most important
1267
01:16:41,268 --> 01:16:45,342
interventionist opponents...
Including his lifelong hero,
1268
01:16:45,372 --> 01:16:47,711
Theodore Roosevelt.
1269
01:16:47,741 --> 01:16:51,448
Some wanted to praise Wilson's
recent actions in the hope that
1270
01:16:51,478 --> 01:16:53,984
it would stiffen his spine,
1271
01:16:54,014 --> 01:16:56,220
but the ex-president
called for keeping up
1272
01:16:56,250 --> 01:16:59,590
a relentless all-out attack.
1273
01:16:59,620 --> 01:17:04,620
In his diary, Franklin noted,
"I backed TR's theory."
1274
01:17:05,092 --> 01:17:06,897
In the ongoing struggle between
1275
01:17:06,927 --> 01:17:09,400
the president he was supposed to serve
1276
01:17:09,430 --> 01:17:11,936
and the ex-president he venerated,
1277
01:17:11,966 --> 01:17:14,206
Franklin seemed to have made his choice.
1278
01:17:19,105 --> 01:17:24,081
9 days later, the germane
made that choice irrelevant.
1279
01:17:24,111 --> 01:17:28,380
On March 18, they torpedoed
3 American merchant ships.
1280
01:17:34,020 --> 01:17:37,962
Wilson polled his cabinet
as to what he should do.
1281
01:17:37,992 --> 01:17:41,899
All 10 members voted for war.
1282
01:17:41,929 --> 01:17:46,198
Josephus Daniels cast his
vote with tears in his eyes.
1283
01:17:50,370 --> 01:17:54,144
On the evening of April 2, 1917,
1284
01:17:54,174 --> 01:17:56,814
Woodrow Wilson finally asked Congress
1285
01:17:56,844 --> 01:17:58,744
for a declaration of war.
1286
01:18:00,813 --> 01:18:03,520
It is a fearful thing to lead
1287
01:18:03,550 --> 01:18:06,023
this most peaceful people
1288
01:18:06,053 --> 01:18:10,661
into the most terrible and
disastrous of all wars.
1289
01:18:10,691 --> 01:18:14,865
But the right is more
precious than peace,
1290
01:18:14,895 --> 01:18:19,831
and we shall fight for the things we
have always carried nearest our hearts.
1291
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:23,607
Franklin sat next to secretary Daniels
1292
01:18:23,637 --> 01:18:26,010
on the house floor.
1293
01:18:26,040 --> 01:18:29,179
Eleanor was in the gallery,
listening "breathlessly, "
1294
01:18:29,209 --> 01:18:33,250
she remembered, and then
"returned home still half-dazed
1295
01:18:33,280 --> 01:18:37,054
by the sense of impending change."
1296
01:18:37,084 --> 01:18:39,223
Franklin, eager to do his part
1297
01:18:39,253 --> 01:18:42,493
and mindful always of
Theodore Roosevelt's example,
1298
01:18:42,523 --> 01:18:45,529
volunteered to serve overseas.
1299
01:18:45,559 --> 01:18:49,566
President Wilson told him
to stay where he was.
1300
01:18:49,596 --> 01:18:52,803
"Neither you nor I nor
Franklin Roosevelt, "
1301
01:18:52,833 --> 01:18:55,305
Wilson told Josephus Daniels,
1302
01:18:55,335 --> 01:18:57,908
"has the right to select
the place of service
1303
01:18:57,938 --> 01:19:00,739
to which our country has assigned us."
1304
01:19:05,411 --> 01:19:08,819
Just as the United
States entered the war,
1305
01:19:08,849 --> 01:19:13,223
Franklin and Eleanor were living
in a house in Washington.
1306
01:19:13,253 --> 01:19:15,426
And their two youngest boys were asleep
1307
01:19:15,456 --> 01:19:18,662
on the fourth floor of the house
1308
01:19:18,692 --> 01:19:22,299
when suddenly the door burst
open and Theodore Roosevelt,
1309
01:19:22,329 --> 01:19:24,234
whom they had barely met,
1310
01:19:24,264 --> 01:19:27,504
appeared, grabbed one under each arm,
1311
01:19:27,534 --> 01:19:29,940
said, "it's far too early
for you to be in bed, "
1312
01:19:29,970 --> 01:19:31,375
it was about midnight,
1313
01:19:31,405 --> 01:19:34,311
and thundered down 4 flights of stairs
1314
01:19:34,341 --> 01:19:37,681
with these terrified children
under his arms and then,
1315
01:19:37,711 --> 01:19:41,185
plunked them on the floor
and then spent an hour or so
1316
01:19:41,215 --> 01:19:43,554
orating about hi..., the role
1317
01:19:43,584 --> 01:19:44,755
that he hoped to play in the war
1318
01:19:44,785 --> 01:19:46,490
while they stood and watched him
1319
01:19:46,520 --> 01:19:48,847
and tried to figure
out who this man was.
1320
01:19:50,757 --> 01:19:52,696
The former president was in town
1321
01:19:52,726 --> 01:19:56,567
to see the current one and
to try... like Franklin...
1322
01:19:56,597 --> 01:19:59,069
To get into the war.
1323
01:19:59,099 --> 01:20:02,339
He called at the White
House the next day.
1324
01:20:02,369 --> 01:20:06,377
All his previous criticism was
now "dust in a windy street, "
1325
01:20:06,407 --> 01:20:08,212
he assured Wilson.
1326
01:20:08,242 --> 01:20:10,981
All he wanted to do was help.
1327
01:20:11,011 --> 01:20:13,183
The allies were desperate.
1328
01:20:13,213 --> 01:20:17,388
It would take time to build
and train an American army.
1329
01:20:17,418 --> 01:20:20,624
He was sure he could raise
a division of volunteers
1330
01:20:20,654 --> 01:20:23,994
virtually overnight,
lead it into battle,
1331
01:20:24,024 --> 01:20:26,625
and inspire the allies to hold on.
1332
01:20:29,862 --> 01:20:32,836
"He is a great big boy,
" Wilson told an aide
1333
01:20:32,866 --> 01:20:35,506
after Roosevelt had left.
1334
01:20:35,536 --> 01:20:38,008
"There is a sweetness about him.
1335
01:20:38,038 --> 01:20:39,669
You can't resist the man."
1336
01:20:42,275 --> 01:20:47,275
But the president still had the
secretary of war turn him down.
1337
01:20:47,347 --> 01:20:51,255
Theodore Roosevelt was
half-blind, in bad health,
1338
01:20:51,285 --> 01:20:55,559
out of touch with military
developments, and an amateur.
1339
01:20:55,589 --> 01:20:58,829
"The business now at hand,
" Wilson said later,
1340
01:20:58,859 --> 01:21:02,933
"is undramatic, practical,
and of scientific
1341
01:21:02,963 --> 01:21:06,437
definitiveness and precision."
1342
01:21:06,467 --> 01:21:09,239
Roosevelt was deeply wounded.
1343
01:21:09,269 --> 01:21:12,710
"This is a very exclusive war,
" he told a friend,
1344
01:21:12,740 --> 01:21:17,740
"and I have been blackballed by
the committee on admissions."
1345
01:21:18,011 --> 01:21:22,252
I think that's when
it all ended for him.
1346
01:21:22,282 --> 01:21:24,922
First of all, the first World War
1347
01:21:24,952 --> 01:21:29,259
was not a heroic war anymore.
1348
01:21:29,289 --> 01:21:34,289
The old idea of we're all
crusaders, cavaliers,
1349
01:21:34,695 --> 01:21:39,069
this is romantic and we're
charging in on our horses,
1350
01:21:39,099 --> 01:21:40,099
all over.
1351
01:21:43,736 --> 01:21:48,736
Tanks, machine guns, airplanes,
poison gas, it's not his world.
1352
01:21:50,944 --> 01:21:52,783
His world has ended.
1353
01:21:52,813 --> 01:21:57,254
And he gets very old very rapidly.
1354
01:21:57,284 --> 01:22:00,557
You look at the photographs
of him or the old film clips,
1355
01:22:00,587 --> 01:22:05,587
he's old, old man as if he's
a high intensity light bulb
1356
01:22:07,528 --> 01:22:09,561
that burned out quickly.
1357
01:22:12,932 --> 01:22:17,041
But if he could not fight,
his 4 sons could,
1358
01:22:17,071 --> 01:22:20,277
and one by one,
he secured places for them
1359
01:22:20,307 --> 01:22:24,615
that would nudge them as
close as possible to danger.
1360
01:22:24,645 --> 01:22:28,952
"I should be ashamed of my sons
if they shirked war, " he wrote,
1361
01:22:28,982 --> 01:22:31,355
"just as I should be
ashamed of my daughters
1362
01:22:31,385 --> 01:22:33,103
if they shirked motherhood."
1363
01:22:35,188 --> 01:22:38,061
I have always explained
to my 4 sons that if
1364
01:22:38,091 --> 01:22:40,497
there is a war during their lifetime,
1365
01:22:40,527 --> 01:22:43,667
I wish them to be in a position
to explain to their children
1366
01:22:43,697 --> 01:22:47,566
why they did go to it,
and not why they did not go to it.
1367
01:22:54,473 --> 01:22:59,473
The war was my emancipation
and education.
1368
01:23:02,982 --> 01:23:07,391
Instead of making social calls,
I found myself spending
1369
01:23:07,421 --> 01:23:12,421
3 days a week in a canteen
down at the rail road yards,
1370
01:23:12,893 --> 01:23:14,398
one afternoon a week
1371
01:23:14,428 --> 01:23:18,802
distributing free work
for the Navy league,
1372
01:23:18,832 --> 01:23:22,272
two days a week visiting
the naval hospital,
1373
01:23:22,302 --> 01:23:25,576
and contributing
whatever time I had left
1374
01:23:25,606 --> 01:23:30,314
to the Navy red cross and
the Navy relief society.
1375
01:23:30,344 --> 01:23:33,612
I loved it. I simply ate it up.
1376
01:23:35,081 --> 01:23:37,988
The war liberated all
of what Eleanor called
1377
01:23:38,018 --> 01:23:40,390
her "executive ability."
1378
01:23:40,420 --> 01:23:43,460
In order to undertake the
war work which consumed her,
1379
01:23:43,490 --> 01:23:45,762
she had to organize her busy household
1380
01:23:45,792 --> 01:23:48,198
to function without her.
1381
01:23:48,228 --> 01:23:50,501
She rose often at 5 in the morning,
1382
01:23:50,531 --> 01:23:52,736
and spent 12 hours without a break
1383
01:23:52,766 --> 01:23:55,672
at the union station red cross canteen
1384
01:23:55,702 --> 01:23:58,108
making coffee and jam sandwiches
1385
01:23:58,138 --> 01:24:00,160
for the dough boys passing through.
1386
01:24:01,507 --> 01:24:03,814
Sometimes, I wondered if I could
1387
01:24:03,844 --> 01:24:06,817
live that way another day.
1388
01:24:06,847 --> 01:24:09,686
Strength came, However,
1389
01:24:09,716 --> 01:24:13,624
with the thought of Europe
and a little sleep,
1390
01:24:13,654 --> 01:24:16,121
you could always begin a new day.
1391
01:24:20,159 --> 01:24:22,566
One day, the red cross asked Eleanor
1392
01:24:22,596 --> 01:24:26,737
to inspect St. Elizabeth's
hospital, a mental facility
1393
01:24:26,767 --> 01:24:28,939
filled with sailors and marines
1394
01:24:28,969 --> 01:24:31,942
suffering in the aftermath of battle.
1395
01:24:31,972 --> 01:24:33,646
The prospect terrified her.
1396
01:24:35,541 --> 01:24:38,982
Her experiences with her
alcoholic father and uncles
1397
01:24:39,012 --> 01:24:41,785
made her frightened of anyone
without what she called
1398
01:24:41,815 --> 01:24:43,682
"the power of self-control."
1399
01:24:44,985 --> 01:24:49,226
She never forgot the sound of
the door locking behind her
1400
01:24:49,256 --> 01:24:54,031
or the sight of the dark ward
filled with shattered men,
1401
01:24:54,061 --> 01:24:59,061
some chained to their beds,
muttering, staring.
1402
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:04,308
They continued to frighten her
but she came back to see them,
1403
01:25:04,338 --> 01:25:07,077
week after week,
and lobbied the government
1404
01:25:07,107 --> 01:25:10,247
and raised private funds
to improve the conditions
1405
01:25:10,277 --> 01:25:11,777
under which they lived.
1406
01:25:34,133 --> 01:25:37,502
"You must do what you think
you cannot do, " she wrote.
1407
01:25:39,405 --> 01:25:42,340
She would keep doing that all her life.
1408
01:25:53,352 --> 01:25:57,127
Dear Rosy was in town yesterday
1409
01:25:57,157 --> 01:25:59,163
and says they all feel quite upset
1410
01:25:59,193 --> 01:26:02,366
at your appearance at the Tammany club
1411
01:26:02,396 --> 01:26:05,869
as your speaking strengthens Tammany.
1412
01:26:05,899 --> 01:26:08,338
Uncle Warren says one of the papers
1413
01:26:08,368 --> 01:26:13,110
has pictures of you and
Murphy side by side.
1414
01:26:13,140 --> 01:26:17,214
All this rather upsets me, I confess.
1415
01:26:17,244 --> 01:26:18,244
Mama.
1416
01:26:20,112 --> 01:26:22,719
On July 4, 1917,
1417
01:26:22,749 --> 01:26:27,457
Franklin addressed the annual Tammany
Hall celebration in New York.
1418
01:26:27,487 --> 01:26:29,626
He assured his mother afterwards
1419
01:26:29,656 --> 01:26:32,262
it had been a "purely patriotic" event,
1420
01:26:32,292 --> 01:26:34,765
part of the larger war effort.
1421
01:26:34,795 --> 01:26:37,701
In fact, it was a signal to Boss Murphy
1422
01:26:37,731 --> 01:26:41,104
and the big-city Democrats
that once the fighting ended,
1423
01:26:41,134 --> 01:26:43,974
he would no longer be their enemy.
1424
01:26:44,004 --> 01:26:46,743
To succeed in post-war politics,
1425
01:26:46,773 --> 01:26:51,148
he would need the bosses he
had once fought so hard.
1426
01:26:51,178 --> 01:26:53,050
Meanwhile, he did all he could
1427
01:26:53,080 --> 01:26:55,886
to strengthen and speed up the Navy.
1428
01:26:55,916 --> 01:26:57,554
Daniels over-ruled his plan
1429
01:26:57,584 --> 01:27:01,491
to build hundreds of small craft
to patrol American harbors
1430
01:27:01,521 --> 01:27:04,094
that were not under any real threat...
1431
01:27:04,124 --> 01:27:07,698
"I fear buying a lot
of junk, " he wrote...
1432
01:27:07,728 --> 01:27:11,568
But when the secretary also
opposed a far grander scheme
1433
01:27:11,598 --> 01:27:13,470
to eliminate the submarine menace
1434
01:27:13,500 --> 01:27:16,240
by laying half a million nets and mines
1435
01:27:16,270 --> 01:27:18,442
between Scotland and Norway,
1436
01:27:18,472 --> 01:27:21,111
he went over his head to
the president himself
1437
01:27:21,141 --> 01:27:23,146
to win approval.
1438
01:27:23,176 --> 01:27:27,879
71,000 mines would be put in
place before the war ended.
1439
01:27:30,383 --> 01:27:32,689
"Chicago Post."
1440
01:27:32,719 --> 01:27:36,193
Mr. Daniels has one, only one,
1441
01:27:36,223 --> 01:27:40,631
virile-minded, hard-fisted,
civilian assistant.
1442
01:27:40,661 --> 01:27:44,129
Uncuriously enough,
his name is Roosevelt.
1443
01:27:48,634 --> 01:27:50,907
Privately, Franklin continued to be
1444
01:27:50,937 --> 01:27:53,844
scornful of his slow-moving boss
1445
01:27:53,874 --> 01:27:58,874
and never abandoned hope of
supplanting him as secretary,
1446
01:27:58,912 --> 01:28:01,585
but he also learned lessons from Daniels
1447
01:28:01,615 --> 01:28:04,321
that would prove
essential to him later...
1448
01:28:04,351 --> 01:28:06,623
How to work his will with Congress
1449
01:28:06,653 --> 01:28:08,959
and how to keep control out of the hands
1450
01:28:08,989 --> 01:28:11,862
of ambitious military men who assumed
1451
01:28:11,892 --> 01:28:13,925
they knew better than civilians.
1452
01:28:15,161 --> 01:28:17,200
FDR took from the first World War
1453
01:28:17,230 --> 01:28:19,970
a great sense of the bureaucratic con.
1454
01:28:20,000 --> 01:28:21,872
He always understood where people were
1455
01:28:21,902 --> 01:28:25,575
hiding money in budgets or why
certain things wouldn't happen
1456
01:28:25,605 --> 01:28:29,513
because he had once hidden money
in budgets and not done things,
1457
01:28:29,543 --> 01:28:32,949
that, that his superiors wanted.
1458
01:28:32,979 --> 01:28:35,619
We forget sometimes how
important Woodrow Wilson
1459
01:28:35,649 --> 01:28:39,556
and the legacy of Wilson was
to Roosevelt's generation.
1460
01:28:39,586 --> 01:28:44,586
He spent 7 years next door
to Wilson's White House.
1461
01:28:44,825 --> 01:28:46,897
Wilson was hugely important to him
1462
01:28:46,927 --> 01:28:49,566
and he learned from Wilson's mistakes,
1463
01:28:49,596 --> 01:28:51,401
but also in serving that administration,
1464
01:28:51,431 --> 01:28:54,799
he came to understand politics
in a very practical level.
1465
01:28:57,203 --> 01:28:59,409
In the summer of 1918,
1466
01:28:59,439 --> 01:29:02,045
Roosevelt finally persuaded his chief
1467
01:29:02,075 --> 01:29:06,583
to let him sail for Europe
on an inspection tour.
1468
01:29:06,613 --> 01:29:09,252
If Franklin Roosevelt could not fight,
1469
01:29:09,282 --> 01:29:12,417
at least he could see the
fighting for himself.
1470
01:29:15,154 --> 01:29:18,929
The good, old ocean is
so absolutely normal...
1471
01:29:18,959 --> 01:29:23,600
Just as it has always been...
Sometimes tumbling about
1472
01:29:23,630 --> 01:29:27,037
and throwing spray like this morning...
1473
01:29:27,067 --> 01:29:30,874
Sometimes gently lolling about
with occasional points of light
1474
01:29:30,904 --> 01:29:35,145
like tonight...
but always something known...
1475
01:29:35,175 --> 01:29:39,082
An old friend of moods and power.
1476
01:29:39,112 --> 01:29:42,252
But now, though the
ocean looks unchanged,
1477
01:29:42,282 --> 01:29:46,323
the doubled number on
lookout shows that even here
1478
01:29:46,353 --> 01:29:51,353
the hand of the hun false God
is reaching out to defy nature,
1479
01:29:52,692 --> 01:29:56,500
that 10 Miles ahead of this
floating city of souls
1480
01:29:56,530 --> 01:30:01,238
a torpedo may be waiting
to start on its quick run;
1481
01:30:01,268 --> 01:30:06,076
that we can never get our good,
old ocean back again
1482
01:30:06,106 --> 01:30:09,713
until that God and the
people who have set him up
1483
01:30:09,743 --> 01:30:12,510
are utterly cut down and purged.
1484
01:30:15,247 --> 01:30:19,890
The enemy torpedo he
feared never materialized.
1485
01:30:19,920 --> 01:30:24,361
But an enemy submarine was
spotted several miles away...
1486
01:30:24,391 --> 01:30:27,831
And over the years,
in Roosevelt's retelling,
1487
01:30:27,861 --> 01:30:31,101
the American destroyer
and the German submarine
1488
01:30:31,131 --> 01:30:34,938
grew closer and closer
until he was claiming
1489
01:30:34,968 --> 01:30:39,968
it had come up first on one side
of his ship and then the other.
1490
01:30:46,178 --> 01:30:49,352
Dearest Ted, you and your brothers
1491
01:30:49,382 --> 01:30:51,188
are playing your parts
in the greatest of
1492
01:30:51,218 --> 01:30:53,824
the world's great days,
1493
01:30:53,854 --> 01:30:56,528
and what man of gallant
spirit does not envy you?
1494
01:31:00,259 --> 01:31:04,734
You are having your crowded
hours of glorious life;
1495
01:31:04,764 --> 01:31:06,837
you have seized the great chance,
1496
01:31:06,867 --> 01:31:08,205
as it was seized by those who fought
1497
01:31:08,235 --> 01:31:10,974
at Gettysburg and Waterloo,
1498
01:31:11,004 --> 01:31:13,671
and Agincourt and Arbela and Marathon.
1499
01:31:19,645 --> 01:31:22,385
He was at Sagamore Hill
doing routine correspondence
1500
01:31:22,415 --> 01:31:24,554
when Phil Thompson of
the Associated Press
1501
01:31:24,584 --> 01:31:29,226
came to see him on July 16, 1918.
1502
01:31:29,256 --> 01:31:32,763
And Thompson was a friend of
Roosevelt's, and he said,
1503
01:31:32,793 --> 01:31:35,398
"The New York Sun" has
just received a telegram.
1504
01:31:35,428 --> 01:31:36,900
Part of it's been censored but it says,
1505
01:31:36,930 --> 01:31:41,638
"watch Oyster Bay for"
and then it's blank.
1506
01:31:41,668 --> 01:31:44,908
When Roosevelt saw
that telegram he said,
1507
01:31:44,938 --> 01:31:46,786
"one of my boys is in trouble."
1508
01:31:48,407 --> 01:31:52,516
Two of them had already been in trouble.
1509
01:31:52,546 --> 01:31:54,618
First, Archie's knee and elbow
1510
01:31:54,648 --> 01:31:57,187
had been shattered by German shells,
1511
01:31:57,217 --> 01:32:00,657
and he had been awarded the
French Croix de Guerre.
1512
01:32:00,687 --> 01:32:02,592
Ted had been gassed leading his men
1513
01:32:02,622 --> 01:32:05,028
on the front lines in one battle
1514
01:32:05,058 --> 01:32:06,796
and been awarded the silver star
1515
01:32:06,826 --> 01:32:09,666
for his gallantry in another.
1516
01:32:09,696 --> 01:32:13,470
Kermit was unhurt, but he had
survived several close calls
1517
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:16,973
fighting with the British
army in Mesopotamia.
1518
01:32:17,003 --> 01:32:21,011
He, too, had been
decorated for his bravery.
1519
01:32:21,041 --> 01:32:24,381
"I wish to heaven that it
was my worthless, old body
1520
01:32:24,411 --> 01:32:27,984
that was exposed to the danger
in the place of my sons, "
1521
01:32:28,014 --> 01:32:30,320
their father had told a friend.
1522
01:32:30,350 --> 01:32:32,122
"But I would not have them elsewhere
1523
01:32:32,152 --> 01:32:33,826
for anything in the world."
1524
01:32:36,388 --> 01:32:38,495
Quentin, the youngest and perhaps
1525
01:32:38,525 --> 01:32:41,465
the best-loved of the
Roosevelt children,
1526
01:32:41,495 --> 01:32:45,202
had joined the army's
fledgling air service.
1527
01:32:45,232 --> 01:32:48,405
He was engaged to Miss
Flora Payne Whitney,
1528
01:32:48,435 --> 01:32:53,435
but forbidden by her parents to
marry until the war was over.
1529
01:32:53,807 --> 01:32:56,746
When a visitor told Quentin
how proud the country was
1530
01:32:56,776 --> 01:33:01,418
to see all the Roosevelt sons
in uniform, he just grinned.
1531
01:33:01,448 --> 01:33:04,154
"Well, " he said,
"you know it's rather up to us
1532
01:33:04,184 --> 01:33:06,284
to practice what father preaches."
1533
01:33:07,786 --> 01:33:12,162
His fellow flyers in the 95th
"kicking mule" aero squadron
1534
01:33:12,192 --> 01:33:14,865
called Quentin the "go and get 'em man"
1535
01:33:14,895 --> 01:33:17,161
because of his eagerness for combat.
1536
01:33:22,768 --> 01:33:27,768
On July 5, 1918, he'd
survived his first dogfight.
1537
01:33:28,508 --> 01:33:31,314
"You get so excited that
you forget everything
1538
01:33:31,344 --> 01:33:34,410
except getting the other fellow,
" he wrote to his mother.
1539
01:33:37,016 --> 01:33:39,851
On the 10th, he'd shot
down a German plane.
1540
01:33:42,087 --> 01:33:45,028
"The last of the lion's
brood has been blooded!"
1541
01:33:45,058 --> 01:33:47,959
His proud father said
when he heard the news.
1542
01:33:51,096 --> 01:33:55,872
On the 14th, Quentin had gone
up again with his comrades.
1543
01:33:55,902 --> 01:33:59,504
A stiff wind blew them
dangerously deep into Germany.
1544
01:34:01,307 --> 01:34:04,548
An enemy formation rose to meet them.
1545
01:34:04,578 --> 01:34:07,517
14 planes mixed in a "general melee, "
1546
01:34:07,547 --> 01:34:10,053
one American pilot remembered,
1547
01:34:10,083 --> 01:34:12,389
"rolling and circling and diving
1548
01:34:12,419 --> 01:34:15,720
with the continuous tat, tat,
tat, tat of the machine guns."
1549
01:34:17,623 --> 01:34:20,358
The Americans flew separately
back to their base.
1550
01:34:22,461 --> 01:34:27,461
Bullets had riddled his cockpit.
1551
01:34:29,402 --> 01:34:32,403
His plane plunged into a rutted field.
1552
01:34:40,446 --> 01:34:42,586
The next morning at dawn,
1553
01:34:42,616 --> 01:34:44,788
Phil Thompson, his friend
from the associated press,
1554
01:34:44,818 --> 01:34:47,485
is back with the confirming telegram.
1555
01:34:49,288 --> 01:34:52,729
And Roosevelt looked at it and
he walked in towards the house
1556
01:34:52,759 --> 01:34:56,694
and he said, "how am I
going to tell Edith?"
1557
01:34:59,164 --> 01:35:03,535
"How will I, how will I
break this news to Edith?"
1558
01:35:05,904 --> 01:35:08,778
And so he did and they
issued a statement
1559
01:35:08,808 --> 01:35:10,814
about how proud they were that their son
1560
01:35:10,844 --> 01:35:12,983
had gotten to the front
and had seen action
1561
01:35:13,013 --> 01:35:15,313
and had done his national service.
1562
01:35:17,816 --> 01:35:20,590
When the Roosevelts lived
in the White House,
1563
01:35:20,620 --> 01:35:22,926
those children were in
the news all the time,
1564
01:35:22,956 --> 01:35:25,362
and Quentin was, I think, about 4
1565
01:35:25,392 --> 01:35:28,098
when his father became president.
1566
01:35:28,128 --> 01:35:32,569
And he was really in a large
sense the country's little boy.
1567
01:35:32,599 --> 01:35:35,872
So when he died,
this was front-page news
1568
01:35:35,902 --> 01:35:38,008
across the country.
1569
01:35:38,038 --> 01:35:39,709
There was a town in Pennsylvania,
1570
01:35:39,739 --> 01:35:41,478
which had been named Bismarck,
1571
01:35:41,508 --> 01:35:43,508
that changed its name to Quentin.
1572
01:35:47,680 --> 01:35:49,953
To feel that one has
inspired a boy to conduct
1573
01:35:49,983 --> 01:35:52,322
that has resulted in his death
1574
01:35:52,352 --> 01:35:56,326
has a pretty serious
side for a father...
1575
01:35:56,356 --> 01:35:59,329
And at the same time I would
not have cared for my boys
1576
01:35:59,359 --> 01:36:01,264
and they would not have cared for me
1577
01:36:01,294 --> 01:36:04,055
if our relations had not
been just along that line.
1578
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:11,341
Roosevelt remained stoical in public,
1579
01:36:11,371 --> 01:36:14,811
but his coachman came
upon him in the stable,
1580
01:36:14,841 --> 01:36:19,749
his face buried in the mane
of his son's pony, murmuring,
1581
01:36:19,779 --> 01:36:22,747
"poor quentyquee, poor quentyquee."
1582
01:36:25,451 --> 01:36:29,359
A German soldier photographed
Quentin's corpse.
1583
01:36:29,389 --> 01:36:34,030
Copies of the picture made their
way to all the Roosevelts.
1584
01:36:34,060 --> 01:36:38,068
"Two bullet holes in the head,
" Eleanor Roosevelt told a friend,
1585
01:36:38,098 --> 01:36:42,066
"so he did not suffer and it
is a glorious way to die."
1586
01:36:46,271 --> 01:36:50,447
A few weeks later, she saw her
uncle at a family gathering.
1587
01:36:50,477 --> 01:36:52,782
He took her aside.
1588
01:36:52,812 --> 01:36:54,751
She was still his favorite niece
1589
01:36:54,781 --> 01:36:58,054
and he had no wish ever to wound her.
1590
01:36:58,084 --> 01:37:02,726
But, he said, it was her duty to
persuade her husband to enlist
1591
01:37:02,756 --> 01:37:07,430
and get to the front in
uniform before this war ended.
1592
01:37:07,460 --> 01:37:10,200
Eleanor was annoyed; Only Franklin
1593
01:37:10,230 --> 01:37:13,870
could make such a decision
and President Wilson himself
1594
01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:16,401
had told him to stay at his post.
1595
01:37:23,809 --> 01:37:27,150
Meanwhile, overseas on
his inspection tour,
1596
01:37:27,180 --> 01:37:31,221
her husband had been having
the time of his life.
1597
01:37:31,251 --> 01:37:33,156
In London, Roosevelt bought himself
1598
01:37:33,186 --> 01:37:35,925
3 pairs of silk pajamas,
1599
01:37:35,955 --> 01:37:39,662
praised the heroism of the
men he called "my" marines
1600
01:37:39,692 --> 01:37:41,898
at the Battle of Belleau Wood,
1601
01:37:41,928 --> 01:37:44,313
chatted with king George V, who told him
1602
01:37:44,343 --> 01:37:47,845
he'd "never seen a German gentleman"...
1603
01:37:48,435 --> 01:37:51,307
And had a brief encounter
with the man with whom
1604
01:37:51,337 --> 01:37:55,779
he would one day direct
a far bigger war.
1605
01:37:55,809 --> 01:37:59,282
It was Monday, July 29, 1918
1606
01:37:59,312 --> 01:38:01,317
at Gray's Inn in London.
1607
01:38:01,347 --> 01:38:03,820
There's a great dinner
of the war ministers.
1608
01:38:03,850 --> 01:38:06,589
Fdr was assistant secretary of the Navy.
1609
01:38:06,619 --> 01:38:08,491
Winston Churchill was there
1610
01:38:08,521 --> 01:38:11,995
and Churchill was quite
grumpy about being there.
1611
01:38:12,025 --> 01:38:17,025
And to FDR's everlasting chagrin,
1612
01:38:17,130 --> 01:38:18,768
Churchill didn't remember him at all.
1613
01:38:18,798 --> 01:38:20,704
Which is possibly for a politician
1614
01:38:20,734 --> 01:38:22,972
the single worst thing
that can happen to you.
1615
01:38:23,002 --> 01:38:25,508
He made no impression whatever.
1616
01:38:25,538 --> 01:38:28,812
In France, Franklin visited
his wounded cousins
1617
01:38:28,842 --> 01:38:30,480
Ted and Archie,
1618
01:38:30,510 --> 01:38:33,316
accompanied a drunken
Congressional delegation
1619
01:38:33,346 --> 01:38:35,285
to the folies-bergere,
1620
01:38:35,315 --> 01:38:37,821
and tirelessly toured the battlefields
1621
01:38:37,851 --> 01:38:42,359
in a special costume he'd
designed for himself.
1622
01:38:42,389 --> 01:38:44,828
At one battered village, he was allowed
1623
01:38:44,858 --> 01:38:49,858
to fire an artillery shell into
the German lines, 7 Miles away.
1624
01:38:52,364 --> 01:38:55,605
And at a crossroads called
"the angle of death, "
1625
01:38:55,635 --> 01:38:59,042
he stood in the open snapping
photographs long enough
1626
01:38:59,072 --> 01:39:01,305
for the germane to call in artillery.
1627
01:39:03,976 --> 01:39:06,750
He and his party had
to drive off so fast
1628
01:39:06,780 --> 01:39:08,546
he left his suitcase behind.
1629
01:39:09,948 --> 01:39:13,323
"The more I think of it,
" he wrote Eleanor, "the more I feel
1630
01:39:13,353 --> 01:39:18,294
that being only 36 my place
is not at a Washington desk,
1631
01:39:18,324 --> 01:39:20,196
even a Navy desk.
1632
01:39:20,226 --> 01:39:22,999
I know you will understand."
1633
01:39:23,029 --> 01:39:26,369
He now hoped to get
himself a Navy commission
1634
01:39:26,399 --> 01:39:29,300
and join a naval battery
on the Western front.
1635
01:39:32,004 --> 01:39:34,344
But first he traveled to Scotland
1636
01:39:34,374 --> 01:39:36,780
to inspect the north sea mines
1637
01:39:36,810 --> 01:39:40,383
and spent a couple of days
salmon-fishing in a cold rain
1638
01:39:40,413 --> 01:39:41,783
before sailing home.
1639
01:39:43,916 --> 01:39:46,489
Once aboard the USS "Leviathan, "
1640
01:39:46,519 --> 01:39:49,554
he collapsed in his cabin
with double pneumonia.
1641
01:39:51,824 --> 01:39:53,696
When the ship docked in New York,
1642
01:39:53,726 --> 01:39:55,927
orderlies had to carry him ashore.
1643
01:39:57,663 --> 01:40:00,250
An ambulance brought him
to his mother's house.
1644
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:05,708
He was carried to a guest room upstairs.
1645
01:40:05,738 --> 01:40:08,578
Eleanor unpacked her husband's luggage
1646
01:40:08,608 --> 01:40:12,982
and came upon a bundle of
letters tied with a string.
1647
01:40:13,012 --> 01:40:15,318
They were addressed
to him and written by
1648
01:40:15,348 --> 01:40:20,348
her own one-time Social
Secretary Lucy Mercer.
1649
01:40:20,987 --> 01:40:23,493
At that moment, she remembered later,
1650
01:40:23,523 --> 01:40:26,863
"the bottom fell out of my
own particular world, "
1651
01:40:26,893 --> 01:40:28,832
and she was forced, she said,
1652
01:40:28,862 --> 01:40:31,501
to "face myself, my surroundings",
1653
01:40:31,531 --> 01:40:34,699
my world, honestly for the first time."
1654
01:40:37,903 --> 01:40:42,045
Lucy was beautiful,
cultured, soft-spoken,
1655
01:40:42,075 --> 01:40:45,081
6 years younger than Eleanor.
1656
01:40:45,111 --> 01:40:47,817
She came from an old Catholic
family from Maryland
1657
01:40:47,847 --> 01:40:50,720
that had fallen on hard times.
1658
01:40:50,750 --> 01:40:52,789
Bamie Roosevelt had recommended her
1659
01:40:52,819 --> 01:40:56,292
not long after the young
Roosevelts arrived in Washington
1660
01:40:56,322 --> 01:40:58,394
5 years before,
1661
01:40:58,424 --> 01:41:01,231
and Eleanor had been pleased
with the way she had helped
1662
01:41:01,261 --> 01:41:05,329
steer her through the shoals of
society in the nation's capital.
1663
01:41:07,032 --> 01:41:12,032
Lucy Mercer had been part of the
Roosevelt household for 3 years.
1664
01:41:12,172 --> 01:41:15,712
The children liked her. So did Sara.
1665
01:41:15,742 --> 01:41:18,615
"She is so sweet and
attractive, " she wrote,
1666
01:41:18,645 --> 01:41:21,551
"and she loves you, Eleanor."
1667
01:41:21,581 --> 01:41:24,354
But she also came to love Franklin...
1668
01:41:24,384 --> 01:41:26,856
"His ringing laugh, " Lucy remembered,
1669
01:41:26,886 --> 01:41:30,093
"all the ridiculous
things he used to say...
1670
01:41:30,123 --> 01:41:32,390
His extraordinarily beautiful head."
1671
01:41:34,126 --> 01:41:38,301
Lucy Mercer was a beautiful,
sweet-natured,
1672
01:41:38,331 --> 01:41:43,331
nice woman who adored the
husband of her employer.
1673
01:41:43,770 --> 01:41:46,075
She adored Franklin.
1674
01:41:46,105 --> 01:41:51,105
And he had a deep need
to find substitutes
1675
01:41:51,544 --> 01:41:55,118
for the kind of unquestioning adoration
1676
01:41:55,148 --> 01:41:57,020
that his mother had given him.
1677
01:41:57,050 --> 01:42:00,557
And Lucy Mercer was that person.
1678
01:42:00,587 --> 01:42:01,791
She was younger than he.
1679
01:42:01,821 --> 01:42:04,828
She thought everything
he did was marvelous.
1680
01:42:04,858 --> 01:42:06,796
He was sweet to her.
1681
01:42:06,826 --> 01:42:08,431
And, she fell in love with him
1682
01:42:08,461 --> 01:42:10,107
and he fell in love with her.
1683
01:42:11,472 --> 01:42:12,802
When Eleanor and the children
1684
01:42:12,832 --> 01:42:14,871
were away at Campobello,
1685
01:42:14,901 --> 01:42:17,974
Lucy and Franklin had
spent time together,
1686
01:42:18,004 --> 01:42:20,777
dining at the homes of discreet friends,
1687
01:42:20,807 --> 01:42:24,747
sailing and picnicking
along the potomac.
1688
01:42:24,777 --> 01:42:26,549
Alice Roosevelt long worth,
1689
01:42:26,579 --> 01:42:28,818
Theodore Roosevelt's oldest daughter,
1690
01:42:28,848 --> 01:42:31,621
had seen them driving
around Washington together
1691
01:42:31,651 --> 01:42:36,651
and teased Franklin about miss Mercer.
1692
01:42:39,892 --> 01:42:42,599
Rumors may have reached Eleanor.
1693
01:42:42,629 --> 01:42:46,803
She had let her secretary
go in June of 1917,
1694
01:42:46,833 --> 01:42:50,273
but within two weeks Lucy
had enlisted in the Navy,
1695
01:42:50,303 --> 01:42:53,109
and was conveniently assigned
to Franklin's office
1696
01:42:53,139 --> 01:42:54,639
at the Navy department.
1697
01:42:56,375 --> 01:42:59,182
At Campobello that summer,
Eleanor worried about
1698
01:42:59,212 --> 01:43:01,979
where her husband was
and what he was up to.
1699
01:43:03,782 --> 01:43:07,223
In October, Franklin's
boss Josephus Daniels
1700
01:43:07,253 --> 01:43:10,360
dismissed Miss Mercer from the service.
1701
01:43:10,390 --> 01:43:12,228
The threat to the Roosevelt marriage
1702
01:43:12,258 --> 01:43:15,064
seemed to have been lifted.
1703
01:43:15,094 --> 01:43:17,133
But now, more than a year later,
1704
01:43:17,163 --> 01:43:19,235
it was clear that Lucy Mercer
1705
01:43:19,265 --> 01:43:22,600
was still an important part
of her husband's life.
1706
01:43:23,835 --> 01:43:27,744
I'm sure he regretted hurting his wife.
1707
01:43:27,774 --> 01:43:31,748
But I think Franklin Roosevelt
didn't dwell very much
1708
01:43:31,778 --> 01:43:34,751
on the impact he had on people.
1709
01:43:34,781 --> 01:43:37,587
He, he was in many ways
1710
01:43:37,617 --> 01:43:42,492
a very selfish,
a very self-centered person.
1711
01:43:42,522 --> 01:43:44,661
Lucy's relationship with Franklin
1712
01:43:44,691 --> 01:43:47,163
confirmed every fear Eleanor Roosevelt
1713
01:43:47,193 --> 01:43:49,799
had ever harbored about herself:
1714
01:43:49,829 --> 01:43:53,369
No one would ever love her for long.
1715
01:43:53,399 --> 01:43:56,606
She offered her husband his "freedom."
1716
01:43:56,636 --> 01:43:59,042
His mother was said to have told her son
1717
01:43:59,072 --> 01:44:00,710
she would not stand in his way
1718
01:44:00,740 --> 01:44:04,280
if he wanted to leave his
wife and 5 children...
1719
01:44:04,310 --> 01:44:07,984
But she also would not provide
him with another penny,
1720
01:44:08,014 --> 01:44:12,355
would make sure he did not
inherit his beloved Springwood.
1721
01:44:12,385 --> 01:44:14,724
Louis Howe weighed in, too:
1722
01:44:14,754 --> 01:44:19,056
A divorce, he said, would end
Franklin's political career.
1723
01:44:20,425 --> 01:44:25,268
Franklin promised never
to see Lucy Mercer again.
1724
01:44:25,298 --> 01:44:28,638
Eleanor agreed to remain with him.
1725
01:44:28,668 --> 01:44:30,173
But the experience taught her,
1726
01:44:30,203 --> 01:44:32,308
she would write many years later,
1727
01:44:32,338 --> 01:44:37,313
"that practically no one is
entirely bad or entirely good,
1728
01:44:37,343 --> 01:44:39,777
that a man must be what he is."
1729
01:44:41,380 --> 01:44:43,253
Eleanor Roosevelt never forgave
1730
01:44:43,283 --> 01:44:46,422
or forgot what he had done.
1731
01:44:46,452 --> 01:44:48,591
She resented it really all her life.
1732
01:44:48,621 --> 01:44:52,862
She told all of her
intimate friends about it.
1733
01:44:52,892 --> 01:44:56,866
It was the sort of almost the brand of
1734
01:44:56,896 --> 01:44:58,701
your intimacy with Mrs. Roosevelt
1735
01:44:58,731 --> 01:45:02,271
that she would tell you
the story of his betrayal
1736
01:45:02,301 --> 01:45:04,674
and how she had dealt with it.
1737
01:45:04,704 --> 01:45:08,478
I think she was extremely
bitter about it.
1738
01:45:08,508 --> 01:45:12,348
Now, having said that,
their marriage went on.
1739
01:45:12,378 --> 01:45:15,551
And it would be one of
the great partnerships
1740
01:45:15,581 --> 01:45:18,916
in the history of the world,
let alone the United States.
1741
01:45:29,661 --> 01:45:34,537
At 11:00 in the morning
on November 11, 1918,
1742
01:45:34,567 --> 01:45:37,802
the great war ended
in an allied victory.
1743
01:45:41,873 --> 01:45:44,814
"The feeling of relief and thankfulness
1744
01:45:44,844 --> 01:45:47,511
was beyond description, " Eleanor wrote.
1745
01:45:52,918 --> 01:45:55,953
New York. November 19, 1918.
1746
01:45:57,989 --> 01:46:01,130
Well, we have seen the mighty days...
1747
01:46:01,160 --> 01:46:03,166
Have lived through the
most tremendous tragedy
1748
01:46:03,196 --> 01:46:05,969
in the history of civilization.
1749
01:46:05,999 --> 01:46:08,604
In spite of our pacifists
and sentimentalists
1750
01:46:08,634 --> 01:46:10,907
and tricky politicians,
1751
01:46:10,937 --> 01:46:14,277
America did finally play
a real part in the war
1752
01:46:14,307 --> 01:46:17,013
and played it manfully.
1753
01:46:17,043 --> 01:46:19,248
Ted and Kermit have taken
part in the last fighting,
1754
01:46:19,278 --> 01:46:22,685
and I believe they are now
walking toward the rhine.
1755
01:46:22,715 --> 01:46:25,916
Archie, pretty badly crippled,
is back with us.
1756
01:46:30,689 --> 01:46:32,363
This is Quentin's birthday.
1757
01:46:35,660 --> 01:46:37,233
I think that Theodore Roosevelt
1758
01:46:37,263 --> 01:46:40,269
was in a lot of pain
through much of his life,
1759
01:46:40,299 --> 01:46:45,299
physical pain, emotional loss,
suffering from emotional loss.
1760
01:46:47,807 --> 01:46:52,582
And yes, he wanted to be
courageous in the face of pain,
1761
01:46:52,612 --> 01:46:56,753
but he also didn't want to
inflict that pain on us,
1762
01:46:56,783 --> 01:46:59,122
on his audience.
1763
01:46:59,152 --> 01:47:01,824
That was for him to have to deal with.
1764
01:47:01,854 --> 01:47:04,555
And he'd known it since
childhood, all his life.
1765
01:47:07,292 --> 01:47:09,499
And he'd known loss all his life.
1766
01:47:09,529 --> 01:47:14,529
And this brevity of life is
painful for him to face.
1767
01:47:17,269 --> 01:47:21,277
Dear Ted, father was in your old nursery
1768
01:47:21,307 --> 01:47:25,381
and loved the view, and as it got dusk
1769
01:47:25,411 --> 01:47:29,419
he watched the dancing of waves
1770
01:47:29,449 --> 01:47:33,022
and spoke of the
happiness of being home,
1771
01:47:33,052 --> 01:47:34,819
and made little plans for me.
1772
01:47:37,656 --> 01:47:39,429
I think he had made up his mind
1773
01:47:39,459 --> 01:47:43,232
that he would have to suffer
for some time to come
1774
01:47:43,262 --> 01:47:47,837
and with high courage had
adjusted himself to bear it.
1775
01:47:47,867 --> 01:47:50,000
He was very sweet all day.
1776
01:47:51,736 --> 01:47:56,446
Since Quentin was
killed he has been sad.
1777
01:47:56,476 --> 01:48:00,111
Only Ethel's little girl had
the power to make him merry.
1778
01:48:03,815 --> 01:48:07,423
On the evening of January 5, 1919,
1779
01:48:07,453 --> 01:48:10,293
Theodore Roosevelt sat
reading by the fire
1780
01:48:10,323 --> 01:48:13,730
in his children's empty nursery.
1781
01:48:13,760 --> 01:48:18,234
He'd recently been hospitalized
for inflammatory rheumatism;
1782
01:48:18,264 --> 01:48:23,264
was still weak, weary,
oddly short of breath.
1783
01:48:23,336 --> 01:48:27,210
But he'd long since made his
peace with the Republican party
1784
01:48:27,240 --> 01:48:32,240
and was certain that 1920 would
bring him back to power at last.
1785
01:48:33,045 --> 01:48:36,285
Meanwhile, he needed rest.
1786
01:48:36,315 --> 01:48:40,022
As he closed his book and got
ready for bed that evening,
1787
01:48:40,052 --> 01:48:43,526
he said to Edith,
"I wonder if you will ever know"
1788
01:48:43,556 --> 01:48:45,489
how I love Sagamore Hill."
1789
01:48:48,593 --> 01:48:49,833
He never woke up.
1790
01:48:53,498 --> 01:48:56,133
He was just 60 years old.
1791
01:48:58,036 --> 01:49:03,036
"The old lion is dead."
1792
01:49:06,444 --> 01:49:09,519
"I have never known
another person so vital, "
1793
01:49:09,549 --> 01:49:12,288
the editor William Allen White wrote,
1794
01:49:12,318 --> 01:49:15,591
"nor another man so dear."
1795
01:49:15,621 --> 01:49:17,894
"Death had to take him sleeping, "
1796
01:49:17,924 --> 01:49:20,997
Vice President Thomas
Marshall told the press,
1797
01:49:21,027 --> 01:49:23,266
"for if Roosevelt had been awake,
1798
01:49:23,296 --> 01:49:25,144
there would have been a fight."
1799
01:49:26,798 --> 01:49:30,907
Two days later, as pallbearers
prepared to carry his coffin
1800
01:49:30,937 --> 01:49:33,876
to a hilltop grave at Oyster Bay,
1801
01:49:33,906 --> 01:49:38,281
a New York police captain said
to Roosevelt's sister Corinne,
1802
01:49:38,311 --> 01:49:40,883
"do you remember the fun of him?
1803
01:49:40,913 --> 01:49:43,653
It was not only that he was a great man,
1804
01:49:43,683 --> 01:49:47,585
but, there was such fun
in being led by him."
1805
01:49:51,590 --> 01:49:54,864
My sorrow is so keen
for the young who die
1806
01:49:54,894 --> 01:49:56,599
that the edge of my grief is blunted
1807
01:49:56,629 --> 01:50:00,970
when death comes to the old,
of my own generation;
1808
01:50:01,000 --> 01:50:04,974
for in the nature of things
we must soon die anyhow...
1809
01:50:05,004 --> 01:50:08,105
And we have warmed both hands
before the fire of life.
1810
01:50:13,845 --> 01:50:16,319
Franklin and Eleanor
Roosevelt had been unable
1811
01:50:16,349 --> 01:50:18,387
to attend the funeral.
1812
01:50:18,417 --> 01:50:22,091
They were at sea,
on their way to Europe.
1813
01:50:22,121 --> 01:50:26,329
He was going back to dismantle
naval installations.
1814
01:50:26,359 --> 01:50:31,359
She insisted she go along, too,
to look after him, she said.
1815
01:50:31,430 --> 01:50:34,604
His health was still fragile.
1816
01:50:34,634 --> 01:50:36,091
So was their marriage.
1817
01:50:38,203 --> 01:50:41,444
Theodore Roosevelt's
death stunned them both.
1818
01:50:41,474 --> 01:50:44,714
He had been Franklin's
hero all his life...
1819
01:50:44,744 --> 01:50:48,518
"The greatest man I
ever knew, " he said.
1820
01:50:48,548 --> 01:50:51,354
He had been a hero to Eleanor, too...
1821
01:50:51,384 --> 01:50:53,884
And a vivid link to her beloved father.
1822
01:50:56,822 --> 01:50:59,228
But Theodore Roosevelt's death
1823
01:50:59,258 --> 01:51:01,708
was about to provide Franklin Roosevelt
1824
01:51:02,384 --> 01:51:04,134
with a great opportunity.
150227
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