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MAN AS BENJAMIN FRANKLIN:
Histories of Lives
are seldom entertaining,
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unless they contain something
either admirable or exemplar.
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Know then, That I am
an Enemy to Vice,
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and a Friend to Vertue.
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A mortal Enemy
to arbitrary Government
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and unlimited Power.
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I am naturally very jealous
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for the Rights and Liberties
of my Country;
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and the least appearance
of an Incroachment on those
invaluable Priviledges,
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00:00:39,331 --> 00:00:42,918
is apt to make my Blood
boil exceedingly.
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[THUNDER]
Benjamin Franklin.
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♪
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MAN: Franklin is, by far,
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the most approachable
of our Founders.
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He's not somebody made of stone,
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like a George Washington.
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Franklin was pretty simple
in his moral code.
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He was driven by a desire
to pour forth
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benefits for the common good.
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But there's a lot
in Benjamin Franklin
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that makes you flinch,
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and we see Franklin
not as a perfect person,
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but somebody evolving to see
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if he could become more perfect.
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NARRATOR: He was
a teenage runaway
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who achieved such
remarkable success
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that his example would be
handed down for generations
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as the embodiment
of the American dream.
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He was a printer, a publisher,
and a writer,
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producing everything from
essays on politics and religion
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to biting satires
and words of wisdom
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that would endure forever.
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[THUNDER]
He was a prolific inventor
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and a scientist whose
pioneering discoveries
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would make him the most famous
American in the world.
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He was a civic leader,
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the founder of a library
and a college,
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who introduced a host
of improvements
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that made the lives
of everyday people better.
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He embraced
the Enlightenment belief
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in the perfectibility
of human beings;
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but no one understood
their foibles and failings,
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including his own,
better than he did.
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♪
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He also owned and enslaved
human beings
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and benefited from
the institution of slavery.
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[GUNSHOT]
He was a reluctant revolutionary
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who became an indispensable
founder of a new nation;
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helped craft the document
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that declared his
country's independence;
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and then did as much as anyone
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to secure the victory
that assured it.
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And he guided
the complicated compromises
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that created his
nation's Constitution,
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then tried to rectify
its central failing.
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MAN: He constantly
remade himself
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from apprentice,
to printer, to scientist,
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to government official, to
revolutionary, to abolitionist.
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He never was
finished with himself.
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He always thought that
he was a work in progress.
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NARRATOR: He could be funny
and unforgiving;
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folksy and philosophical;
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generous
and shrewdly calculating;
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broadminded, yet
deeply prejudiced;
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a family man, who spent years
away from his wife
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and let political differences
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destroy his relationship
with his son.
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He concealed those
contradictions behind
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a carefully crafted
public image.
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MAN: He's a Puritan
who then becomes
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the leading figure
in the Enlightenment.
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So that he stands astride
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so many contradictions
in his own life,
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that he understands them
and they don't become
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contradictions for him.
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They become some
seamless web of insight.
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MAN: He wrote so much.
He wrote so well.
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00:04:09,458 --> 00:04:12,419
He's somebody that
we need to know about.
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He can put us in touch
with the sensibilities
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of the 18th century in a way
that makes it
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both accessible and, yet,
captures its remoteness.
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[THUNDER]
WOMAN: Franklin is endlessly,
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endlessly interesting.
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He is the only
Founding Father who
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evidently had a sense of humor,
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who was evidently human,
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who evidently had a sex life.
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And there's so much
about him that makes him
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seem approachable,
on the one hand,
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and super-human
on the other hand.
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NARRATOR: "Let all men know
thee," Benjamin Franklin said,
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"but no man
know thee thoroughly."
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MAN AS FRANKLIN: I never intend
to wrap my Talent in a Napkin.
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To be brief; I am courteous
and affable, good humor'd
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unless I am first provok'd,
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and handsome,
and sometimes witty.
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If you would not be forgotten,
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as soon as you are
dead and rotten,
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either write things
worth reading,
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or do things worth the writing.
Benjamin Franklin.
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♪
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♪
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NARRATOR: Benjamin Franklin
was born in Boston
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on January 17, 1706,
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the youngest son and 15th child
of Josiah Franklin,
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who had come from England
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to the Massachusetts Bay Colony
in 1683.
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Josiah made candles and soap
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and became a respected member
of South Church,
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one of the town's 3
congregations of Puritans.
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When his first wife
died in childbirth,
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Josiah married Abiah Folger
of Nantucket,
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who came from a family
of free-thinkers.
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Benjamin would be
her eighth child.
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He grew up in a 4-room house
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where the dinner table
was always crowded,
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and often included friends his
pious and serious-minded father
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invited over for conversation.
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From the start,
the boy was precocious.
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He was reading
the Bible by age 5.
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His sister Jane recalled
that he "studied incessantly"
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and "was addicted to
all kinds of reading."
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But he was also irreverent.
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He found the long prayers
before each meal tedious
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and suggested his father
simply say grace once
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over the entire winter's
supply of food.
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"It would be," young Benjamin
said, "a vast saving of time."
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♪
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NARRATOR: He and his
boyhood friends
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fished and frolicked
in a nearby pond.
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An avid swimmer,
he designed rudimentary fins
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to propel himself faster
across the water;
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other times, he floated
on his back
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and let himself be
pulled along by a kite.
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Josiah initially thought his son
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should study for the ministry
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and enrolled him at age 8
in the Boston school
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that prepared students
for Harvard College.
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But the academy proved
too expensive,
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and eager to have
another set of hands,
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his father put him to work
in the family's candle shop.
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He was 10 years old;
his schooling was over.
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BRANDS: I think it was crucial
to Franklin's success
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that he had very little
formal education.
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When people go through
formal schools,
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they learn what
you're supposed to know.
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They also learn what
you don't have to know.
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With Franklin, he never knew
what he didn't have to know,
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so, he assumed he had
to know everything.
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♪
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NARRATOR: In 1718, at age 12,
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Franklin began the work
that would define
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the rest of his life.
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He signed
a 9-year apprenticeship,
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legally indenturing himself
to his older brother James,
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who had opened
a printing shop in Boston.
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Printing was
an amazing business if you were
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both clever with your hands
and good at thinking.
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Printers are setting type
upside-down and backward.
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And you have to be really
hyper-literate to understand
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how language works that way,
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and to correct things
as you go along,
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and get it right.
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NARRATOR: Handling the heavy
sets of lead type
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strengthened and broadened
his shoulders.
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Having access to books
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strengthened and liberated
his mind.
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MAN AS FRANKLIN:
Often I sat up in my room
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reading the greatest part
of the night,
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when the book was borrowed
in the evening and had to be
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returned early in the morning
lest it should be missed.
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And all the little money
that came into my hands
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was ever laid out in books.
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WOMAN: Here was a kid
who only had
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two years of
formal education, ever.
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So, what did he do?
He taught himself how to write.
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NARRATOR: He composed poetry--
including a ballad
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commemorating the recent killing
of Blackbeard the pirate.
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He read articles
from "The Spectator,"
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a London periodical,
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and, on paper salvaged
from the print shop,
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attempted to
reproduce them by memory.
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He stayed up late at night
and rose early each morning
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to continue his reading
before the shop opened.
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"I was," Franklin said,
"extremely ambitious."
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In 1721, his brother James
decided to publish
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his own weekly newspaper,
"The New-England Courant."
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From its inception,
the paper courted controversy.
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Its first issue
attacked Cotton Mather,
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Boston's pre-eminent preacher
and the colony's
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strict and severe
moral authority.
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Mather called
the newspaper wicked,
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filled with immorality,
and lies.
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What James Franklin does
is he creates
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the first real independent
newspaper in America.
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His paper, in Boston, is, quote,
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"Not published by Authority."
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All the others, you were
given a stamp of authority.
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NARRATOR: On April 2, 1722,
an essay appeared
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over the name of Silence Dogood,
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who claimed to be a widowed
woman from the countryside,
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and who had lots of
homespun wisdom
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and sharp social critiques
to share.
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It was an immediate hit.
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No one, including
James Franklin, had any idea
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that the real author
was a teenage boy,
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James's 16-year-old
brother Benjamin,
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who had secretly slipped
the essay under the door.
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More of Silence Dogood's
articles began to appear.
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She offered irreverent
advice on funeral eulogies,
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advocated fiercely
for women's education,
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and in one dispatch
poked fun at Harvard
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and the wealthy parents
who dreamed of
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sending their children
to the elite institution.
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MAN AS FRANKLIN: Most of them
consulted their own Purses
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instead of their
Childrens Capacities.
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At Harvard They learn
little more than
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how to
carry themselves handsomely,
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and enter a Room genteely...
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and from whence they return,
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after Abundance of
Trouble and Charge,
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00:11:55,882 --> 00:11:58,427
as great Blockheads as ever,
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only more proud
and self-conceited.
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[HORSE WHINNIES]
[DOOR CLOSES]
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NARRATOR: In the summer of 1722,
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James was jailed for 3 weeks
without trial
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for questioning the competence
of Cotton Mather
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00:12:13,316 --> 00:12:15,902
and the colony's other leaders.
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Quoting from an article he had
read in a London newspaper,
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00:12:19,281 --> 00:12:24,369
Benjamin, as Silence Dogood,
came to his brother's defense.
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00:12:26,037 --> 00:12:27,038
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
Without Freedom of Thought,
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there can be no such
Thing as Wisdom;
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00:12:29,958 --> 00:12:32,377
and no such Thing
as publick Liberty,
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00:12:32,544 --> 00:12:34,296
without Freedom of Speech.
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00:12:35,839 --> 00:12:38,008
Whoever would overthrow
the Liberty of a Nation,
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00:12:38,175 --> 00:12:41,845
must begin by subduing
the Freeness of Speech.
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NARRATOR: When James
was released from jail
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00:12:45,724 --> 00:12:47,893
and resumed putting out
his newspaper,
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00:12:48,059 --> 00:12:51,480
Benjamin confessed publicly
that he, in fact,
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00:12:51,646 --> 00:12:54,816
was writing
Silence Dogood's essays.
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00:12:54,983 --> 00:12:57,527
Many cheered him
for his artfulness,
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but James was jealous.
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00:13:00,572 --> 00:13:05,035
They would argue--and it
sometimes came to blows.
[SLAP, SHOUTING]
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MAN AS FRANKLIN: I fancy
his harsh and tyrannical
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00:13:07,162 --> 00:13:09,289
Treatment of me,
might be a means of
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00:13:09,456 --> 00:13:12,793
impressing me with that
Aversion to arbitrary Power
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00:13:12,959 --> 00:13:16,379
that has stuck to me
thro' my whole Life.
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00:13:17,923 --> 00:13:20,175
NARRATOR: Franklin decided
to run away,
249
00:13:20,342 --> 00:13:25,096
even if it meant breaking his
legal obligation to his brother.
250
00:13:25,263 --> 00:13:28,683
After selling some of his books
to pay for his passage,
251
00:13:28,850 --> 00:13:32,062
he slipped out of town
on a ship heading south,
252
00:13:32,229 --> 00:13:36,274
convincing the captain to keep
quiet under the false pretense
253
00:13:36,441 --> 00:13:40,612
that he had gotten a girl
pregnant and needed to leave.
254
00:13:40,779 --> 00:13:43,532
He was 17 years old.
255
00:13:46,201 --> 00:13:52,457
♪
256
00:13:52,624 --> 00:13:56,837
11 days later,
on October 6, 1723,
257
00:13:57,003 --> 00:13:59,506
Franklin arrived at
the Market Street wharf
258
00:13:59,673 --> 00:14:02,133
on the Delaware River
in Philadelphia,
259
00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:06,263
the City of Brotherly Love
founded by William Penn,
260
00:14:06,429 --> 00:14:11,017
a Quaker for whom the colony of
Pennsylvania was named.
261
00:14:11,184 --> 00:14:14,187
With 6,000 residents,
Philadelphia was now
262
00:14:14,354 --> 00:14:19,150
America's third-largest city
after Boston and New York.
263
00:14:19,317 --> 00:14:22,988
It was a thriving outpost
of the British Empire--
264
00:14:23,154 --> 00:14:27,158
its streets filled with both
newcomers and Native peoples,
265
00:14:27,325 --> 00:14:33,331
including the Lenape, on whose
land the city now stood.
266
00:14:33,498 --> 00:14:36,543
ISAACSON: People are coming
from all sorts of backgrounds.
267
00:14:36,710 --> 00:14:38,587
There's Anglicans, there's Jews,
268
00:14:38,753 --> 00:14:40,964
there's slaves, freed slaves.
269
00:14:41,131 --> 00:14:43,758
There's the Germans coming in
and the Presbyterians
270
00:14:43,925 --> 00:14:46,386
and the Native Americans
who were there.
271
00:14:46,553 --> 00:14:49,890
And, unlike Puritan Boston,
where you have to follow
272
00:14:50,056 --> 00:14:53,268
the theocratic maxims
of the Mather family,
273
00:14:53,435 --> 00:14:58,523
people in Philadelphia
have a certain tolerance.
274
00:14:58,690 --> 00:15:01,526
WOMAN: Colonial Philadelphia
had a different vibe,
275
00:15:01,693 --> 00:15:03,320
a different flavor.
276
00:15:03,486 --> 00:15:07,949
Growing commerce,
saloons and taverns,
277
00:15:08,116 --> 00:15:11,411
a sort of hospitable place,
but also a place in which
278
00:15:11,578 --> 00:15:15,165
people could find themselves
and create themselves.
279
00:15:15,332 --> 00:15:18,043
Franklin landing in
Philadelphia at this moment
280
00:15:18,209 --> 00:15:21,379
was perfect for him,
in terms of timing.
281
00:15:21,546 --> 00:15:25,467
He didn't have to be someone
who came from great wealth
282
00:15:25,634 --> 00:15:28,678
in order to find opportunity.
283
00:15:28,845 --> 00:15:31,056
MAN: He's just a kid.
284
00:15:31,222 --> 00:15:33,308
He's run away from
his apprenticeship,
285
00:15:33,475 --> 00:15:35,477
so, he's scared, probably,
that they're going to
286
00:15:35,644 --> 00:15:36,895
track him down.
287
00:15:37,062 --> 00:15:40,482
He's not sure what comes next.
288
00:15:40,649 --> 00:15:43,276
NARRATOR: "I was dirty from
my journey," Franklin wrote,
289
00:15:43,443 --> 00:15:46,821
"and I knew no soul
nor where to look for lodging.
290
00:15:46,988 --> 00:15:51,076
I was fatigued and very hungry."
291
00:15:51,242 --> 00:15:54,621
It was a Sunday, and he saw
a crowd of well-dressed people
292
00:15:54,788 --> 00:15:57,165
heading into a church.
293
00:15:57,332 --> 00:16:01,252
They were Quakers about to
attend their weekly service,
294
00:16:01,419 --> 00:16:05,131
marked by sitting
in silence together.
295
00:16:07,425 --> 00:16:08,885
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
I sat down among them,
296
00:16:09,052 --> 00:16:11,221
and after looking round awhile
297
00:16:11,388 --> 00:16:12,889
and hearing nothing said,
298
00:16:13,056 --> 00:16:16,101
I fell fast asleep,
and continued so
299
00:16:16,267 --> 00:16:20,647
till the meeting broke up, when
one was kind enough to rouse me.
300
00:16:20,814 --> 00:16:23,400
[DOG BARKING]
301
00:16:23,566 --> 00:16:25,860
NARRATOR: Walking up
Market Street, he passed a house
302
00:16:26,027 --> 00:16:28,863
and exchanged glances
with a 15-year-old girl
303
00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:31,992
standing in the doorway,
who, he was sure,
304
00:16:32,158 --> 00:16:34,869
"thought I made,
as I certainly did,
305
00:16:35,036 --> 00:16:38,123
a most awkward,
ridiculous appearance."
306
00:16:39,457 --> 00:16:42,293
He went to work at one of
the city's print shops
307
00:16:42,460 --> 00:16:45,088
and eventually began
renting a room at the house
308
00:16:45,255 --> 00:16:48,091
he had passed
that first morning.
309
00:16:49,342 --> 00:16:51,386
The girl he had seen was
his landlord's daughter--
310
00:16:51,553 --> 00:16:53,596
Deborah Read.
311
00:16:53,763 --> 00:16:55,306
They struck up a romance,
312
00:16:55,473 --> 00:17:00,020
and by the fall of 1724
were talking of marriage.
313
00:17:02,355 --> 00:17:04,733
Meanwhile, patrons of
the print shop had noticed
314
00:17:04,899 --> 00:17:07,360
Franklin's skill and diligence.
315
00:17:07,527 --> 00:17:10,739
One of them, Pennsylvania's
governor William Keith,
316
00:17:10,905 --> 00:17:15,618
offered what seemed to be
the opportunity of a lifetime.
317
00:17:15,785 --> 00:17:17,996
He would send Franklin to London
318
00:17:18,163 --> 00:17:20,665
with letters of introduction
and credit
319
00:17:20,832 --> 00:17:22,375
to purchase the equipment needed
320
00:17:22,542 --> 00:17:26,087
to start his own
print shop in Philadelphia.
321
00:17:28,256 --> 00:17:30,717
Marriage to Deborah
would have to wait.
322
00:17:30,884 --> 00:17:34,137
Benjamin was bound for England.
323
00:17:34,304 --> 00:17:41,394
♪
324
00:17:41,561 --> 00:17:43,229
MAN AS DANIEL DEFOE:
The great center of England
325
00:17:43,396 --> 00:17:45,899
is the city of London
and parts adjacent.
326
00:17:46,066 --> 00:17:48,151
All that vast mass of buildings,
327
00:17:48,318 --> 00:17:51,321
and how much farther
it may spread, who knows?
328
00:17:51,488 --> 00:17:54,365
New squares and new streets
rising up every day
329
00:17:54,532 --> 00:17:57,327
to such a prodigy of buildings
that nothing in the world
330
00:17:57,494 --> 00:18:02,624
does, or ever did, equal it,
except old Rome.
331
00:18:02,791 --> 00:18:04,042
Daniel Defoe.
332
00:18:06,377 --> 00:18:08,296
NARRATOR: With more than
600,000 residents,
333
00:18:08,463 --> 00:18:11,257
100 times the size
of Philadelphia,
334
00:18:11,424 --> 00:18:14,344
London was the teeming hub
of an empire
335
00:18:14,511 --> 00:18:19,474
that considered its far-flung
colonists with mild disdain.
336
00:18:19,641 --> 00:18:23,770
They viewed Americans
as backwards suppliers
of raw materials
337
00:18:23,937 --> 00:18:26,815
and as purchasers
of manufactured goods
338
00:18:26,981 --> 00:18:30,693
only England could provide.
339
00:18:30,860 --> 00:18:31,903
MAN: Coming out of
the Provinces,
340
00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:34,280
he found a greater world.
341
00:18:34,447 --> 00:18:39,285
In England, he was
young and impressionable
342
00:18:39,452 --> 00:18:46,167
and able to make his way into
that huge metropolis of London
343
00:18:46,334 --> 00:18:49,462
from nothing but his ability.
344
00:18:49,629 --> 00:18:52,674
NARRATOR: Upon his arrival,
Franklin learned too late that
345
00:18:52,841 --> 00:18:56,636
Governor Keith had
a reputation for unreliability.
346
00:18:56,803 --> 00:19:00,390
There were no letters of credit
or introduction.
347
00:19:00,557 --> 00:19:03,810
Once more, he would have
to fend for himself.
348
00:19:05,395 --> 00:19:07,522
For a year and a half,
he made the most of it.
349
00:19:07,689 --> 00:19:10,108
London had more print shops
than all of
350
00:19:10,275 --> 00:19:12,652
the American colonies combined,
351
00:19:12,819 --> 00:19:14,779
and he quickly found work,
352
00:19:14,946 --> 00:19:20,201
impressing his employers with
his strength and his sobriety.
353
00:19:20,368 --> 00:19:23,413
Unlike all the other workers,
he did not drink
354
00:19:23,580 --> 00:19:28,585
a pint of beer 6 different times
during the workday.
355
00:19:28,751 --> 00:19:31,880
MAN AS FRANKLIN: I drank
only Water; the other Workmen
356
00:19:32,046 --> 00:19:33,173
wonder'd to see from this
357
00:19:33,339 --> 00:19:36,551
that the Water-American,
as they call'd me,
358
00:19:36,718 --> 00:19:38,761
was stronger than themselves.
359
00:19:40,805 --> 00:19:43,808
NARRATOR: He spent his
free time poring through books,
360
00:19:43,975 --> 00:19:48,271
especially Enlightenment
treatises by Isaac Newton,
361
00:19:48,438 --> 00:19:52,233
René Descartes, John Locke,
and other philosophers
362
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,403
who argued that truths
were to be found
363
00:19:55,570 --> 00:19:59,365
through the study of how things
work in the natural world.
364
00:19:59,532 --> 00:20:03,077
♪
365
00:20:03,244 --> 00:20:04,329
JENKINSON: The Enlightenment.
366
00:20:04,495 --> 00:20:07,373
It's a commitment
to reason and science.
367
00:20:07,540 --> 00:20:09,542
It's a belief that
every problem can be solved
368
00:20:09,709 --> 00:20:13,087
and that every institution
can be reformed,
369
00:20:13,254 --> 00:20:14,797
that life on Earth
is perfectible,
370
00:20:14,964 --> 00:20:17,675
at least up to a point,
371
00:20:17,842 --> 00:20:20,094
and maybe altogether.
372
00:20:20,261 --> 00:20:22,096
NARRATOR: In London,
Franklin also seemed
373
00:20:22,263 --> 00:20:23,932
to have forgotten Deborah
374
00:20:24,098 --> 00:20:26,267
and indulged in what he called
375
00:20:26,434 --> 00:20:29,145
"foolish intrigues
with low women."
376
00:20:29,312 --> 00:20:32,315
He wrote her only one letter.
377
00:20:32,482 --> 00:20:37,153
In his absence,
Deborah married someone else.
378
00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:39,113
[DOG BARKING]
But when a Quaker merchant
379
00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:41,532
offered Franklin a job
as a clerk
380
00:20:41,699 --> 00:20:43,952
selling merchandise
in a general store
381
00:20:44,118 --> 00:20:45,328
back in Philadelphia
382
00:20:45,495 --> 00:20:48,831
and then dangled
a potential partnership,
383
00:20:48,998 --> 00:20:51,000
he headed home.
384
00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:57,423
During the 12-week voyage,
Franklin wrote out a plan
385
00:20:57,590 --> 00:21:01,761
for future conduct,
with 4 basic rules:
386
00:21:01,928 --> 00:21:03,888
be "extremely frugal,"
387
00:21:04,055 --> 00:21:07,684
"endeavor to speak the truth
in every instance,"
388
00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:12,397
"apply myself industriously
to whatever business I take,"
389
00:21:12,563 --> 00:21:15,358
and "speak ill of
no man whatever."
390
00:21:17,986 --> 00:21:21,406
In Philadelphia, he threw
himself into his new job,
391
00:21:21,572 --> 00:21:25,576
becoming, he said,
an "expert at selling."
392
00:21:25,743 --> 00:21:29,372
But that winter, his employer
took ill and died.
393
00:21:30,665 --> 00:21:34,335
Franklin decided to return
to his old trade as a printer.
394
00:21:35,503 --> 00:21:38,006
[BELL RINGS]
In 1728, he opened
395
00:21:38,172 --> 00:21:40,425
his own shop on Market Street
396
00:21:40,591 --> 00:21:42,885
with a partner
whose father underwrote
397
00:21:43,052 --> 00:21:45,930
the initial expenses.
398
00:21:46,097 --> 00:21:49,475
He had devised a foundry
for casting type,
399
00:21:49,642 --> 00:21:53,146
saving the cost of sending to
England for replacements,
400
00:21:53,313 --> 00:21:55,398
and won a contract to print
401
00:21:55,565 --> 00:21:58,484
the authorized history
of the Quakers.
402
00:21:59,694 --> 00:22:01,404
When his new partner
took to drinking,
403
00:22:01,571 --> 00:22:04,741
Franklin found other backers
to buy him out
404
00:22:04,907 --> 00:22:08,161
and continued as
sole proprietor.
405
00:22:08,328 --> 00:22:10,538
In his drive to succeed,
he often worked
406
00:22:10,705 --> 00:22:12,332
until 11 at night
407
00:22:12,498 --> 00:22:15,376
and was back at his shop
before dawn.
408
00:22:16,961 --> 00:22:19,464
MAN AS FRANKLIN: I took care
not only to be in Reality
409
00:22:19,630 --> 00:22:22,050
Industrious and frugal,
but to avoid
410
00:22:22,216 --> 00:22:25,428
all Appearances of the Contrary.
411
00:22:25,595 --> 00:22:28,056
NARRATOR: He made sure
people noticed,
412
00:22:28,222 --> 00:22:31,768
and his business increased.
413
00:22:31,934 --> 00:22:34,645
CHAPLIN: He was a writer.
You know, writers invent.
414
00:22:34,812 --> 00:22:38,733
He might be
his own best invention.
415
00:22:38,900 --> 00:22:42,695
Franklin is so relentless
in learning how to do things,
416
00:22:42,862 --> 00:22:46,324
learning how to do things
correctly in a certain way,
417
00:22:46,491 --> 00:22:48,534
how to write, how to dress,
how to
418
00:22:48,701 --> 00:22:50,703
speak to different kinds
of people.
419
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:53,915
It's sort of impossible
to know what was there
420
00:22:54,082 --> 00:22:57,085
before he did all that
and invented himself.
421
00:22:59,837 --> 00:23:02,590
NARRATOR: With 11 other
up-and-coming tradesmen,
422
00:23:02,757 --> 00:23:05,760
Franklin formed a club
that met each Friday evening
423
00:23:05,927 --> 00:23:10,473
to socialize and forge
business connections.
424
00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:13,226
But they also discussed
current events
425
00:23:13,393 --> 00:23:16,896
and politely debated
a variety of topics--
426
00:23:17,063 --> 00:23:20,858
What is wisdom?
What defines good writing?
427
00:23:21,025 --> 00:23:24,445
Did importing indentured
and enslaved servants
428
00:23:24,612 --> 00:23:27,865
help or hurt
the colonial economy?
429
00:23:29,367 --> 00:23:32,745
The official name of the group
was the Leather Apron Club.
430
00:23:32,912 --> 00:23:36,290
Informally, they
called themselves the Junto,
431
00:23:36,457 --> 00:23:39,669
from the Latin for
"joined together."
432
00:23:39,836 --> 00:23:43,297
At 21, Franklin was
its youngest member,
433
00:23:43,464 --> 00:23:47,593
but unquestionably
its driving force.
434
00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:51,681
ISAACSON: Franklin believed
that the virtues and values
435
00:23:51,848 --> 00:23:53,724
of a working middle class
436
00:23:53,891 --> 00:23:57,186
were going to be the backbone
of American society.
437
00:23:57,353 --> 00:23:59,772
The artisans, the shopkeepers,
438
00:23:59,939 --> 00:24:02,775
the people who put on leather
aprons early in the morning
439
00:24:02,942 --> 00:24:05,736
to help serve the public.
440
00:24:05,903 --> 00:24:08,322
NARRATOR: The Junto
moved its meeting place
441
00:24:08,489 --> 00:24:11,159
from a local tavern
to a rented house,
442
00:24:11,325 --> 00:24:13,161
and at Franklin's suggestion,
443
00:24:13,327 --> 00:24:15,246
each member brought some books
444
00:24:15,413 --> 00:24:17,498
that the other members
could read.
445
00:24:20,585 --> 00:24:21,752
Eventually, they broadened
the idea
446
00:24:21,919 --> 00:24:25,339
into the Library Company
of Philadelphia,
447
00:24:25,506 --> 00:24:27,758
America's first
subscription library
448
00:24:27,925 --> 00:24:29,343
open to the public,
449
00:24:29,510 --> 00:24:32,180
who paid small dues
for the chance to borrow
450
00:24:32,346 --> 00:24:35,600
books imported from Europe.
451
00:24:35,766 --> 00:24:38,144
DUNBAR: And, every year,
more and more books would be
452
00:24:38,311 --> 00:24:41,481
collected and extend knowledge.
453
00:24:41,647 --> 00:24:44,609
What was so important
about the Library Company
454
00:24:44,775 --> 00:24:50,531
was that it wasn't
just for wealthy, elite men.
455
00:24:50,698 --> 00:24:52,700
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
This Library afforded me
456
00:24:52,867 --> 00:24:56,621
the Means of Improvement
by constant Study,
457
00:24:56,787 --> 00:24:59,415
for which I set apart
an Hour or two each Day;
458
00:24:59,582 --> 00:25:01,751
and thus repair'd in some Degree
459
00:25:01,918 --> 00:25:04,337
the Loss of
the Learned Education
460
00:25:04,504 --> 00:25:07,048
my Father once intended for me.
461
00:25:09,091 --> 00:25:10,718
JENKINSON: He always looked
around wherever he was
462
00:25:10,885 --> 00:25:12,512
and said,
"What needs to be done?
463
00:25:12,678 --> 00:25:13,930
"What's missing?
What are the things
464
00:25:14,096 --> 00:25:16,098
that a community ought to have?"
465
00:25:16,265 --> 00:25:19,685
He had read enough to know
that there was more elsewhere
466
00:25:19,852 --> 00:25:22,396
and he wanted to make
those good things happen
467
00:25:22,563 --> 00:25:24,607
to the community
of Philadelphia.
468
00:25:26,067 --> 00:25:28,319
ISAACSON: Self-reliance,
which Franklin loved,
469
00:25:28,486 --> 00:25:30,863
and community engagement
may seem like
470
00:25:31,030 --> 00:25:32,323
they oppose each other.
471
00:25:32,490 --> 00:25:35,368
But as Franklin repeatedly said,
472
00:25:35,535 --> 00:25:37,537
the good that we can do together
473
00:25:37,703 --> 00:25:40,581
surpasses the good
we can do alone.
474
00:25:43,751 --> 00:25:46,546
NARRATOR: Over the coming years,
Franklin and his Junto
475
00:25:46,712 --> 00:25:48,923
would turn to other
civic projects
476
00:25:49,090 --> 00:25:51,717
to improve life in Philadelphia.
477
00:25:53,427 --> 00:25:55,263
Under their guidance,
the city formed
478
00:25:55,429 --> 00:25:57,682
volunteer fire companies.
479
00:25:57,848 --> 00:26:00,142
They advocated
for a police force
480
00:26:00,309 --> 00:26:02,979
paid by a property tax.
481
00:26:03,145 --> 00:26:04,897
And at one Junto meeting,
482
00:26:05,064 --> 00:26:09,110
Franklin raised the idea
of starting a college.
483
00:26:11,028 --> 00:26:13,030
When the Public Academy
of Philadelphia
484
00:26:13,197 --> 00:26:15,950
finally opened in 1751,
485
00:26:16,117 --> 00:26:19,912
Franklin would be elected
president of the board.
486
00:26:20,079 --> 00:26:24,041
It was the first non-sectarian
college in America
487
00:26:24,208 --> 00:26:28,504
and would later become
the University of Pennsylvania.
488
00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:32,174
Expanding on the Junto model,
489
00:26:32,341 --> 00:26:34,385
he proposed and organized
490
00:26:34,552 --> 00:26:37,680
the American
Philosophical Society,
491
00:26:37,847 --> 00:26:41,142
whose members would be
scientists and intellectuals
492
00:26:41,309 --> 00:26:43,686
from throughout the colonies,
493
00:26:43,853 --> 00:26:47,481
who could share ideas
and scholarly papers by mail
494
00:26:47,648 --> 00:26:50,943
if they could not
come to meetings in person.
495
00:26:51,110 --> 00:26:55,406
It would become the colonies'
first learned society.
496
00:26:57,074 --> 00:26:59,827
And to build a new hospital,
he devised a plan
497
00:26:59,994 --> 00:27:04,707
that matched private donations
with public funds,
498
00:27:04,874 --> 00:27:08,461
giving people, he said,
"an additional motive to give,
499
00:27:08,628 --> 00:27:12,298
since every man's donation
would be doubled."
500
00:27:13,841 --> 00:27:15,259
He always believed
that if you just get a few
501
00:27:15,426 --> 00:27:17,762
good and interested men,
always men,
502
00:27:17,928 --> 00:27:21,682
on any civic problem,
you can solve it.
503
00:27:21,849 --> 00:27:26,687
DUNBAR: Ben Franklin is,
I think, emblematic of what
504
00:27:26,854 --> 00:27:30,441
America wanted to be,
should be, could be.
505
00:27:30,608 --> 00:27:34,070
The things that he spoke of,
the things that he wrote about,
506
00:27:34,236 --> 00:27:39,450
often missing are other people.
507
00:27:39,617 --> 00:27:42,578
Women, people of color,
in particular,
508
00:27:42,745 --> 00:27:45,706
enslaved men and women,
never had
509
00:27:45,873 --> 00:27:49,085
the opportunities that
a Ben Franklin had.
510
00:27:49,251 --> 00:27:52,421
♪
511
00:27:54,173 --> 00:28:00,721
♪
512
00:28:00,888 --> 00:28:03,140
NARRATOR: Franklin's
print shop was thriving.
513
00:28:03,307 --> 00:28:06,143
Pennsylvania's colonial
legislature awarded him
514
00:28:06,310 --> 00:28:09,772
the contract to print
its paper currency.
515
00:28:09,939 --> 00:28:11,399
When he learned that
South Carolina
516
00:28:11,565 --> 00:28:13,317
was looking for a printer,
517
00:28:13,484 --> 00:28:15,528
he dispatched
one of his employees
518
00:28:15,695 --> 00:28:18,155
to open a shop in Charleston.
519
00:28:20,116 --> 00:28:24,161
And on October 2, 1729,
he began publishing
520
00:28:24,328 --> 00:28:28,833
his own newspaper,
"The Pennsylvania Gazette."
521
00:28:28,999 --> 00:28:32,002
He filled its pages with
reports from other newspapers
522
00:28:32,169 --> 00:28:34,130
in America and England,
523
00:28:34,296 --> 00:28:36,257
along with crime stories,
524
00:28:36,424 --> 00:28:39,218
notices of fires and deaths,
525
00:28:39,385 --> 00:28:41,220
a moral advice column,
526
00:28:41,387 --> 00:28:46,016
funny tales he concocted that
flirted with sexual innuendo,
527
00:28:46,183 --> 00:28:50,688
and letters from readers,
including some he wrote himself,
528
00:28:50,855 --> 00:28:52,732
under tongue-in-cheek
pseudonyms like
529
00:28:52,898 --> 00:28:57,111
Anthony Afterwit
and Alice Addertongue.
530
00:28:57,278 --> 00:28:59,989
"If you would make your
paper a vehicle of scandal,"
531
00:29:00,156 --> 00:29:02,700
Addertongue advised
in one letter,
532
00:29:02,867 --> 00:29:05,870
"you would double the number
of your subscribers."
533
00:29:07,621 --> 00:29:09,415
The "Gazette" caught on.
534
00:29:10,791 --> 00:29:12,418
DUNBAR: Ben Franklin
understood the power
535
00:29:12,585 --> 00:29:15,171
of the printing press.
536
00:29:15,337 --> 00:29:19,049
He understood that
those who controlled words,
537
00:29:19,216 --> 00:29:23,429
those who are able to
disseminate information, um,
538
00:29:23,596 --> 00:29:25,055
had a certain amount of power.
539
00:29:25,222 --> 00:29:29,727
He could be the arbiter of
what was seen as important.
540
00:29:31,687 --> 00:29:33,564
BRANDS: The idea, first,
was to engage people,
541
00:29:33,731 --> 00:29:35,566
to entertain people.
542
00:29:35,733 --> 00:29:37,026
Franklin understood that
if you could get people
543
00:29:37,193 --> 00:29:38,778
to laugh with you,
you're halfway to
544
00:29:38,944 --> 00:29:41,614
getting them to agree with you.
545
00:29:41,781 --> 00:29:43,657
NARRATOR: He also
welcomed essays
546
00:29:43,824 --> 00:29:47,244
espousing opinions of all kinds.
547
00:29:47,411 --> 00:29:48,871
MAN AS FRANKLIN: If all
printers were determined
548
00:29:49,038 --> 00:29:50,706
not to print anything
till they were
549
00:29:50,873 --> 00:29:52,833
sure it would offend nobody,
550
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:55,127
there would be
very little printed.
551
00:29:56,378 --> 00:29:58,339
ISAACSON: He said
in the end you have to bear
552
00:29:58,506 --> 00:30:03,219
some responsibility for the type
of ideas that you put forward.
553
00:30:03,385 --> 00:30:05,679
And if they're really odious,
if they're really harmful,
554
00:30:05,846 --> 00:30:08,891
you have to curate them out.
555
00:30:09,058 --> 00:30:11,018
WOMAN: If you made
a mistake, you could,
556
00:30:11,185 --> 00:30:16,148
as they always did in those
days, add an errata page.
557
00:30:16,315 --> 00:30:20,694
And you could fix anything
with that errata page.
558
00:30:22,238 --> 00:30:24,365
NARRATOR: Local merchants
advertised their goods
559
00:30:24,532 --> 00:30:25,866
in the "Gazette;"
560
00:30:26,033 --> 00:30:29,119
tradesmen advertised
their services.
561
00:30:29,286 --> 00:30:32,873
Franklin also published
notices offering rewards
562
00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:35,584
for runaway indentured servants,
563
00:30:35,751 --> 00:30:37,336
like he had once been,
564
00:30:37,503 --> 00:30:39,880
and slaves for sale.
565
00:30:42,007 --> 00:30:44,677
MAN: To be sold
in Lots or singly,
566
00:30:44,844 --> 00:30:47,721
a choice parcel of Negroes
lately Imported,
567
00:30:47,888 --> 00:30:50,432
consisting chiefly of
young Men and Girls,
568
00:30:50,599 --> 00:30:52,768
bred to Plantation Business;
569
00:30:52,935 --> 00:30:55,771
also Jamaica Rum,
Sugar of sundry Sorts,
570
00:30:55,938 --> 00:30:58,858
Molasses, Cotton, and Pimento.
571
00:31:01,443 --> 00:31:04,989
Run away from the subscriber,
a Negroe lad called Ned,
572
00:31:05,155 --> 00:31:08,909
about 18 years of age,
5 feet 7 inches high,
573
00:31:09,076 --> 00:31:11,287
speaks pretty good English,
but thick,
574
00:31:11,453 --> 00:31:14,874
has very thick lips, and is much
pitted with the small-pox;
575
00:31:17,167 --> 00:31:20,713
TO BE SOLD, A LIKELY young
breeding Negroe Woman,
576
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:23,674
speaks good English,
understands her Needle
577
00:31:23,841 --> 00:31:26,260
and any sort of Household Work,
578
00:31:26,427 --> 00:31:27,928
and has had the Small-Pox.
579
00:31:29,638 --> 00:31:31,390
Enquire of the Printer.
580
00:31:35,519 --> 00:31:38,439
♪
581
00:31:38,606 --> 00:31:39,732
NARRATOR: When Benjamin Franklin
582
00:31:39,899 --> 00:31:41,817
had returned from England,
583
00:31:41,984 --> 00:31:44,612
he had fallen back into
some of the habits
584
00:31:44,778 --> 00:31:47,323
he had acquired in London.
585
00:31:47,489 --> 00:31:50,159
MAN AS FRANKLIN: That hard-to-
be-govern'd Passion of Youth
586
00:31:50,326 --> 00:31:53,329
hurried me frequently into
Intrigues with low Women
587
00:31:53,495 --> 00:31:54,997
that fell in my Way,
588
00:31:55,164 --> 00:31:57,499
which were attended
with some Expence.
589
00:31:57,666 --> 00:32:01,587
Besides a continual Risque
to my Health by a Distemper
590
00:32:01,754 --> 00:32:03,339
which of all Things I dreaded,
591
00:32:03,505 --> 00:32:06,675
tho' by great good Luck
I escaped it.
592
00:32:08,427 --> 00:32:11,221
NARRATOR: Now, as he became
a successful businessman,
593
00:32:11,388 --> 00:32:15,476
he decided he needed to
settle down and get married.
594
00:32:16,977 --> 00:32:19,980
Meanwhile, his former fiancée
Deborah Read
595
00:32:20,147 --> 00:32:22,775
had seen her marriage
fall apart.
596
00:32:22,942 --> 00:32:27,363
Her husband had abandoned her
and fled to the West Indies.
597
00:32:27,529 --> 00:32:31,241
Reports came back that he
had died there in a brawl,
598
00:32:31,408 --> 00:32:33,202
but they were unconfirmed.
599
00:32:34,787 --> 00:32:38,374
In Quaker Pennsylvania,
Deborah was in a legal limbo.
600
00:32:38,540 --> 00:32:42,211
If she remarried and it
turned out he wasn't dead,
601
00:32:42,378 --> 00:32:46,256
she would be guilty of bigamy,
punishable at the time
602
00:32:46,423 --> 00:32:50,469
by 39 lashes
and life imprisonment.
603
00:32:52,221 --> 00:32:54,098
She now lived with
her widowed mother,
604
00:32:54,264 --> 00:32:57,393
who sold homemade remedies
to support them both
605
00:32:57,559 --> 00:33:00,312
in their house on Market Street.
606
00:33:00,479 --> 00:33:02,815
Franklin felt
some responsibility
607
00:33:02,982 --> 00:33:05,734
for Deborah's unhappiness,
and he said,
608
00:33:05,901 --> 00:33:09,822
"our mutual affection
was revived."
609
00:33:09,989 --> 00:33:14,743
On September 1, 1730,
forgoing a legal wedding,
610
00:33:14,910 --> 00:33:16,996
they simply moved in together
611
00:33:17,162 --> 00:33:19,915
and entered into
a common-law marriage,
612
00:33:20,082 --> 00:33:23,335
a practice not
all that uncommon.
613
00:33:24,753 --> 00:33:26,922
MAN AS FRANKLIN: She prov'd
a good and faithful Helpmate.
614
00:33:27,089 --> 00:33:29,508
Assisted me much
by attending the Shop.
615
00:33:29,675 --> 00:33:33,220
We throve together, and have
ever mutually endeavour'd
616
00:33:33,387 --> 00:33:35,723
to make each other happy.
617
00:33:35,889 --> 00:33:38,308
COHN: I think he loved her.
618
00:33:38,475 --> 00:33:41,437
I think they rubbed on
together beautifully,
619
00:33:41,603 --> 00:33:44,064
as he would have said.
620
00:33:44,231 --> 00:33:45,733
I think during the time
that Franklin was
621
00:33:45,899 --> 00:33:47,860
an up-and-coming tradesman,
622
00:33:48,027 --> 00:33:51,363
it was a perfect union.
623
00:33:51,530 --> 00:33:55,325
SKEMP: She was an excellent
choice for a wife.
624
00:33:55,492 --> 00:33:59,496
She was well connected;
she belonged to Christ Church,
625
00:33:59,663 --> 00:34:02,124
which was the church in town.
626
00:34:02,291 --> 00:34:05,085
It was less of a romantic
relationship than it was
627
00:34:05,252 --> 00:34:09,006
a good, strong,
business-like partnership.
628
00:34:10,382 --> 00:34:12,342
NARRATOR: But there was
a complication.
629
00:34:12,509 --> 00:34:17,014
Franklin had recently fathered
a son with another woman.
630
00:34:17,181 --> 00:34:19,433
He never revealed
the mother's identity,
631
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,187
but Franklin wanted to take
custody of the child.
632
00:34:23,353 --> 00:34:25,856
Deborah agreed the boy
could live with them.
633
00:34:26,023 --> 00:34:29,026
He was named William.
634
00:34:29,193 --> 00:34:31,111
She takes in his son,
who is not her son,
635
00:34:31,278 --> 00:34:33,489
and raises him,
not always happily.
636
00:34:33,655 --> 00:34:34,948
[DOOR OPENS]
[BELL RINGS]
637
00:34:35,115 --> 00:34:36,700
NARRATOR: Benjamin and Deborah
638
00:34:36,867 --> 00:34:38,619
expanded the print shop
to include
639
00:34:38,786 --> 00:34:41,080
sales of her mother's ointments,
640
00:34:41,246 --> 00:34:44,958
fine soap from Franklin's family
back in Boston,
641
00:34:45,125 --> 00:34:49,338
coffee, tea, chocolate,
and other items.
642
00:34:49,505 --> 00:34:52,049
Deborah purchased rags,
which mills throughout
643
00:34:52,216 --> 00:34:54,551
the colonies turned into paper,
644
00:34:54,718 --> 00:34:57,221
creating another profit center.
645
00:34:57,387 --> 00:35:00,057
She also managed the household,
646
00:35:00,224 --> 00:35:03,727
and at night bound books
by candlelight.
647
00:35:05,771 --> 00:35:09,149
NARRATOR: Two years into
their union, in 1732,
648
00:35:09,316 --> 00:35:12,277
they had a child
of their own, Francis.
649
00:35:12,444 --> 00:35:16,573
His proud and doting
father called him Franky.
650
00:35:17,908 --> 00:35:19,993
But just after
his fourth birthday,
651
00:35:20,160 --> 00:35:24,957
Franky came down with smallpox
and died.
652
00:35:25,124 --> 00:35:27,626
The huge tragedy of their lives
653
00:35:27,793 --> 00:35:30,379
was the death of Franky.
654
00:35:30,546 --> 00:35:33,799
Franklin was one of the few
people in the Colonies
655
00:35:33,966 --> 00:35:37,553
who was 100% behind inoculation.
656
00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:41,014
But it was thought
that because Franky
657
00:35:41,181 --> 00:35:43,225
had a very bad cold at the time,
658
00:35:43,392 --> 00:35:47,020
they should hold off
until he recovered enough
659
00:35:47,187 --> 00:35:49,857
to be able to withstand
the assault on his system
660
00:35:50,023 --> 00:35:52,651
that inoculation would provide.
661
00:35:52,818 --> 00:35:55,112
He never was inoculated.
662
00:35:55,279 --> 00:35:57,781
Franklin never forgave himself.
663
00:36:01,326 --> 00:36:08,458
♪
664
00:36:08,625 --> 00:36:10,043
NARRATOR: Franklin's exposure
to the writings of
665
00:36:10,210 --> 00:36:12,421
Europe's Enlightenment thinkers
666
00:36:12,588 --> 00:36:15,883
had led him to reject most of
the Puritan teachings
667
00:36:16,049 --> 00:36:18,510
of his family's church
in Boston.
668
00:36:18,677 --> 00:36:21,889
He no longer worshipped
a God intimately connected
669
00:36:22,055 --> 00:36:23,682
with a person's daily life
670
00:36:23,849 --> 00:36:28,145
who answered private prayers
or sent down punishments.
671
00:36:30,314 --> 00:36:32,774
But he still believed in
a Supreme Being
672
00:36:32,941 --> 00:36:36,111
who had created the world.
673
00:36:36,278 --> 00:36:37,779
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
I believe He is pleased
674
00:36:37,946 --> 00:36:39,698
and delights in the happiness
675
00:36:39,865 --> 00:36:41,617
of those He has created;
676
00:36:41,783 --> 00:36:46,163
and since without virtue man can
have no happiness in this world,
677
00:36:46,330 --> 00:36:51,126
I firmly believe He
delights to see me virtuous.
678
00:36:51,293 --> 00:36:53,670
Avirtuous heretick
shall be saved
679
00:36:53,837 --> 00:36:56,215
before a wicked Christian.
680
00:36:57,674 --> 00:36:59,718
NARRATOR: No one feared
for Benjamin's soul
681
00:36:59,885 --> 00:37:03,597
more than his pious parents
back in Boston,
682
00:37:03,764 --> 00:37:06,975
whose Calvinist Puritanism
espoused that salvation
683
00:37:07,142 --> 00:37:09,853
came solely through God's grace
684
00:37:10,020 --> 00:37:11,688
rather than good works
685
00:37:11,855 --> 00:37:14,608
and anyone who strayed
from that doctrine
686
00:37:14,775 --> 00:37:17,361
would be eternally damned.
687
00:37:18,654 --> 00:37:21,073
Benjamin, for whom tolerance
was becoming
688
00:37:21,240 --> 00:37:23,825
central to his evolving beliefs,
689
00:37:23,992 --> 00:37:26,662
tried to explain himself.
690
00:37:26,828 --> 00:37:29,748
MAN AS FRANKLIN: Honored
Father and Mother, I imagine
691
00:37:29,915 --> 00:37:32,417
a Man must have a good deal
of Vanity who believes
692
00:37:32,584 --> 00:37:35,629
that all the Doctrines
he holds, are true;
693
00:37:35,796 --> 00:37:38,257
and all he rejects, are false.
694
00:37:40,592 --> 00:37:43,387
I think vital Religion
has always suffer'd,
695
00:37:43,553 --> 00:37:47,641
when Orthodoxy is more
regarded than Virtue.
696
00:37:47,808 --> 00:37:51,436
And the Scripture assures me,
that at the last Day,
697
00:37:51,603 --> 00:37:54,731
we shall not be examin'd
by what we thought,
698
00:37:54,898 --> 00:37:56,275
but what we did.
699
00:38:00,862 --> 00:38:03,323
SCHIFF: He's a man of
omnivorous curiosity, um,
700
00:38:03,490 --> 00:38:05,909
of endless invention,
of endless self-invention.
701
00:38:06,076 --> 00:38:07,786
He's so bent on
self-improvement,
702
00:38:07,953 --> 00:38:10,330
on teaching himself
how to write properly,
703
00:38:10,497 --> 00:38:13,208
or cleansing himself
of his moral sins.
704
00:38:13,375 --> 00:38:15,669
He gives us this idea
that human nature
705
00:38:15,836 --> 00:38:17,129
may be flawed in some ways,
706
00:38:17,296 --> 00:38:19,798
but anything can be improved.
707
00:38:21,883 --> 00:38:24,511
NARRATOR: In his constant
effort for self-improvement,
708
00:38:24,678 --> 00:38:27,723
Franklin made a list
of 12 virtues
709
00:38:27,889 --> 00:38:32,311
that could lead him to what
he called "moral perfection":
710
00:38:32,477 --> 00:38:39,026
temperance, silence, order,
711
00:38:39,192 --> 00:38:44,698
resolution, frugality, industry,
712
00:38:44,865 --> 00:38:53,790
sincerity, justice,
moderation, cleanliness,
713
00:38:53,957 --> 00:38:57,252
tranquility, and chastity.
714
00:38:58,837 --> 00:39:00,964
Then he made a chart
with 7 columns
715
00:39:01,131 --> 00:39:02,966
for each day of the week
716
00:39:03,133 --> 00:39:06,011
and rows labeled
with each virtue
717
00:39:06,178 --> 00:39:08,347
and went to work
on his progress,
718
00:39:08,513 --> 00:39:12,726
marking any infraction
with a black spot.
719
00:39:12,893 --> 00:39:16,772
"I was surprised," he said,
"to find myself much fuller
720
00:39:16,938 --> 00:39:19,524
of faults than I had imagined."
721
00:39:21,026 --> 00:39:24,279
ISAACSON: Every week, Franklin
would make a chart and check,
722
00:39:24,446 --> 00:39:26,656
did he master the virtue?
723
00:39:26,823 --> 00:39:29,701
At one point, he said,
"I've mastered all the 12
724
00:39:29,868 --> 00:39:31,244
"virtues I had.
725
00:39:31,411 --> 00:39:33,789
"And I showed it around
with great pride.
726
00:39:33,955 --> 00:39:36,958
"And one of my friends said,
'Franklin, you're missing
727
00:39:37,125 --> 00:39:38,210
a virtue you might want
to try.'"
728
00:39:38,377 --> 00:39:40,212
And Franklin says,
"What's that?"
729
00:39:40,379 --> 00:39:41,838
And the friend says, "Humility.
730
00:39:42,005 --> 00:39:45,634
You might want to add
that one to your list."
731
00:39:45,801 --> 00:39:48,428
MAN AS FRANKLIN: In reality,
there is perhaps no one of our
732
00:39:48,595 --> 00:39:52,849
natural Passions so hard
to subdue as Pride.
733
00:39:53,016 --> 00:39:55,769
Disguise it, struggle with it,
beat it down, stifle it,
734
00:39:55,936 --> 00:39:59,815
mortify it as much as one
pleases, it is still alive,
735
00:39:59,981 --> 00:40:03,985
and will every now and then
peep out and show itself.
736
00:40:04,152 --> 00:40:07,531
Even if I could conceive that
I had completely overcome it,
737
00:40:07,697 --> 00:40:12,035
I should probably be
proud of my Humility.
738
00:40:14,121 --> 00:40:15,872
[BABY CRYING]
739
00:40:16,039 --> 00:40:19,292
NARRATOR: 7 years after the
death of their son Franky,
740
00:40:19,459 --> 00:40:24,172
Deborah gave birth to another
child, a daughter named Sarah.
741
00:40:24,339 --> 00:40:26,550
They called her Sally.
742
00:40:27,884 --> 00:40:30,595
Franklin's son William
was now a teenager,
743
00:40:30,762 --> 00:40:34,558
as restless as his father
had been at that age.
744
00:40:34,724 --> 00:40:37,602
Deborah treated him
with occasional coldness,
745
00:40:37,769 --> 00:40:40,730
but Franklin was indulgent
as a father,
746
00:40:40,897 --> 00:40:44,025
making sure the boy
got the formal education
747
00:40:44,192 --> 00:40:47,112
Franklin himself
had been denied.
748
00:40:48,655 --> 00:40:51,450
At age 16, William enlisted
to fight against
749
00:40:51,616 --> 00:40:54,161
the French and their
Indian allies
750
00:40:54,327 --> 00:40:57,289
in what was called
King George's War,
751
00:40:57,456 --> 00:40:59,791
and quickly rose
to the rank of captain,
752
00:40:59,958 --> 00:41:03,628
tracking down deserters
in Pennsylvania.
753
00:41:03,795 --> 00:41:06,381
[GUNSHOT]
When he returned
to Philadelphia,
754
00:41:06,548 --> 00:41:08,967
his father began
to envision William
755
00:41:09,134 --> 00:41:11,928
rising in the ranks
of the British Empire
756
00:41:12,095 --> 00:41:16,516
and made plans for him
to study the law in England.
757
00:41:20,353 --> 00:41:24,191
DUNBAR: Franklin had started
to acquire some wealth.
758
00:41:25,484 --> 00:41:28,195
Like many other
Colonial Pennsylvanians,
759
00:41:28,361 --> 00:41:31,072
he held a number
of enslaved people,
760
00:41:31,239 --> 00:41:33,575
up to 5 or 6, in his home,
761
00:41:33,742 --> 00:41:37,412
including a married couple,
Peter and Jemima.
762
00:41:37,579 --> 00:41:40,540
He was committed to slave labor.
763
00:41:40,707 --> 00:41:45,253
He used it alongside of
his business ventures
764
00:41:45,420 --> 00:41:47,839
in order to gain more wealth.
765
00:41:48,006 --> 00:41:49,549
[HORSE NICKERS]
NARRATOR: At the time,
766
00:41:49,716 --> 00:41:52,093
nearly a tenth of
Philadelphia's residents
767
00:41:52,260 --> 00:41:53,512
were enslaved,
768
00:41:53,678 --> 00:41:57,390
toiling in homes and businesses.
769
00:41:57,557 --> 00:41:59,935
BROWN: We tend to associate
slavery with
770
00:42:00,101 --> 00:42:02,187
plantation labor in the South.
771
00:42:02,354 --> 00:42:04,981
But there were slaves all up
and down the Eastern Seaboard,
772
00:42:05,148 --> 00:42:07,275
every one of the 13 Colonies.
773
00:42:07,442 --> 00:42:09,194
And they did everything.
They served as
domestic servants;
774
00:42:09,361 --> 00:42:12,906
they served as cooks;
um, they served as nursemaids;
775
00:42:13,073 --> 00:42:17,536
they served as dock workers;
they served as hired hands.
776
00:42:17,702 --> 00:42:21,581
The advantage was that
Africans couldn't leave.
777
00:42:21,748 --> 00:42:25,085
Indentured servants
filled out their time.
778
00:42:25,252 --> 00:42:27,671
Africans, you had for life.
779
00:42:28,922 --> 00:42:30,924
NARRATOR: Many of Franklin's
Quaker friends
780
00:42:31,091 --> 00:42:34,636
considered slavery a sin
that threatened to corrode
781
00:42:34,803 --> 00:42:38,223
the moral fiber of
the community at large.
782
00:42:38,390 --> 00:42:41,977
Franklin published some of
their anti-slavery tracts--
783
00:42:42,143 --> 00:42:45,397
though he intentionally
kept his own name as printer
784
00:42:45,564 --> 00:42:48,108
off the title page.
785
00:42:48,275 --> 00:42:51,152
DUNBAR: Franklin lived in
a moment in which slavery was
786
00:42:51,319 --> 00:42:56,032
being challenged, pretty
constantly, in Philadelphia.
787
00:42:56,199 --> 00:42:59,744
He was very aware that this
was happening, yet he still
788
00:42:59,911 --> 00:43:03,164
made the decision to
hold onto his men and woman
789
00:43:03,331 --> 00:43:05,125
who were enslaved.
790
00:43:05,292 --> 00:43:07,168
He made a choice.
791
00:43:15,719 --> 00:43:17,220
NARRATOR: Franklin's
publishing empire was
792
00:43:17,387 --> 00:43:20,432
expanding and making
more money.
793
00:43:20,599 --> 00:43:22,601
He was named
clerk of Pennsylvania's
794
00:43:22,767 --> 00:43:25,895
colonial assembly,
which didn't pay well,
795
00:43:26,062 --> 00:43:28,898
but had won the contract
to print their proceedings,
796
00:43:29,065 --> 00:43:31,067
which did.
797
00:43:31,234 --> 00:43:34,779
He made even more profits
printing the paper currency
798
00:43:34,946 --> 00:43:38,742
for Pennsylvania, Delaware,
and New Jersey.
799
00:43:38,908 --> 00:43:41,703
With former employees,
he would establish
800
00:43:41,870 --> 00:43:44,914
printing partnerships in
Newport, Rhode Island;
801
00:43:45,081 --> 00:43:48,835
New York City; and Antigua
in the West Indies;
802
00:43:49,002 --> 00:43:53,131
as well as the one in
Charleston, South Carolina.
803
00:43:53,298 --> 00:43:56,718
He published Bibles,
and Samuel Richardson's
804
00:43:56,885 --> 00:44:00,055
"Pamela," the first novel
printed in America,
805
00:44:00,221 --> 00:44:03,933
along with treaties with
Native peoples that were used
806
00:44:04,100 --> 00:44:09,022
to systematically dispossess
them of their lands.
807
00:44:09,189 --> 00:44:14,319
In 1737, he was appointed
Philadelphia's postmaster,
808
00:44:14,486 --> 00:44:16,905
giving him access to news
from Europe
809
00:44:17,072 --> 00:44:21,951
and the rest of the Colonies
before his competitors.
810
00:44:22,118 --> 00:44:23,703
One of the advantages
of being a printer is that
811
00:44:23,870 --> 00:44:26,831
he is totally tuned
into the news.
812
00:44:26,998 --> 00:44:29,084
He's totally tuned into
everything that's
813
00:44:29,250 --> 00:44:30,835
going on in North America.
814
00:44:31,002 --> 00:44:35,340
His vision is broader than
most of his neighbors.
815
00:44:35,507 --> 00:44:39,803
He had a kind of public opinion
embedded in his brain.
816
00:44:39,969 --> 00:44:43,223
And he knew that opinion
in the end was what would
817
00:44:43,390 --> 00:44:45,892
decide where power resided.
818
00:44:46,059 --> 00:44:48,937
♪
819
00:44:49,104 --> 00:44:51,606
MAN AS FRANKLIN: Early to Bed,
and early to rise,
820
00:44:51,773 --> 00:44:55,402
makes a Man healthy,
wealthy and wise.
821
00:44:56,986 --> 00:44:59,155
NARRATOR: By now,
thousands of readers
822
00:44:59,322 --> 00:45:01,282
from South Carolina to New York
823
00:45:01,449 --> 00:45:05,161
were buying Franklin's
"Poor Richard's Almanack,"
824
00:45:05,328 --> 00:45:08,790
which he had launched in 1733.
825
00:45:08,957 --> 00:45:11,876
Many printers
published almanacs.
826
00:45:12,043 --> 00:45:16,005
They outsold everything
in the colonies except Bibles
827
00:45:16,172 --> 00:45:18,508
and had the advantage
of requiring people
828
00:45:18,675 --> 00:45:22,220
to buy a new one each year.
829
00:45:22,387 --> 00:45:24,347
But Franklin's stood out.
830
00:45:24,514 --> 00:45:26,266
In addition to
weather predictions,
831
00:45:26,433 --> 00:45:30,437
astronomical, astrological,
and other observations,
832
00:45:30,603 --> 00:45:35,400
he included aphorisms that
combined wisdom with humor,
833
00:45:35,567 --> 00:45:38,528
philosophy with word play.
834
00:45:38,695 --> 00:45:40,572
All of it was ostensibly written
835
00:45:40,739 --> 00:45:42,824
by the hapless Richard Saunders,
836
00:45:42,991 --> 00:45:45,118
who claimed he was
writing his almanac
837
00:45:45,285 --> 00:45:48,788
simply because his wife
threatened to burn his books
838
00:45:48,955 --> 00:45:52,041
if he didn't earn something
from them.
839
00:45:52,208 --> 00:45:54,085
JENKINSON: Franklin got
this from his reading
840
00:45:54,252 --> 00:45:55,670
of Jonathan Swift.
841
00:45:55,837 --> 00:45:57,088
Swift had produced
the "Bickerstaff Papers,"
842
00:45:57,255 --> 00:46:00,008
which was a parody
of the almanac.
843
00:46:00,175 --> 00:46:04,429
And Franklin decides
to incorporate this style
844
00:46:04,596 --> 00:46:06,431
into Richard Saunders.
845
00:46:06,598 --> 00:46:08,349
And it was genius.
846
00:46:08,516 --> 00:46:10,393
People go to almanacs for
all sorts of important things--
847
00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:11,853
when to plant potatoes or peas;
848
00:46:12,020 --> 00:46:14,814
when...what's the best time
to harvest--
849
00:46:14,981 --> 00:46:17,442
but they stayed
because these fillers were
850
00:46:17,609 --> 00:46:20,862
funny, witty, and useful.
851
00:46:21,029 --> 00:46:23,615
NARRATOR: "Fish and visitors,"
Poor Richard wrote,
852
00:46:23,782 --> 00:46:26,284
"stink in 3 days."
853
00:46:26,451 --> 00:46:31,831
"He that lies down with dogs,
shall rise up with fleas."
854
00:46:31,998 --> 00:46:35,376
"God helps them
that help themselves."
855
00:46:35,543 --> 00:46:38,087
"Haste," he said, "makes waste."
856
00:46:38,254 --> 00:46:41,925
And "lost time is
never found again."
857
00:46:43,510 --> 00:46:47,305
MAN AS FRANKLIN: God heals,
and the doctor takes the fees.
858
00:46:47,472 --> 00:46:49,766
A countryman between two lawyers
859
00:46:49,933 --> 00:46:53,353
is like a fish between two cats.
860
00:46:54,896 --> 00:46:57,607
The greatest monarch
on the proudest throne,
861
00:46:57,774 --> 00:47:00,902
is obliged to sit upon
his own arse.
862
00:47:01,903 --> 00:47:05,240
SCHIFF: Franklin
is endlessly quotable.
863
00:47:05,406 --> 00:47:08,034
You could live your life,
I think, in Franklin aphorisms,
864
00:47:08,201 --> 00:47:10,370
most of which, we should say,
are stolen from other people
865
00:47:10,537 --> 00:47:12,539
but slightly reworked,
so in Franklin's version,
866
00:47:12,705 --> 00:47:14,749
they're in a better form.
867
00:47:14,916 --> 00:47:17,627
"Three can keep a secret,
if two of them are dead."
868
00:47:19,671 --> 00:47:22,549
ISAACSON: I think one of
Franklin's great inventions is
869
00:47:22,715 --> 00:47:26,261
that American style of
homespun humor,
870
00:47:26,427 --> 00:47:30,139
somebody who's pricking at
the pretensions of the elite,
871
00:47:30,306 --> 00:47:33,101
somebody who has sort of a
cracker barrel sensibility.
872
00:47:33,268 --> 00:47:36,646
This new style of humor
where people are poking fun
873
00:47:36,813 --> 00:47:38,815
at themselves indirectly.
874
00:47:38,982 --> 00:47:42,694
You see it in Mark Twain
and Will Rogers and others.
875
00:47:42,861 --> 00:47:44,821
I think it started
with Franklin.
876
00:47:47,949 --> 00:47:55,039
♪
877
00:47:55,206 --> 00:47:56,875
NARRATOR: The man who had
arrived in Philadelphia
878
00:47:57,041 --> 00:48:00,044
virtually penniless at age 17
879
00:48:00,211 --> 00:48:02,797
was now the city's
largest bookseller,
880
00:48:02,964 --> 00:48:06,175
its most successful
printer and publisher,
881
00:48:06,342 --> 00:48:10,305
and the biggest paper merchant
in all the colonies.
882
00:48:10,471 --> 00:48:13,975
He considered himself
prosperous enough to retire
883
00:48:14,142 --> 00:48:18,354
from the day-to-day running
of his businesses in 1748,
884
00:48:18,521 --> 00:48:21,149
at age 42.
885
00:48:21,316 --> 00:48:24,485
"I would rather have it said,
'He lived usefully,'"
886
00:48:24,652 --> 00:48:29,324
Franklin wrote his mother,
"than 'He died rich.'"
887
00:48:29,490 --> 00:48:31,326
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
I am in a fair Way of having
888
00:48:31,492 --> 00:48:35,580
no other Tasks than such as I
shall like to give my Self,
889
00:48:35,747 --> 00:48:40,418
and of enjoying what I look upon
as a great Happiness,
890
00:48:40,585 --> 00:48:43,922
Leisure to read,
make Experiments,
891
00:48:44,088 --> 00:48:47,800
and converse at large with such
ingenious and worthy Men
892
00:48:47,967 --> 00:48:49,719
as are pleas'd to honor me
893
00:48:49,886 --> 00:48:52,305
with their friendship
and Acquaintance,
894
00:48:52,472 --> 00:48:54,140
on such points as may produce
895
00:48:54,307 --> 00:48:58,394
something for
the common benefit of mankind,
896
00:48:58,561 --> 00:49:02,190
uninterrupted by the
little cares and fatigues
897
00:49:02,357 --> 00:49:03,691
of business.
898
00:49:05,485 --> 00:49:06,361
BRANDS: There was something
in Franklin that always
899
00:49:06,527 --> 00:49:07,946
wanted a little bit more.
900
00:49:08,112 --> 00:49:09,906
He wanted to learn more.
He wanted to go
901
00:49:10,073 --> 00:49:11,866
to more interesting places.
902
00:49:12,033 --> 00:49:14,243
He wanted to have
a broader influence.
903
00:49:14,410 --> 00:49:16,788
NARRATOR: Despite his lack of
a formal education,
904
00:49:16,955 --> 00:49:19,040
Franklin had turned himself
905
00:49:19,207 --> 00:49:22,335
into an influential
writer and thinker.
906
00:49:22,502 --> 00:49:24,170
Now, with more time to pursue
907
00:49:24,337 --> 00:49:27,548
whatever intrigued his
restless imagination,
908
00:49:27,715 --> 00:49:31,970
he would become better known
as a scientist and inventor.
909
00:49:35,056 --> 00:49:36,975
He studied the earth's rotation;
910
00:49:37,141 --> 00:49:39,936
conducted experiments
showing that dark cloths
911
00:49:40,103 --> 00:49:43,022
absorb more heat
than bright fabrics;
912
00:49:43,189 --> 00:49:45,775
and became fascinated
by the human body's
913
00:49:45,942 --> 00:49:48,152
circulatory system.
914
00:49:48,319 --> 00:49:51,906
ISAACSON: He loved anatomy,
he loved botany,
915
00:49:52,073 --> 00:49:54,784
he loved the way
leaves had veins.
916
00:49:54,951 --> 00:49:58,162
He was most curious to know
everything you can know about
917
00:49:58,329 --> 00:50:00,498
everything that was
possibly knowable.
918
00:50:00,665 --> 00:50:05,253
Wanting to know everything
is a key to his creativity.
919
00:50:05,420 --> 00:50:07,296
NARRATOR: He observed
weather patterns
920
00:50:07,463 --> 00:50:10,717
and correctly deduced
that the coastal storms
921
00:50:10,883 --> 00:50:12,802
now called Nor'easters
922
00:50:12,969 --> 00:50:15,930
actually moved in
from the south.
923
00:50:16,097 --> 00:50:18,349
For an ailing brother,
he fashioned
924
00:50:18,516 --> 00:50:21,185
a more comfortable catheter.
925
00:50:21,352 --> 00:50:25,565
And he designed a metal stove
to fit into a hearth,
926
00:50:25,732 --> 00:50:29,944
improving on the ones many
German immigrants were using.
927
00:50:30,111 --> 00:50:33,281
Franklin's radiated more heat
out into the room
928
00:50:33,448 --> 00:50:36,409
and had an opening for those
who still wished
929
00:50:36,576 --> 00:50:39,203
to bask in the fire's glow.
930
00:50:39,370 --> 00:50:42,290
An ironworker who was
a fellow Junto member
931
00:50:42,457 --> 00:50:46,836
began manufacturing them,
and they sold for 5 pounds each
932
00:50:47,003 --> 00:50:49,255
throughout the northeast.
933
00:50:49,422 --> 00:50:51,549
When Franklin was urged
to take out
934
00:50:51,716 --> 00:50:57,847
a potentially lucrative patent
on his invention, he declined.
935
00:50:58,014 --> 00:50:59,891
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
As we enjoy great advantages
936
00:51:00,058 --> 00:51:01,726
from the invention of others,
937
00:51:01,893 --> 00:51:05,396
we should be glad of
an opportunity to serve others
938
00:51:05,563 --> 00:51:07,190
by an invention of ours,
939
00:51:07,356 --> 00:51:11,944
and this we should do
freely and generously.
940
00:51:14,405 --> 00:51:16,574
NARRATOR: But nothing he did
as a scientist
941
00:51:16,741 --> 00:51:18,826
would do more
to serve others,
942
00:51:18,993 --> 00:51:20,745
and bring him more fame,
943
00:51:20,912 --> 00:51:25,416
than his work in the fledgling
field of electricity.
944
00:51:25,583 --> 00:51:29,420
"I never was before engaged
in any study," Franklin wrote,
945
00:51:29,587 --> 00:51:34,258
"that so totally engrossed
my attention and my time."
946
00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:38,304
JENKINSON: Franklin had become
interested in electricity,
947
00:51:38,471 --> 00:51:41,182
which, at the time,
was certainly not understood,
948
00:51:41,349 --> 00:51:43,226
but it was also
sort of a parlor trick.
949
00:51:43,392 --> 00:51:45,228
People would come in
with a--with a glass rod
950
00:51:45,394 --> 00:51:48,689
and some silk and shock
each other and lift
951
00:51:48,856 --> 00:51:50,066
pieces of paper.
952
00:51:50,233 --> 00:51:51,859
NARRATOR: He and his
Junto friends
953
00:51:52,026 --> 00:51:54,529
staged electricity parties
954
00:51:54,695 --> 00:51:58,324
in which they used a charge
to ring bells
955
00:51:58,491 --> 00:52:03,204
and make a toy he called an
electrical spider jump around.
956
00:52:03,371 --> 00:52:07,542
Men and women exchanged
electrical kisses.
957
00:52:07,708 --> 00:52:09,544
Franklin also electrified
958
00:52:09,710 --> 00:52:13,422
a gilt-edged portrait of
King George II that created
959
00:52:13,589 --> 00:52:16,092
what he called
a high-treason shock
960
00:52:16,259 --> 00:52:20,596
if someone touched his crown.
[ZAP]
961
00:52:20,763 --> 00:52:23,933
He used a more powerful shock
to kill a turkey and reported
962
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:26,644
that it seemed
uncommonly tender
963
00:52:26,811 --> 00:52:30,565
compared to one slaughtered
the conventional way.
964
00:52:30,731 --> 00:52:33,985
ISAACSON: He kept saying,
"We have to find useful things
965
00:52:34,152 --> 00:52:36,571
to do with this electricity."
966
00:52:36,737 --> 00:52:38,614
He said one of the only useful
things in his first year
967
00:52:38,781 --> 00:52:41,617
of experiments was that
he would get shocked
968
00:52:41,784 --> 00:52:44,453
and knock him down; and he said,
"Electricity was useful
969
00:52:44,620 --> 00:52:47,248
for making
a vain person humble."
970
00:52:47,415 --> 00:52:50,251
NARRATOR: As his studies
turned more serious,
971
00:52:50,418 --> 00:52:53,212
and he began documenting
his observations,
[ZAP]
972
00:52:53,379 --> 00:52:55,464
he came up with new terms
to describe
973
00:52:55,631 --> 00:52:58,259
electricity's mysterious
properties.
974
00:52:58,426 --> 00:52:59,927
[ZAP]
975
00:53:00,094 --> 00:53:02,013
It had two charges, he wrote,
976
00:53:02,180 --> 00:53:04,223
positive and negative,
977
00:53:04,390 --> 00:53:08,895
and it could travel by what
he called a conductor.
978
00:53:09,061 --> 00:53:12,356
He grouped a collection of
glass containers together,
979
00:53:12,523 --> 00:53:14,650
each possessing
an electrical charge,
980
00:53:14,817 --> 00:53:19,071
and named it a battery,
using the military term
981
00:53:19,238 --> 00:53:22,366
for an array of cannons.
982
00:53:22,533 --> 00:53:24,160
ISAACSON: Benjamin Franklin
comes up with the most
983
00:53:24,327 --> 00:53:27,079
important theory of the era,
which is
984
00:53:27,246 --> 00:53:29,248
the Single Fluid Theory
of Electricity,
985
00:53:29,415 --> 00:53:33,002
which is that it's not
some substance,
986
00:53:33,169 --> 00:53:34,295
but it's a positive
and a negative.
987
00:53:34,462 --> 00:53:37,673
And it flows from
positive to negative.
988
00:53:37,840 --> 00:53:41,093
NARRATOR: But pure science
had less appeal to Franklin
989
00:53:41,260 --> 00:53:43,346
than putting it
to practical use.
990
00:53:43,512 --> 00:53:45,431
[THUNDER]
991
00:53:45,598 --> 00:53:48,684
MAN: Lightning was seen as being
Divine Retribution.
992
00:53:48,851 --> 00:53:51,229
Of course, the irony was that
most of the buildings
993
00:53:51,395 --> 00:53:53,481
that were destroyed by lightning
were churches
994
00:53:53,648 --> 00:53:55,733
'cause in a lot of communities
in the 18th century,
995
00:53:55,900 --> 00:53:56,817
they were the highest structure.
996
00:53:56,984 --> 00:53:58,736
[THUNDER]
997
00:53:58,903 --> 00:54:01,530
ISAACSON: Franklin is
convinced that lightning
998
00:54:01,697 --> 00:54:05,868
bears a similarity
to an electrical spark.
999
00:54:06,035 --> 00:54:07,745
He's looking at electric sparks,
1000
00:54:07,912 --> 00:54:10,539
he's looking at lightning,
and he puts in his notebook
1001
00:54:10,706 --> 00:54:14,168
all the similarities
and at the end of the page,
1002
00:54:14,335 --> 00:54:16,504
he says, "Let the experiment
be made."
1003
00:54:16,671 --> 00:54:19,131
[THUNDER]
1004
00:54:19,298 --> 00:54:20,758
NARRATOR: Franklin detailed
his theory
1005
00:54:20,925 --> 00:54:23,094
that lightning was electricity
1006
00:54:23,261 --> 00:54:26,681
and that metal objects
could draw off a charge.
1007
00:54:26,847 --> 00:54:30,768
He proposed an experiment
that involved placing a person
1008
00:54:30,935 --> 00:54:33,104
in what he called a sentry box
1009
00:54:33,271 --> 00:54:35,314
on a high tower or hilltop
1010
00:54:35,481 --> 00:54:38,150
and raising a sharply pointed
iron rod
1011
00:54:38,317 --> 00:54:41,237
when storm clouds approached.
1012
00:54:41,404 --> 00:54:44,448
He shared his observations
with a London scientist,
1013
00:54:44,615 --> 00:54:47,910
Peter Collinson, who had
supplied him with equipment
1014
00:54:48,077 --> 00:54:50,413
for his electrical studies.
1015
00:54:50,579 --> 00:54:53,457
Franklin was planning
to conduct the experiment
1016
00:54:53,624 --> 00:54:56,711
on the new steeple of
Christ Church off Market Street
1017
00:54:56,877 --> 00:54:59,880
as soon as its
construction was completed.
1018
00:55:00,047 --> 00:55:04,677
But the work went slowly
and Franklin grew impatient.
1019
00:55:04,844 --> 00:55:06,929
He then came up with
an alternative way
1020
00:55:07,096 --> 00:55:08,973
to test his theory.
1021
00:55:09,140 --> 00:55:11,142
He was less confident
in this method
1022
00:55:11,309 --> 00:55:13,561
and decided to do it in secret,
1023
00:55:13,728 --> 00:55:17,231
trusting only his son William
to take part.
1024
00:55:18,649 --> 00:55:22,820
In June of 1752,
with storm clouds threatening,
1025
00:55:22,987 --> 00:55:26,365
he and William went to a field
with a silk kite,
1026
00:55:26,532 --> 00:55:30,328
to which Franklin had attached
a sharp-pointed wire.
1027
00:55:31,704 --> 00:55:34,582
Dangling at the end of
the kite's long twine string
1028
00:55:34,749 --> 00:55:36,917
was a metal key.
1029
00:55:37,084 --> 00:55:40,921
They got the kite aloft
and Franklin maneuvered it
1030
00:55:41,088 --> 00:55:43,758
toward the approaching clouds.
1031
00:55:43,924 --> 00:55:45,926
DRAY: What he was showing
was that the atmosphere
1032
00:55:46,093 --> 00:55:47,970
became electrified,
[THUNDER]
1033
00:55:48,137 --> 00:55:50,931
not that the kite had to be
struck by a lightning bolt,
1034
00:55:51,098 --> 00:55:54,393
which is often the way it's
depicted in illustrations.
1035
00:55:54,560 --> 00:55:55,978
NARRATOR:
Franklin suddenly noticed
1036
00:55:56,145 --> 00:55:57,938
the individual strands of hemp
1037
00:55:58,105 --> 00:55:59,190
along the kite's string
1038
00:55:59,357 --> 00:56:02,234
stiffening and standing on end.
1039
00:56:02,401 --> 00:56:04,528
He moved his free hand
toward the key
1040
00:56:04,695 --> 00:56:08,032
and felt a mild shock
on his knuckle.
1041
00:56:08,199 --> 00:56:10,034
When the rain began, and water
1042
00:56:10,201 --> 00:56:12,328
started streaming
down the twine,
1043
00:56:12,495 --> 00:56:14,955
sparks flew off the key.
[ZAPPING]
1044
00:56:15,122 --> 00:56:17,500
Franklin was exultant.
1045
00:56:17,666 --> 00:56:20,669
"Thereby," he wrote
of his experiment,
1046
00:56:20,836 --> 00:56:24,215
"the sameness of electrical
matter with that of lightning
1047
00:56:24,382 --> 00:56:26,884
has been
completely demonstrated."
1048
00:56:29,470 --> 00:56:31,138
[THUNDER]
Meanwhile, the theories
1049
00:56:31,305 --> 00:56:33,140
he had shared with Collinson
1050
00:56:33,307 --> 00:56:34,642
had been published,
1051
00:56:34,809 --> 00:56:37,436
and unbeknownst to him,
other scientists
1052
00:56:37,603 --> 00:56:40,981
were already
testing and verifying them.
1053
00:56:41,148 --> 00:56:44,735
Experiments using his original
sentry box proposal
1054
00:56:44,902 --> 00:56:49,824
had been taking place
all over England and Europe.
1055
00:56:49,990 --> 00:56:53,285
"Monsieur Franklin's idea,"
a French physicist wrote,
1056
00:56:53,452 --> 00:56:55,287
"has ceased to be a conjecture;
1057
00:56:55,454 --> 00:56:58,791
here it has become a reality."
1058
00:56:58,958 --> 00:57:01,293
DRAY: The kite experiment,
that really was
1059
00:57:01,460 --> 00:57:03,963
the symbol of his breakthrough.
1060
00:57:04,130 --> 00:57:07,758
[THUNDER]
It showed that the atmosphere
was electrified,
1061
00:57:07,925 --> 00:57:11,387
that thus thunder and lightning
were electrical forces.
1062
00:57:11,554 --> 00:57:14,765
And it overthrew
centuries of superstition
1063
00:57:14,932 --> 00:57:18,102
and scientific confusion about
what this might be.
1064
00:57:19,687 --> 00:57:20,855
MAN: He made a really
fundamental contribution
1065
00:57:21,021 --> 00:57:23,149
to basic science.
1066
00:57:23,315 --> 00:57:25,693
And the fact that
he did it as an American,
1067
00:57:25,860 --> 00:57:28,696
coming out of the wilds
of, uh, of America,
1068
00:57:28,863 --> 00:57:33,534
in the European eyes, made him,
uh, instantly world famous.
1069
00:57:33,701 --> 00:57:36,412
CHAPLIN: There's
a hilarious little piece
1070
00:57:36,579 --> 00:57:38,497
in the "Gentleman's Magazine"
in London
1071
00:57:38,664 --> 00:57:40,583
where this commentator
says that "Now we know
1072
00:57:40,749 --> 00:57:42,793
"that Mr. Franklin's
theories about
1073
00:57:42,960 --> 00:57:45,671
"emptying the clouds of
electricity are actually true;
1074
00:57:45,838 --> 00:57:48,090
"whereas, once upon a time,
we didn't even think there was
1075
00:57:48,257 --> 00:57:50,509
such a person as Mr. Franklin."
1076
00:57:50,676 --> 00:57:52,178
'Cause it does seem
incredibly improbable
1077
00:57:52,344 --> 00:57:54,930
that the reigning expert on
1078
00:57:55,097 --> 00:57:57,766
an enormous attribute of Nature
1079
00:57:57,933 --> 00:58:00,644
would come from Philadelphia,
wherever the hell that was.
1080
00:58:02,062 --> 00:58:03,856
NARRATOR: Benjamin Franklin
had unlocked
1081
00:58:04,023 --> 00:58:05,774
the mystery of electricity,
1082
00:58:05,941 --> 00:58:09,945
but he still wanted
to put his discovery to work.
1083
00:58:10,112 --> 00:58:12,531
In Germany during
the mid-century,
1084
00:58:12,698 --> 00:58:16,494
386 churches had been
struck by lightning
1085
00:58:16,660 --> 00:58:19,872
and more than 100
bell ringers killed.
[THUNDER]
1086
00:58:20,039 --> 00:58:22,917
In Italy, hundreds more
people perished
1087
00:58:23,083 --> 00:58:27,630
when a bolt hit a building that
had gunpowder stored in it.
1088
00:58:27,796 --> 00:58:30,508
[THUNDER]
Franklin concluded
that lightning
1089
00:58:30,674 --> 00:58:32,885
seeks the path
of least resistance
1090
00:58:33,052 --> 00:58:34,887
to connect with the ground.
1091
00:58:35,054 --> 00:58:36,388
Providing a better conductor
1092
00:58:36,555 --> 00:58:39,975
might safely divert the charge.
1093
00:58:40,142 --> 00:58:43,395
He then arranged for
what he called lightning rods
1094
00:58:43,562 --> 00:58:46,232
to be placed atop
Pennsylvania's State House
1095
00:58:46,398 --> 00:58:48,567
and his college building--
1096
00:58:48,734 --> 00:58:53,447
the first such devices
ever erected in the world.
1097
00:58:53,614 --> 00:58:55,741
[THUNDER]
ISAACSON: Lightning bolts
aren't there
1098
00:58:55,908 --> 00:58:57,409
sent by an angry god.
1099
00:58:57,576 --> 00:58:59,370
It's not something you can just
1100
00:58:59,537 --> 00:59:02,665
try to pray and it goes away.
1101
00:59:02,831 --> 00:59:05,501
You have to find practical,
scientific solutions
1102
00:59:05,668 --> 00:59:09,088
that help us understand
our cosmos.
1103
00:59:09,255 --> 00:59:11,632
[THUNDER]
JENKINSON: The lightning rod
changes the world.
1104
00:59:11,799 --> 00:59:13,467
It's one of the most
important inventions
1105
00:59:13,634 --> 00:59:14,927
of the Enlightenment
and, of course,
1106
00:59:15,094 --> 00:59:16,220
he won't patent it.
1107
00:59:16,387 --> 00:59:17,972
He believes a good idea
1108
00:59:18,138 --> 00:59:19,557
belongs to humankind.
1109
00:59:19,723 --> 00:59:21,600
NARRATOR: Some religious
leaders objected
1110
00:59:21,767 --> 00:59:24,395
that Franklin was
attempting to interfere
1111
00:59:24,562 --> 00:59:30,067
with one of God's most effective
methods of punishing sinners.
1112
00:59:30,234 --> 00:59:31,902
MAN AS FRANKLIN: Surely the
Thunder of Heaven is no more
1113
00:59:32,069 --> 00:59:36,782
supernatural than the Rain,
Hail or Sunshine of Heaven,
1114
00:59:36,949 --> 00:59:39,451
against the Inconvenience
of which we guard
1115
00:59:39,618 --> 00:59:42,079
by Roofs & Shades
without Scruple.
1116
00:59:42,246 --> 00:59:43,872
[THUNDER]
1117
00:59:44,039 --> 00:59:46,834
NARRATOR: Scientists
in America and Europe
1118
00:59:47,001 --> 00:59:50,129
were hailing him for his
achievements in electricity.
1119
00:59:50,296 --> 00:59:54,466
Harvard, Yale, and the College
of William and Mary in Virginia
1120
00:59:54,633 --> 00:59:57,636
gave him honorary degrees.
1121
00:59:57,803 --> 01:00:00,889
London's Royal Society
made him the first person
1122
01:00:01,056 --> 01:00:03,475
living outside of Britain
to receive
1123
01:00:03,642 --> 01:00:06,812
its prestigious Copley Medal.
1124
01:00:06,979 --> 01:00:09,481
And one English scientist
called his work
1125
01:00:09,648 --> 01:00:11,984
"the greatest discovery
that has been made
1126
01:00:12,151 --> 01:00:15,404
since the time
of Sir Isaac Newton."
1127
01:00:15,571 --> 01:00:20,200
In Germany, the Enlightenment
philosopher Immanuel Kant said
1128
01:00:20,367 --> 01:00:24,872
Franklin had stolen the fire
of heaven and called him
1129
01:00:25,039 --> 01:00:26,790
the "modern Prometheus."
1130
01:00:26,957 --> 01:00:28,709
[THUNDER]
1131
01:00:31,670 --> 01:00:37,134
♪
1132
01:00:37,301 --> 01:00:39,386
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
By the collision
of different sentiments,
1133
01:00:39,553 --> 01:00:42,056
sparks of truth are struck,
1134
01:00:42,222 --> 01:00:45,184
and political light is obtained.
1135
01:00:46,644 --> 01:00:48,604
BRANDS: He had a kind of
social intelligence
1136
01:00:48,771 --> 01:00:52,149
that matched his
book learning intelligence.
1137
01:00:52,316 --> 01:00:55,110
He really was an American
genius, but part of his genius
1138
01:00:55,277 --> 01:00:58,906
lay in his ability
to get people to work with him
1139
01:00:59,073 --> 01:01:00,324
and to move things
in a direction
1140
01:01:00,491 --> 01:01:02,242
he wanted them to go.
1141
01:01:02,409 --> 01:01:04,828
NARRATOR: Franklin's
involvement in civic affairs
1142
01:01:04,995 --> 01:01:08,082
took a new political turn
when he was elected to
1143
01:01:08,248 --> 01:01:13,253
Pennsylvania's colonial
Assembly in 1751.
1144
01:01:13,420 --> 01:01:15,589
MAN AS FRANKLIN: I conceived
my becoming a member
1145
01:01:15,756 --> 01:01:19,134
would enlarge my power
of doing good.
1146
01:01:19,301 --> 01:01:21,845
I would not however insinuate
that my ambition was not
1147
01:01:22,012 --> 01:01:24,723
flattered by
all these promotions.
1148
01:01:24,890 --> 01:01:26,558
It certainly was.
1149
01:01:26,725 --> 01:01:28,727
For considering my low beginning
1150
01:01:28,894 --> 01:01:31,230
they were great things to me.
1151
01:01:34,483 --> 01:01:37,111
NARRATOR: He worked on
everything from regulations
1152
01:01:37,277 --> 01:01:39,154
on the size of bread loaves
1153
01:01:39,321 --> 01:01:41,865
to a tax on dogs;
1154
01:01:42,032 --> 01:01:44,368
pushed through a plan
to pave Market Street
1155
01:01:44,535 --> 01:01:46,912
and keep it swept of dust;
1156
01:01:47,079 --> 01:01:49,456
then gained approval
to install newly designed
1157
01:01:49,623 --> 01:01:51,583
street lamps in the city
1158
01:01:51,750 --> 01:01:54,420
with 4 replaceable glass panes
1159
01:01:54,586 --> 01:01:57,172
that made them easier to repair.
1160
01:01:58,799 --> 01:02:01,885
In 1752, the British
government appointed
1161
01:02:02,052 --> 01:02:03,762
the 46-year-old Franklin
1162
01:02:03,929 --> 01:02:06,849
to the top postal job
in America,
1163
01:02:07,015 --> 01:02:09,435
sharing the title
of deputy postmaster
1164
01:02:09,601 --> 01:02:11,937
with a man from the South.
1165
01:02:12,104 --> 01:02:14,648
Franklin immediately started
making the colonies'
1166
01:02:14,815 --> 01:02:17,901
mail service more efficient.
1167
01:02:18,068 --> 01:02:20,988
He established the first
home-delivery system
1168
01:02:21,155 --> 01:02:23,615
and cut the time it took
for a letter to get from
1169
01:02:23,782 --> 01:02:27,953
Philadelphia to New York City
to one day.
1170
01:02:28,120 --> 01:02:30,497
On an inspection tour
that took him through
1171
01:02:30,664 --> 01:02:33,375
Delaware, Maryland,
and Virginia,
1172
01:02:33,542 --> 01:02:38,046
he learned more about the
colonies south of Pennsylvania.
1173
01:02:38,213 --> 01:02:41,091
ISAACSON: The American
identity begins to form
1174
01:02:41,258 --> 01:02:44,678
when Franklin creates a Postal
System that allows people
1175
01:02:44,845 --> 01:02:47,848
to communicate
up and down the coast.
1176
01:02:48,015 --> 01:02:49,892
Most of the Colonies
thought of themselves
1177
01:02:50,058 --> 01:02:51,643
closer to London.
1178
01:02:51,810 --> 01:02:53,937
Even letters would go,
from Charleston,
1179
01:02:54,104 --> 01:02:56,440
if it had to go to Boston,
it would go to London,
1180
01:02:56,607 --> 01:02:58,942
and then back to Boston.
1181
01:02:59,109 --> 01:03:01,236
So, by doing a Postal Road
up and down the coast,
1182
01:03:01,403 --> 01:03:05,574
he helps knit the American
Colonies together.
1183
01:03:05,741 --> 01:03:08,452
NARRATOR: The future
prosperity of
the British Empire,
1184
01:03:08,619 --> 01:03:10,454
Franklin wrote in one essay,
1185
01:03:10,621 --> 01:03:13,540
lay in the American colonies.
1186
01:03:13,707 --> 01:03:15,918
Because of the abundance
of land,
1187
01:03:16,084 --> 01:03:18,712
he predicted the white
population would double
1188
01:03:18,879 --> 01:03:21,632
every 20 years,
and within a century
1189
01:03:21,799 --> 01:03:24,635
would even surpass England's.
1190
01:03:24,802 --> 01:03:28,764
All of this disregarded the
sovereignty of Native peoples,
1191
01:03:28,931 --> 01:03:31,809
whose land it had been
for millennia.
1192
01:03:34,061 --> 01:03:35,687
In the same essay, he argued,
1193
01:03:35,854 --> 01:03:38,315
strictly on economic grounds,
1194
01:03:38,482 --> 01:03:42,986
that the importation of black
slaves diminished a nation
1195
01:03:43,153 --> 01:03:45,072
because "The Whites
who have Slaves"
1196
01:03:45,239 --> 01:03:49,743
are "enfeebled" by
not working themselves.
1197
01:03:49,910 --> 01:03:52,329
BROWN: He is combining racism
1198
01:03:52,496 --> 01:03:56,250
and opposition to the
slave trade, simultaneously.
1199
01:03:56,416 --> 01:03:58,794
Some of the initial efforts
1200
01:03:58,961 --> 01:04:03,632
to stop the slave trade
to North America
1201
01:04:03,799 --> 01:04:04,591
originated in concern
that there were
1202
01:04:04,758 --> 01:04:07,052
too many black people there.
1203
01:04:07,219 --> 01:04:10,973
It was an immigration problem,
rather than a moral problem.
1204
01:04:13,267 --> 01:04:15,894
NARRATOR: He also worried
about the influx of immigrants
1205
01:04:16,061 --> 01:04:19,565
he described as having
"a swarthy complexion,"
1206
01:04:19,731 --> 01:04:22,568
including Spaniards, Italians,
1207
01:04:22,734 --> 01:04:26,613
French, Russians, and Swedes--
1208
01:04:26,780 --> 01:04:28,740
even the Germans,
who now represented
1209
01:04:28,907 --> 01:04:31,785
a third of his own colony.
1210
01:04:31,952 --> 01:04:34,454
"Why," he wrote,
"should Pennsylvania,
1211
01:04:34,621 --> 01:04:39,167
"founded by the English,
become a Colony of Aliens,
1212
01:04:39,334 --> 01:04:43,422
"who will shortly be so numerous
as to Germanize us
1213
01:04:43,589 --> 01:04:46,967
instead of our Anglifying them."
1214
01:04:47,134 --> 01:04:48,385
[DOG BARKING]
1215
01:04:48,552 --> 01:04:50,804
MAN AS FRANKLIN: We have
so fair an Opportunity,
1216
01:04:50,971 --> 01:04:53,515
by excluding all Blacks
and Tawneys,
1217
01:04:53,682 --> 01:04:57,102
of increasing the lovely
White and Red.
1218
01:04:57,269 --> 01:05:00,981
But perhaps I am partial to
the Complexion of my Country,
1219
01:05:01,148 --> 01:05:05,235
for such Kind of Partiality
is natural to Mankind.
1220
01:05:06,612 --> 01:05:09,323
BROWN: In the middle decades
of the 18th century,
1221
01:05:09,489 --> 01:05:13,160
notions of racial inferiority
were so deeply embedded
1222
01:05:13,327 --> 01:05:16,496
that the unusual fact
of this document, actually,
1223
01:05:16,663 --> 01:05:20,459
is how he says, at the end,
"Or maybe I'm just biased
1224
01:05:20,626 --> 01:05:23,545
in favor of people like myself."
1225
01:05:23,712 --> 01:05:27,633
Franklin doesn't deserve
particular praise for that.
1226
01:05:27,799 --> 01:05:32,137
But it is unusual
in the sense of
1227
01:05:32,304 --> 01:05:35,307
he's being self-reflective
about his own prejudices.
1228
01:05:35,474 --> 01:05:38,477
It's the self-reflective part
which is slightly unusual.
1229
01:05:38,644 --> 01:05:40,354
The prejudices are not.
1230
01:05:40,520 --> 01:05:42,773
[BIRDS SINGING]
1231
01:05:44,942 --> 01:05:48,236
NARRATOR: In 1754,
increased white settlement
1232
01:05:48,403 --> 01:05:49,863
in the Ohio River Valley
1233
01:05:50,030 --> 01:05:52,741
ignited another struggle
with France
1234
01:05:52,908 --> 01:05:55,077
for control of Native lands--
1235
01:05:55,243 --> 01:05:59,581
what would come to be called
the French and Indian War.
1236
01:05:59,748 --> 01:06:03,251
Franklin was chosen as one of
4 Pennsylvania delegates
1237
01:06:03,418 --> 01:06:06,755
to meet with representatives
from 6 other colonies
1238
01:06:06,922 --> 01:06:11,134
in Albany, New York, to
negotiate with Native Americans
1239
01:06:11,301 --> 01:06:15,305
they hoped would side with
England in the conflict.
1240
01:06:15,472 --> 01:06:18,141
He was familiar with
the way the Iroquois nations
1241
01:06:18,308 --> 01:06:21,812
had formed a confederation,
the Haudenosaunee,
1242
01:06:21,979 --> 01:06:23,730
more than a century earlier
1243
01:06:23,897 --> 01:06:26,233
that promoted
unity through consensus
1244
01:06:26,400 --> 01:06:29,361
on matters that
affected them all.
1245
01:06:29,528 --> 01:06:32,531
It gave him an idea.
1246
01:06:32,698 --> 01:06:34,825
MAN AS FRANKLIN: It would be
a very strange thing,
1247
01:06:34,992 --> 01:06:37,202
if 6 nations of ignorant
savages should be
1248
01:06:37,369 --> 01:06:40,288
capable of forming a scheme
for such a union,
1249
01:06:40,455 --> 01:06:42,791
and be able to execute it
in such a manner
1250
01:06:42,958 --> 01:06:45,627
as that it has
subsisted for ages,
1251
01:06:45,794 --> 01:06:48,296
and appears indissoluble;
1252
01:06:48,463 --> 01:06:51,967
and yet that a like union
should be impracticable
1253
01:06:52,134 --> 01:06:55,053
for 10 or a dozen
English colonies,
1254
01:06:55,220 --> 01:06:58,056
to whom it is more necessary,
1255
01:06:58,223 --> 01:07:01,059
and must be more advantageous.
1256
01:07:02,269 --> 01:07:04,021
NARRATOR: Franklin urged
his fellow delegates
1257
01:07:04,187 --> 01:07:07,107
to consider creating
their own charter
1258
01:07:07,274 --> 01:07:10,277
to encourage the colonies
to work together.
1259
01:07:10,444 --> 01:07:14,364
He and Thomas Hutchinson,
an ally from Massachusetts,
1260
01:07:14,531 --> 01:07:17,743
spearheaded a committee
that drew up what was called
1261
01:07:17,909 --> 01:07:21,079
the Albany Plan of Union.
1262
01:07:21,246 --> 01:07:24,374
It proposed a Grand Council
for the Colonies,
1263
01:07:24,541 --> 01:07:27,461
empowered to make treaties
with Indians,
1264
01:07:27,627 --> 01:07:32,382
regulate trade, oversee
land sales on the frontier,
1265
01:07:32,549 --> 01:07:36,011
build forts and raise troops
for common defense,
1266
01:07:36,178 --> 01:07:38,722
and enact whatever
taxes and duties
1267
01:07:38,889 --> 01:07:41,266
were needed for it all.
1268
01:07:41,433 --> 01:07:44,311
Individual colonies would
keep their own authority
1269
01:07:44,478 --> 01:07:49,107
over everything else
under their own constitutions.
1270
01:07:49,274 --> 01:07:51,735
In an article in
the "Gazette," he attached
1271
01:07:51,902 --> 01:07:54,738
a drawing showing
a dismembered snake
1272
01:07:54,905 --> 01:07:56,907
representing the colonies.
1273
01:07:57,074 --> 01:08:00,327
At the bottom
was a dire warning.
1274
01:08:00,494 --> 01:08:03,330
ISAACSON: It says,
"Join or die."
1275
01:08:03,497 --> 01:08:07,042
And it's his way of saying
that we have to come together
1276
01:08:07,209 --> 01:08:10,587
to have one
national sensibility.
1277
01:08:10,754 --> 01:08:12,297
So, he's the great visionary
1278
01:08:12,464 --> 01:08:13,965
that sees that we have to
1279
01:08:14,132 --> 01:08:16,551
knit the Colonies together,
1280
01:08:16,718 --> 01:08:19,387
rather than have each of
the Colonies think of themselves
1281
01:08:19,554 --> 01:08:23,141
as sort of a separate entity
reporting back to London.
1282
01:08:23,308 --> 01:08:25,519
NARRATOR: On both sides
of the Atlantic,
1283
01:08:25,685 --> 01:08:30,065
the Albany Plan
was considered too radical.
1284
01:08:30,232 --> 01:08:31,942
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
Its Fate was singular.
1285
01:08:32,109 --> 01:08:33,902
The Assemblies did not adopt it,
1286
01:08:34,069 --> 01:08:37,364
as they all thought there was
too much Prerogative in it;
1287
01:08:37,531 --> 01:08:42,160
and in England it was judg'd to
have too much of the democratic.
1288
01:08:42,327 --> 01:08:43,745
Despite all
the failure, and it was
1289
01:08:43,912 --> 01:08:46,414
a total failure, [LAUGHS]
1290
01:08:46,581 --> 01:08:50,210
it did possibly plant
some kind of seed
1291
01:08:50,377 --> 01:08:54,923
for future organization
among the Colonies.
1292
01:08:55,090 --> 01:08:58,051
♪
1293
01:08:58,218 --> 01:09:01,054
NARRATOR: In 1755,
Franklin met with
1294
01:09:01,221 --> 01:09:03,140
Major General Edward Braddock,
1295
01:09:03,306 --> 01:09:05,642
who had
arrived in America boasting
1296
01:09:05,809 --> 01:09:09,604
that he and his British redcoats
would have little trouble
1297
01:09:09,771 --> 01:09:13,483
defeating the French and their
Native American allies.
1298
01:09:13,650 --> 01:09:17,445
Franklin warned the general
against overconfidence.
1299
01:09:17,612 --> 01:09:20,991
[GUNFIRE]
On July 9, 1755,
1300
01:09:21,158 --> 01:09:23,326
8 miles from Fort Duquesne,
1301
01:09:23,493 --> 01:09:25,954
where the Monongahela
and Allegheny rivers
1302
01:09:26,121 --> 01:09:28,373
join to form the Ohio,
1303
01:09:28,540 --> 01:09:31,334
Braddock's forces
stumbled into an ambush
1304
01:09:31,501 --> 01:09:35,630
and were routed by
French and Indian soldiers.
1305
01:09:35,797 --> 01:09:39,509
Nearly 1,000 of the British
were killed or wounded;
1306
01:09:39,676 --> 01:09:44,347
most of the officers died,
including Braddock.
1307
01:09:44,514 --> 01:09:47,893
In the battle, two horses
were shot out from underneath
1308
01:09:48,059 --> 01:09:49,519
a young lieutenant colonel
1309
01:09:49,686 --> 01:09:52,272
and land speculator
from Virginia,
1310
01:09:52,439 --> 01:09:55,442
and 4 bullets pierced his coat.
1311
01:09:55,609 --> 01:10:01,239
But somehow, 23-year-old
George Washington survived.
1312
01:10:02,991 --> 01:10:04,659
The French
and Indians soon pushed
1313
01:10:04,826 --> 01:10:06,453
farther into Pennsylvania,
1314
01:10:06,620 --> 01:10:10,373
burning houses,
killing and capturing settlers,
1315
01:10:10,540 --> 01:10:13,210
spreading panic
across the colony.
1316
01:10:13,376 --> 01:10:16,630
In Philadelphia,
the Assembly seemed paralyzed.
1317
01:10:16,796 --> 01:10:21,718
Dominated by Quaker pacifists,
it resisted raising an army.
1318
01:10:23,178 --> 01:10:24,763
Meanwhile, the governor,
appointed by
1319
01:10:24,930 --> 01:10:26,932
William Penn's sons in England,
1320
01:10:27,098 --> 01:10:29,267
steadfastly rejected any tax
1321
01:10:29,434 --> 01:10:32,020
on the family's lands
in Pennsylvania
1322
01:10:32,187 --> 01:10:35,482
to help defend the colony.
1323
01:10:35,649 --> 01:10:38,151
MAN AS FRANKLIN: Vassals
fight at their lord's expense;
1324
01:10:38,318 --> 01:10:40,445
but our lord would have us
defend his estate
1325
01:10:40,612 --> 01:10:42,364
at our own expense!
1326
01:10:42,530 --> 01:10:45,825
It is even more slavish
than slavery itself.
1327
01:10:47,577 --> 01:10:49,162
NARRATOR: When a raiding party
struck a settlement
1328
01:10:49,329 --> 01:10:52,207
only 75 miles north
of Philadelphia,
1329
01:10:52,374 --> 01:10:54,709
Franklin led a force
of militiamen,
1330
01:10:54,876 --> 01:10:59,130
including his son William,
over rough terrain to the scene,
1331
01:10:59,297 --> 01:11:00,840
where they buried the dead
1332
01:11:01,007 --> 01:11:02,425
and began to build
1333
01:11:02,592 --> 01:11:04,010
a series of forts.
1334
01:11:05,387 --> 01:11:07,889
The winter weather was
cold and wet.
1335
01:11:08,056 --> 01:11:10,183
Franklin spent his 50th birthday
1336
01:11:10,350 --> 01:11:13,061
encamped at Lehigh Gap.
1337
01:11:15,438 --> 01:11:18,358
But the immediate crisis
had been met.
1338
01:11:18,525 --> 01:11:22,654
In Philadelphia,
Franklin was hailed as a hero.
1339
01:11:22,821 --> 01:11:26,950
"The people," he wrote
a friend, "happen to love me."
1340
01:11:30,620 --> 01:11:34,165
NARRATOR: In June of 1757,
Franklin once more
1341
01:11:34,332 --> 01:11:37,836
found himself on a ship
bound for England.
1342
01:11:38,003 --> 01:11:41,381
The Assembly had sent him on
a mission to try to negotiate
1343
01:11:41,548 --> 01:11:43,967
with the Penn family in person
1344
01:11:44,134 --> 01:11:46,636
about their refusal to be taxed.
1345
01:11:48,138 --> 01:11:51,099
He brought his son William
along as his assistant,
1346
01:11:51,266 --> 01:11:54,311
but Deborah and Sally
stayed behind.
1347
01:11:54,477 --> 01:11:56,396
Deborah worried that
her husband's ship
1348
01:11:56,563 --> 01:11:58,815
might be attacked by the French
1349
01:11:58,982 --> 01:12:02,485
or go down in the dangerous
waters of the North Atlantic.
1350
01:12:04,696 --> 01:12:05,989
WOMAN AS DEBORAH FRANKLIN:
I have been in much pain
1351
01:12:06,156 --> 01:12:08,700
for some days on account
of my Husband,
1352
01:12:08,867 --> 01:12:11,953
for by this time he is,
as I suppose,
1353
01:12:12,120 --> 01:12:14,706
near the Land's End of England,
1354
01:12:14,873 --> 01:12:17,751
and of course in danger of
being taken,
1355
01:12:17,917 --> 01:12:20,962
which I pray God prevent.
1356
01:12:21,129 --> 01:12:24,299
I am not able to bear
the least thing in the world
1357
01:12:24,466 --> 01:12:27,469
and I find myself
very weak indeed.
1358
01:12:30,597 --> 01:12:31,973
NARRATOR: Approaching
the coast of England,
1359
01:12:32,140 --> 01:12:34,559
Franklin's ship was nearly
1360
01:12:34,726 --> 01:12:35,727
wrecked on the rocks,
1361
01:12:35,894 --> 01:12:37,896
just as his wife had feared,
1362
01:12:38,063 --> 01:12:41,608
but finally landed safely.
1363
01:12:41,775 --> 01:12:44,235
"Were I a Roman Catholic,"
he wrote Deborah,
1364
01:12:44,402 --> 01:12:47,280
"perhaps I should
on this occasion
1365
01:12:47,447 --> 01:12:50,283
"vow to build a chapel
to some saint;
1366
01:12:50,450 --> 01:12:53,620
"but as I am not,
if I were to vow at all,
1367
01:12:53,787 --> 01:12:56,373
it should be to build
a lighthouse."
1368
01:12:58,083 --> 01:13:01,920
In London, he found lodging
at a home on Craven Street,
1369
01:13:02,087 --> 01:13:04,923
a short walk from
the British government offices
1370
01:13:05,090 --> 01:13:06,758
at Whitehall.
1371
01:13:06,925 --> 01:13:09,010
ISAACSON: When he gets to
London, Franklin tries to
1372
01:13:09,177 --> 01:13:11,679
recreate his family life.
1373
01:13:11,846 --> 01:13:14,432
And, so, he finds a landlady
who's quite like
1374
01:13:14,599 --> 01:13:17,310
Deborah Franklin,
named Margaret Stevenson,
1375
01:13:17,477 --> 01:13:19,646
who has a daughter named Polly.
1376
01:13:19,813 --> 01:13:22,357
And they set up
on Craven Street a replica
1377
01:13:22,524 --> 01:13:25,235
of what he had
back in Philadelphia.
1378
01:13:27,695 --> 01:13:29,781
NARRATOR: Franklin and William
had brought along
1379
01:13:29,948 --> 01:13:36,413
two enslaved men, known only as
Peter and King, as servants.
1380
01:13:36,579 --> 01:13:39,290
"Peter behaves very well
to me in general,"
1381
01:13:39,457 --> 01:13:41,209
Franklin wrote home to Deborah,
1382
01:13:41,376 --> 01:13:46,631
"and begins to know the town so
as to go anywhere on errands."
1383
01:13:46,798 --> 01:13:49,509
But King, sensing
an opportunity for freedom
1384
01:13:49,676 --> 01:13:54,097
in his new surroundings,
ran away.
1385
01:13:54,264 --> 01:13:56,724
DUNBAR: What we know
about these men
1386
01:13:56,891 --> 01:13:58,601
is relatively little.
1387
01:13:58,768 --> 01:14:02,605
What we do know is that,
while Ben Franklin's
1388
01:14:02,772 --> 01:14:05,817
feelings or opinions
about slavery
1389
01:14:05,984 --> 01:14:08,403
may have changed over time,
1390
01:14:08,570 --> 01:14:14,742
he doesn't set his
slaves free, ever.
1391
01:14:14,909 --> 01:14:17,704
They run off and he doesn't
necessarily pursue them,
1392
01:14:17,871 --> 01:14:21,207
perhaps, with as much
vigor as he might have.
1393
01:14:21,374 --> 01:14:23,168
And they die off.
1394
01:14:23,334 --> 01:14:27,338
But at no moment do we really
see Franklin step out front
1395
01:14:27,505 --> 01:14:30,008
and say, "I am setting
an example
1396
01:14:30,175 --> 01:14:32,093
by setting my slaves free."
1397
01:14:34,721 --> 01:14:36,681
NARRATOR: When Franklin
met with the Penn family,
1398
01:14:36,848 --> 01:14:39,684
they categorically dismissed
the notion that they should
1399
01:14:39,851 --> 01:14:42,270
pay any taxes at all.
1400
01:14:42,437 --> 01:14:44,189
They saw the colony solely as
1401
01:14:44,355 --> 01:14:47,484
a source of wealth and power
for them,
1402
01:14:47,650 --> 01:14:50,653
and declared Franklin
a malicious villain.
1403
01:14:52,238 --> 01:14:54,532
Franklin decided
to change tactics.
1404
01:14:54,699 --> 01:14:56,826
He thought he might be
able to persuade
1405
01:14:56,993 --> 01:14:59,537
King George II and his ministers
1406
01:14:59,704 --> 01:15:03,291
to declare Pennsylvania
a Crown colony,
1407
01:15:03,458 --> 01:15:05,627
like most of the others
in America,
1408
01:15:05,793 --> 01:15:09,047
where governors were appointed
by the King.
1409
01:15:11,090 --> 01:15:13,593
He let Deborah know he would
not be returning as quickly
1410
01:15:13,760 --> 01:15:16,346
as the two of them had planned.
1411
01:15:16,513 --> 01:15:19,641
Franklin was enjoying London.
1412
01:15:19,807 --> 01:15:23,603
♪
1413
01:15:23,770 --> 01:15:25,813
ISAACSON: London was
the greatest city in the world
1414
01:15:25,980 --> 01:15:27,148
at the time.
1415
01:15:27,315 --> 01:15:28,650
It was filled with coffee shops
1416
01:15:28,816 --> 01:15:33,655
and had a thriving
intellectual middle class.
1417
01:15:33,821 --> 01:15:35,323
And Franklin goes around
with his friends,
1418
01:15:35,490 --> 01:15:37,617
mainly scientists and writers,
1419
01:15:37,784 --> 01:15:40,078
and they spend their afternoons
in the coffee shops
1420
01:15:40,245 --> 01:15:42,247
discussing new ideas.
1421
01:15:42,413 --> 01:15:44,332
That glittering,
sophisticated world
1422
01:15:44,499 --> 01:15:46,626
was made for Ben Franklin.
1423
01:15:46,793 --> 01:15:49,796
He was made for a dinner party
and conversation.
1424
01:15:49,963 --> 01:15:51,923
Philadelphia might have
been extraordinary
1425
01:15:52,090 --> 01:15:54,926
for the New World,
but it couldn't compare
1426
01:15:55,093 --> 01:16:00,098
to the absolute sophistication
of the Old World.
1427
01:16:00,265 --> 01:16:02,976
BRANDS: There were people who
shared his views on science;
1428
01:16:03,142 --> 01:16:05,436
there were people who shared
his broadminded view
1429
01:16:05,603 --> 01:16:08,356
of all sorts of
human institutions.
1430
01:16:08,523 --> 01:16:11,109
He made friends very easily.
1431
01:16:11,276 --> 01:16:13,903
In fact, if Debbie
1432
01:16:14,070 --> 01:16:18,741
had been willing to relocate
from Philadelphia to London,
1433
01:16:18,908 --> 01:16:20,410
Franklin might very well
1434
01:16:20,577 --> 01:16:22,912
have become a permanent
resident of London.
1435
01:16:23,079 --> 01:16:26,165
NARRATOR: In England,
as he had in America,
1436
01:16:26,332 --> 01:16:30,003
Franklin forged intellectual
and affectionate relationships
1437
01:16:30,169 --> 01:16:31,629
with a number of young women
1438
01:16:31,796 --> 01:16:34,507
whose intelligence
he appreciated--
1439
01:16:34,674 --> 01:16:37,468
exchanging letters,
providing advice,
1440
01:16:37,635 --> 01:16:40,388
and encouraging their ambitions;
1441
01:16:40,555 --> 01:16:42,515
the kind of attention
he neglected to give
1442
01:16:42,682 --> 01:16:44,642
his own daughter Sally.
1443
01:16:46,853 --> 01:16:49,897
SKEMP: Sally was born
at a bad time, I think,
1444
01:16:50,064 --> 01:16:53,234
just as Benjamin Franklin
became involved in politics
1445
01:16:53,401 --> 01:16:55,320
and was away most of the time.
1446
01:16:55,486 --> 01:16:56,362
And, so, I don't think
she ever really
1447
01:16:56,529 --> 01:16:58,156
got to know her father.
1448
01:16:58,323 --> 01:17:00,450
And her father didn't
seem particularly interested
1449
01:17:00,617 --> 01:17:03,745
in knowing her in those days.
1450
01:17:03,911 --> 01:17:05,288
She wanted the education
that her brother had
1451
01:17:05,455 --> 01:17:06,706
and never got it.
1452
01:17:06,873 --> 01:17:08,124
She wanted to go
to England with him;
1453
01:17:08,291 --> 01:17:10,418
that never happened.
1454
01:17:10,585 --> 01:17:11,961
NARRATOR: With William
by his side,
1455
01:17:12,128 --> 01:17:16,174
Franklin traveled beyond London
whenever possible.
1456
01:17:16,341 --> 01:17:18,509
A friend reported
to Deborah that
1457
01:17:18,676 --> 01:17:21,804
"William is daily
in the company of his father,
1458
01:17:21,971 --> 01:17:25,558
"who is at the same time
his friend, his brother,
1459
01:17:25,725 --> 01:17:28,686
his intimate,
and easy companion."
1460
01:17:30,521 --> 01:17:32,357
[CHURCH BELL RINGS]
1461
01:17:32,523 --> 01:17:34,484
In Edinburgh,
they socialized with
1462
01:17:34,651 --> 01:17:37,070
two of the Enlightenment's
leading thinkers,
1463
01:17:37,236 --> 01:17:42,825
the economist Adam Smith
and the philosopher David Hume.
1464
01:17:42,992 --> 01:17:45,411
At St. Andrews,
the university placed
1465
01:17:45,578 --> 01:17:48,498
a crimson and white robe
over Franklin's shoulder
1466
01:17:48,665 --> 01:17:50,541
and presented him, a man with
1467
01:17:50,708 --> 01:17:53,544
only two years
of formal education,
1468
01:17:53,711 --> 01:17:56,005
with an honorary doctorate.
1469
01:17:56,172 --> 01:17:59,509
From that moment on,
most people referred to him
1470
01:17:59,676 --> 01:18:01,719
as Doctor Franklin.
1471
01:18:05,932 --> 01:18:07,892
One evening
in Cambridge, he attended
1472
01:18:08,059 --> 01:18:09,435
a concert of sorts,
1473
01:18:09,602 --> 01:18:11,813
where the rims of wine glasses
1474
01:18:11,979 --> 01:18:14,774
were rubbed to produce
musical notes.
1475
01:18:16,776 --> 01:18:18,319
COHN: Franklin looked at that
and he thought,
1476
01:18:18,486 --> 01:18:21,989
"Now, that's just inefficient."
1477
01:18:22,156 --> 01:18:26,077
Why move your arms
to that degree?
1478
01:18:26,244 --> 01:18:29,330
Why not take the glasses
and have them move
1479
01:18:29,497 --> 01:18:32,125
and your hand stay still?
1480
01:18:32,291 --> 01:18:34,252
NARRATOR: He hired a London
glassblower to create
1481
01:18:34,419 --> 01:18:40,758
a series of 36 glass bowls, to
specific thicknesses and sizes.
1482
01:18:43,386 --> 01:18:46,305
COHN: And rather than
having your fingers
1483
01:18:46,472 --> 01:18:48,015
move around the glass,
1484
01:18:48,182 --> 01:18:49,517
the glasses rotated,
1485
01:18:49,684 --> 01:18:51,436
and he wet his fingers
1486
01:18:51,602 --> 01:18:52,937
and played it like a keyboard.
1487
01:18:53,104 --> 01:18:54,856
[MUSIC PLAYING]
1488
01:19:00,445 --> 01:19:02,947
NARRATOR: He named his
new invention the armonica,
1489
01:19:03,114 --> 01:19:05,825
after the Italian word
for harmony,
1490
01:19:05,992 --> 01:19:09,704
and charmed visitors
with performances on it.
1491
01:19:09,871 --> 01:19:12,039
Soon, more of the instruments
were being
1492
01:19:12,206 --> 01:19:15,918
manufactured and sold,
though Franklin again refused
1493
01:19:16,085 --> 01:19:18,838
to patent or profit
from his invention.
1494
01:19:20,882 --> 01:19:22,550
What pleased him most was that,
1495
01:19:22,717 --> 01:19:24,385
in musical circles throughout
1496
01:19:24,552 --> 01:19:26,179
England and Europe,
1497
01:19:26,345 --> 01:19:27,346
the armonica
1498
01:19:27,513 --> 01:19:28,890
created a sensation.
1499
01:19:32,310 --> 01:19:33,811
In Austria, Franklin's invention
1500
01:19:33,978 --> 01:19:37,064
provided the music
for a royal wedding.
1501
01:19:37,231 --> 01:19:39,025
Even Mozart and Beethoven
1502
01:19:39,192 --> 01:19:42,570
would compose chamber pieces
for it.
1503
01:19:44,614 --> 01:19:48,493
COHN: The sound it made
was described as
1504
01:19:48,659 --> 01:19:50,912
celestial ravishment.
1505
01:19:51,078 --> 01:19:52,830
[MUSIC PLAYING]
1506
01:19:58,795 --> 01:20:00,797
[THUNDER]
[BIRDS SINGING]
1507
01:20:05,468 --> 01:20:07,178
MAN AS FRANKLIN: I have long
been of the opinion
1508
01:20:07,345 --> 01:20:08,679
that the foundations of
1509
01:20:08,846 --> 01:20:10,598
the future
grandeur and stability
1510
01:20:10,765 --> 01:20:14,101
of the British Empire
lie in America,
1511
01:20:14,268 --> 01:20:17,897
broad and strong enough
to support the greatest
1512
01:20:18,064 --> 01:20:21,734
political structure
human wisdom ever yet erected.
1513
01:20:21,901 --> 01:20:25,238
[THUNDER]
[EXPLOSIONS]
1514
01:20:25,404 --> 01:20:30,117
NARRATOR: By 1761, the French
and Indian War had exploded
1515
01:20:30,284 --> 01:20:33,913
into a global conflict
called the Seven Years' War,
1516
01:20:34,080 --> 01:20:37,166
involving all
the European powers.
1517
01:20:37,333 --> 01:20:41,003
In North America, England
had won a decisive victory
1518
01:20:41,170 --> 01:20:44,715
against the French
by capturing Quebec.
1519
01:20:46,092 --> 01:20:48,261
MAN AS FRANKLIN: No one
can rejoice more sincerely
1520
01:20:48,427 --> 01:20:52,557
than I do on the possible
addition of Canada;
1521
01:20:52,723 --> 01:20:55,351
and this not
merely as I am a colonist,
1522
01:20:55,518 --> 01:20:58,813
but as I am a Briton.
1523
01:21:00,857 --> 01:21:02,775
BROWN: Franklin is one of
the earliest to say,
1524
01:21:02,942 --> 01:21:05,695
"Look, the weight of
the British world
1525
01:21:05,862 --> 01:21:08,573
is going to be
in North America."
1526
01:21:08,739 --> 01:21:11,659
And he put himself
at the center of it.
1527
01:21:11,826 --> 01:21:16,163
He imagined himself as being
the kind of linchpin between
1528
01:21:16,330 --> 01:21:20,751
these--this emerging empire
in North America
1529
01:21:20,918 --> 01:21:23,504
and the seat of power in London.
1530
01:21:23,671 --> 01:21:27,174
NARRATOR: By this time,
William Franklin had completed
1531
01:21:27,341 --> 01:21:28,593
his legal studies
1532
01:21:28,759 --> 01:21:31,012
and enjoyed socializing with
1533
01:21:31,178 --> 01:21:34,307
wealthy friends
in the upper class.
1534
01:21:34,473 --> 01:21:36,601
William also took up with
1535
01:21:36,767 --> 01:21:39,687
women from London's
high society,
1536
01:21:39,854 --> 01:21:44,025
and others with
less sterling reputations.
1537
01:21:44,191 --> 01:21:48,195
Just like his own father,
he sired a son out of wedlock.
1538
01:21:48,362 --> 01:21:51,866
Unlike his father, William
arranged for the baby boy
1539
01:21:52,033 --> 01:21:56,162
to be secretly placed
in a foster home.
1540
01:21:56,329 --> 01:21:59,165
♪
1541
01:21:59,332 --> 01:22:02,168
On September 22, 1761,
1542
01:22:02,335 --> 01:22:05,671
hundreds of England's
well-born and well-connected
1543
01:22:05,838 --> 01:22:07,673
gathered in Westminster Hall
1544
01:22:07,840 --> 01:22:10,092
for the coronation of
a new monarch:
1545
01:22:10,259 --> 01:22:12,970
King George III.
[CHURCH BELL RINGS]
1546
01:22:13,137 --> 01:22:15,264
Among those present
for the occasion
1547
01:22:15,431 --> 01:22:18,684
were two staunch defenders
of the Empire--
1548
01:22:18,851 --> 01:22:21,520
Benjamin and William Franklin.
1549
01:22:23,147 --> 01:22:26,776
From the balcony, Benjamin
watched the lavish ritual.
1550
01:22:28,069 --> 01:22:30,404
On the hall's floor,
his son William
1551
01:22:30,571 --> 01:22:32,365
stood with a more
privileged crowd
1552
01:22:32,531 --> 01:22:34,992
of nobles and high officials.
1553
01:22:37,036 --> 01:22:39,163
Then William marched
in a small procession
1554
01:22:39,330 --> 01:22:41,582
into Westminster Abbey,
where the crown
1555
01:22:41,749 --> 01:22:45,002
was to be placed
on George's head.
1556
01:22:45,169 --> 01:22:52,718
♪
1557
01:22:52,885 --> 01:22:55,096
Benjamin, not part of
that select group,
1558
01:22:55,262 --> 01:22:58,683
walked back to
Craven Street alone.
1559
01:23:01,310 --> 01:23:03,980
Franklin's efforts to
elevate his son's station
1560
01:23:04,146 --> 01:23:06,023
were paying off.
1561
01:23:06,190 --> 01:23:07,942
William had caught
the attention of ministers
1562
01:23:08,109 --> 01:23:10,194
in the new king's government
1563
01:23:10,361 --> 01:23:13,614
who decided that he, though
barely into his early thirties,
1564
01:23:13,781 --> 01:23:16,158
was a natural leader.
1565
01:23:16,325 --> 01:23:18,411
With their support,
William Franklin
1566
01:23:18,577 --> 01:23:23,624
was chosen to be the next
royal governor of New Jersey.
1567
01:23:23,791 --> 01:23:26,043
And there was other good news.
1568
01:23:26,210 --> 01:23:29,130
William had fallen in love
with Elizabeth Downes,
1569
01:23:29,296 --> 01:23:30,965
the daughter of a wealthy
owner of
1570
01:23:31,132 --> 01:23:33,676
sugar plantations in Barbados,
1571
01:23:33,843 --> 01:23:36,429
and they were now engaged.
1572
01:23:36,595 --> 01:23:39,432
Benjamin Franklin had been
gone from Philadelphia
1573
01:23:39,598 --> 01:23:41,475
for 5 years.
1574
01:23:41,642 --> 01:23:47,898
He was now 56, and still
captivated by life in England.
1575
01:23:48,065 --> 01:23:49,817
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
Why should this island,
1576
01:23:49,984 --> 01:23:52,361
which compared to America
is but like
1577
01:23:52,528 --> 01:23:54,697
a stepping stone in a brook,
1578
01:23:54,864 --> 01:23:57,742
enjoy in almost
every neighborhood
1579
01:23:57,908 --> 01:24:01,787
more sensible, virtuous,
and elegant minds
1580
01:24:01,954 --> 01:24:08,085
than we can collect in ranging
100 leagues of our vast forests?
1581
01:24:10,046 --> 01:24:11,881
NARRATOR: In the summer of 1762,
1582
01:24:12,048 --> 01:24:14,633
he booked passage
for Philadelphia,
1583
01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:18,095
determined to convince Deborah
to come back with him,
1584
01:24:18,262 --> 01:24:20,139
and promising his
English friends
1585
01:24:20,306 --> 01:24:24,185
he intended to return
to London permanently.
1586
01:24:25,811 --> 01:24:27,396
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
In two Years at farthest
1587
01:24:27,563 --> 01:24:30,399
I hope to settle all my Affairs
in such a Manner,
1588
01:24:30,566 --> 01:24:34,403
as that I may then conveniently
remove to England,
1589
01:24:34,570 --> 01:24:38,365
provided we can persuade the
good Woman to cross the Seas.
1590
01:24:38,532 --> 01:24:41,160
That will be
the great Difficulty.
1591
01:24:42,912 --> 01:24:43,662
NARRATOR: Franklin would
be at sea
1592
01:24:43,829 --> 01:24:45,247
when William was married
1593
01:24:45,414 --> 01:24:48,584
in St. George's Church
in London,
1594
01:24:48,751 --> 01:24:50,669
and when he bowed to George III
1595
01:24:50,836 --> 01:24:52,797
in St. James's Palace,
1596
01:24:52,963 --> 01:24:55,216
kissed the new king's ring,
1597
01:24:55,382 --> 01:24:59,720
and swore his eternal allegiance
to the crown.
1598
01:25:02,348 --> 01:25:05,101
♪
1599
01:25:05,267 --> 01:25:07,978
NARRATOR: On November 1, 1762,
1600
01:25:08,145 --> 01:25:11,565
Benjamin Franklin arrived
back in Philadelphia.
1601
01:25:11,732 --> 01:25:14,276
It wasn't a teeming
metropolis like London,
1602
01:25:14,443 --> 01:25:17,988
but with a population
of nearly 25,000,
1603
01:25:18,155 --> 01:25:20,491
it had surpassed
Boston and New York
1604
01:25:20,658 --> 01:25:24,328
as the largest city
in the American colonies.
1605
01:25:24,495 --> 01:25:29,041
Deborah and 19-year-old Sally
welcomed him home.
1606
01:25:29,208 --> 01:25:31,961
A few months later,
William arrived from England
1607
01:25:32,128 --> 01:25:34,130
with his new wife Elizabeth,
1608
01:25:34,296 --> 01:25:37,383
and Franklin accompanied them
across the Delaware River
1609
01:25:37,550 --> 01:25:40,427
to New Jersey, where Benjamin
watched proudly
1610
01:25:40,594 --> 01:25:44,223
as his son became that colony's
ninth governor.
1611
01:25:46,475 --> 01:25:48,686
As deputy postmaster
of His Majesty's
1612
01:25:48,853 --> 01:25:50,437
colonies in North America,
1613
01:25:50,604 --> 01:25:53,858
Franklin embarked on another
inspection tour
1614
01:25:54,024 --> 01:25:56,152
that took him through
6 colonies,
1615
01:25:56,318 --> 01:25:58,904
all the way to New Hampshire.
1616
01:25:59,071 --> 01:26:03,075
The trip lasted 5 months.
[HORSE WHINNIES]
1617
01:26:03,242 --> 01:26:05,327
JENKINSON: Franklin sees
the many different
1618
01:26:05,494 --> 01:26:07,163
American styles.
1619
01:26:07,329 --> 01:26:09,081
There's a Northern community;
1620
01:26:09,248 --> 01:26:10,082
there's a New England community;
1621
01:26:10,249 --> 01:26:11,667
there are the Middle Colonies;
1622
01:26:11,834 --> 01:26:13,377
the Upper South;
the Lower South.
1623
01:26:13,544 --> 01:26:16,881
He begins to understand
the vast complexity
1624
01:26:17,047 --> 01:26:18,549
of the Colonial situation.
1625
01:26:18,716 --> 01:26:20,217
And nobody else did.
1626
01:26:20,384 --> 01:26:23,429
He was the best-informed
person in the New World
1627
01:26:23,596 --> 01:26:26,432
about the diversity of
geography, of economy,
1628
01:26:26,599 --> 01:26:31,562
of social structure, and he
also saw discontentments.
1629
01:26:31,729 --> 01:26:34,773
There was concern
about representation;
1630
01:26:34,940 --> 01:26:38,110
[ROOSTER CLUCKS]
there was concern about
arbitrary economic tariffs
1631
01:26:38,277 --> 01:26:40,404
that were being imposed
by Britain,
1632
01:26:40,571 --> 01:26:42,573
and the increasing sense
that the British
1633
01:26:42,740 --> 01:26:45,367
don't really understand us
1634
01:26:45,534 --> 01:26:49,371
and they're also using us
as an extraction machine
1635
01:26:49,538 --> 01:26:50,748
for British wealth.
1636
01:26:50,915 --> 01:26:52,041
And, even though they will
1637
01:26:52,208 --> 01:26:54,001
say we're British citizens,
1638
01:26:54,168 --> 01:26:56,086
they're not treating us
with full respect
1639
01:26:56,253 --> 01:26:58,589
that an Englishman deserves.
1640
01:26:58,756 --> 01:27:02,384
♪
1641
01:27:02,551 --> 01:27:05,471
WOMAN AS DEBORAH FRANKLIN:
I went to hear the Negro
children at Church.
1642
01:27:06,722 --> 01:27:10,809
There were 17 that answered
very prettily indeed,
1643
01:27:10,976 --> 01:27:16,815
and 5 or 6 that were too little,
but all behaved very decently.
1644
01:27:16,982 --> 01:27:20,694
It gave me a great deal of
Pleasure, and I shall send
1645
01:27:20,861 --> 01:27:22,279
Othello to the School.
1646
01:27:23,739 --> 01:27:26,367
NARRATOR: Deborah Franklin
had enrolled Othello,
1647
01:27:26,533 --> 01:27:29,078
an enslaved child
in the Franklin household,
1648
01:27:29,245 --> 01:27:31,747
in a new school in Philadelphia,
1649
01:27:31,914 --> 01:27:35,626
part of an effort to educate
Black children in North America
1650
01:27:35,793 --> 01:27:39,004
that Benjamin Franklin
had endorsed.
1651
01:27:39,171 --> 01:27:41,423
At Deborah's urging, her husband
1652
01:27:41,590 --> 01:27:44,802
made a personal visit
to the school.
1653
01:27:44,969 --> 01:27:47,596
MAN AS FRANKLIN: I was
on the whole much pleas'd,
1654
01:27:47,763 --> 01:27:51,267
and from what I then saw, have
conceiv'd a higher Opinion
1655
01:27:51,433 --> 01:27:54,103
of the natural Capacities
of the black Race,
1656
01:27:54,270 --> 01:27:57,398
than I had
ever before entertained.
1657
01:27:57,564 --> 01:28:01,902
Their Apprehension seems as
quick, their Memory as strong,
1658
01:28:02,069 --> 01:28:04,196
and their Docility
in every Respect
1659
01:28:04,363 --> 01:28:07,283
equal to that of white Children.
1660
01:28:09,076 --> 01:28:12,830
You will wonder perhaps
that I should ever doubt it,
1661
01:28:12,997 --> 01:28:16,792
and I will not undertake
to justify all my Prejudices,
1662
01:28:16,959 --> 01:28:18,627
nor to account for them.
1663
01:28:20,045 --> 01:28:23,048
COHN: I think a major
turning point in Franklin's life
1664
01:28:23,215 --> 01:28:27,886
was when he visited
that classroom.
1665
01:28:28,053 --> 01:28:31,974
He did not like Black people
when he was a young man.
1666
01:28:32,141 --> 01:28:33,392
There's no way of
getting around that.
1667
01:28:33,559 --> 01:28:37,896
It's very distasteful
to say, but it's true.
1668
01:28:38,063 --> 01:28:43,652
He had once written that the
hardest thing for a man to do
1669
01:28:43,819 --> 01:28:49,366
is to change long-standing
prejudices of belief.
1670
01:28:49,533 --> 01:28:54,204
But to succeed in doing it
is a test of one's humanity.
1671
01:28:59,293 --> 01:29:05,758
♪
1672
01:29:05,924 --> 01:29:08,594
MAN AS FRANKLIN: If an Indian
injures me, does it follow
1673
01:29:08,761 --> 01:29:13,474
that I may revenge that
injury on all Indians?
1674
01:29:13,640 --> 01:29:17,269
These poor People have
been always our Friends.
1675
01:29:17,436 --> 01:29:20,147
Their Fathers received ours,
when Strangers here,
1676
01:29:20,314 --> 01:29:23,233
with Kindness and Hospitality.
1677
01:29:23,400 --> 01:29:26,153
Behold the Return
we have made them!
1678
01:29:27,654 --> 01:29:28,864
[BIRD CRIES]
NARRATOR: Native Americans
1679
01:29:29,031 --> 01:29:30,741
had been completely left out
1680
01:29:30,908 --> 01:29:34,286
of the treaty negotiations
between France and Britain
1681
01:29:34,453 --> 01:29:36,955
that ended the Seven Years' War.
1682
01:29:37,122 --> 01:29:40,959
As white settlements continued
to push onto their homelands,
1683
01:29:41,126 --> 01:29:44,588
Indians from the Great Lakes
to Western Pennsylvania
1684
01:29:44,755 --> 01:29:46,298
fought back.
1685
01:29:46,465 --> 01:29:51,303
On December 14, 1763,
50 frontiersmen
1686
01:29:51,470 --> 01:29:54,223
from the town of
Paxton, Pennsylvania
1687
01:29:54,390 --> 01:29:57,309
swarmed into the small village
of Conestoga
1688
01:29:57,476 --> 01:29:59,436
and slaughtered the 6 unarmed
1689
01:29:59,603 --> 01:30:02,898
Susquehannock Indians
they found there.
1690
01:30:03,065 --> 01:30:06,610
The mob moved on to Lancaster,
where they murdered 14 more
1691
01:30:06,777 --> 01:30:10,322
defenseless men, women,
and children.
1692
01:30:11,782 --> 01:30:14,451
Though the Susquehannocks
were known to be friendly,
1693
01:30:14,618 --> 01:30:18,664
the so-called Paxton Boys
had killed them anyway.
1694
01:30:18,831 --> 01:30:21,875
Public opinion about
the massacre was split--
1695
01:30:22,042 --> 01:30:25,087
between the Quakers, guided by
William Penn's advice
1696
01:30:25,254 --> 01:30:27,881
to be friends of the Indians,
1697
01:30:28,048 --> 01:30:29,591
and the newer immigrants, mostly
1698
01:30:29,758 --> 01:30:32,428
Scots-Irish and Germans
from the backcountry,
1699
01:30:32,594 --> 01:30:35,097
who accused
the Quaker-led assembly
1700
01:30:35,264 --> 01:30:38,225
of coddling native peoples.
1701
01:30:38,392 --> 01:30:40,894
Benjamin Franklin
called the perpetrators
1702
01:30:41,061 --> 01:30:42,479
"barbarous Men"
1703
01:30:42,646 --> 01:30:44,773
who had brought
"eternal disgrace"
1704
01:30:44,940 --> 01:30:47,067
to their race and religion.
1705
01:30:48,735 --> 01:30:51,321
The Paxton Boys then marched
on Philadelphia,
1706
01:30:51,488 --> 01:30:55,993
where more than 100 Indians had
been brought for their safety.
1707
01:30:56,160 --> 01:30:59,163
Franklin helped
raise a militia to stop them
1708
01:30:59,329 --> 01:31:02,499
and negotiated
an end to the crisis.
1709
01:31:02,666 --> 01:31:05,752
But his outspokenness
created a backlash,
1710
01:31:05,919 --> 01:31:08,797
especially among the settlers
of the backcountry,
1711
01:31:08,964 --> 01:31:11,967
which the Penn family exploited.
1712
01:31:12,134 --> 01:31:15,804
They slandered Franklin's
son William as illegitimate,
1713
01:31:15,971 --> 01:31:18,140
falsely claiming that
his birth mother
1714
01:31:18,307 --> 01:31:20,684
had starved to death,
and that Benjamin
1715
01:31:20,851 --> 01:31:24,521
had hidden her body
in an unmarked grave.
1716
01:31:26,440 --> 01:31:27,191
In all the controversy,
1717
01:31:27,357 --> 01:31:29,651
Franklin lost his Assembly seat.
1718
01:31:29,818 --> 01:31:32,779
But the legislature now
adopted his position
1719
01:31:32,946 --> 01:31:35,949
that Pennsylvania should be
a Crown colony
1720
01:31:36,116 --> 01:31:40,370
and reappointed him
as their agent in London.
1721
01:31:40,537 --> 01:31:43,624
After only two years
in Philadelphia,
1722
01:31:43,790 --> 01:31:46,502
Franklin was going back
to England.
1723
01:31:47,961 --> 01:31:50,797
Deborah had made it clear
she intended to stay;
1724
01:31:50,964 --> 01:31:54,593
they were building a new home
just off Market Street.
1725
01:31:54,760 --> 01:31:58,138
He promised
he wouldn't be gone long.
1726
01:32:00,557 --> 01:32:05,646
♪
1727
01:32:05,812 --> 01:32:07,314
WOOD: Coming out of
the Seven Years' War,
1728
01:32:07,481 --> 01:32:10,859
Britain is on top of the world.
1729
01:32:11,026 --> 01:32:12,653
They had acquired a huge
amount of territory,
1730
01:32:12,819 --> 01:32:16,281
all the territory up to
the Mississippi River.
1731
01:32:16,448 --> 01:32:17,908
It was expensive to maintain
1732
01:32:18,075 --> 01:32:19,660
and, so, you needed to tax it.
1733
01:32:19,826 --> 01:32:21,745
Franklin certainly
went along with it.
1734
01:32:21,912 --> 01:32:24,206
And he said,
"Well, empires cost money."
1735
01:32:24,373 --> 01:32:26,208
And, much to his chagrin,
1736
01:32:26,375 --> 01:32:28,627
he found himself
going the wrong way,
1737
01:32:28,794 --> 01:32:31,213
out of touch with
American public opinion.
1738
01:32:31,380 --> 01:32:33,382
[MEN SHOUT INDISTINCTLY]
NARRATOR: The recent war
with France
1739
01:32:33,549 --> 01:32:38,428
had expanded England's empire,
but left its treasury depleted.
1740
01:32:39,555 --> 01:32:41,640
In the spring of 1765,
1741
01:32:41,807 --> 01:32:44,059
the king's ministers
and Parliament
1742
01:32:44,226 --> 01:32:46,478
came up with
a new way to raise more money
1743
01:32:46,645 --> 01:32:48,730
from the American colonies.
1744
01:32:51,108 --> 01:32:56,196
Now all legal documents,
newspapers, books, almanacs,
1745
01:32:56,363 --> 01:33:01,243
even decks of playing cards,
would need official stamps,
1746
01:33:01,410 --> 01:33:03,787
purchased from the government.
1747
01:33:03,954 --> 01:33:06,540
In Virginia, Patrick Henry
denounced the act
1748
01:33:06,707 --> 01:33:10,711
as taxation
without representation.
1749
01:33:10,877 --> 01:33:14,298
Riots broke out in New York;
New London, Connecticut;
1750
01:33:14,464 --> 01:33:16,800
Annapolis, Maryland.
1751
01:33:16,967 --> 01:33:20,762
In Boston, a group calling
themselves the Sons of Liberty
1752
01:33:20,929 --> 01:33:25,559
hanged and burned the stamp
commissioner in effigy.
1753
01:33:25,726 --> 01:33:27,603
Then the mob
destroyed the mansion
1754
01:33:27,769 --> 01:33:29,896
of Lieutenant Governor
Thomas Hutchinson,
1755
01:33:30,063 --> 01:33:34,443
who had worked with Franklin
back in 1754
1756
01:33:34,610 --> 01:33:37,696
to propose
the Albany Plan of Union.
1757
01:33:37,863 --> 01:33:41,033
The leaders of the protests
had appropriated the motto
1758
01:33:41,199 --> 01:33:43,118
Franklin had used at the time
1759
01:33:43,285 --> 01:33:48,832
to encourage the colonies to act
TOGETHER: "join or die."
1760
01:33:48,999 --> 01:33:52,336
Franklin didn't like
the Stamp Act either,
1761
01:33:52,502 --> 01:33:55,213
but from London
advised Pennsylvanians
1762
01:33:55,380 --> 01:33:57,633
against over-reacting.
1763
01:34:00,218 --> 01:34:03,972
His political enemies back home
now spread false rumors
1764
01:34:04,139 --> 01:34:06,433
that he helped write
the Stamp Act
1765
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:11,730
and had been bribed by promises
of a higher royal appointment.
1766
01:34:11,897 --> 01:34:13,649
When a mob threatened to attack
1767
01:34:13,815 --> 01:34:16,276
the Franklin home
in Philadelphia,
1768
01:34:16,443 --> 01:34:18,737
Deborah wouldn't budge.
1769
01:34:20,364 --> 01:34:21,406
WOMAN AS DEBORAH FRANKLIN:
I said when I was advised
1770
01:34:21,573 --> 01:34:23,575
to remove that I was very sure
1771
01:34:23,742 --> 01:34:26,286
you had done nothing
to hurt anybody,
1772
01:34:26,453 --> 01:34:30,749
and I had not given any offense
to any person at all.
1773
01:34:30,916 --> 01:34:35,712
I sent to ask my brother
to come and bring his gun.
1774
01:34:35,879 --> 01:34:38,382
If any one came to disturb me,
1775
01:34:38,548 --> 01:34:41,009
I would show
a proper resentment.
1776
01:34:42,636 --> 01:34:45,847
NARRATOR: Shocked at the reports
of mob violence in the colonies,
1777
01:34:46,014 --> 01:34:48,308
Franklin wrote William
that unless
1778
01:34:48,475 --> 01:34:50,352
some compromise could be found
1779
01:34:50,519 --> 01:34:52,020
to ease the tensions,
1780
01:34:52,187 --> 01:34:54,398
events were
"laying the Foundation
1781
01:34:54,564 --> 01:34:57,776
of a future total Separation."
1782
01:34:57,943 --> 01:35:00,487
He flooded London newspapers
with letters
1783
01:35:00,654 --> 01:35:03,657
arguing that the Stamp Act
was unfair,
1784
01:35:03,824 --> 01:35:05,951
that the recent riots
did not represent
1785
01:35:06,118 --> 01:35:09,830
the attitude of
a majority of the colonists.
1786
01:35:09,996 --> 01:35:13,417
He circulated a political
cartoon illustrating that,
1787
01:35:13,583 --> 01:35:15,502
if the crisis escalated,
1788
01:35:15,669 --> 01:35:19,172
the Empire would be dismembered.
1789
01:35:19,339 --> 01:35:25,011
On February 13, 1766, Franklin
appeared before Parliament,
1790
01:35:25,178 --> 01:35:29,558
patiently answering questions
posed by its members.
1791
01:35:29,725 --> 01:35:31,727
Could an army make
the colonists comply,
1792
01:35:31,893 --> 01:35:34,604
he was asked.
[MAN SHOUTS INDISTINCTLY]
1793
01:35:34,771 --> 01:35:35,647
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
Suppose a military force
1794
01:35:35,814 --> 01:35:38,150
is sent into America.
1795
01:35:38,316 --> 01:35:40,444
What are they then to do?
1796
01:35:40,610 --> 01:35:42,487
They cannot force a man
to take stamps
1797
01:35:42,654 --> 01:35:45,574
who chooses to do without them.
1798
01:35:45,741 --> 01:35:48,243
They will not find a rebellion;
1799
01:35:48,410 --> 01:35:50,579
they may indeed make one.
1800
01:35:52,330 --> 01:35:54,875
NARRATOR: The Stamp Act
was repealed.
1801
01:35:55,041 --> 01:35:57,878
But the Privy Council,
the King's top advisors,
1802
01:35:58,044 --> 01:36:00,839
had refused to act on
Franklin's petition
1803
01:36:01,006 --> 01:36:04,843
to make Pennsylvania
a Crown colony.
1804
01:36:05,010 --> 01:36:08,889
Franklin decided to remain
in England anyway.
1805
01:36:09,055 --> 01:36:11,850
There were hints that he might
be in line for a high post
1806
01:36:12,017 --> 01:36:16,688
in the ministry responsible
for the American provinces.
1807
01:36:16,855 --> 01:36:18,982
And he used his connections
to begin lobbying
1808
01:36:19,149 --> 01:36:22,652
on behalf of William
and a group of speculators
1809
01:36:22,819 --> 01:36:25,989
to acquire millions of acres
of Indian land
1810
01:36:26,156 --> 01:36:28,241
along the Ohio River,
1811
01:36:28,408 --> 01:36:33,163
then sell it in small parcels to
settlers for an immense profit--
1812
01:36:33,330 --> 01:36:35,332
and create a new colony.
1813
01:36:35,499 --> 01:36:37,250
[HORSE WHINNIES]
1814
01:36:37,417 --> 01:36:40,420
Meanwhile, Franklin put his
scientific skills
1815
01:36:40,587 --> 01:36:42,631
to work for the empire.
1816
01:36:42,798 --> 01:36:44,466
He helped install lightning rods
1817
01:36:44,633 --> 01:36:46,927
on St. Paul's Cathedral;
1818
01:36:47,093 --> 01:36:49,554
came up with a hot-water
piping system
1819
01:36:49,721 --> 01:36:52,557
to keep
the House of Commons warm;
1820
01:36:52,724 --> 01:36:54,518
and, working with a cousin,
1821
01:36:54,684 --> 01:36:56,728
a whaling captain
from Nantucket,
1822
01:36:56,895 --> 01:36:58,855
he created the first chart
1823
01:36:59,022 --> 01:37:01,608
of what was called
the Gulph Stream,
1824
01:37:01,775 --> 01:37:05,946
which helped explain why ships
going from London to America
1825
01:37:06,112 --> 01:37:09,282
took longer than those
going the other way.
1826
01:37:12,536 --> 01:37:13,453
WOMAN AS DEBORAH FRANKLIN:
Yesterday I had the pleasure
1827
01:37:13,620 --> 01:37:15,580
to receive your letter.
1828
01:37:15,747 --> 01:37:17,624
I had not heard
one word about you
1829
01:37:17,791 --> 01:37:20,335
since the latter end of August,
1830
01:37:20,502 --> 01:37:23,672
which was near 5 months,
1831
01:37:23,839 --> 01:37:26,842
but I shall not dwell on that
at this time.
1832
01:37:29,261 --> 01:37:30,929
NARRATOR: Back in
Philadelphia, as she had
1833
01:37:31,096 --> 01:37:34,224
always done during
Benjamin's long absences,
1834
01:37:34,391 --> 01:37:37,769
Deborah Franklin took care
of everything.
1835
01:37:37,936 --> 01:37:41,022
She managed her husband's
many business enterprises
1836
01:37:41,189 --> 01:37:43,608
and supervised
the myriad details
1837
01:37:43,775 --> 01:37:46,152
of the new home
they were building.
1838
01:37:46,319 --> 01:37:49,823
All the while, she waited
for his promised return.
1839
01:37:52,033 --> 01:37:55,704
In the fall of 1767,
their daughter Sally married
1840
01:37:55,871 --> 01:37:58,957
a Philadelphia merchant,
Richard Bache,
1841
01:37:59,124 --> 01:38:03,169
and in 1769 she gave birth
to a baby boy,
1842
01:38:03,336 --> 01:38:06,548
whom she named
after his grandfather.
1843
01:38:06,715 --> 01:38:08,967
They called him Benny.
1844
01:38:11,136 --> 01:38:13,680
That same year,
Deborah suffered a stroke
1845
01:38:13,847 --> 01:38:17,017
that left her incapacitated
for months.
1846
01:38:17,183 --> 01:38:19,603
As she recovered,
she wrote her husband
1847
01:38:19,769 --> 01:38:21,855
that her worries about him
1848
01:38:22,022 --> 01:38:24,983
had been at least
partly responsible.
1849
01:38:26,985 --> 01:38:29,988
WOMAN AS DEBORAH FRANKLIN:
I often tell my friends
I was not sick,
1850
01:38:30,155 --> 01:38:32,908
it was only more
than I could bear.
1851
01:38:33,074 --> 01:38:37,579
And so I fell down
and could not get up again.
1852
01:38:37,746 --> 01:38:39,539
But I had taken up a resolution
1853
01:38:39,706 --> 01:38:41,583
never to make
any complaint to you
1854
01:38:41,750 --> 01:38:44,085
or give you any disquiet.
1855
01:38:44,252 --> 01:38:48,381
♪
1856
01:38:48,548 --> 01:38:50,675
NARRATOR: Even though the
Stamp Act had been repealed,
1857
01:38:50,842 --> 01:38:52,552
the colonies were still expected
1858
01:38:52,719 --> 01:38:55,597
to help pay off war debts;
1859
01:38:55,764 --> 01:38:58,016
Parliament now imposed
import duties
1860
01:38:58,183 --> 01:39:03,271
on glass and china,
paint and tea.
1861
01:39:03,438 --> 01:39:05,982
When the Massachusetts
Assembly passed a resolution
1862
01:39:06,149 --> 01:39:08,360
objecting to the new measures--
1863
01:39:08,526 --> 01:39:12,489
and called on other colonial
legislatures to do the same--
1864
01:39:12,656 --> 01:39:18,078
Britain sent 15 warships
and 1,000 troops to Boston.
1865
01:39:18,244 --> 01:39:20,413
Their presence,
Franklin wrote from London,
1866
01:39:20,580 --> 01:39:23,667
"seems like setting up
a blacksmith's forge
1867
01:39:23,833 --> 01:39:26,419
in a magazine of gunpowder."
1868
01:39:26,586 --> 01:39:29,923
He redoubled his efforts
to find a compromise between
1869
01:39:30,090 --> 01:39:34,302
the hard-liners on
both sides of the Atlantic.
1870
01:39:34,469 --> 01:39:38,515
BROWN: He sees the issue
as one of respect.
1871
01:39:38,682 --> 01:39:43,853
What holds an empire together
is a sense of common feeling.
1872
01:39:44,020 --> 01:39:46,064
Right? Of common
economic interest,
1873
01:39:46,231 --> 01:39:50,068
of interdependence,
of identification.
1874
01:39:50,235 --> 01:39:52,237
The power doesn't reside
in the capacity
1875
01:39:52,404 --> 01:39:55,115
to make people do what
you want them to do.
1876
01:39:58,201 --> 01:39:59,703
ISAACSON: Benjamin Franklin
keeps trying to hold
1877
01:39:59,869 --> 01:40:01,788
the British Empire together.
1878
01:40:01,955 --> 01:40:04,207
Trying to figure out
some middle ground
1879
01:40:04,374 --> 01:40:07,127
in which the Colonies
get to control themselves
1880
01:40:07,293 --> 01:40:10,213
through their own
assemblies and legislatures,
1881
01:40:10,380 --> 01:40:13,383
but still loyal to
the Crown of England.
1882
01:40:13,550 --> 01:40:16,094
And that was Franklin's hope,
that somehow
1883
01:40:16,261 --> 01:40:17,846
he could keep together
what he called
1884
01:40:18,013 --> 01:40:21,099
this "fragile, noble vase."
1885
01:40:21,266 --> 01:40:23,226
'Cause he said,
"Once it gets broken,
1886
01:40:23,393 --> 01:40:25,937
you're not going to put it
back together."
1887
01:40:26,104 --> 01:40:26,771
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
Being born and bred
1888
01:40:26,938 --> 01:40:28,898
in one of the countries,
1889
01:40:29,065 --> 01:40:31,026
and having lived long
in the other,
1890
01:40:31,192 --> 01:40:34,237
I wish all prosperity to both.
1891
01:40:34,404 --> 01:40:36,406
But I do not find
that I have gained
1892
01:40:36,573 --> 01:40:38,908
any point in either country,
1893
01:40:39,075 --> 01:40:43,872
except that of rendering myself
suspected by my impartiality:
1894
01:40:44,039 --> 01:40:46,499
in England of being
too much an American,
1895
01:40:46,666 --> 01:40:50,962
and in America of being
too much an Englishman.
1896
01:40:52,630 --> 01:40:55,175
NARRATOR: As the political
crisis continued to build,
1897
01:40:55,341 --> 01:40:59,888
Franklin spent part of
the summer of 1771
1898
01:41:00,055 --> 01:41:02,682
at a friend's estate
southwest of London.
1899
01:41:04,350 --> 01:41:06,728
He was 65 years old
and decided to make
1900
01:41:06,895 --> 01:41:09,105
an accounting of his life,
1901
01:41:09,272 --> 01:41:13,109
something, he wrote,
"my posterity may like to know."
1902
01:41:14,486 --> 01:41:17,197
It was filled with stories
of how, in his words,
1903
01:41:17,363 --> 01:41:20,033
"I emerged from
the poverty and obscurity
1904
01:41:20,200 --> 01:41:22,285
"in which I was born and bred,
1905
01:41:22,452 --> 01:41:25,497
"to a state of affluence
and some degree
1906
01:41:25,663 --> 01:41:27,999
of reputation in the world."
1907
01:41:29,501 --> 01:41:31,336
It was the beginning
of what would become
1908
01:41:31,503 --> 01:41:33,922
one of the most-read
and influential
1909
01:41:34,089 --> 01:41:37,383
autobiographies ever written.
1910
01:41:37,550 --> 01:41:40,386
ISAACSON: He begins with
two very interesting words:
1911
01:41:40,553 --> 01:41:43,306
"Dear Son."
1912
01:41:43,473 --> 01:41:45,266
And he's addressing it
to William, or at least
1913
01:41:45,433 --> 01:41:47,435
pretending he's
addressing it to William.
1914
01:41:47,602 --> 01:41:51,231
'Cause he's trying to say,
"Remember where we come from.
1915
01:41:51,397 --> 01:41:53,108
"We're working class
and middle class.
1916
01:41:53,274 --> 01:41:56,903
We're not trying
to be aristocratic."
1917
01:41:57,070 --> 01:41:59,697
NARRATOR: But he soon put
his memoir aside;
1918
01:41:59,864 --> 01:42:03,576
world affairs were overtaking
both Benjamin Franklin--
1919
01:42:03,743 --> 01:42:08,706
now the agent representing
several colonies in England--
1920
01:42:08,873 --> 01:42:13,044
and William Franklin--the royal
governor of New Jersey.
1921
01:42:14,671 --> 01:42:15,922
MAN AS FRANKLIN:
It is very uncertain what Turn
1922
01:42:16,089 --> 01:42:18,675
American Affairs will take here.
1923
01:42:18,842 --> 01:42:23,596
The Friends of both Countries
wish a reconciliation;
1924
01:42:23,763 --> 01:42:27,475
the Enemies of either,
endeavor to widen the Breach;
1925
01:42:27,642 --> 01:42:29,477
God knows how it will end.
1926
01:42:29,644 --> 01:42:35,859
♪
1927
01:42:36,025 --> 01:42:37,110
He was never thinking,
1928
01:42:37,277 --> 01:42:39,529
we need to be independent.
1929
01:42:39,696 --> 01:42:42,157
He was always thinking,
if we can just
1930
01:42:42,323 --> 01:42:44,325
work out a few
fundamental problems
1931
01:42:44,492 --> 01:42:46,870
between us
and the British Ministry,
1932
01:42:47,036 --> 01:42:48,538
that things are
going to be fine.
1933
01:42:48,705 --> 01:42:51,791
He probably could have been
won over to the British side
1934
01:42:51,958 --> 01:42:53,209
as a Loyalist, like his son,
1935
01:42:53,376 --> 01:42:56,421
if things had gone
slightly differently.
1936
01:42:56,588 --> 01:42:59,465
NARRATOR:
Tensions between England
and the colonies worsened,
1937
01:42:59,632 --> 01:43:02,594
especially after
British soldiers fired on
1938
01:43:02,760 --> 01:43:05,305
a Massachusetts mob in 1770,
1939
01:43:05,471 --> 01:43:09,475
killing 5 Americans--
the Boston Massacre.
1940
01:43:10,894 --> 01:43:14,772
Franklin's position was becoming
increasingly untenable.
1941
01:43:14,939 --> 01:43:17,692
He was trying to represent
the interests of Massachusetts,
1942
01:43:17,859 --> 01:43:22,614
New Jersey, and Georgia,
in addition to Pennsylvania.
1943
01:43:22,780 --> 01:43:27,243
In 1772, Franklin was shown
confidential letters
1944
01:43:27,410 --> 01:43:30,663
written by his old ally
Thomas Hutchinson,
1945
01:43:30,830 --> 01:43:33,333
now the governor
of Massachusetts.
1946
01:43:33,499 --> 01:43:36,127
The only way to quell
colonial unrest,
1947
01:43:36,294 --> 01:43:38,588
Hutchinson had advised London,
1948
01:43:38,755 --> 01:43:42,133
was through harsher measures,
including, he suggested,
1949
01:43:42,300 --> 01:43:45,428
"an abridgment of liberties."
1950
01:43:45,595 --> 01:43:48,473
Franklin surreptitiously
sent copies of the letters
1951
01:43:48,640 --> 01:43:51,976
to the leaders of
the Massachusetts Assembly.
1952
01:43:52,143 --> 01:43:54,437
He hoped that
the firebrands in Boston
1953
01:43:54,604 --> 01:43:57,690
would turn their anger from
Parliament to Hutchinson,
1954
01:43:57,857 --> 01:44:00,902
blaming his bad advice
for the crisis with Britain,
1955
01:44:01,069 --> 01:44:06,032
making room for cooler heads
to broker a reconciliation.
1956
01:44:06,199 --> 01:44:09,869
Instead, it only
inflamed passions.
1957
01:44:11,371 --> 01:44:13,581
The letters were leaked
to newspapers,
1958
01:44:13,748 --> 01:44:18,044
sparking an uproar
throughout the colonies.
1959
01:44:18,211 --> 01:44:19,671
The Massachusetts
Assembly drafted
1960
01:44:19,837 --> 01:44:21,965
an angry petition to the king,
1961
01:44:22,131 --> 01:44:25,426
demanding that Hutchinson
be removed.
1962
01:44:25,593 --> 01:44:28,638
As the Assembly's agent,
Franklin would have to be
1963
01:44:28,805 --> 01:44:30,765
the one to present that petition
1964
01:44:30,932 --> 01:44:33,268
before the King's Privy Council.
1965
01:44:33,434 --> 01:44:36,437
To make matters worse,
Franklin had felt
1966
01:44:36,604 --> 01:44:39,190
obligated to admit
that he was the one
1967
01:44:39,357 --> 01:44:43,444
who had originally shared
Hutchinson's letters.
1968
01:44:43,611 --> 01:44:46,072
And, so, Franklin was
seen as this person who
1969
01:44:46,239 --> 01:44:49,117
stole other people's mail,
1970
01:44:49,284 --> 01:44:51,953
which was quite
an egregious offense
1971
01:44:52,120 --> 01:44:54,372
for someone
who was a postmaster.
1972
01:44:56,040 --> 01:44:58,543
NARRATOR: Just a few days
before Franklin was scheduled
1973
01:44:58,710 --> 01:45:03,464
to appear before the Privy
Council in January of 1774,
1974
01:45:03,631 --> 01:45:07,385
news arrived from America
that changed everything.
1975
01:45:08,845 --> 01:45:11,222
The Sons of Liberty,
dressed as Indians,
1976
01:45:11,389 --> 01:45:14,350
had boarded 3 ships
in Boston Harbor
1977
01:45:14,517 --> 01:45:18,813
and dumped 46 tons--
342 crates--
1978
01:45:18,980 --> 01:45:21,399
of English tea into the sea.
1979
01:45:22,692 --> 01:45:24,819
Officials in London
were still seething
1980
01:45:24,986 --> 01:45:26,612
at that act of defiance
1981
01:45:26,779 --> 01:45:30,325
when, on January 29,
Franklin entered
1982
01:45:30,491 --> 01:45:33,786
a meeting room at Whitehall
called the Cockpit,
1983
01:45:33,953 --> 01:45:38,416
where Henry VIII had once
staged cockfights.
1984
01:45:38,583 --> 01:45:41,336
To the Privy Council,
and the crowd of spectators
1985
01:45:41,502 --> 01:45:44,339
gathered there, Franklin was
now the face
1986
01:45:44,505 --> 01:45:47,258
of an insolent
American uprising,
1987
01:45:47,425 --> 01:45:50,470
although Franklin considered
the Boston Tea Party
1988
01:45:50,636 --> 01:45:53,723
an "act of violent injustice
on our part"--
1989
01:45:53,890 --> 01:45:58,353
the very kind of provocation
he had always counseled against.
1990
01:46:00,396 --> 01:46:02,732
Alexander Wedderburn,
the sharp-tongued
1991
01:46:02,899 --> 01:46:05,401
and politically ambitious
solicitor general,
1992
01:46:05,568 --> 01:46:09,030
who considered the recent
events in Boston treasonous,
1993
01:46:09,197 --> 01:46:11,491
made clear from the start
that the hearing
1994
01:46:11,657 --> 01:46:14,744
would be an attack
on Franklin's character.
1995
01:46:16,120 --> 01:46:17,872
MAN AS WEDDERBURN:
Your Lordships will not wonder
1996
01:46:18,039 --> 01:46:21,751
that I consider Dr. Franklin not
so much in the light of an agent
1997
01:46:21,918 --> 01:46:25,838
for the Assembly's purpose,
as in that of a first mover
1998
01:46:26,005 --> 01:46:29,550
and prime conductor of it
for his own as the actor...
1999
01:46:29,717 --> 01:46:31,719
NARRATOR: Wedderburn spoke
for a solid hour,
2000
01:46:31,886 --> 01:46:35,348
sometimes pounding on the table
as he berated Franklin
2001
01:46:35,515 --> 01:46:39,102
with one denunciation
after another,
2002
01:46:39,268 --> 01:46:41,854
sometimes using sarcasm
that prompted
2003
01:46:42,021 --> 01:46:44,399
the nobles and high
officials in the audience
2004
01:46:44,565 --> 01:46:48,486
to snicker and jeer
as they urged him on.
2005
01:46:48,653 --> 01:46:51,447
Throughout it all,
Franklin stood stock still,
2006
01:46:51,614 --> 01:46:53,741
refusing to show any emotion.
2007
01:46:53,908 --> 01:46:55,785
MAN AS WEDDERBURN:
...answerable to the law.
2008
01:46:55,952 --> 01:46:57,995
The good men of Boston have
lately held their meetings...
2009
01:46:58,162 --> 01:47:00,248
ISAACSON: They're accusing
Benjamin Franklin of
2010
01:47:00,415 --> 01:47:04,085
fomenting this Revolution
2011
01:47:04,252 --> 01:47:06,379
and he just stays there, silent,
2012
01:47:06,546 --> 01:47:09,590
and treats them
with silent contempt.
2013
01:47:09,757 --> 01:47:12,468
NARRATOR: When Wedderburn
finally finished his diatribe,
2014
01:47:12,635 --> 01:47:15,096
he asked if Franklin had
a statement to make
2015
01:47:15,263 --> 01:47:17,473
or would take questions.
2016
01:47:17,640 --> 01:47:19,767
Franklin refused.
2017
01:47:19,934 --> 01:47:21,727
The hearing was over.
2018
01:47:21,894 --> 01:47:29,026
♪
2019
01:47:29,193 --> 01:47:32,321
London newspapers now
referred to Franklin as
2020
01:47:32,488 --> 01:47:36,200
"old Doubleface,"
a "grand incendiary,"
2021
01:47:36,367 --> 01:47:39,704
and a "gray-headed traitor."
2022
01:47:39,871 --> 01:47:43,416
Americans, the essayist
Samuel Johnson wrote,
2023
01:47:43,583 --> 01:47:46,711
"have been taught by
some master of mischief
2024
01:47:46,878 --> 01:47:51,424
how to put in motion the engine
of political electricity."
2025
01:47:53,885 --> 01:47:56,721
Two days after his humiliation
in the Cockpit,
2026
01:47:56,888 --> 01:47:59,682
Franklin was informed
that he had been dismissed
2027
01:47:59,849 --> 01:48:03,853
as deputy postmaster
for North America.
2028
01:48:04,020 --> 01:48:07,857
Any hopes he had for
a higher post also evaporated,
2029
01:48:08,024 --> 01:48:13,279
as did his dreams for the vast
land scheme along the Ohio.
2030
01:48:13,446 --> 01:48:16,365
Franklin walked into
the Cockpit an Englishman
2031
01:48:16,532 --> 01:48:18,826
and walked out of the Cockpit
an American
2032
01:48:18,993 --> 01:48:21,871
because it became
very clear to Franklin
2033
01:48:22,038 --> 01:48:25,458
that he, as an American,
would never receive
2034
01:48:25,625 --> 01:48:28,920
the respect that
he believed he was due.
2035
01:48:29,086 --> 01:48:31,923
At that point, Franklin
realized there is no future
2036
01:48:32,089 --> 01:48:36,302
for me or for people like me
within the British Empire.
2037
01:48:39,805 --> 01:48:42,600
NARRATOR: On December 14, 1774,
2038
01:48:42,767 --> 01:48:45,478
Deborah Franklin
had another stroke,
2039
01:48:45,645 --> 01:48:49,148
more massive than
the one 5 years earlier.
2040
01:48:49,315 --> 01:48:51,317
She lingered on for a few days,
2041
01:48:51,484 --> 01:48:53,569
then died on the 19th,
2042
01:48:53,736 --> 01:48:55,696
still waiting for her husband,
2043
01:48:55,863 --> 01:48:59,659
who had been away for 15
of the last 17 years,
2044
01:48:59,825 --> 01:49:02,995
to return to her and the new
house on Market Street
2045
01:49:03,162 --> 01:49:05,289
he had never seen.
2046
01:49:06,541 --> 01:49:08,417
SCHIFF: He's away from Deborah
for the last
10 years of her life.
2047
01:49:08,584 --> 01:49:10,086
He knows she's ill.
2048
01:49:10,253 --> 01:49:12,505
And he doesn't come back.
2049
01:49:12,672 --> 01:49:14,173
If Franklin gets
failing grades in any subject,
2050
01:49:14,340 --> 01:49:17,176
it's the family relations,
both in terms of the marriage
2051
01:49:17,343 --> 01:49:19,303
and in terms of his son.
2052
01:49:22,098 --> 01:49:26,644
MAN AS WILLIAM FRANKLIN:
Philadelphia, December 24, 1774.
2053
01:49:26,811 --> 01:49:30,856
Honored Father,
I came here on Thursday last
2054
01:49:31,023 --> 01:49:34,694
to attend the Funeral
of my poor old Mother.
2055
01:49:34,860 --> 01:49:36,779
I heartily wish you had
happened to have
2056
01:49:36,946 --> 01:49:38,489
come over in the Fall,
2057
01:49:38,656 --> 01:49:40,616
as I think her Disappointment
in that respect
2058
01:49:40,783 --> 01:49:43,703
preyed a good deal
on her Spirits.
2059
01:49:45,871 --> 01:49:47,832
I cannot help being
concerned to find that
2060
01:49:47,999 --> 01:49:51,544
you postpone your
Return to your Family.
2061
01:49:52,920 --> 01:49:55,131
You have had by this Time
pretty strong Proofs
2062
01:49:55,298 --> 01:49:58,384
that you are look'd upon with
an evil Eye in that Country.
2063
01:49:58,551 --> 01:50:00,386
You had certainly better return
2064
01:50:00,553 --> 01:50:02,972
to a Country where
the People revere you,
2065
01:50:03,139 --> 01:50:07,435
and are inclined to pay
a Deference to your Opinions.
2066
01:50:07,602 --> 01:50:13,316
I am ever, Honored Sir,
Your dutiful Son William.
2067
01:50:15,192 --> 01:50:17,778
NARRATOR: For Franklin,
his breach with England
2068
01:50:17,945 --> 01:50:19,447
was complete.
2069
01:50:19,614 --> 01:50:22,366
Now a political rift
seemed to be growing
2070
01:50:22,533 --> 01:50:24,785
between him and his son.
2071
01:50:27,204 --> 01:50:31,500
In the coming year,
a revolution would begin,
2072
01:50:31,667 --> 01:50:34,378
unlikely alliances
would be forged,
2073
01:50:34,545 --> 01:50:36,714
loyalties would be tested,
2074
01:50:36,881 --> 01:50:40,009
families would be torn apart,
2075
01:50:40,176 --> 01:50:44,930
and Benjamin Franklin would be
in the middle of it all.
2076
01:50:45,097 --> 01:50:53,939
♪
2077
01:50:54,106 --> 01:51:04,105
♪
158494
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