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[Music]
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Friday April 13th
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1945 America is in
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shock the second world war is not yet
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over and US President Franklin Roosevelt
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has just
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[Music]
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died
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Roosevelt was a great Craftsman of
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Peace more than anyone else he embodied
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the hope of seeing the world rebuilt on
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a better
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[Music]
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basis as the silent crowd watches the
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funeral procession go past the whole
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planet is asking
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itself without Roosevelt will the Soviet
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Block in the West managed to build
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Bridges and build a lasting
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[Music]
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peace April 12th
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1945 the White House in
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Washington 3 hours after Roosevelt's
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death Harry Truman becomes the new
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president of the United
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States he makes his first appearance in
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a world Riven by
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chaos in April 1945 America is still at
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war with Hitler and the
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Japanese to add to the complications
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Truman has been vice president for just
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3 months and he never seemed to be
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predestined to be the new president of
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the
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[Music]
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USA he's a former shirt and tie salesman
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from
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Missouri he went into politics late in
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life and was elected to the senate for
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the first time 10 years
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ago when Roosevelt selected him as his
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vice president it wasn't for his
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abilities
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he considered him clueless he chose him
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purely for electoral reasons it's very
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common in the US vice presidents are not
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necessarily selected for their
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intelligence it's often because they can
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win votes from important
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areas overnight the former shopkeeper
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from Missouri has been propelled to the
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head of the world's biggest
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superpower he himself is flabbergasted
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and doesn't try to hide it the front
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pages scream out what Truman has told
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journalists boys if you ever pray pray
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for me now I don't know whether you've
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ever had a load of hay fall on you but
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when they told me what happened I felt
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like the moon stars and all the planets
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had fallen on
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[Music]
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me even today President Truman's
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grandson remembers that his grandfather
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never tried to pretend that he was the
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man for the job
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he was not ready for that at all he
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actually said there must be a million
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people a million men better qualified to
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do this job than I am but it's mine to
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do so I'm going to do it he was the kind
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of man who when given a job did
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it the task promises to be
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Herculean he will have to to build the
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World of Tomorrow on solid basis but
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Truman has no experience of
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international
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[Music]
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politics in the 3 months he has been
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vice president Rosevelt has only met him
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in private
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twice Truman has been told
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nothing I fault my grandfather for not
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trying to bring him more into the
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picture I wonder how much energy my
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grandfather had I think he was well
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aware of his diminishing energy and to
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bring Truman into the picture may have
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been more than he could
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[Music]
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face two months before his death
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Rosevelt had met with Stalin and
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Churchill at
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Yalta it was there in Crimea that the
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big three had laid the foundations for
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future peace but the deals concluded
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were complex and full of ambiguity each
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of the Allies having played his own
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[Music]
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hand Truman was not privy to these
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discussions he needs to familiarize
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himself with all the
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dossier he is pragmatic and
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hardworking so he has countless
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briefings with his
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advisers but will his Relentless work be
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enough can this small time Thai salesman
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from Missouri hold his own against the
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formidable
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[Music]
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Stalin one month after Truman exceeds to
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the White House the Allies win the war
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in
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Europe all over the continent people are
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jubilant
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outside Buckingham Palace in London a
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human tide greets Winston
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Churchill the British prime minister is
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lauded as a
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hero but even at this euphoric moment
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Churchill looks
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drawn the smile on his face looks a
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little forced in his Memoirs he writes
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weary and warn impoverished but
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undaunted and now triumphant we share a
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moment that was Sublime yet it may well
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be there were few whose Hearts were more
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heavily burdened with anxiety than
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mine what could seem so terrible that it
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could darken such a moment problem
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Churchill has goes by the name of Stalin
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now the war in Europe is won the British
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prime minister is convinced that Stalin
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will seize this opportunity to install
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communist regimes everywhere he
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can
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already contrary to the pledges made at
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Yalta the Soviet leader has established
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a communist regime in Romania in Poland
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six non-communist ministers have been
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allowed to join the government but they
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have a little less power every
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day Stalin wanted all of Europe to
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become communist it was an
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ideology but also because he had the
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mindset of an
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emperor a dictator with an Emperor's
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mindset
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the British prime minister tries to warn
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Truman but the new American president is
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not
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interested for now Truman has taken the
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tack that he will honor the agreements
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made by
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Roosevelt he will not have a word said
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against his communist
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Ally Churchill can only wait and hope
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that Truman will see the Soviet leaders
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true colors for himself the opportunity
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soon
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[Music]
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arises July 16th 1945 Berlin
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airport the US president's plane has
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just
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landed Truman is in Europe for a peace
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conference this is his opportunity to
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meet his allies and make up his own mind
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about
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them talks are to take place at poton a
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few miles from
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[Music]
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Berlin in order to get there Truman has
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to go through the former capital of the
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Third
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Reich Berlin is nothing more than a land
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of ruins
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[Music]
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a few bone weary people wander around
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aimlessly the scene of desolation upsets
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Truman and convinces him that he needs
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to help Germany get back on its
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feet that evening he writes in his
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diary never have I seen such a sorrowful
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and depressing sight
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we saw old men old women and young women
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carrying what they could of what they
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had left to nowhere in
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particular the conference begins on the
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next day July
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17th here at cecilian Hoff Castle Truman
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Stalin and church will meet for the
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first and only
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time
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as Truman expected Churchill seems
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Charming but his advisers keep telling
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him that Stalin is not to be
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trusted however the new president
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quickly sizes up the man with whom he'll
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have to
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negotiate I can deal with Stalin he is
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honest but cunning as
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[Music]
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hell Stalin on the other hand has no
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concerns about Truman whom he just sees
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as a smalltime shopkeeper from
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Missouri Stalin knows very little about
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Truman because he was a bit poot player
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his spies hadn't really spoken about him
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and what they had said led him to
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believe that he was insignificant and
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weak and could be made to agree to
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anything but Truman is a man who sticks
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to his
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guns for against all expectations
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despite his lack of experience the
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American president knows how to stand
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firm he's in no way cowed by
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Stalin a matter of character certainly
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but not only that Truman feels he's in a
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strong position because he's waiting for
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a piece of information that could make
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him the most powerful man on the
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planet at that precise moment in the
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United States a top secret event is
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being prepared while he's negotiating
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the president is keenly anticipating
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some
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news on day two of the negotiations he
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finally receives a telegram in coded
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language doctor has just returned most
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enthusiastically and confident that the
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little boy is as husky as his big
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brother the light in his eyes is
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discernable from here to highhold and I
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could have heard his screams from here
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to my
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farm
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the little boy in question is the first
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atomic
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[Applause]
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bomb for the last four years the
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planet's finest scientists have been
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working in the greatest secrecy to
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develop what could be the Ultimate
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Weapon the operation is codenamed
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Trinity
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the first nuclear test in history is an
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unqualified
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success the explosion is the equivalent
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of detonating 21 kilotons of TNT never
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before has such destructive power been
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achieved a single weapon now has the
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power to annihilate all of
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humanity after hesitating briefly Truman
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decides to forewarn
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Stalin
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this is obviously seen as bad news it
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means that henceforth the Soviet Union
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is in a position of
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inferiority everyone was watching out
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for Stalin's reaction and Stalin who was
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a good actor said oh well I'm pleased
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for you and I hope you'll use it against
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Japan but was Stalin really in the
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dark despite the drastic measures taken
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by the Americans to protect the secrecy
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of their project Russian spies have
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managed to infiltrate the Los Alamos
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base where the atomic bomb was being
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developed among them is clous fuks a
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German physicist who has fled the
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Nazis but fuks a fervent communist is
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also a spy in the pay of the Soviet
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Union for the last 2 years the scientist
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has been passing on all of the plans for
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the atomic bomb B to the
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Russians thanks to this information the
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Soviet Union has begun to develop its
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own nuclear
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bomb despite this on July 24th when
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Stalin finds out that the American bomb
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is ready he becomes
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anxious there is nothing Stalin hates
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more than feeling
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[Music]
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vulnerable he called together his entire
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00:14:27,919 --> 00:14:32,838
pot Dam on
288
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:35,440
Gage and he asked them to tell the
289
00:14:32,839 --> 00:14:38,199
scientists and everyone else working on
290
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:40,560
the atomic project that he wanted them
291
00:14:38,198 --> 00:14:44,838
all to speed up the creation of the
292
00:14:40,559 --> 00:14:44,838
Russian atomic bomb as much as
293
00:14:46,958 --> 00:14:52,319
possible the bomb would become an
294
00:14:49,159 --> 00:14:55,078
obsession for Stalin until he has his
295
00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:57,680
own atomic bomb the supreme leader will
296
00:14:55,078 --> 00:14:59,319
not feel confident facing the
297
00:14:57,679 --> 00:15:01,359
Americans
298
00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:03,680
his relationship with Truman is about to
299
00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:03,680
become
300
00:15:04,679 --> 00:15:10,559
fraught pdam will also be the backdrop
301
00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:10,560
for another configration
302
00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:16,120
in midc conference Churchill leaves the
303
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:19,600
negotiating table to head for London to
304
00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:22,320
receive the result of the general
305
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:23,959
election a passionate Democrat the
306
00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:26,199
British prime minister has thrown his
307
00:15:23,958 --> 00:15:28,679
hat in the ring once
308
00:15:26,198 --> 00:15:31,359
again he's acclaimed throughout Britain
309
00:15:28,679 --> 00:15:33,318
in the weeks he spends
310
00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:35,519
campaigning but as day Dawns on the
311
00:15:33,318 --> 00:15:37,360
morning of the election he has a feeling
312
00:15:35,519 --> 00:15:40,278
of
313
00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:43,800
forboding I woke suddenly with a sharp
314
00:15:40,278 --> 00:15:46,590
stab of almost physical pain the power
315
00:15:43,799 --> 00:15:47,719
to shape the future would be denied
316
00:15:46,590 --> 00:15:50,680
[Music]
317
00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:53,959
me Churchill's intuition is
318
00:15:50,679 --> 00:15:56,278
correct and to General amazement he
319
00:15:53,958 --> 00:15:58,838
loses the
320
00:15:56,278 --> 00:16:01,078
election rather than their war hero the
321
00:15:58,839 --> 00:16:03,600
British people have opted for a new man
322
00:16:01,078 --> 00:16:06,559
the labor leader Clement
323
00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:09,399
Atley the day after his Triumph Atley
324
00:16:06,559 --> 00:16:12,439
settles into Churchill's still war
325
00:16:09,399 --> 00:16:16,159
seat around the table there is a general
326
00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:16,160
sense that there's been a casting
327
00:16:16,799 --> 00:16:21,599
error Clement Atley is a man who seems
328
00:16:19,919 --> 00:16:24,078
truly
329
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:27,240
insignificant Churchill used to say he
330
00:16:24,078 --> 00:16:30,399
was a sheep in sheep's clothing
331
00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:33,799
or an car stops outside Downing Street
332
00:16:30,399 --> 00:16:35,559
and Atley gets out of it a modest man
333
00:16:33,799 --> 00:16:39,758
with much to be modest
334
00:16:35,559 --> 00:16:42,239
about and this leaves Stalin
335
00:16:39,759 --> 00:16:44,360
puzzled because he was convinced that
336
00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:46,879
Churchill had all he needed to be able
337
00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:48,839
to rig the election which in Stalin's
338
00:16:46,879 --> 00:16:51,360
eyes is what any politician worth his
339
00:16:48,839 --> 00:16:51,360
salt would
340
00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:59,240
do faced with a lost and awkward atlete
341
00:16:56,159 --> 00:17:01,360
Stalin takes matters into his own hands
342
00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:04,359
he's the last man standing of yalta's
343
00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:05,838
big three under Atley Great Britain is
344
00:17:04,359 --> 00:17:08,479
now on the
345
00:17:05,838 --> 00:17:11,798
sidelines there are only two superpowers
346
00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:16,959
left in the world the USA and the
347
00:17:11,798 --> 00:17:16,959
USSR Truman and Stalin meet face to
348
00:17:17,798 --> 00:17:23,038
face very quickly the differences
349
00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:25,640
between the two men turn sour and become
350
00:17:23,038 --> 00:17:25,640
genuinely
351
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400
contentious
352
00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:39,038
5 days after pot Dum Truman makes a
353
00:17:35,919 --> 00:17:42,280
decision which will have significant
354
00:17:39,038 --> 00:17:44,038
consequences the USA will use its atomic
355
00:17:42,279 --> 00:17:48,480
bomb against
356
00:17:44,038 --> 00:17:48,480
Japan this ratches up the tension with
357
00:17:55,960 --> 00:18:02,120
Stalin August 6th 194
358
00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:05,200
5 in the early hours of the morning the
359
00:18:02,119 --> 00:18:07,399
American bomber Enola Gay flies towards
360
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:09,080
the Japanese
361
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:13,830
archipelago at
362
00:18:09,079 --> 00:18:20,009
8:15 little boy is dropped on
363
00:18:13,829 --> 00:18:20,009
[Music]
364
00:18:21,798 --> 00:18:27,000
Hiroshima a huge mushroom cloud Billows
365
00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:29,279
over the city the temperature on the
366
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:32,558
ground reaches 4
367
00:18:29,279 --> 00:18:35,038
1,000° 70,000 people die
368
00:18:32,558 --> 00:18:38,798
instantly the city is nothing more than
369
00:18:35,038 --> 00:18:38,798
a wasteland of Ash and
370
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:46,400
[Music]
371
00:18:47,919 --> 00:18:55,240
dust 3 days later on August 9th it's
372
00:18:51,839 --> 00:18:55,240
nagas saki's turn to be
373
00:18:55,960 --> 00:19:00,319
bombed the whole world is in shock
374
00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:06,480
Stalin sees the atomic bomb as
375
00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:09,279
provocation he's convinced that Truman
376
00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:11,240
is trying to intimidate him he doesn't
377
00:19:09,279 --> 00:19:13,399
understand why America has launched its
378
00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:15,960
bombs when on the 8th of August as
379
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:19,400
promised the USSR joined the war against
380
00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:19,400
Japan alongside the
381
00:19:22,319 --> 00:19:27,558
USA the way we saw it was that the US
382
00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:30,640
was sending a clear message in using the
383
00:19:27,558 --> 00:19:32,359
atomic bomb against Japan the aim was
384
00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:34,880
not to achieve a quick Victory against
385
00:19:32,359 --> 00:19:37,119
the Japanese but to intimidate the
386
00:19:34,880 --> 00:19:40,240
Soviet Union in order to be able to
387
00:19:37,119 --> 00:19:40,239
dictate American
388
00:19:40,329 --> 00:19:44,839
[Music]
389
00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:46,798
conditions obviously trumman wanted to
390
00:19:44,839 --> 00:19:49,720
end the war as quickly as possible and
391
00:19:46,798 --> 00:19:51,119
save American lives but it is also a
392
00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:53,679
clear message to
393
00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:55,839
Stalin because Truman fully intends to
394
00:19:53,679 --> 00:19:57,240
let him know that he is now in the
395
00:19:55,839 --> 00:20:00,189
driver's
396
00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:03,440
seat
397
00:20:00,190 --> 00:20:05,720
[Music]
398
00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:08,320
from then on Stalin wants to know how
399
00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:12,120
much leeway he will get with Truman and
400
00:20:08,319 --> 00:20:14,079
decides to test him at Yalta Stalin was
401
00:20:12,119 --> 00:20:16,558
promised territory in exchange for
402
00:20:14,079 --> 00:20:20,158
joining the war against
403
00:20:16,558 --> 00:20:23,119
Japan sakin island the kurin islands
404
00:20:20,159 --> 00:20:24,480
dyen Port Arthur and a Manchurian
405
00:20:23,119 --> 00:20:27,319
Railway
406
00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:30,079
line but now Stalin demands to be
407
00:20:27,319 --> 00:20:34,879
allowed to occupy Hokkaido
408
00:20:30,079 --> 00:20:37,678
Island in a telegram to Truman Stalin
409
00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:39,919
explains Russian public opinion would
410
00:20:37,679 --> 00:20:42,679
like to see our troops get an occupation
411
00:20:39,919 --> 00:20:44,559
Zone in part of the archipelago anything
412
00:20:42,679 --> 00:20:47,240
to the contrary would be seriously
413
00:20:44,558 --> 00:20:50,558
offensive I hope my modest request will
414
00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:54,759
be satisfied he then rethinks and adds
415
00:20:50,558 --> 00:20:57,119
in his own hand we'll meet with no
416
00:20:54,759 --> 00:21:00,200
objection the American president is
417
00:20:57,119 --> 00:21:04,119
outraged his response is
418
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:04,120
unequivocal No
419
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:10,120
period Grandpa expected people to be
420
00:21:07,599 --> 00:21:12,480
straightforward and honest he those the
421
00:21:10,119 --> 00:21:14,239
kind of people he that's how he was he
422
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:16,599
expected people to be truthful with him
423
00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:17,919
to be upfront and when he discovered
424
00:21:16,599 --> 00:21:20,558
that they weren't when he discovered
425
00:21:17,919 --> 00:21:22,640
that Stalin wasn't he very quickly got
426
00:21:20,558 --> 00:21:24,599
his back up and and began to deal with
427
00:21:22,640 --> 00:21:26,919
Stalin more more roughly more directly
428
00:21:24,599 --> 00:21:26,918
and more
429
00:21:27,038 --> 00:21:31,679
confrontationally Stalin has also
430
00:21:29,599 --> 00:21:34,119
decided to move things forward and press
431
00:21:31,679 --> 00:21:38,000
his advantage in
432
00:21:34,119 --> 00:21:41,879
Europe rigged elections coups wherever
433
00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:44,798
he can Stalin establishes communist
434
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:47,760
regimes Poland
435
00:21:44,798 --> 00:21:50,690
Czechoslovakia Hungary and Bulgaria in
436
00:21:47,759 --> 00:21:52,720
turn all fall into Soviet
437
00:21:50,690 --> 00:21:55,360
[Music]
438
00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:57,519
hands the rampant stalinization of
439
00:21:55,359 --> 00:22:00,798
Europe worries Truman but he's still
440
00:21:57,519 --> 00:22:00,798
unsure how how to approach the
441
00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:11,240
situation the telegram which lands on
442
00:22:06,839 --> 00:22:14,439
his desk on February 22nd 1946 changes
443
00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:17,720
everything its author is George Kennan
444
00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:20,600
an ordinary Diplomat posted in
445
00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:22,079
Moscow Kenan has had time to observe how
446
00:22:20,599 --> 00:22:24,480
Stalin
447
00:22:22,079 --> 00:22:26,759
operates he has seen that Stalin wants
448
00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:28,919
to take control of Eastern Europe and is
449
00:22:26,759 --> 00:22:31,558
convinced that the only way to stop him
450
00:22:28,919 --> 00:22:31,559
is to stand
451
00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:38,440
firm in a Long Telegram to Washington he
452
00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:38,440
describes the Soviet
453
00:22:38,798 --> 00:22:43,079
apparatus at the bottom of kremlin's
454
00:22:40,919 --> 00:22:44,720
neurotic view of world affairs is a
455
00:22:43,079 --> 00:22:45,639
traditional and instinctive Russian
456
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,880
sense of
457
00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:50,240
insecurity Russians are impervious to
458
00:22:47,880 --> 00:22:51,559
the logic of reason and very sensitive
459
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:54,440
to the logic of
460
00:22:51,558 --> 00:22:57,759
force Kenan explains that it's pointless
461
00:22:54,440 --> 00:23:00,120
to try and appease Stalin in any case he
462
00:22:57,759 --> 00:23:02,038
can cannot and will not be appeased
463
00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:04,599
because that allows him to justify
464
00:23:02,038 --> 00:23:07,519
dictatorship but on the other hand we
465
00:23:04,599 --> 00:23:09,079
should be firm with Stalin because he
466
00:23:07,519 --> 00:23:12,440
understands how the balance of power
467
00:23:09,079 --> 00:23:13,960
works and that when the West stands firm
468
00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:16,600
he's ready to back
469
00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:18,480
down kenan's analysis confirms
470
00:23:16,599 --> 00:23:21,558
everything that the US president had
471
00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:24,440
intuitively foreseen his change of TAC
472
00:23:21,558 --> 00:23:26,399
is then drastic Truman jettison
473
00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:28,080
Roosevelt's former advisers whom he
474
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:31,840
considers too lenient with regards to to
475
00:23:28,079 --> 00:23:34,558
the Soviet Union and appoints some new
476
00:23:31,839 --> 00:23:37,519
men Kenan is soon called to the White
477
00:23:34,558 --> 00:23:37,519
House as a special
478
00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:45,278
adviser Truman is still left with a
479
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:47,400
problem that of explaining this
480
00:23:45,278 --> 00:23:50,440
turnaround to the American
481
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:52,519
public this will be a delicate operation
482
00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:54,759
as in the eyes of America Stalin is a
483
00:23:52,519 --> 00:23:56,879
great Ally the man who helped win the
484
00:23:54,759 --> 00:24:00,278
war against
485
00:23:56,880 --> 00:24:01,890
Hitler the Press has consistently hailed
486
00:24:00,278 --> 00:24:04,959
him as a
487
00:24:01,890 --> 00:24:04,959
[Music]
488
00:24:05,599 --> 00:24:11,240
hero they've been exposed to four years
489
00:24:08,359 --> 00:24:13,678
of war propaganda which has shown Stalin
490
00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:18,120
as a friend to all children and the
491
00:24:13,679 --> 00:24:18,120
great Ally who will help America win the
492
00:24:18,558 --> 00:24:25,240
war the propaganda was successful and
493
00:24:21,558 --> 00:24:25,240
Stalin is very popular in the
494
00:24:26,319 --> 00:24:31,960
USA the American president then has an
495
00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:34,079
idea he will make use of the former
496
00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:36,038
British prime minister and let him
497
00:24:34,079 --> 00:24:38,879
deliver the bad
498
00:24:36,038 --> 00:24:41,079
news Churchill still has considerable
499
00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:43,278
Prestige and no one will dare to doubt
500
00:24:41,079 --> 00:24:43,278
his
501
00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:50,440
word also he would surely be delighted
502
00:24:49,038 --> 00:24:53,319
to pay a visit to the
503
00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:56,519
States since losing the election he's
504
00:24:53,319 --> 00:24:56,519
been in a period of deep
505
00:24:56,759 --> 00:24:59,759
depression
506
00:25:03,849 --> 00:25:08,359
[Applause]
507
00:25:06,759 --> 00:25:10,640
on March 5th
508
00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:13,398
1946 everyone in the small town of
509
00:25:10,640 --> 00:25:15,919
Fulton Missouri has hung out their flag
510
00:25:13,398 --> 00:25:19,000
to welcome the former British leader
511
00:25:15,919 --> 00:25:21,320
it's a beautiful sunny day Truman
512
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:24,558
welcomes Churchill to his home territory
513
00:25:21,319 --> 00:25:26,798
wathed in Smiles Truman is quite aware
514
00:25:24,558 --> 00:25:29,480
the turill is about to drop a bombshell
515
00:25:26,798 --> 00:25:32,038
but does not let on that he knows
516
00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:34,720
anything a few minutes later at Fon
517
00:25:32,038 --> 00:25:37,200
University Churchill gives a speech that
518
00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:39,519
will stun his audience and dismay the
519
00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:39,519
whole
520
00:25:40,960 --> 00:25:48,960
world from stetin in the Baltic to
521
00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:51,200
triest in the Adriatic an iron curtain
522
00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:53,600
has descended across the
523
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:56,038
continent the Iron Curtain Speech
524
00:25:53,599 --> 00:25:59,959
provokes an outcry the Americans are
525
00:25:56,038 --> 00:25:59,960
shocked good old unle
526
00:26:01,919 --> 00:26:07,720
Joe this strategy of trumans is very
527
00:26:05,079 --> 00:26:09,839
clever in that he lets Churchill make
528
00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:13,038
the speech where he mentioned the Iron
529
00:26:09,839 --> 00:26:13,959
Curtain because it shows America and the
530
00:26:13,038 --> 00:26:16,398
rest of the
531
00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:19,480
world that this change in America's
532
00:26:16,398 --> 00:26:22,439
policy is not just down to Truman or a
533
00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:22,440
few isolated
534
00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:27,038
advisers but that as significant a
535
00:26:25,079 --> 00:26:30,319
figure as Churchill was thinking the
536
00:26:27,038 --> 00:26:30,319
same way as the American
537
00:26:31,599 --> 00:26:37,119
president soon Stalin's former admirers
538
00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:39,679
in the US start to consider him a
539
00:26:37,119 --> 00:26:39,678
dangerous
540
00:26:40,119 --> 00:26:45,359
tyrant in the Soviet Union the Fon
541
00:26:43,159 --> 00:26:48,240
speech is seen as a stab in the
542
00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:50,719
back Stalin is said to be
543
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:53,679
furious intellectuals and those close to
544
00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:56,120
the Kremlin Stand United against
545
00:26:53,679 --> 00:27:00,559
Churchill Churchill
546
00:26:56,119 --> 00:27:02,959
on Churchill was our country's sworn
547
00:27:00,558 --> 00:27:06,240
enemy he was the leader of the world's
548
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:08,798
most anti-soviet nation in the
549
00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:12,278
west he spent his whole life trying to
550
00:27:08,798 --> 00:27:12,278
put one over on the Soviet
551
00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:19,919
Union henceforth European countries will
552
00:27:17,919 --> 00:27:22,640
have to nail their colors to either the
553
00:27:19,919 --> 00:27:26,080
communist or the capitalist
554
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:28,640
mast in this race to divide up the world
555
00:27:26,079 --> 00:27:30,359
Stalin has a head start
556
00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:32,480
he's already got his hands on countries
557
00:27:30,359 --> 00:27:34,199
in Eastern Europe and is making ground
558
00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:36,839
in the
559
00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:38,200
west communist ministers have already
560
00:27:36,839 --> 00:27:41,319
found their way into the French and
561
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:44,720
Italian parliaments how far will Stalin
562
00:27:41,319 --> 00:27:44,720
manage to extend his feere of
563
00:27:47,029 --> 00:27:54,759
[Music]
564
00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:56,880
influence this question haunts Truman he
565
00:27:54,759 --> 00:27:59,278
understands full well that in this arm
566
00:27:56,880 --> 00:28:03,000
wrestle with Stalin one thing adds
567
00:27:59,278 --> 00:28:03,000
weight to his opponent
568
00:28:06,759 --> 00:28:11,798
poverty almost 2 years after the end of
569
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:14,679
World War II Europe has still not got
570
00:28:11,798 --> 00:28:17,200
back on its feet the old continent is
571
00:28:14,679 --> 00:28:19,080
staring into the abyss druman is
572
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:21,120
perfectly aware that this deprivation
573
00:28:19,079 --> 00:28:24,000
makes a perfect breeding ground for
574
00:28:21,119 --> 00:28:26,439
communism but before he can act he needs
575
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:28,440
a clear view of the
576
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:31,399
situation
577
00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:33,320
in early 1947 Truman sends Montana
578
00:28:31,398 --> 00:28:35,759
Senator Mike Mansfield to Europe with a
579
00:28:33,319 --> 00:28:39,359
brief to evaluate the
580
00:28:35,759 --> 00:28:39,359
situation his report is
581
00:28:39,679 --> 00:28:44,559
horrifying in every country visited
582
00:28:42,319 --> 00:28:46,720
there was evidence of man nutrition
583
00:28:44,558 --> 00:28:49,079
tuberculosis and
584
00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:52,000
disease the greater part of the Italian
585
00:28:49,079 --> 00:28:55,319
population is subsisting on a bread R
586
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:59,319
from 75 to 125 g a
587
00:28:55,319 --> 00:29:02,398
day very little in addition is
588
00:28:59,319 --> 00:29:05,119
eaten when he reads the report a new
589
00:29:02,398 --> 00:29:07,759
conviction awakens in Truman if he does
590
00:29:05,119 --> 00:29:10,558
not come to Europe's help he will leave
591
00:29:07,759 --> 00:29:12,960
Stalin a free reign on the
592
00:29:10,558 --> 00:29:15,398
continent Truman then decides on a
593
00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:18,870
rescue plan for Europe and entrusts it
594
00:29:15,398 --> 00:29:21,439
to Secretary of State General George
595
00:29:18,869 --> 00:29:24,879
[Music]
596
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:26,960
Marshall raw materials Machine Tools
597
00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:29,000
tons of equipment make their way across
598
00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:32,360
the atan
599
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:34,919
ANC but behind this facade of generosity
600
00:29:32,359 --> 00:29:38,278
the Marshall PL is also vital as a tool
601
00:29:34,919 --> 00:29:38,278
to relaunch the US
602
00:29:39,919 --> 00:29:45,799
economy it was also a way to bring a new
603
00:29:42,839 --> 00:29:48,558
Vigor to American Trade because you
604
00:29:45,798 --> 00:29:51,200
can't be rich on your own in the world
605
00:29:48,558 --> 00:29:55,558
you need Rich Partners
606
00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:57,558
too so by extension if the USA who had
607
00:29:55,558 --> 00:29:59,558
profited from the war could not trade
608
00:29:57,558 --> 00:30:01,038
with other countries because those
609
00:29:59,558 --> 00:30:03,480
countries couldn't afford to buy
610
00:30:01,038 --> 00:30:05,839
anything then America's wealth would go
611
00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:05,839
into
612
00:30:08,159 --> 00:30:12,519
decline the Marshall Plan is also a
613
00:30:10,519 --> 00:30:15,120
political strategem designed to
614
00:30:12,519 --> 00:30:17,359
destabilize Stalin because American Aid
615
00:30:15,119 --> 00:30:20,398
is on offer to All European countries
616
00:30:17,359 --> 00:30:20,398
including those in the
617
00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:26,759
East and of course the Eastern Nations
618
00:30:25,398 --> 00:30:30,199
who are under the protection of the
619
00:30:26,759 --> 00:30:32,519
Soviet Union are also in great need like
620
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:35,840
Poland and Czechoslovakia who are both
621
00:30:32,519 --> 00:30:39,399
offered the Marshall Plan but ultimately
622
00:30:35,839 --> 00:30:41,759
the conflict of ideologies wins the day
623
00:30:39,398 --> 00:30:44,879
the Marshall Plan was perceived as an
624
00:30:41,759 --> 00:30:47,480
American imperialistic ploy to subjugate
625
00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:50,399
Western Europe This was completely
626
00:30:47,480 --> 00:30:53,120
unacceptable to
627
00:30:50,398 --> 00:30:55,678
Stalin those Eastern European countries
628
00:30:53,119 --> 00:30:59,239
tempted by the idea of American Aid were
629
00:30:55,679 --> 00:30:59,240
soon brought into line
630
00:31:01,159 --> 00:31:06,519
in total 16 countries all Western take
631
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:08,440
part in the Marshall Plan France the
632
00:31:06,519 --> 00:31:09,960
United Kingdom and Italy are the
633
00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:13,278
greatest
634
00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:17,120
beneficiaries by mid 1947 Churchill's
635
00:31:13,278 --> 00:31:17,119
Iron Curtain has become a
636
00:31:26,159 --> 00:31:30,880
reality one city will bear the brunt of
637
00:31:29,278 --> 00:31:34,549
this new battle of wills between the
638
00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:39,599
west and the Soviet Union
639
00:31:34,549 --> 00:31:39,598
[Music]
640
00:31:41,038 --> 00:31:45,440
Berlin the German Capital lies at the
641
00:31:43,558 --> 00:31:47,678
very heart of the Russian zone of
642
00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:50,759
occupation but the city itself is
643
00:31:47,679 --> 00:31:55,240
occupied by four Allied Powers the USA
644
00:31:50,759 --> 00:31:55,240
Great Britain France and the Soviet
645
00:31:56,159 --> 00:32:01,960
Union between them they have the task of
646
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:03,839
putting Germany back on its fate but the
647
00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:06,558
Allies are unable to agree on a course
648
00:32:03,839 --> 00:32:07,759
of action the Soviet priority is to get
649
00:32:06,558 --> 00:32:11,798
their War
650
00:32:07,759 --> 00:32:11,798
reparations the USSR is
651
00:32:12,798 --> 00:32:16,839
broke as predicted by the peace
652
00:32:15,038 --> 00:32:19,119
agreements the Russians take their
653
00:32:16,839 --> 00:32:20,359
compensation in kind and dismantle
654
00:32:19,119 --> 00:32:23,239
Germany's
655
00:32:20,359 --> 00:32:25,879
industry entire factories are dismantled
656
00:32:23,240 --> 00:32:30,480
and taken to the Soviet Union to be
657
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:30,480
reassembled me meanwhile the Americans
658
00:32:34,119 --> 00:32:39,239
rebuild as promised in the terms of the
659
00:32:36,519 --> 00:32:42,720
Marshall Plan the Americans gave Germany
660
00:32:39,240 --> 00:32:45,000
$16 billion we on the other hand gave
661
00:32:42,720 --> 00:32:49,399
nothing but we were in no position to
662
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:49,398
give anything we had nothing we couldn't
663
00:32:52,919 --> 00:32:58,360
compete in the West Life gradually goes
664
00:32:56,079 --> 00:33:01,798
back to normal while Berlin's Eastern
665
00:32:58,359 --> 00:33:01,798
sector goes to rack and
666
00:33:02,319 --> 00:33:07,398
ruin the Americans want to go further
667
00:33:05,038 --> 00:33:09,319
and introduce sweeping reforms to help
668
00:33:07,398 --> 00:33:11,558
Revitalize the German
669
00:33:09,319 --> 00:33:15,879
economy but Stalin
670
00:33:11,558 --> 00:33:19,200
objects he wants to maintain the status
671
00:33:15,880 --> 00:33:22,559
quo what Stalin wants is a comparable
672
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:25,720
level of suffering on both sides of
673
00:33:22,558 --> 00:33:28,240
Berlin and that the isolated inhabitants
674
00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:29,798
of West Berlin end up falling under the
675
00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:32,319
influence of East
676
00:33:29,798 --> 00:33:36,720
Germany this capitalist Enclave in the
677
00:33:32,319 --> 00:33:36,720
middle of a communist sea is
678
00:33:39,319 --> 00:33:43,879
unbearable in order to get through this
679
00:33:41,398 --> 00:33:47,599
impass the Western Powers see only one
680
00:33:43,880 --> 00:33:49,519
solution to merge their occupation zones
681
00:33:47,599 --> 00:33:52,439
this will without a doubt infuriate
682
00:33:49,519 --> 00:33:55,960
Stalin but to what
683
00:33:52,440 --> 00:33:59,519
extent could Stalin start a
684
00:33:55,960 --> 00:34:01,558
war before proceeding the West needs
685
00:33:59,519 --> 00:34:04,079
information and there's only one way to
686
00:34:01,558 --> 00:34:06,558
get it
687
00:34:04,079 --> 00:34:09,119
Espionage unfortunately in these early
688
00:34:06,558 --> 00:34:13,039
days of the Cold War the American secret
689
00:34:09,119 --> 00:34:15,800
services are to all intents and purposes
690
00:34:13,039 --> 00:34:19,159
non-existent actually it's worth noting
691
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:22,480
that during World War II in 1942 the
692
00:34:19,159 --> 00:34:25,240
Roosevelt administration created the OSS
693
00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:27,519
information service but it was no longer
694
00:34:25,239 --> 00:34:31,918
active after the war ended in
695
00:34:27,519 --> 00:34:36,519
1945 so between 1945 and 47 the United
696
00:34:31,918 --> 00:34:36,519
States had no intelligent Services as
697
00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:43,039
such therefore in the summer of
698
00:34:40,119 --> 00:34:45,000
1947 Truman decides to found a new
699
00:34:43,039 --> 00:34:48,719
intelligence agency which will soon be
700
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,719
known the world over the
701
00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:53,359
CIA former Admiral Henry hener is named
702
00:34:52,079 --> 00:34:55,879
as its
703
00:34:53,358 --> 00:34:58,119
head he has the difficult task of
704
00:34:55,878 --> 00:35:01,039
recruiting and training spies in a very
705
00:34:58,119 --> 00:35:02,920
short space of time the problem is that
706
00:35:01,039 --> 00:35:05,199
he will need to find russian-speaking
707
00:35:02,920 --> 00:35:08,400
spies and other than the Russians
708
00:35:05,199 --> 00:35:10,319
themselves not many people speak Russian
709
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:12,599
for this former British secret service
710
00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:16,280
operative this was a major
711
00:35:12,599 --> 00:35:20,119
hindrance the problem was how far could
712
00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:23,800
you trust someone who was Russian born
713
00:35:20,119 --> 00:35:27,160
with a big secrets because you could
714
00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:30,680
never guarantee that they weren't
715
00:35:27,159 --> 00:35:33,039
actually in on the other side working
716
00:35:30,679 --> 00:35:33,039
for the
717
00:35:33,358 --> 00:35:40,039
Russians hen CER wastes no
718
00:35:36,679 --> 00:35:42,199
time pragmatically he realizes that it
719
00:35:40,039 --> 00:35:43,199
is among recent enemies that he will
720
00:35:42,199 --> 00:35:46,358
find his
721
00:35:43,199 --> 00:35:48,039
spies Reinhardt Galen a former Nazi and
722
00:35:46,358 --> 00:35:51,840
the verar head of intelligence in the
723
00:35:48,039 --> 00:35:53,039
East is recycled by the
724
00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:55,640
[Music]
725
00:35:53,039 --> 00:35:58,239
CIA gayen knows the Communist World
726
00:35:55,639 --> 00:36:01,879
extremely well he becomes the brains
727
00:35:58,239 --> 00:36:01,879
behind American Espionage in
728
00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:07,679
Germany he helps recruit hundreds of
729
00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:10,800
former Nazis to the
730
00:36:07,679 --> 00:36:12,960
CIA the Americans have no quals about
731
00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:16,640
this the only thing that matters to
732
00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:16,639
Truman is blocking Stalin's
733
00:36:16,679 --> 00:36:21,399
way the logistics have changed in the
734
00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:24,318
Cold War the enemy wasn't Germany but
735
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:26,039
the Soviet Union so ultimately why not
736
00:36:24,318 --> 00:36:28,000
make use of people who are fervently
737
00:36:26,039 --> 00:36:29,920
anti-communist and obviously those
738
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:32,480
former Nazis hated Communists with the
739
00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:35,680
passion so why not at this point we're
740
00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:35,679
in the middle of genuine real
741
00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:38,940
[Music]
742
00:36:39,079 --> 00:36:46,119
politic the cia's opponents Russia's Gru
743
00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:48,679
and KGB are also very
744
00:36:46,119 --> 00:36:51,079
active but they have a considerable Head
745
00:36:48,679 --> 00:36:53,239
Start as their intelligence Services
746
00:36:51,079 --> 00:36:55,680
have existed since the first world
747
00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:58,679
war Berlin will become the world's
748
00:36:55,679 --> 00:36:58,679
Espionage capital
749
00:36:59,480 --> 00:37:05,800
in the street the Civil Service in the
750
00:37:02,280 --> 00:37:08,440
armed forces there are spies
751
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:10,680
everywhere all of them regardless of
752
00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:13,079
which side they're on have the same
753
00:37:10,679 --> 00:37:16,679
objective to decipher their opponent's
754
00:37:13,079 --> 00:37:21,318
plans and to get one step ahead of them
755
00:37:16,679 --> 00:37:22,598
Espionage uh was almost certainly a new
756
00:37:21,318 --> 00:37:24,358
style of
757
00:37:22,599 --> 00:37:28,280
warfare uh
758
00:37:24,358 --> 00:37:31,799
because uh you needed no
759
00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:36,519
uh and it penetrated right into the
760
00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:39,579
center of the other side's world
761
00:37:36,519 --> 00:37:39,579
[Music]
762
00:37:41,079 --> 00:37:47,160
view as Truman has requested Galen and
763
00:37:44,639 --> 00:37:49,358
his men try to discover what Stalin's
764
00:37:47,159 --> 00:37:51,118
reaction would be if the West merged its
765
00:37:49,358 --> 00:37:54,279
various zones in
766
00:37:51,119 --> 00:37:56,079
Berlin in the late spring of 1948 the
767
00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:58,599
German spies think they may finally have
768
00:37:56,079 --> 00:37:58,599
the answer
769
00:38:02,719 --> 00:38:07,279
on June 9th a telegram from Helen ker
770
00:38:05,679 --> 00:38:10,318
warns
771
00:38:07,280 --> 00:38:11,839
Truman according to the head of the CIA
772
00:38:10,318 --> 00:38:14,159
if the West were to bring all of their
773
00:38:11,838 --> 00:38:16,239
zones of occupation together as one
774
00:38:14,159 --> 00:38:20,159
Stalin's reaction would
775
00:38:16,239 --> 00:38:22,159
be the USSR may be expected to continue
776
00:38:20,159 --> 00:38:25,318
its hindrance of Western powers in
777
00:38:22,159 --> 00:38:27,889
Berlin and elsewhere in Germany by any
778
00:38:25,318 --> 00:38:29,639
means short of military
779
00:38:27,889 --> 00:38:32,159
[Music]
780
00:38:29,639 --> 00:38:33,679
force this is the green light the Allies
781
00:38:32,159 --> 00:38:37,039
were waiting
782
00:38:33,679 --> 00:38:39,480
for 4 days after Hillen keter's telegram
783
00:38:37,039 --> 00:38:41,679
the Americans British and French create
784
00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:43,318
a new currency for their Zone the
785
00:38:41,679 --> 00:38:46,318
Deutsch
786
00:38:43,318 --> 00:38:48,838
Mark Stalin sees this currency as a
787
00:38:46,318 --> 00:38:51,519
symbol of capitalism and a
788
00:38:48,838 --> 00:38:54,440
provocation he has to
789
00:38:51,519 --> 00:38:56,519
react as the German spies had predicted
790
00:38:54,440 --> 00:38:59,039
the Soviet leader then decides on
791
00:38:56,519 --> 00:38:59,039
economic
792
00:39:03,119 --> 00:39:08,559
retaliation on June 24th
793
00:39:05,719 --> 00:39:10,799
1948 he cuts off all supply routes to
794
00:39:08,559 --> 00:39:10,799
West
795
00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:17,839
Berlin the roads which link West Germany
796
00:39:14,639 --> 00:39:17,838
to West Berlin are
797
00:39:18,358 --> 00:39:24,078
blocked 2.5 million inhabitants of
798
00:39:21,358 --> 00:39:28,078
Berlin are trapped without supplies they
799
00:39:24,079 --> 00:39:30,480
will be unable to survive for long
800
00:39:28,079 --> 00:39:32,599
in Washington some of Truman's advisers
801
00:39:30,480 --> 00:39:35,599
urge him to respond with
802
00:39:32,599 --> 00:39:38,200
Force but the US president decides on
803
00:39:35,599 --> 00:39:41,920
another option to replenish the city's
804
00:39:38,199 --> 00:39:44,000
Provisions from the air he didn't want
805
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:46,200
open Warfare between the US and the
806
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:48,639
Soviets he that was the last thing he
807
00:39:46,199 --> 00:39:50,598
wanted but he also didn't want to appear
808
00:39:48,639 --> 00:39:52,960
weak like we were going to do nothing
809
00:39:50,599 --> 00:39:55,400
because if you let the Soviets get away
810
00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:57,760
with closing off
811
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:59,880
Berlin then they take they take
812
00:39:57,760 --> 00:40:01,880
something else and I I don't think that
813
00:39:59,880 --> 00:40:06,079
the idea for the airlift was his but he
814
00:40:01,880 --> 00:40:09,880
agreed to it because it made
815
00:40:06,079 --> 00:40:13,279
[Music]
816
00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:15,358
sense 4 days after the blockade starts
817
00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:16,330
huge British and American cargo planes
818
00:40:15,358 --> 00:40:18,838
fly over
819
00:40:16,329 --> 00:40:22,039
[Music]
820
00:40:18,838 --> 00:40:25,358
Berlin within their bellies tons of food
821
00:40:22,039 --> 00:40:26,960
and goods and the famous care
822
00:40:25,358 --> 00:40:30,239
packages
823
00:40:26,960 --> 00:40:32,440
assembled by the American NGO care these
824
00:40:30,239 --> 00:40:35,879
Parcels contain everything the berliners
825
00:40:32,440 --> 00:40:40,280
need to survive bacon margarine powdered
826
00:40:35,880 --> 00:40:40,280
eggs chocolate the taste of
827
00:40:40,880 --> 00:40:46,440
America what Stalin hadn't accounted for
828
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:48,880
at all was that the Americans the
829
00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:51,400
English and the French together had the
830
00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:56,640
wherewithal to keep West Berlin supplied
831
00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:58,920
for 11 months to the tune of 6,000 tons
832
00:40:56,639 --> 00:40:58,920
a
833
00:40:58,960 --> 00:41:05,240
day every day a cargo plane would land
834
00:41:02,559 --> 00:41:08,400
on one of Berlin's three aod drones
835
00:41:05,239 --> 00:41:08,399
every 30
836
00:41:12,159 --> 00:41:16,960
seconds for a year Berlin citizens live
837
00:41:15,639 --> 00:41:18,838
their lives to the rhythm of the
838
00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:20,599
aircraft flying back and forth over
839
00:41:18,838 --> 00:41:23,960
their
840
00:41:20,599 --> 00:41:27,359
heads but despite American Aid daily
841
00:41:23,960 --> 00:41:30,358
life remains difficult in order to
842
00:41:27,358 --> 00:41:32,159
survive everyone does whatever they can
843
00:41:30,358 --> 00:41:35,440
seers start appearing in the Heart of
844
00:41:32,159 --> 00:41:36,719
the City soon vegetables start growing
845
00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:39,119
through the
846
00:41:36,719 --> 00:41:41,639
tarmac they also show themselves
847
00:41:39,119 --> 00:41:43,880
resourceful where heating is
848
00:41:41,639 --> 00:41:46,239
concerned the Americans are not sending
849
00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:47,838
enough coal so berliners find wood
850
00:41:46,239 --> 00:41:50,679
wherever it is
851
00:41:47,838 --> 00:41:53,400
available trees are
852
00:41:50,679 --> 00:41:55,239
uprooted not one bench in the city has
853
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:58,240
any slats
854
00:41:55,239 --> 00:41:58,239
left
855
00:41:58,599 --> 00:42:04,599
at the market people trade with anything
856
00:42:01,039 --> 00:42:04,599
they have coats bags
857
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:12,039
shoes berliners want for everything but
858
00:42:09,838 --> 00:42:12,039
they
859
00:42:16,079 --> 00:42:21,960
survive the Americans too are determined
860
00:42:18,679 --> 00:42:24,639
to Stand Fast whatever the cost and as
861
00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:28,480
predicted by Galen Stalin does not give
862
00:42:24,639 --> 00:42:28,480
the order to shoot down theer ameran
863
00:42:31,199 --> 00:42:35,879
ples he was unprepared to go to war
864
00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:38,440
because the Americans had the atomic
865
00:42:35,880 --> 00:42:41,160
bomb the Soviet Union would not have
866
00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:45,240
been able to endure Another War when 20
867
00:42:41,159 --> 00:42:47,598
million Russians died during World War
868
00:42:45,239 --> 00:42:50,358
II realizing that he had lost the
869
00:42:47,599 --> 00:42:54,079
political arm wrestle Stalin lifts the
870
00:42:50,358 --> 00:42:54,078
blockade on May 12th
871
00:42:55,159 --> 00:43:00,318
1949
872
00:42:57,838 --> 00:43:03,000
all over West Berlin people
873
00:43:00,318 --> 00:43:04,318
Rejoice for the communist leader this is
874
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,838
a humiliating
875
00:43:04,318 --> 00:43:08,759
defeat this smalltime shopkeeper from
876
00:43:06,838 --> 00:43:11,239
Missouri has got the upper hand over the
877
00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:13,800
most feared man on the planet in his
878
00:43:11,239 --> 00:43:16,039
Memoirs Truman can barely hide his
879
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:19,880
Delight he knows that he has scored a
880
00:43:16,039 --> 00:43:19,880
crucial point in his battle against
881
00:43:20,440 --> 00:43:24,280
Stalin the blockade had sharply turned
882
00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:26,599
them against
883
00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:28,240
communism Germany which had been waiting
884
00:43:26,599 --> 00:43:30,359
passively to see where it should cast
885
00:43:28,239 --> 00:43:33,959
its lot for the future was veering
886
00:43:30,358 --> 00:43:33,960
towards the cause of the western
887
00:43:34,119 --> 00:43:39,440
Nations this was the exact opposite of
888
00:43:36,719 --> 00:43:41,879
what Stalin wanted which was to sew
889
00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:45,880
Discord between the
890
00:43:41,880 --> 00:43:47,760
Allies it actually sealed reconciliation
891
00:43:45,880 --> 00:43:49,559
and friendship between the German and
892
00:43:47,760 --> 00:43:52,839
American
893
00:43:49,559 --> 00:43:55,160
people they formed a close Bond and were
894
00:43:52,838 --> 00:43:57,009
responsible for ensuring the survival of
895
00:43:55,159 --> 00:43:59,078
West Berlin
896
00:43:57,010 --> 00:44:02,200
[Music]
897
00:43:59,079 --> 00:44:04,200
15 days after the blockade is lifted the
898
00:44:02,199 --> 00:44:06,679
Western Powers create the Federal
899
00:44:04,199 --> 00:44:08,838
Republic of Germany the Soviet Union
900
00:44:06,679 --> 00:44:11,519
responds by founding the Democratic
901
00:44:08,838 --> 00:44:15,078
Republic of Germany the allies of yester
902
00:44:11,519 --> 00:44:15,079
year are now officially
903
00:44:15,318 --> 00:44:21,000
enemies at the White House Canon is
904
00:44:18,079 --> 00:44:23,800
terrified he is farsighted and
905
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:25,400
writes all in all our policy on the
906
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:27,839
continent takes us along a street to
907
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:30,559
which there are only only three Outlets
908
00:44:27,838 --> 00:44:31,519
a Russian collapse a disintegration of
909
00:44:30,559 --> 00:44:35,319
our own
910
00:44:31,519 --> 00:44:35,318
position or a terrible
911
00:44:36,519 --> 00:44:41,599
War the threat of a terrible War hangs a
912
00:44:39,318 --> 00:44:44,639
little more heavily on the world every
913
00:44:41,599 --> 00:44:46,760
day Stalin has still not recovered from
914
00:44:44,639 --> 00:44:49,679
the blockade debacco and wants to regain
915
00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:52,370
the upper hand his efforts eventually
916
00:44:49,679 --> 00:44:54,960
allow him to turn the tables once
917
00:44:52,369 --> 00:44:57,960
[Music]
918
00:44:54,960 --> 00:44:57,960
more
919
00:44:59,358 --> 00:45:03,078
to the horror of the western powers on
920
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:05,800
August 29th
921
00:45:03,079 --> 00:45:07,640
1949 the Russians detonate an atomic
922
00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:10,000
bomb in
923
00:45:07,639 --> 00:45:12,078
Kazakhstan the information provided by
924
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:15,920
fuks and his comrades who infiltrated
925
00:45:12,079 --> 00:45:15,920
Los Alamos has finally borne
926
00:45:16,039 --> 00:45:21,039
fruit the Soviet intelligence Services
927
00:45:18,838 --> 00:45:22,719
helped us to accelerate the creation of
928
00:45:21,039 --> 00:45:25,279
a Soviet atomic
929
00:45:22,719 --> 00:45:27,879
bomb and they allowed us to save a lot
930
00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:27,880
of resources
931
00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:32,400
our scientists believe that the
932
00:45:30,159 --> 00:45:34,519
information provided by our intelligence
933
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:36,800
Services enabled us to reduce the
934
00:45:34,519 --> 00:45:39,119
development time for the bomb from 10 to
935
00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:39,119
5
936
00:45:40,599 --> 00:45:45,838
years this comes as a great shock to
937
00:45:43,159 --> 00:45:48,039
Truman He could never have imagined that
938
00:45:45,838 --> 00:45:51,480
the Soviets crippled by War could
939
00:45:48,039 --> 00:45:51,480
develop a nuclear weapon so
940
00:45:53,679 --> 00:45:59,759
quickly Stalin feels empowered against
941
00:45:56,800 --> 00:46:02,240
again the Soviet Union is once more the
942
00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:05,599
equal of the United States the world
943
00:46:02,239 --> 00:46:05,598
Teeters on the brink of
944
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:14,280
Terror raymon Aron summed up this cold
945
00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:16,838
war perfectly when he said war is
946
00:46:14,280 --> 00:46:21,119
impossible impossible because it would
947
00:46:16,838 --> 00:46:24,759
be nuclear peace is improbable war is
948
00:46:21,119 --> 00:46:24,760
impossible peace is
949
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:30,680
improbable icts are not long in breaking
950
00:46:27,838 --> 00:46:32,599
out but they will remain localized and
951
00:46:30,679 --> 00:46:35,399
be fought by
952
00:46:32,599 --> 00:46:38,680
proxy because neither American nor
953
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:42,280
Soviet blood should ever be spilled as
954
00:46:38,679 --> 00:46:42,279
that would cause widespread
955
00:46:46,639 --> 00:46:51,039
[Music]
956
00:46:48,119 --> 00:46:53,119
chaos the first of these post World War
957
00:46:51,039 --> 00:46:55,119
II conflicts to erupt is in a small
958
00:46:53,119 --> 00:46:56,838
country that few Russians or Americans
959
00:46:55,119 --> 00:47:00,440
would be able to identify on a map of
960
00:46:56,838 --> 00:47:00,440
the world
961
00:47:01,480 --> 00:47:07,400
Korea since 1945 Korea which formerly
962
00:47:05,159 --> 00:47:10,159
belonged to Japan has been occupied on
963
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:12,160
both sides of the 38th parallel to the
964
00:47:10,159 --> 00:47:14,239
South by the Americans to the north by
965
00:47:12,159 --> 00:47:17,039
the
966
00:47:14,239 --> 00:47:19,439
Soviets since then North Korea's
967
00:47:17,039 --> 00:47:22,119
communist leader Kim ilung has sought to
968
00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:24,720
reunite his
969
00:47:22,119 --> 00:47:27,119
country he has on several occasions
970
00:47:24,719 --> 00:47:29,159
asked Stalin for help but the Soviet
971
00:47:27,119 --> 00:47:30,640
leader has always
972
00:47:29,159 --> 00:47:34,159
[Music]
973
00:47:30,639 --> 00:47:36,519
refused however on January 12th the
974
00:47:34,159 --> 00:47:39,118
supreme leader changes his
975
00:47:36,519 --> 00:47:41,358
mind and it is all because of a tiny
976
00:47:39,119 --> 00:47:44,760
little sentence uttered by Dean aeson
977
00:47:41,358 --> 00:47:46,598
The American Secretary of State that day
978
00:47:44,760 --> 00:47:49,040
in his speech on America's military
979
00:47:46,599 --> 00:47:51,640
Ambitions aderson
980
00:47:49,039 --> 00:47:54,719
writes this defensive perimeter runs
981
00:47:51,639 --> 00:47:58,118
along the uans then to Japan then to the
982
00:47:54,719 --> 00:48:01,279
ruse and the
983
00:47:58,119 --> 00:48:03,880
Philippines he forgot about Korea the
984
00:48:01,280 --> 00:48:06,960
worst mistake he could have made there
985
00:48:03,880 --> 00:48:09,160
was Taiwan Japan the Philippines
986
00:48:06,960 --> 00:48:10,240
everything you like except Korea it
987
00:48:09,159 --> 00:48:12,399
wasn't
988
00:48:10,239 --> 00:48:14,519
clever which is surprising for someone
989
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:18,200
as experiences
990
00:48:14,519 --> 00:48:19,719
Aton but he made a big blunder Stalin
991
00:48:18,199 --> 00:48:22,960
took this as an encouraging sign that
992
00:48:19,719 --> 00:48:22,959
the Americans had softened
993
00:48:23,639 --> 00:48:28,719
again Stalin then gives Kim ILS a green
994
00:48:27,239 --> 00:48:32,519
light to spring into
995
00:48:28,719 --> 00:48:36,879
action at 4:00 a.m. on June 25th 1950
996
00:48:32,519 --> 00:48:36,880
North Korean forces cross the 38th
997
00:48:37,389 --> 00:48:41,719
[Music]
998
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:43,800
parallel the news is immediately broken
999
00:48:41,719 --> 00:48:45,199
to Truman who is spending the weekend in
1000
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:47,960
his home in
1001
00:48:45,199 --> 00:48:50,719
Missouri the American president does not
1002
00:48:47,960 --> 00:48:52,920
hesitate for a moment Force must be met
1003
00:48:50,719 --> 00:48:52,919
with
1004
00:48:53,119 --> 00:48:59,880
Force his Memoirs recall
1005
00:48:57,480 --> 00:49:03,000
if this was to go unchallenged it would
1006
00:48:59,880 --> 00:49:04,720
mean a third world war just as similar
1007
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:07,039
incidents had brought about the second
1008
00:49:04,719 --> 00:49:07,039
world
1009
00:49:11,119 --> 00:49:15,480
war the Americans were not prepared for
1010
00:49:13,599 --> 00:49:18,400
an attack on Korea and they have
1011
00:49:15,480 --> 00:49:21,000
virtually no troops
1012
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:23,680
there the North Koreans make ground with
1013
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:24,519
alarming ease and seize soul in less
1014
00:49:23,679 --> 00:49:26,558
than a
1015
00:49:24,519 --> 00:49:29,480
week
1016
00:49:26,559 --> 00:49:30,559
Truman is deeply concerned how will it
1017
00:49:29,480 --> 00:49:34,440
all
1018
00:49:30,559 --> 00:49:36,720
end he writes to his wife I hope we can
1019
00:49:34,440 --> 00:49:39,880
contain it and not have to order our
1020
00:49:36,719 --> 00:49:39,879
terrible weapon turned
1021
00:49:41,798 --> 00:49:46,880
loose Truman will not need to use the
1022
00:49:44,559 --> 00:49:49,319
atomic bomb as he has another secret
1023
00:49:46,880 --> 00:49:51,519
weapon in the form of a man General
1024
00:49:49,318 --> 00:49:53,159
MacArthur the great hero of the war in
1025
00:49:51,519 --> 00:49:56,000
the Pacific is in charge of the
1026
00:49:53,159 --> 00:49:59,358
occupation of Japan he knows Asia very
1027
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:59,358
well and is a Peerless
1028
00:49:59,760 --> 00:50:04,559
tactician in just a few months he
1029
00:50:02,519 --> 00:50:06,159
succeeds in regaining the advantage over
1030
00:50:04,559 --> 00:50:09,119
the
1031
00:50:06,159 --> 00:50:10,960
Communists by November 1950 the
1032
00:50:09,119 --> 00:50:14,838
Americans have invaded almost all of
1033
00:50:10,960 --> 00:50:17,599
North Korea and are close to the Chinese
1034
00:50:14,838 --> 00:50:20,519
border the cold war is suddenly looking
1035
00:50:17,599 --> 00:50:24,079
likely to become very hot because
1036
00:50:20,519 --> 00:50:28,599
neighboring China became communist in
1037
00:50:24,079 --> 00:50:31,920
1949 Ma sends 500,000 Chinese volunteers
1038
00:50:28,599 --> 00:50:31,920
to help his North Korean
1039
00:50:32,519 --> 00:50:36,838
Brethren here again you see the Prudence
1040
00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:39,039
of Mao in this
1041
00:50:36,838 --> 00:50:41,480
conflict in that he doesn't want China
1042
00:50:39,039 --> 00:50:44,358
to be seen intervening as a
1043
00:50:41,480 --> 00:50:48,798
state so he uses this strategy of
1044
00:50:44,358 --> 00:50:48,798
Chinese volunteers to intervene
1045
00:50:52,039 --> 00:50:56,480
surreptitiously there is certainly an
1046
00:50:54,199 --> 00:50:59,558
empirical rather than theoretical
1047
00:50:56,480 --> 00:50:59,559
Mastery of the Cold
1048
00:51:00,440 --> 00:51:06,440
War everyone makes their move but does
1049
00:51:03,318 --> 00:51:09,400
so in a controlled way to ensure that
1050
00:51:06,440 --> 00:51:11,480
the Cold War doesn't become a general
1051
00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:14,480
Global and nuclear
1052
00:51:11,480 --> 00:51:14,480
war
1053
00:51:14,880 --> 00:51:21,519
incle for Truman these months of intense
1054
00:51:18,119 --> 00:51:21,519
tension are psychologically
1055
00:51:22,519 --> 00:51:28,239
exhausting in his journal he writes
1056
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:30,280
it is hell to be the president of the
1057
00:51:28,239 --> 00:51:34,798
most powerful Nation on
1058
00:51:30,280 --> 00:51:34,798
Earth I would rather be the leader of my
1059
00:51:35,679 --> 00:51:42,318
Village the American president only ever
1060
00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:42,318
refers to the White House as the white
1061
00:51:46,798 --> 00:51:52,358
prison the Korean conflict is becoming a
1062
00:51:49,760 --> 00:51:54,359
war of attrition but it is a completely
1063
00:51:52,358 --> 00:51:57,358
unexpected event which brings the war to
1064
00:51:54,358 --> 00:51:57,358
an end
1065
00:51:57,639 --> 00:52:00,318
Stalin
1066
00:52:04,849 --> 00:52:07,980
[Music]
1067
00:52:10,719 --> 00:52:17,439
disappears March 1st
1068
00:52:13,719 --> 00:52:20,318
1953 Kuno data near
1069
00:52:17,440 --> 00:52:22,880
Moscow this is where Stalin now lives as
1070
00:52:20,318 --> 00:52:24,519
a recluse the man who struck fear in the
1071
00:52:22,880 --> 00:52:27,880
hearts of the world has locked himself
1072
00:52:24,519 --> 00:52:30,838
away in a cage of delusional paranoia he
1073
00:52:27,880 --> 00:52:30,838
fears he's going to be
1074
00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:35,639
assassinated when Stalin goes to bed
1075
00:52:33,079 --> 00:52:38,599
that night he's had a lot to
1076
00:52:35,639 --> 00:52:39,960
drink during the night he suffers a
1077
00:52:38,599 --> 00:52:43,359
cerebral
1078
00:52:39,960 --> 00:52:45,599
hemorrhage for 10 hours as he lies dying
1079
00:52:43,358 --> 00:52:48,000
no one dares to open his
1080
00:52:45,599 --> 00:52:50,400
door everyone is too afraid of the
1081
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:50,400
possible
1082
00:52:50,440 --> 00:52:55,679
reprisals he died alone and all those
1083
00:52:53,920 --> 00:52:58,639
who could have helped him such as as his
1084
00:52:55,679 --> 00:52:59,679
doctor well he was in prison he could
1085
00:52:58,639 --> 00:53:02,358
have made a
1086
00:52:59,679 --> 00:53:06,078
recovery but when his cronies arrived
1087
00:53:02,358 --> 00:53:09,400
like Cru chof baram
1088
00:53:06,079 --> 00:53:11,880
malanov they don't do anything in case
1089
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:15,798
it's held against
1090
00:53:11,880 --> 00:53:17,960
them so doctors were called but those
1091
00:53:15,798 --> 00:53:20,519
doctors were scared they didn't even
1092
00:53:17,960 --> 00:53:22,798
dare make a diagnosis because the KGB
1093
00:53:20,519 --> 00:53:27,159
behind them is saying be careful what
1094
00:53:22,798 --> 00:53:27,159
you write and what you discover comrade
1095
00:53:27,460 --> 00:53:35,849
[Music]
1096
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:42,039
after 4 days of death throws and no
1097
00:53:38,719 --> 00:53:45,039
adequate treatment Joseph Stalin dies on
1098
00:53:42,039 --> 00:53:45,039
March 5th
1099
00:53:45,210 --> 00:53:50,838
[Music]
1100
00:53:48,039 --> 00:53:54,159
1953 as soon as the news is out 5
1101
00:53:50,838 --> 00:53:56,199
million people flood towards
1102
00:53:54,159 --> 00:53:57,920
Moscow
1103
00:53:56,199 --> 00:54:00,399
they all want to see the remains of the
1104
00:53:57,920 --> 00:54:04,280
man who over a quarter of a century
1105
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:07,530
decided whether they lived or
1106
00:54:04,280 --> 00:54:07,530
[Music]
1107
00:54:07,679 --> 00:54:15,199
died many people who hated Stalin said
1108
00:54:11,119 --> 00:54:15,200
thank God he snuffed it at
1109
00:54:16,079 --> 00:54:20,880
last many others saw him as a kind of
1110
00:54:18,599 --> 00:54:23,838
demigod and was stunned to find out that
1111
00:54:20,880 --> 00:54:23,838
he turned out to be
1112
00:54:24,079 --> 00:54:28,000
mortal
1113
00:54:26,318 --> 00:54:32,480
but the third and the most important
1114
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:32,480
concern for everyone was what happens
1115
00:54:33,719 --> 00:54:40,000
now the whole world is reeling from the
1116
00:54:37,119 --> 00:54:42,519
shock while Molotov and others close to
1117
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:45,519
Stalin carry the coffin each of them is
1118
00:54:42,519 --> 00:54:48,159
thinking about the future in Moscow just
1119
00:54:45,519 --> 00:54:50,119
as in London and Washington people hope
1120
00:54:48,159 --> 00:54:52,558
that the end of the Soviet dictator will
1121
00:54:50,119 --> 00:54:56,358
also mean an end to political
1122
00:54:52,559 --> 00:54:58,480
tensions their hopes will soon be dashed
1123
00:54:56,358 --> 00:55:00,838
8 years of continual latent conflict
1124
00:54:58,480 --> 00:55:02,760
between the USA and the Soviet Union
1125
00:55:00,838 --> 00:55:05,318
have shaped the world in such a way that
1126
00:55:02,760 --> 00:55:08,440
there is no easy way to turn
1127
00:55:05,318 --> 00:55:10,358
back Stalin and Truman's Cold War will
1128
00:55:08,440 --> 00:55:12,889
dominate the world and chill the hearts
1129
00:55:10,358 --> 00:55:15,809
of humanity for nearly 40
1130
00:55:12,889 --> 00:55:24,000
[Music]
1131
00:55:15,809 --> 00:55:26,369
[Applause]
1132
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:51,170
years
1133
00:55:26,369 --> 00:55:51,170
[Music]
1134
00:55:53,730 --> 00:55:56,900
[Music]
1135
00:56:08,679 --> 00:56:13,598
February
1136
00:56:10,519 --> 00:56:15,719
1945 for the last 6 years Europe has
1137
00:56:13,599 --> 00:56:19,838
been one vast
1138
00:56:15,719 --> 00:56:19,838
Battlefield millions of men are
1139
00:56:23,920 --> 00:56:28,280
dead
1140
00:56:26,199 --> 00:56:30,439
but now there is a certainty that Nazi
1141
00:56:28,280 --> 00:56:33,599
Germany will be defeated and the Allies
1142
00:56:30,440 --> 00:56:33,599
are already looking to the
1143
00:56:39,280 --> 00:56:46,039
Future because it is now as the battles
1144
00:56:42,079 --> 00:56:46,039
still rage that peace must be
1145
00:56:53,119 --> 00:56:59,160
brokered therefore Stalin Roosevelt and
1146
00:56:56,280 --> 00:57:01,359
Churchill decide to get
1147
00:56:59,159 --> 00:57:04,239
together the meeting takes place in a
1148
00:57:01,358 --> 00:57:07,159
small Resort in the south of the Soviet
1149
00:57:04,239 --> 00:57:09,038
Union it is here in Crimea that these
1150
00:57:07,159 --> 00:57:11,078
three Giants will together dream up the
1151
00:57:09,039 --> 00:57:13,680
post-war world at one of the greatest
1152
00:57:11,079 --> 00:57:16,060
conferences of all
1153
00:57:13,679 --> 00:57:21,398
time the Yalta
1154
00:57:16,059 --> 00:57:21,398
[Music]
1155
00:57:23,798 --> 00:57:26,798
Conference
1156
00:57:27,838 --> 00:57:34,838
this photograph is yalta's momento of
1157
00:57:30,400 --> 00:57:37,599
history but what paths led to this
1158
00:57:34,838 --> 00:57:40,159
moment why are the faces of Churchill
1159
00:57:37,599 --> 00:57:43,440
Roosevelt and Stalin so
1160
00:57:40,159 --> 00:57:46,000
tense United in war the Allies will show
1161
00:57:43,440 --> 00:57:48,639
themselves to be at loggerheads in peace
1162
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:49,960
for 8 days between the 4th and 11th of
1163
00:57:48,639 --> 00:57:52,519
February
1164
00:57:49,960 --> 00:57:54,798
1945 the three greats will engage in a
1165
00:57:52,519 --> 00:57:57,440
merciless struggle dictated by their OPP
1166
00:57:54,798 --> 00:57:59,960
opposing interests and
1167
00:57:57,440 --> 00:58:01,960
ideologies Yalta is the last time they
1168
00:57:59,960 --> 00:58:04,400
will all
1169
00:58:01,960 --> 00:58:06,798
meet each one of them is at a crucial
1170
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:08,920
stage of his own destiny while this
1171
00:58:06,798 --> 00:58:10,500
conference will soon plunge the world
1172
00:58:08,920 --> 00:58:18,170
into a new
1173
00:58:10,500 --> 00:58:18,170
[Music]
1174
00:58:23,719 --> 00:58:26,719
Darkness
1175
00:58:28,358 --> 00:58:32,920
February 3rd
1176
00:58:29,960 --> 00:58:34,880
1945 after a 7-hour flight British and
1177
00:58:32,920 --> 00:58:37,599
American aircraft which took off by
1178
00:58:34,880 --> 00:58:40,160
Night land on the Frozen Runway of Saki
1179
00:58:37,599 --> 00:58:40,160
airport in
1180
00:58:42,239 --> 00:58:47,038
Crimea as he alights from the plane
1181
00:58:44,798 --> 00:58:48,000
Winston Churchill is stiff and has a
1182
00:58:47,039 --> 00:58:50,359
raging
1183
00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:54,159
fever but the British prime minister
1184
00:58:50,358 --> 00:58:57,150
puts on a brave facei even unwell he is
1185
00:58:54,159 --> 00:58:59,118
ready to ride a new page of
1186
00:58:57,150 --> 00:59:02,079
[Music]
1187
00:58:59,119 --> 00:59:06,680
History US President Franklin Roosevelt
1188
00:59:02,079 --> 00:59:09,519
is also ready despite his extreme
1189
00:59:06,679 --> 00:59:11,279
fatigue diplomats and servicemen greet
1190
00:59:09,519 --> 00:59:13,719
each other on the
1191
00:59:11,280 --> 00:59:14,760
runway many of those present at Yalta
1192
00:59:13,719 --> 00:59:17,759
keep
1193
00:59:14,760 --> 00:59:20,799
logs thanks to their Revelations we know
1194
00:59:17,760 --> 00:59:22,839
exactly what happened during the
1195
00:59:20,798 --> 00:59:26,639
conference their writings tell the
1196
00:59:22,838 --> 00:59:26,639
stories that the official history
1197
00:59:26,719 --> 00:59:29,980
[Music]
1198
00:59:30,239 --> 00:59:36,038
doesn't Stalin has not seen fit to come
1199
00:59:33,079 --> 00:59:38,359
and greet his guest at Saki this absence
1200
00:59:36,039 --> 00:59:42,839
is an early Gambit in his power
1201
00:59:38,358 --> 00:59:46,000
game negotiations are well and truly
1202
00:59:42,838 --> 00:59:48,239
underway it falls to Molotov Stalin's
1203
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:51,119
faithful right-hand man to meet Rosevelt
1204
00:59:48,239 --> 00:59:51,118
and Churchill off the
1205
00:59:51,639 --> 00:59:56,279
plane ravaged by polio Rosevelt can no
1206
00:59:55,039 --> 00:59:59,039
longer
1207
00:59:56,280 --> 01:00:02,200
walk walking beside him Churchill seems
1208
00:59:59,039 --> 01:00:02,200
to be in a position of
1209
01:00:05,280 --> 01:00:10,599
inferiority this strange scenario is not
1210
01:00:08,239 --> 01:00:14,318
lost on Churchill's personal doctor Lord
1211
01:00:10,599 --> 01:00:14,318
who protests in his
1212
01:00:15,079 --> 01:00:20,000
diary the Prime Minister walked
1213
01:00:17,519 --> 01:00:22,199
alongside the president like an Indian
1214
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:26,559
attendant accompanying Queen Victoria's
1215
01:00:22,199 --> 01:00:26,558
faton in old age
1216
01:00:28,340 --> 01:00:32,200
[Music]
1217
01:00:30,440 --> 01:00:35,400
but this is not the last time that
1218
01:00:32,199 --> 01:00:38,519
Churchill will appear to be Roosevelt's
1219
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:40,599
attendant the war is not yet over and
1220
01:00:38,519 --> 01:00:43,798
the British Empire's glory is already
1221
01:00:40,599 --> 01:00:47,640
beginning to fade the USA and the Soviet
1222
01:00:43,798 --> 01:00:47,639
Union are the Centuries new
1223
01:00:48,079 --> 01:00:53,119
Giants Yalta will be Churchill's
1224
01:00:50,559 --> 01:00:53,119
struggle for
1225
01:00:53,519 --> 01:00:56,519
survival
1226
01:00:59,599 --> 01:01:07,920
[Music]
1227
01:01:03,920 --> 01:01:10,119
Yalta is 150 km from saki the journey
1228
01:01:07,920 --> 01:01:13,480
takes no less than 5 hours because of
1229
01:01:10,119 --> 01:01:18,039
the poor state of the winding
1230
01:01:13,480 --> 01:01:20,280
road a whole new ordeal Begins for
1231
01:01:18,039 --> 01:01:23,920
Roosevelt he was
1232
01:01:20,280 --> 01:01:26,680
paralyzed so even in an automobile he
1233
01:01:23,920 --> 01:01:31,720
sat in the back seat with two
1234
01:01:26,679 --> 01:01:36,519
cushions behind him here to to give to
1235
01:01:31,719 --> 01:01:38,118
brace his back and some support for his
1236
01:01:36,519 --> 01:01:41,599
legs which were
1237
01:01:38,119 --> 01:01:43,358
useless uh and so it was a very
1238
01:01:41,599 --> 01:01:46,440
difficult
1239
01:01:43,358 --> 01:01:48,880
trip with the war still ongoing across
1240
01:01:46,440 --> 01:01:50,358
Europe the road to Yalta is kept under
1241
01:01:48,880 --> 01:01:52,920
close
1242
01:01:50,358 --> 01:01:56,239
surveillance 160 fighter planes Patrol
1243
01:01:52,920 --> 01:01:58,440
the sky
1244
01:01:56,239 --> 01:02:00,479
Roosevelt's daughter Anna bettiger who
1245
01:01:58,440 --> 01:02:03,838
is his traveling companion is startled
1246
01:02:00,480 --> 01:02:03,838
to observe how the Soviets
1247
01:02:04,358 --> 01:02:10,400
operate in her diary she
1248
01:02:07,599 --> 01:02:14,079
writes all along the road from saki to
1249
01:02:10,400 --> 01:02:16,358
yelta soldiers were posted every 300 M
1250
01:02:14,079 --> 01:02:19,400
each time a car passed by those without
1251
01:02:16,358 --> 01:02:23,358
rifles saluted us all of these Russian
1252
01:02:19,400 --> 01:02:26,079
soldiers women included were smart and
1253
01:02:23,358 --> 01:02:28,239
erect
1254
01:02:26,079 --> 01:02:32,119
Through the Windows Roosevelt and
1255
01:02:28,239 --> 01:02:32,118
Churchill witness a scene of
1256
01:02:36,059 --> 01:02:40,400
[Music]
1257
01:02:37,798 --> 01:02:43,679
Devastation Crimea Was Won back from the
1258
01:02:40,400 --> 01:02:46,760
Germans less than a year ago over 20
1259
01:02:43,679 --> 01:02:50,719
million Russians lost their
1260
01:02:46,760 --> 01:02:53,000
lives 70,000 Soviet towns and Villages
1261
01:02:50,719 --> 01:02:53,000
were
1262
01:02:53,358 --> 01:02:58,480
destroyed
1263
01:02:55,719 --> 01:03:01,519
the USSR is profoundly scarred by the
1264
01:02:58,480 --> 01:03:03,760
war and Stalin himself has designed the
1265
01:03:01,519 --> 01:03:06,489
itinerary so that his guests do not miss
1266
01:03:03,760 --> 01:03:10,799
a single detail of
1267
01:03:06,489 --> 01:03:13,358
[Music]
1268
01:03:10,798 --> 01:03:15,519
Devastation this allows Stalin very
1269
01:03:13,358 --> 01:03:18,400
skillfully to lay the burden of guilt on
1270
01:03:15,519 --> 01:03:20,719
his two counterparts mainly
1271
01:03:18,400 --> 01:03:22,200
Roosevelt we have lost many people the
1272
01:03:20,719 --> 01:03:23,838
subtext being that we've lost many
1273
01:03:22,199 --> 01:03:26,278
people because you didn't come to help
1274
01:03:23,838 --> 01:03:26,278
us
1275
01:03:27,289 --> 01:03:35,000
[Music]
1276
01:03:32,318 --> 01:03:36,880
after an interminable 5-hour trip
1277
01:03:35,000 --> 01:03:41,519
Roosevelt and Churchill finally reach
1278
01:03:36,880 --> 01:03:41,519
Yalta in the early evening Roosevelt is
1279
01:03:41,599 --> 01:03:46,440
exhausted his journey started 12 days
1280
01:03:44,159 --> 01:03:48,798
ago when he crossed the Atlantic by boat
1281
01:03:46,440 --> 01:03:52,440
before catching a plane from Malta the
1282
01:03:48,798 --> 01:03:57,038
American president has covered 8,500
1283
01:03:52,440 --> 01:03:59,318
km while Churchill has covered 3,200 km
1284
01:03:57,039 --> 01:04:01,359
Stalin's journey by train was a mere
1285
01:03:59,318 --> 01:04:03,679
1,500
1286
01:04:01,358 --> 01:04:06,078
km it is as if there is some
1287
01:04:03,679 --> 01:04:07,719
significance to the number of kilometers
1288
01:04:06,079 --> 01:04:11,960
and that Roosevelt was prepared to make
1289
01:04:07,719 --> 01:04:11,959
the greatest effort and Stalin the
1290
01:04:22,480 --> 01:04:29,119
least the Bay of Y has lost none of its
1291
01:04:25,920 --> 01:04:31,599
charm in the 19th century it was a kind
1292
01:04:29,119 --> 01:04:35,358
of Soviet Riviera where SARS and
1293
01:04:31,599 --> 01:04:35,359
Aristocrats came to spend their
1294
01:04:36,239 --> 01:04:40,558
holidays the conference delegates would
1295
01:04:38,798 --> 01:04:42,039
be put up in palaces that are still
1296
01:04:40,559 --> 01:04:45,130
intact
1297
01:04:42,039 --> 01:04:45,130
[Music]
1298
01:04:45,798 --> 01:04:53,159
today before negotiations began in
1299
01:04:48,719 --> 01:04:56,159
February 1945 they were completely
1300
01:04:53,159 --> 01:04:56,159
refurbished
1301
01:05:01,798 --> 01:05:06,239
in anticipation of the conference the
1302
01:05:04,318 --> 01:05:09,558
Palaces were very quickly refurnished
1303
01:05:06,239 --> 01:05:13,078
with things brought from Moscow in great
1304
01:05:09,559 --> 01:05:15,760
convoys in order to give them a homely
1305
01:05:13,079 --> 01:05:18,599
feel they'd been terribly neglected for
1306
01:05:15,760 --> 01:05:18,599
a very long
1307
01:05:23,079 --> 01:05:26,079
time
1308
01:05:28,440 --> 01:05:32,599
it was Stalin who decided to have the
1309
01:05:30,239 --> 01:05:34,759
conference at Yalta and he wanted to
1310
01:05:32,599 --> 01:05:35,880
ensure that his guests had nothing but
1311
01:05:34,760 --> 01:05:38,920
good
1312
01:05:35,880 --> 01:05:41,960
memories he greets them with opulence
1313
01:05:38,920 --> 01:05:45,200
reserving them the two finest
1314
01:05:41,960 --> 01:05:48,150
Villas ladia Palace for Roosevelt where
1315
01:05:45,199 --> 01:05:49,919
the negotiations took
1316
01:05:48,150 --> 01:05:53,079
[Music]
1317
01:05:49,920 --> 01:05:56,079
place and voronov Villa for
1318
01:05:53,079 --> 01:05:56,079
Churchill
1319
01:05:59,519 --> 01:06:05,880
it is a clear night over
1320
01:06:02,760 --> 01:06:08,880
Yalta each of the big three gathers his
1321
01:06:05,880 --> 01:06:08,880
strength for the coming
1322
01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:12,210
[Music]
1323
01:06:18,099 --> 01:06:22,318
[Music]
1324
01:06:19,480 --> 01:06:25,199
Marathon February 4th
1325
01:06:22,318 --> 01:06:27,119
1945 day one of of the
1326
01:06:25,199 --> 01:06:29,798
negotiations before the debates get
1327
01:06:27,119 --> 01:06:33,480
underway Stalin pays a courtesy visit to
1328
01:06:29,798 --> 01:06:35,798
his guests he starts with
1329
01:06:33,480 --> 01:06:39,358
Churchill the two men have not seen each
1330
01:06:35,798 --> 01:06:42,079
other since they met in Moscow 4 months
1331
01:06:39,358 --> 01:06:45,480
ago they are pleased to see one another
1332
01:06:42,079 --> 01:06:45,480
and take stock of the military
1333
01:06:48,440 --> 01:06:52,559
situation Stalin's reunion with
1334
01:06:50,599 --> 01:06:55,039
Roosevelt is just as
1335
01:06:52,559 --> 01:06:59,359
cordial the Russian and the American
1336
01:06:55,039 --> 01:07:02,559
Sher Martini Roosevelt's guilty
1337
01:06:59,358 --> 01:07:05,000
pleasure and there's no lemon Stalin
1338
01:07:02,559 --> 01:07:08,240
makes a note of this and the next time
1339
01:07:05,000 --> 01:07:10,838
he has a huge lemon tree
1340
01:07:08,239 --> 01:07:13,399
delivered this makes quite an impression
1341
01:07:10,838 --> 01:07:16,759
on the British and the Americans because
1342
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:18,358
a lemon tree in the middle of the war is
1343
01:07:16,760 --> 01:07:20,920
quite
1344
01:07:18,358 --> 01:07:24,199
remarkable they're
1345
01:07:20,920 --> 01:07:26,680
dazzled and at the same time it shows of
1346
01:07:24,199 --> 01:07:26,679
Stalin's
1347
01:07:29,159 --> 01:07:33,838
power because in the field Stalin is in
1348
01:07:32,119 --> 01:07:36,640
a dominant
1349
01:07:33,838 --> 01:07:38,960
position since the spring the Soviet
1350
01:07:36,639 --> 01:07:41,278
Steamroller has been on the move and the
1351
01:07:38,960 --> 01:07:43,480
Red Army is regaining territory from the
1352
01:07:41,278 --> 01:07:45,940
Germans it's time for Stalin's War
1353
01:07:43,480 --> 01:07:49,099
efforts to pay
1354
01:07:45,940 --> 01:07:49,099
[Music]
1355
01:07:52,920 --> 01:07:59,278
dividends
1356
01:07:55,559 --> 01:08:01,599
negotiations finally begin at 5:00
1357
01:07:59,278 --> 01:08:03,358
p.m. the ladia ballroom has been
1358
01:08:01,599 --> 01:08:06,440
prepared for the conference everything
1359
01:08:03,358 --> 01:08:08,558
is ready ministers and diplomats talk
1360
01:08:06,440 --> 01:08:11,079
amongst themselves as they wait for the
1361
01:08:08,559 --> 01:08:11,079
three great
1362
01:08:11,798 --> 01:08:17,000
leaders Churchill is the first to arrive
1363
01:08:14,440 --> 01:08:19,319
with his daughter
1364
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:21,838
Sarah the prime minister is in good
1365
01:08:19,319 --> 01:08:24,480
spirits and is wearing a Russian cap in
1366
01:08:21,838 --> 01:08:27,000
tribute to his host
1367
01:08:24,479 --> 01:08:28,879
he feels better after a good night's
1368
01:08:27,000 --> 01:08:33,198
sleep his temperature has
1369
01:08:28,880 --> 01:08:33,199
fallen Stalin is the next to
1370
01:08:33,319 --> 01:08:39,159
arrive in front of the cameras the two
1371
01:08:36,039 --> 01:08:39,158
men make a show of their
1372
01:08:41,798 --> 01:08:48,158
camaraderie Roosevelt is already at the
1373
01:08:44,399 --> 01:08:50,399
negotiation table having made a discreet
1374
01:08:48,158 --> 01:08:51,719
entrance this ritual will be repeated
1375
01:08:50,399 --> 01:08:54,358
for the next 8
1376
01:08:51,719 --> 01:08:57,439
days he has banned cameras from filming
1377
01:08:54,359 --> 01:08:59,798
his arrivals deeming them too
1378
01:08:57,439 --> 01:09:02,879
humiliating he has to get from that
1379
01:08:59,798 --> 01:09:05,960
wheelchair into a chair which is not
1380
01:09:02,880 --> 01:09:08,359
easy when you are paralyzed from the
1381
01:09:05,960 --> 01:09:08,359
waist
1382
01:09:09,520 --> 01:09:14,719
down each of the big three has his
1383
01:09:12,000 --> 01:09:17,319
advisers around him they will not be
1384
01:09:14,719 --> 01:09:17,319
negotiating
1385
01:09:18,880 --> 01:09:23,798
alone Churchill is accompanied by
1386
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:27,119
Anthony Eden his foreign minister a
1387
01:09:23,798 --> 01:09:29,679
along with Diplomat Alexander kadan an
1388
01:09:27,119 --> 01:09:29,679
expert on
1389
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:36,158
Poland Roosevelt leans on Harry Hopkins
1390
01:09:33,640 --> 01:09:39,440
his friend and right-hand man the man he
1391
01:09:36,158 --> 01:09:43,158
trusts more than any other but also his
1392
01:09:39,439 --> 01:09:43,158
foreign minister Edward
1393
01:09:45,039 --> 01:09:51,560
staus Stalin also has two main advisors
1394
01:09:48,920 --> 01:09:55,719
veslav Molotov his foreign minister and
1395
01:09:51,560 --> 01:09:55,719
the Diplomat Ivan
1396
01:09:56,880 --> 01:10:02,880
isi there are four large dosses on the
1397
01:09:59,760 --> 01:10:06,199
table the fate of defeated Germany that
1398
01:10:02,880 --> 01:10:08,600
of Poland the United Nations and the war
1399
01:10:06,198 --> 01:10:08,599
against
1400
01:10:09,880 --> 01:10:14,279
Japan the positions of the different
1401
01:10:12,119 --> 01:10:17,079
Allied armies will have a significant
1402
01:10:14,279 --> 01:10:17,079
influence on these
1403
01:10:22,640 --> 01:10:25,640
dosses
1404
01:10:26,158 --> 01:10:31,799
since December the Red Army has
1405
01:10:28,319 --> 01:10:34,679
liberated Romania Bulgaria Hungary and
1406
01:10:31,800 --> 01:10:36,880
Poland the Russians are a mere 80 km
1407
01:10:34,679 --> 01:10:36,880
from
1408
01:10:39,439 --> 01:10:43,839
Berlin the anglo-american forces however
1409
01:10:42,520 --> 01:10:47,880
have been hampered by a German
1410
01:10:43,840 --> 01:10:47,880
Counterattack and are yet to cross the
1411
01:10:49,279 --> 01:10:52,539
[Music]
1412
01:10:52,640 --> 01:10:58,320
rind certainly say from a military point
1413
01:10:55,800 --> 01:11:00,960
of view the Soviets are clearly ahead of
1414
01:10:58,319 --> 01:11:00,960
their Western
1415
01:11:01,679 --> 01:11:07,440
allies and that gives them The High
1416
01:11:03,840 --> 01:11:07,440
Ground from a diplomatic
1417
01:11:09,359 --> 01:11:15,839
perspective added to this imbalance in
1418
01:11:11,679 --> 01:11:18,359
the field there is also an ideological
1419
01:11:15,840 --> 01:11:21,679
disparity Churchill and Rosevelt are two
1420
01:11:18,359 --> 01:11:24,439
capitalists facing a
1421
01:11:21,679 --> 01:11:26,239
communist but this is not just say that
1422
01:11:24,439 --> 01:11:30,039
they will present a united front to
1423
01:11:26,238 --> 01:11:33,359
Stalin far from it in fact the two men
1424
01:11:30,039 --> 01:11:33,359
espouse quite differing
1425
01:11:33,640 --> 01:11:38,719
ideologies Roosevelt respects Churchill
1426
01:11:36,439 --> 01:11:41,759
as an old warhorse who stood alone in
1427
01:11:38,719 --> 01:11:44,840
Europe and admires this fellow who is
1428
01:11:41,760 --> 01:11:47,960
still capable of remarkable
1429
01:11:44,840 --> 01:11:50,760
performances at the same time he has a
1430
01:11:47,960 --> 01:11:53,639
degree of contempt for him because he
1431
01:11:50,760 --> 01:11:55,920
sees him as an old colonialist throwback
1432
01:11:53,639 --> 01:12:00,239
while he himself considers he has modern
1433
01:11:55,920 --> 01:12:03,399
ideals such as decolonization of the
1434
01:12:00,238 --> 01:12:04,599
world Rosevelt needs Stalin more than he
1435
01:12:03,399 --> 01:12:07,039
needs
1436
01:12:04,600 --> 01:12:10,800
Churchill at this time the US is
1437
01:12:07,039 --> 01:12:10,800
fighting a war against Japan in the
1438
01:12:11,039 --> 01:12:16,639
Pacific the battles are incredibly
1439
01:12:13,880 --> 01:12:19,000
violent and the Japanese have no
1440
01:12:16,639 --> 01:12:22,480
hesitation in using kamikazi suicide
1441
01:12:19,000 --> 01:12:25,479
Jets against their foes rather than
1442
01:12:22,479 --> 01:12:25,479
surrender
1443
01:12:25,880 --> 01:12:30,440
without help from the Russians the war
1444
01:12:27,719 --> 01:12:30,439
could go on and
1445
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:43,239
on Roosevelt also needs Stalin to
1446
01:12:41,399 --> 01:12:46,799
participate in the future United Nations
1447
01:12:43,238 --> 01:12:46,799
organization which he's trying to
1448
01:12:46,920 --> 01:12:51,960
assemble without the USSR the UN will be
1449
01:12:50,520 --> 01:12:54,480
just an empty
1450
01:12:51,960 --> 01:12:56,719
shell in order to move the project
1451
01:12:54,479 --> 01:12:59,799
forward Roosevelt is prepared to
1452
01:12:56,719 --> 01:13:01,399
jettison Churchill a long-standing Ally
1453
01:12:59,800 --> 01:13:04,520
but with nothing to
1454
01:13:01,399 --> 01:13:06,479
offer Churchill takes this very badly
1455
01:13:04,520 --> 01:13:08,040
for him it is a disaster to arrive
1456
01:13:06,479 --> 01:13:09,959
separately in the knowledge that Stalin
1457
01:13:08,039 --> 01:13:11,639
will fully exploit any diverence between
1458
01:13:09,960 --> 01:13:13,960
the American and the
1459
01:13:11,639 --> 01:13:15,480
Britain the British prime minister
1460
01:13:13,960 --> 01:13:17,719
suspects that Stalin will try to
1461
01:13:15,479 --> 01:13:19,839
establish communist regimes in all of
1462
01:13:17,719 --> 01:13:21,800
the countries liberated by the Red Army
1463
01:13:19,840 --> 01:13:23,760
and he knows that without Roosevelt's
1464
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:26,159
help he will have no chance chance of
1465
01:13:23,760 --> 01:13:26,159
stopping
1466
01:13:37,679 --> 01:13:42,800
him during the first day only military
1467
01:13:41,399 --> 01:13:45,359
matters are
1468
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:48,279
discussed each watches the
1469
01:13:45,359 --> 01:13:51,479
others as the Tactical game begins
1470
01:13:48,279 --> 01:13:53,079
Stalin takes the lead He suggests that
1471
01:13:51,479 --> 01:13:55,359
Roosevelt preside over the plenary
1472
01:13:53,079 --> 01:13:55,359
session
1473
01:13:56,319 --> 01:14:01,359
by being made
1474
01:13:58,639 --> 01:14:05,039
president he's being
1475
01:14:01,359 --> 01:14:08,079
ingratiated but also rendered
1476
01:14:05,039 --> 01:14:09,760
powerless because he will be constrained
1477
01:14:08,079 --> 01:14:12,840
to being Master of
1478
01:14:09,760 --> 01:14:16,039
Ceremonies during which time others will
1479
01:14:12,840 --> 01:14:18,279
be able to plot and negotiate behind his
1480
01:14:16,039 --> 01:14:20,679
back this is a very clever Ploy on
1481
01:14:18,279 --> 01:14:24,119
Stalin's
1482
01:14:20,679 --> 01:14:27,480
part the first session was just a warmup
1483
01:14:24,119 --> 01:14:29,840
with no significant decisions being
1484
01:14:27,479 --> 01:14:32,000
made but the westerners are clearly
1485
01:14:29,840 --> 01:14:33,800
aware that it will not be easy to make
1486
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:37,000
their voices heard against
1487
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:39,960
Stalin so come the evening each of them
1488
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:43,479
hones his strategy for the next day
1489
01:14:39,960 --> 01:14:45,480
Churchill Ponders calmly alone gazing at
1490
01:14:43,479 --> 01:14:47,399
the portraits of British Aristocrats
1491
01:14:45,479 --> 01:14:49,198
that Stalin has thoughtfully had hung on
1492
01:14:47,399 --> 01:14:51,679
the walls for his
1493
01:14:49,198 --> 01:14:55,099
enjoyment Roosevelt develops his battle
1494
01:14:51,679 --> 01:14:58,279
plan with Harry Hopkins
1495
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:58,279
[Music]
1496
01:15:08,119 --> 01:15:13,800
day
1497
01:15:09,158 --> 01:15:13,799
two Churchill is once more first to
1498
01:15:14,719 --> 01:15:22,239
arrive while Stalin again is fashionably
1499
01:15:19,359 --> 01:15:25,119
late this time serious matters will be
1500
01:15:22,238 --> 01:15:27,839
discussed the German question is to be
1501
01:15:25,119 --> 01:15:30,399
debated what will be Germany's fate once
1502
01:15:27,840 --> 01:15:33,079
she has lost the war how will the
1503
01:15:30,399 --> 01:15:35,920
country be managed what reparations will
1504
01:15:33,079 --> 01:15:38,158
be appropriate the Allies have differing
1505
01:15:35,920 --> 01:15:39,920
positions on all of these questions
1506
01:15:38,158 --> 01:15:42,079
discussions begin with the issue of
1507
01:15:39,920 --> 01:15:44,119
Germany's imminent
1508
01:15:42,079 --> 01:15:46,840
occupation as early as
1509
01:15:44,119 --> 01:15:48,158
1944 the plan was that once conquered
1510
01:15:46,840 --> 01:15:50,960
the country would be divided and
1511
01:15:48,158 --> 01:15:52,198
governed in three zones American British
1512
01:15:50,960 --> 01:15:53,719
and
1513
01:15:52,198 --> 01:15:56,319
Soviet
1514
01:15:53,719 --> 01:15:57,960
but now Churchill requests a fourth zone
1515
01:15:56,319 --> 01:16:00,399
for France this
1516
01:15:57,960 --> 01:16:01,719
time he no longer wants to stand alone
1517
01:16:00,399 --> 01:16:03,519
against these two giants who have
1518
01:16:01,719 --> 01:16:05,319
something of an ax to grme with Imperial
1519
01:16:03,520 --> 01:16:06,760
Powers he wants an alliance with another
1520
01:16:05,319 --> 01:16:10,599
colonial
1521
01:16:06,760 --> 01:16:11,920
power finally Stalin magnanimously says
1522
01:16:10,600 --> 01:16:14,639
the French didn't really fight much
1523
01:16:11,920 --> 01:16:16,679
during the war so we don't see why they
1524
01:16:14,639 --> 01:16:20,679
collaborated they gave up very quickly
1525
01:16:16,679 --> 01:16:22,880
in 1940 they don't deserve it but I'm a
1526
01:16:20,679 --> 01:16:26,639
reasonable man all right then but you
1527
01:16:22,880 --> 01:16:26,639
can share your own occupation Zone with
1528
01:16:27,279 --> 01:16:32,920
them the concession costs him nothing
1529
01:16:30,479 --> 01:16:34,519
and Stalin seeds quickly but he takes
1530
01:16:32,920 --> 01:16:36,920
the opportunity to demand something from
1531
01:16:34,520 --> 01:16:40,719
his allies in return he wants the
1532
01:16:36,920 --> 01:16:44,079
maximum reparations possible from
1533
01:16:40,719 --> 01:16:46,480
Germany the Soviet Union is ruined the
1534
01:16:44,079 --> 01:16:49,359
BOS must
1535
01:16:46,479 --> 01:16:52,599
pay this vengeful attitude worries
1536
01:16:49,359 --> 01:16:55,960
Roosevelt and Churchill on this occasion
1537
01:16:52,600 --> 01:16:59,079
the two Western leaders Stand
1538
01:16:55,960 --> 01:17:01,679
Fast if Germany is pillaged and starved
1539
01:16:59,079 --> 01:17:03,920
to appease Stalin how can she be put
1540
01:17:01,679 --> 01:17:06,399
back on her feet it will inevitably be
1541
01:17:03,920 --> 01:17:08,158
funded by us so ultimately we will be
1542
01:17:06,399 --> 01:17:09,599
the one paying Stalin's reparations
1543
01:17:08,158 --> 01:17:12,759
which is clearly a bad
1544
01:17:09,600 --> 01:17:14,079
thing this refusal causes Stalin to dig
1545
01:17:12,760 --> 01:17:17,119
his heels
1546
01:17:14,079 --> 01:17:19,279
in he's vexed and becomes
1547
01:17:17,119 --> 01:17:21,399
suspicious he's angry with his allies
1548
01:17:19,279 --> 01:17:23,479
and becomes
1549
01:17:21,399 --> 01:17:25,119
aggressive frankly look me in the eye
1550
01:17:23,479 --> 01:17:26,198
tell me why do you not want the Soviet
1551
01:17:25,119 --> 01:17:28,399
Union to be
1552
01:17:26,198 --> 01:17:30,119
rebuilt is there some reason in the back
1553
01:17:28,399 --> 01:17:31,799
of your Western Minds why you would be
1554
01:17:30,119 --> 01:17:36,158
against the legitimate reconstruction of
1555
01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:36,159
our country why do you want to undermine
1556
01:17:39,198 --> 01:17:46,439
us first Defiance then the
1557
01:17:43,399 --> 01:17:48,879
bluff Stalin is about to play his trump
1558
01:17:46,439 --> 01:17:51,719
card and for that he will need the
1559
01:17:48,880 --> 01:17:54,440
support of his crony Molotov the two men
1560
01:17:51,719 --> 01:17:57,119
form a Peerless Duo and are both masters
1561
01:17:54,439 --> 01:18:00,678
of the Dark Arts of
1562
01:17:57,119 --> 01:18:04,279
diplomacy Molotov is the bad cop Mr
1563
01:18:00,679 --> 01:18:07,359
nette he's the one who isn't any
1564
01:18:04,279 --> 01:18:09,319
fun and will be immovable on the more
1565
01:18:07,359 --> 01:18:12,079
difficult
1566
01:18:09,319 --> 01:18:15,599
issues and the point where Stalin
1567
01:18:12,079 --> 01:18:19,198
intervenes is when he Smooths the waters
1568
01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:21,360
as if he's saying you're going too far
1569
01:18:19,198 --> 01:18:23,479
you don't have to be so
1570
01:18:21,359 --> 01:18:25,599
harsh at this point
1571
01:18:23,479 --> 01:18:27,718
a total figure for reparations needs to
1572
01:18:25,600 --> 01:18:30,280
be added to the German
1573
01:18:27,719 --> 01:18:32,520
dossier nothing has yet been decided by
1574
01:18:30,279 --> 01:18:35,279
the Soviet delegation other than a
1575
01:18:32,520 --> 01:18:38,320
minimum and a maximum
1576
01:18:35,279 --> 01:18:41,079
figure in his journal Russian Diplomat
1577
01:18:38,319 --> 01:18:44,479
Ivan mey describes the
1578
01:18:41,079 --> 01:18:46,639
scene Molotov sitting Stalin's right
1579
01:18:44,479 --> 01:18:49,678
leans towards him and asks in a worried
1580
01:18:46,639 --> 01:18:52,440
tone should I give them a total yes give
1581
01:18:49,679 --> 01:18:55,960
them a total replies Stalin which one
1582
01:18:52,439 --> 01:18:58,719
five or 10 10 snap
1583
01:18:55,960 --> 01:19:01,439
Stalin it's a way of demonstrating that
1584
01:18:58,719 --> 01:19:02,319
discussions are ongoing that nothing has
1585
01:19:01,439 --> 01:19:04,719
been
1586
01:19:02,319 --> 01:19:06,799
finalized and probably seems more
1587
01:19:04,719 --> 01:19:08,039
reassuring for their counterparts across
1588
01:19:06,800 --> 01:19:12,039
the
1589
01:19:08,039 --> 01:19:15,719
table 10 billion for the USSR it's
1590
01:19:12,039 --> 01:19:18,560
agreed no one says anything Stalin
1591
01:19:15,719 --> 01:19:20,920
assumes that the total has been accepted
1592
01:19:18,560 --> 01:19:22,440
the westerners haven't dared to react
1593
01:19:20,920 --> 01:19:25,840
but this decision will have severe
1594
01:19:22,439 --> 01:19:28,238
consequence later on because Germany is
1595
01:19:25,840 --> 01:19:30,639
incapable of paying such a vast sum the
1596
01:19:28,238 --> 01:19:33,799
Soviets will take payment in kind and
1597
01:19:30,639 --> 01:19:33,800
dismantle Germany's
1598
01:19:35,319 --> 01:19:39,960
industry following this first round of
1599
01:19:37,880 --> 01:19:41,829
negotiations each of the big three will
1600
01:19:39,960 --> 01:19:48,520
retire to his Palace to
1601
01:19:41,829 --> 01:19:51,439
[Music]
1602
01:19:48,520 --> 01:19:53,560
recuperate as usual Stalin buries
1603
01:19:51,439 --> 01:19:55,599
himself in dossier and prepares for the
1604
01:19:53,560 --> 01:19:57,880
next day's
1605
01:19:55,600 --> 01:19:59,789
debates his office desk has been
1606
01:19:57,880 --> 01:20:03,328
preserved exactly as it was
1607
01:19:59,789 --> 01:20:03,328
[Music]
1608
01:20:03,800 --> 01:20:08,880
then in levadia Palace Roosevelt finds a
1609
01:20:07,279 --> 01:20:10,359
little peace and serenity with his
1610
01:20:08,880 --> 01:20:13,359
daughter
1611
01:20:10,359 --> 01:20:15,439
Anna for the last few years she has been
1612
01:20:13,359 --> 01:20:17,158
his Confidant and goes everywhere with
1613
01:20:15,439 --> 01:20:20,399
her
1614
01:20:17,158 --> 01:20:24,079
father she was not only good company in
1615
01:20:20,399 --> 01:20:27,679
the sense of a daughter but she was very
1616
01:20:24,079 --> 01:20:31,238
bright aware and informed we were living
1617
01:20:27,679 --> 01:20:35,440
in the white house so that she was what
1618
01:20:31,238 --> 01:20:39,439
should I say like an assistant not paid
1619
01:20:35,439 --> 01:20:43,439
very informal but uh what we would call
1620
01:20:39,439 --> 01:20:43,439
in English a right-hand
1621
01:20:44,479 --> 01:20:51,000
man 15 km away at the verono Churchill
1622
01:20:48,719 --> 01:20:53,119
is with his daughter Sarah the young
1623
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:54,479
woman is an actress and an AUX Au ilary
1624
01:20:53,119 --> 01:20:57,198
volunteer in the
1625
01:20:54,479 --> 01:20:59,379
RAF Churchill enjoys her cheerful
1626
01:20:57,198 --> 01:21:01,039
Presence at his
1627
01:20:59,380 --> 01:21:03,840
[Music]
1628
01:21:01,039 --> 01:21:06,279
side the young women are delighted to be
1629
01:21:03,840 --> 01:21:08,760
involved and their fathers are happy to
1630
01:21:06,279 --> 01:21:10,840
show off their daughters in uniform
1631
01:21:08,760 --> 01:21:13,199
showing that the whole family is taking
1632
01:21:10,840 --> 01:21:14,480
part and it makes a good impression on
1633
01:21:13,198 --> 01:21:17,119
the
1634
01:21:14,479 --> 01:21:19,839
Entourage and they can do those things
1635
01:21:17,119 --> 01:21:22,800
that not everyone else can for
1636
01:21:19,840 --> 01:21:24,520
example Churchill tends to get up late
1637
01:21:22,800 --> 01:21:27,560
to work in
1638
01:21:24,520 --> 01:21:30,600
bed spends a lot of time in the
1639
01:21:27,560 --> 01:21:32,199
bath so you can't send an aid Deon to
1640
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:35,880
get him out that would just be
1641
01:21:32,198 --> 01:21:35,879
impossible but you can send in his
1642
01:21:40,359 --> 01:21:45,759
daughter most evenings that week one of
1643
01:21:43,119 --> 01:21:48,079
the leaders invites the others to
1644
01:21:45,760 --> 01:21:50,520
supper this is an occasion for more
1645
01:21:48,079 --> 01:21:50,519
informal
1646
01:21:51,639 --> 01:21:55,440
negotiations
1647
01:21:53,359 --> 01:21:57,960
the first of these meals takes place at
1648
01:21:55,439 --> 01:22:00,839
the ladia the Americans take care of the
1649
01:21:57,960 --> 01:22:03,639
service but the Russians provide the
1650
01:22:00,840 --> 01:22:06,350
food and Stalin has made it a point of
1651
01:22:03,639 --> 01:22:09,760
principle to make it
1652
01:22:06,350 --> 01:22:13,440
[Music]
1653
01:22:09,760 --> 01:22:17,199
Sumptuous these are 15 30 course meals
1654
01:22:13,439 --> 01:22:20,000
with caviar cream all kinds of
1655
01:22:17,198 --> 01:22:21,559
things cream is rationed in Britain
1656
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:23,760
people have virtually forgotten what it
1657
01:22:21,560 --> 01:22:26,480
is meanwhile the Soviet people are
1658
01:22:23,760 --> 01:22:28,520
starving to death but Stalin isn't
1659
01:22:26,479 --> 01:22:31,839
interested in that he only cares about
1660
01:22:28,520 --> 01:22:33,320
showing off his power this is Georgian
1661
01:22:31,840 --> 01:22:35,880
and Russian
1662
01:22:33,319 --> 01:22:38,840
Hospitality I'm your host I will do
1663
01:22:35,880 --> 01:22:40,760
anything for you you only have to ask
1664
01:22:38,840 --> 01:22:43,679
psychologically this gives him the upper
1665
01:22:40,760 --> 01:22:47,800
hand I am both your master and your
1666
01:22:43,679 --> 01:22:49,000
servant it's marvelous both marvelous
1667
01:22:47,800 --> 01:22:51,079
and
1668
01:22:49,000 --> 01:22:53,920
menacing everything is dependent on
1669
01:22:51,079 --> 01:22:57,679
Stalin's Goodwill
1670
01:22:53,920 --> 01:23:00,520
that is one of the defining aspects of
1671
01:22:57,679 --> 01:23:02,800
Yalta in order to make sure his guests
1672
01:23:00,520 --> 01:23:06,360
feel at home and well disposed towards
1673
01:23:02,800 --> 01:23:10,199
him Stalin has thought of everything at
1674
01:23:06,359 --> 01:23:10,198
supper the alcohol flows
1675
01:23:12,399 --> 01:23:17,679
freely it's a well-known fact that if
1676
01:23:14,840 --> 01:23:19,679
you want successful negotiations you
1677
01:23:17,679 --> 01:23:22,639
want the delegates to be at their
1678
01:23:19,679 --> 01:23:26,679
ease so food and drink have always been
1679
01:23:22,639 --> 01:23:29,199
part of the means at the hosting power's
1680
01:23:26,679 --> 01:23:31,560
disposal this is a game in itself seeing
1681
01:23:29,198 --> 01:23:35,319
who can drink the most by which I mean
1682
01:23:31,560 --> 01:23:35,320
that alcohol clearly played a part at
1683
01:23:35,639 --> 01:23:41,279
yelta the first supper brought the
1684
01:23:38,079 --> 01:23:46,079
Allies together a new sense of trust
1685
01:23:41,279 --> 01:23:46,079
emerged negotiations began in a fresh
1686
01:23:51,479 --> 01:23:54,479
atmosphere
1687
01:24:02,920 --> 01:24:07,399
to allow everyone to recover from these
1688
01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:10,079
bibulous evenings the plenary sessions
1689
01:24:07,399 --> 01:24:12,559
were planned for late afternoon but
1690
01:24:10,079 --> 01:24:14,039
Stalin Roosevelt and Churchill's cohorts
1691
01:24:12,560 --> 01:24:16,560
spend their morning working on
1692
01:24:14,039 --> 01:24:18,840
preparation for the
1693
01:24:16,560 --> 01:24:20,679
debates they Ponder the possible
1694
01:24:18,840 --> 01:24:23,119
compromises for each
1695
01:24:20,679 --> 01:24:26,399
dossier it will then be left to the big
1696
01:24:23,119 --> 01:24:26,399
three to thrash it
1697
01:24:26,909 --> 01:24:34,198
[Music]
1698
01:24:31,039 --> 01:24:37,439
out on day three February
1699
01:24:34,198 --> 01:24:39,839
6th the Polish dossier is on the
1700
01:24:37,439 --> 01:24:42,439
[Music]
1701
01:24:39,840 --> 01:24:45,199
table this is the prickliest part of the
1702
01:24:42,439 --> 01:24:47,319
conference yet it is also the most
1703
01:24:45,198 --> 01:24:51,359
symbolic as it was in Poland that the
1704
01:24:47,319 --> 01:24:54,000
War Began the Allies must set up a new
1705
01:24:51,359 --> 01:24:56,759
government but they are unable to agree
1706
01:24:54,000 --> 01:24:59,600
on anything Stalin is always considered
1707
01:24:56,760 --> 01:25:02,600
Poland a threat to his
1708
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:04,440
country because throughout history it
1709
01:25:02,600 --> 01:25:06,199
has always been through Poland that
1710
01:25:04,439 --> 01:25:08,960
Russia has been
1711
01:25:06,198 --> 01:25:12,238
invaded therefore Stalin wishes Poland
1712
01:25:08,960 --> 01:25:14,520
to be a friendly state in fact he wants
1713
01:25:12,238 --> 01:25:16,718
to build a defensive buffer all around
1714
01:25:14,520 --> 01:25:20,360
the Soviet Union so that she'll never be
1715
01:25:16,719 --> 01:25:23,118
attacked again the Soviet Union would
1716
01:25:20,359 --> 01:25:26,880
have those as buffer states that was
1717
01:25:23,118 --> 01:25:29,839
understood and it was understood that
1718
01:25:26,880 --> 01:25:32,600
for the Russians that was an essential
1719
01:25:29,840 --> 01:25:35,840
part of their foreign policy and when
1720
01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:38,000
you think about it uh you wouldn't want
1721
01:25:35,840 --> 01:25:41,880
if you were a big state like the Soviet
1722
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:44,000
Union was to have a hostile state right
1723
01:25:41,880 --> 01:25:47,480
on your border no you would want a
1724
01:25:44,000 --> 01:25:49,719
friendly State me but what does a
1725
01:25:47,479 --> 01:25:51,559
friendly state mean is it a country
1726
01:25:49,719 --> 01:25:52,920
whose foreign policy is friendly towards
1727
01:25:51,560 --> 01:25:55,960
the Soviet Union
1728
01:25:52,920 --> 01:25:58,000
and whose domestic policy is completely
1729
01:25:55,960 --> 01:26:00,600
free or is it a country whose
1730
01:25:58,000 --> 01:26:04,079
friendliness will be coopted into
1731
01:26:00,600 --> 01:26:04,079
communization that's a big
1732
01:26:04,279 --> 01:26:08,479
question the British view is that they
1733
01:26:06,760 --> 01:26:10,440
certainly did not declare war against
1734
01:26:08,479 --> 01:26:12,439
Hitler over Poland in order for it to
1735
01:26:10,439 --> 01:26:15,319
become a communist
1736
01:26:12,439 --> 01:26:17,879
state Churchill wants post-war Poland to
1737
01:26:15,319 --> 01:26:20,960
be free and
1738
01:26:17,880 --> 01:26:24,560
independent the British had a long
1739
01:26:20,960 --> 01:26:26,239
tradition of of a friendly Poland the
1740
01:26:24,560 --> 01:26:29,400
British had
1741
01:26:26,238 --> 01:26:33,158
a long-standing trading agreements
1742
01:26:29,399 --> 01:26:36,039
economic and they did not want to have a
1743
01:26:33,158 --> 01:26:38,879
country as big as Poland with its
1744
01:26:36,039 --> 01:26:41,840
natural resources and human
1745
01:26:38,880 --> 01:26:43,960
resources uh under the influence of
1746
01:26:41,840 --> 01:26:47,760
Communism if they could help
1747
01:26:43,960 --> 01:26:50,239
it for Roosevelt far removed from Europe
1748
01:26:47,760 --> 01:26:51,880
the Polish question is incidental but it
1749
01:26:50,238 --> 01:26:54,198
still has some importance for other
1750
01:26:51,880 --> 01:26:54,199
reasons
1751
01:26:55,319 --> 01:26:58,799
6 million American citizens are of
1752
01:26:57,760 --> 01:27:01,639
Polish
1753
01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:04,600
extraction and these citizens mostly
1754
01:27:01,639 --> 01:27:07,639
support Roosevelt's Democratic
1755
01:27:04,600 --> 01:27:10,960
party so he is very conscious of the
1756
01:27:07,639 --> 01:27:10,960
potential situation in
1757
01:27:13,359 --> 01:27:18,920
Poland these polish citizens who took
1758
01:27:15,880 --> 01:27:20,840
refuge in the US are fervent
1759
01:27:18,920 --> 01:27:23,679
anti-communists most of them came to
1760
01:27:20,840 --> 01:27:25,600
America before the first World War but
1761
01:27:23,679 --> 01:27:27,480
they've never forgotten that Stalin and
1762
01:27:25,600 --> 01:27:29,679
Hitler were in accord over the invasion
1763
01:27:27,479 --> 01:27:29,678
of
1764
01:27:33,679 --> 01:27:38,880
Poland these polish Americans along with
1765
01:27:36,560 --> 01:27:41,840
the British support Polish president
1766
01:27:38,880 --> 01:27:43,199
vladislav rakovich who has been in Exile
1767
01:27:41,840 --> 01:27:46,199
in London since
1768
01:27:43,198 --> 01:27:50,000
1940 problem is that another government
1769
01:27:46,198 --> 01:27:50,000
communist this time opposes
1770
01:27:51,118 --> 01:27:56,679
him this Soviet influenced government is
1771
01:27:54,079 --> 01:27:59,039
headed by bisav
1772
01:27:56,679 --> 01:28:01,199
beut it has its headquarters in the
1773
01:27:59,039 --> 01:28:04,319
center of Poland at Lublin and calls
1774
01:28:01,198 --> 01:28:04,319
itself the Lublin
1775
01:28:06,198 --> 01:28:11,439
committee the London and Lublin
1776
01:28:08,439 --> 01:28:13,799
governments detest each other 6 months
1777
01:28:11,439 --> 01:28:17,079
ago an event took place which damaged
1778
01:28:13,800 --> 01:28:17,079
their relationship Beyond
1779
01:28:21,039 --> 01:28:26,639
repair August
1780
01:28:23,560 --> 01:28:29,360
1944 at this point in time the Red Army
1781
01:28:26,639 --> 01:28:29,359
is at the gates of
1782
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:36,400
Warsaw from London rakovich decides to
1783
01:28:33,880 --> 01:28:36,400
trigger an
1784
01:28:37,039 --> 01:28:41,079
Insurrection he wants the Polish
1785
01:28:39,000 --> 01:28:43,600
resistance to liberate their Capital
1786
01:28:41,079 --> 01:28:46,600
before the Communists do to give him the
1787
01:28:43,600 --> 01:28:46,600
upper hand in the future
1788
01:28:48,520 --> 01:28:54,520
government but the German repost is
1789
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:57,198
ferocious for 63 days the resistance is
1790
01:28:54,520 --> 01:28:57,199
relentlessly
1791
01:29:00,359 --> 01:29:07,158
crushed Stalin coldly allows this to
1792
01:29:03,279 --> 01:29:07,158
happen and orders the Red Army to do
1793
01:29:12,920 --> 01:29:20,920
nothing the Nazis Massacre 200,000 poles
1794
01:29:17,920 --> 01:29:23,920
90% of the Polish capital is
1795
01:29:20,920 --> 01:29:23,920
destroyed
1796
01:29:25,118 --> 01:29:30,719
2 months later Stalin reaps the benefits
1797
01:29:28,279 --> 01:29:38,028
and installs a communist government in
1798
01:29:30,720 --> 01:29:38,029
[Music]
1799
01:29:38,279 --> 01:29:43,840
wara Stalin's actions cast a PA over the
1800
01:29:41,238 --> 01:29:45,559
Yalta negotiations Churchill has never
1801
01:29:43,840 --> 01:29:48,039
been able to stomach the fact that
1802
01:29:45,560 --> 01:29:50,920
Stalin let the Warsaw insurgents perish
1803
01:29:48,039 --> 01:29:52,920
without coming to their
1804
01:29:50,920 --> 01:29:55,039
aid
1805
01:29:52,920 --> 01:29:58,319
at this point he understands that he's
1806
01:29:55,039 --> 01:30:00,840
not dealing with some vanular good chap
1807
01:29:58,319 --> 01:30:03,399
but that he could not be fully trusted
1808
01:30:00,840 --> 01:30:07,239
and was actually a dangerous
1809
01:30:03,399 --> 01:30:09,439
hoodlum and finally that even if Hitler
1810
01:30:07,238 --> 01:30:11,879
had to be removed
1811
01:30:09,439 --> 01:30:15,399
first they would have similar problems
1812
01:30:11,880 --> 01:30:15,400
with Stalin after the
1813
01:30:16,760 --> 01:30:22,840
war but now in Yalta the Allies must put
1814
01:30:20,639 --> 01:30:25,719
suspicion and ranker as side and build
1815
01:30:22,840 --> 01:30:25,719
Poland's future
1816
01:30:25,760 --> 01:30:32,119
government the speculation is over which
1817
01:30:28,479 --> 01:30:32,118
political model it will be based
1818
01:30:33,439 --> 01:30:39,279
on obviously the anglo-american point of
1819
01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:41,079
view is that they should build a United
1820
01:30:39,279 --> 01:30:43,118
national
1821
01:30:41,079 --> 01:30:46,439
government from Poland's different
1822
01:30:43,118 --> 01:30:46,439
anti-fascist political
1823
01:30:47,118 --> 01:30:53,519
groups the Soviets and Stalin see it
1824
01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:56,840
simply as a matter of using the Warsaw
1825
01:30:53,520 --> 01:30:59,320
government as it is with the addition of
1826
01:30:56,840 --> 01:30:59,319
a few
1827
01:31:00,630 --> 01:31:06,840
[Music]
1828
01:31:02,920 --> 01:31:08,359
members a political arm wrestle ensues
1829
01:31:06,840 --> 01:31:10,800
Stalin does not want to hear about the
1830
01:31:08,359 --> 01:31:13,158
London based government on the other
1831
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:15,159
hand each time Churchill or Roosevelt
1832
01:31:13,158 --> 01:31:16,638
try to compromise by suggesting
1833
01:31:15,158 --> 01:31:19,920
potential members to bring into the
1834
01:31:16,639 --> 01:31:22,560
Lublin Administration he refuses and why
1835
01:31:19,920 --> 01:31:24,520
would he agree Stalin knows he's in a
1836
01:31:22,560 --> 01:31:28,080
position of
1837
01:31:24,520 --> 01:31:29,360
strength the Soviet Union troops were in
1838
01:31:28,079 --> 01:31:31,800
those
1839
01:31:29,359 --> 01:31:35,359
countries occupying those countries
1840
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:38,520
although the word occupy is not uh used
1841
01:31:35,359 --> 01:31:42,238
but nevertheless they were there and
1842
01:31:38,520 --> 01:31:46,040
there you know it's the Soviet Union
1843
01:31:42,238 --> 01:31:48,959
influence you can in hindsight you can
1844
01:31:46,039 --> 01:31:48,960
say was
1845
01:31:50,158 --> 01:31:55,238
inevitable the allies cannot find a way
1846
01:31:52,679 --> 01:31:56,920
to agree and little by little things
1847
01:31:55,238 --> 01:32:00,198
become
1848
01:31:56,920 --> 01:32:03,560
heated Stalin becomes increasingly
1849
01:32:00,198 --> 01:32:07,879
agitated at his side Ian myi is
1850
01:32:03,560 --> 01:32:11,280
petrified he describes the scene in his
1851
01:32:07,880 --> 01:32:13,800
diary suddenly Stalin got up and started
1852
01:32:11,279 --> 01:32:15,359
gesticulating with his right arm such
1853
01:32:13,800 --> 01:32:17,880
Behavior was inappropriate for a
1854
01:32:15,359 --> 01:32:20,679
conference of the big three he started
1855
01:32:17,880 --> 01:32:23,239
talking in an unusually overwrought
1856
01:32:20,679 --> 01:32:26,480
manner
1857
01:32:23,238 --> 01:32:29,198
Stalin is a very taciturn and calm
1858
01:32:26,479 --> 01:32:32,118
character other than on a few occasions
1859
01:32:29,198 --> 01:32:35,359
when he gets very angry these occasions
1860
01:32:32,118 --> 01:32:38,479
have a mounting influence on the debate
1861
01:32:35,359 --> 01:32:40,960
the fact that he will suddenly stand up
1862
01:32:38,479 --> 01:32:43,879
and launch an impassioned tiate on a
1863
01:32:40,960 --> 01:32:46,279
certain subject is a very clear way of
1864
01:32:43,880 --> 01:32:49,920
showing his counterparts that there are
1865
01:32:46,279 --> 01:32:53,279
matters on which he's not prepared to
1866
01:32:49,920 --> 01:32:54,920
compromise the Soviet leader tyde floors
1867
01:32:53,279 --> 01:32:58,679
his
1868
01:32:54,920 --> 01:33:02,399
allies Hopkins who witnesses the debacle
1869
01:32:58,679 --> 01:33:02,399
slips a note to the presiding
1870
01:33:02,719 --> 01:33:07,039
Rosevelt why not end this here for the
1871
01:33:05,039 --> 01:33:09,679
day let's say we'll talk further
1872
01:33:07,039 --> 01:33:09,679
tomorrow at
1873
01:33:10,319 --> 01:33:15,519
7:15 better to leave things as they are
1874
01:33:12,960 --> 01:33:17,920
and start aresh the next
1875
01:33:15,520 --> 01:33:20,560
day the skill with which Stalin
1876
01:33:17,920 --> 01:33:22,359
negotiates is obvious to
1877
01:33:20,560 --> 01:33:25,159
everyone
1878
01:33:22,359 --> 01:33:28,439
Uncle Joe as the westerners know him has
1879
01:33:25,158 --> 01:33:31,158
a hypnotic hold over the
1880
01:33:28,439 --> 01:33:33,839
delegations in his room that night the
1881
01:33:31,158 --> 01:33:36,599
Diplomat Alexander kadan
1882
01:33:33,840 --> 01:33:38,600
writes I must say I think Uncle Joe is
1883
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:40,639
the most impressive of the three men
1884
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:43,280
he's very calm and reserved when he
1885
01:33:40,639 --> 01:33:45,199
speaks he never uses a Superfluous word
1886
01:33:43,279 --> 01:33:47,679
and gets straight to the
1887
01:33:45,198 --> 01:33:50,559
point the British Secretary of State
1888
01:33:47,679 --> 01:33:53,679
Anthony Eden is no less
1889
01:33:50,560 --> 01:33:57,600
impressed by more subtle methods he got
1890
01:33:53,679 --> 01:33:57,600
what he wanted without having seemed too
1891
01:33:58,719 --> 01:34:04,560
obdurate however Stalin's success cannot
1892
01:34:01,960 --> 01:34:07,520
merely be attributed to his negotiating
1893
01:34:04,560 --> 01:34:10,800
talents in fact unknown to Eden and
1894
01:34:07,520 --> 01:34:13,400
kugan Uncle Joe's apparatchik had been
1895
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:15,199
spying on his allies before the alter
1896
01:34:13,399 --> 01:34:18,118
conference even begins he knew
1897
01:34:15,198 --> 01:34:18,118
everything that was going
1898
01:34:20,479 --> 01:34:24,479
on
1899
01:34:22,639 --> 01:34:27,159
preparations for the alter conference
1900
01:34:24,479 --> 01:34:30,439
lasted several
1901
01:34:27,158 --> 01:34:32,719
months at the time Russian Information
1902
01:34:30,439 --> 01:34:35,000
Services were well implanted in England
1903
01:34:32,719 --> 01:34:35,000
and the
1904
01:34:36,279 --> 01:34:41,719
USA our agents were providing us with
1905
01:34:39,319 --> 01:34:44,079
exhaustive details of how Churchill and
1906
01:34:41,719 --> 01:34:46,198
Roosevelt were preparing for the
1907
01:34:44,079 --> 01:34:48,439
conference we knew exactly what they
1908
01:34:46,198 --> 01:34:50,158
were planning to discuss and on which
1909
01:34:48,439 --> 01:34:53,479
positions they were going to stand firm
1910
01:34:50,158 --> 01:34:53,479
during negotiations
1911
01:34:54,880 --> 01:34:59,600
to ensure they did not miss a thing the
1912
01:34:57,399 --> 01:35:01,759
Russian Secret Service had also bugged
1913
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:01,760
the
1914
01:35:03,880 --> 01:35:10,600
Palaces Churchill and Roosevelt knew
1915
01:35:07,198 --> 01:35:13,118
this what they didn't realize a little
1916
01:35:10,600 --> 01:35:15,920
naively is that when they went to the
1917
01:35:13,118 --> 01:35:18,198
park to discuss confidential matters
1918
01:35:15,920 --> 01:35:20,960
everything was being picked up by
1919
01:35:18,198 --> 01:35:22,079
multi-directional microphones which were
1920
01:35:20,960 --> 01:35:24,600
everywhere
1921
01:35:22,079 --> 01:35:26,719
they were in the trees the bushes and
1922
01:35:24,600 --> 01:35:29,320
they capture any conversation in a
1923
01:35:26,719 --> 01:35:31,800
radius of several
1924
01:35:29,319 --> 01:35:34,359
meters Stalin does not treat this
1925
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:37,520
information lightly he does not want to
1926
01:35:34,359 --> 01:35:39,639
miss a shred he even insists that his
1927
01:35:37,520 --> 01:35:42,280
spies personally report back to him
1928
01:35:39,639 --> 01:35:42,279
everything they've
1929
01:35:42,380 --> 01:35:45,479
[Music]
1930
01:35:45,880 --> 01:35:51,920
heard Salin wanted to know how things
1931
01:35:48,800 --> 01:35:54,119
were said he even insisted that
1932
01:35:51,920 --> 01:35:56,039
dialogues were repeated using the same
1933
01:35:54,118 --> 01:35:58,238
intonations that Churchill and Roosevelt
1934
01:35:56,039 --> 01:35:58,238
had
1935
01:35:59,198 --> 01:36:03,319
used the cards used in the Yalta poker
1936
01:36:02,039 --> 01:36:06,319
game are
1937
01:36:03,319 --> 01:36:08,719
marked Stalin knows exactly what hands
1938
01:36:06,319 --> 01:36:11,920
his opponents
1939
01:36:08,719 --> 01:36:14,000
have he knows exactly where he's heading
1940
01:36:11,920 --> 01:36:16,560
while his allies are feeling their way
1941
01:36:14,000 --> 01:36:16,560
around in the
1942
01:36:20,319 --> 01:36:23,319
dark
1943
01:36:38,639 --> 01:36:43,600
day four of negotiations and the Polish
1944
01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:46,000
dossier needs to be
1945
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:48,560
finalized thanks to the information
1946
01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:50,000
gathered the previous day Stalin knows
1947
01:36:48,560 --> 01:36:52,239
that his allies are prepared to
1948
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:54,039
sacrifice Poland in order to get what
1949
01:36:52,238 --> 01:36:56,959
they want from other
1950
01:36:54,039 --> 01:36:58,479
dossier the UN and Japan are uppermost
1951
01:36:56,960 --> 01:37:01,000
in Roosevelt's
1952
01:36:58,479 --> 01:37:03,879
mind the dossier Churchill cares about
1953
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:07,520
most is not on the table at Yalta but is
1954
01:37:03,880 --> 01:37:10,639
an underlying issue it's
1955
01:37:07,520 --> 01:37:12,480
Greece Greece is a former British
1956
01:37:10,639 --> 01:37:14,440
protectorate it is an important
1957
01:37:12,479 --> 01:37:16,919
strategic asset for the British as
1958
01:37:14,439 --> 01:37:20,198
Greece opens the path to the Suz Canal
1959
01:37:16,920 --> 01:37:23,199
which gives them access to their
1960
01:37:20,198 --> 01:37:23,198
colonies
1961
01:37:24,600 --> 01:37:29,520
but for the last 2 years Greece has been
1962
01:37:26,679 --> 01:37:31,079
in the throws of a violent Civil War the
1963
01:37:29,520 --> 01:37:33,360
Communists are trying to overthrow the
1964
01:37:31,079 --> 01:37:35,198
king control the countryside and are on
1965
01:37:33,359 --> 01:37:37,479
the verge of taking
1966
01:37:35,198 --> 01:37:39,519
power if Greece were to fall to the
1967
01:37:37,479 --> 01:37:41,439
Communists the future of the entire
1968
01:37:39,520 --> 01:37:44,800
British Empire could be at
1969
01:37:41,439 --> 01:37:47,759
stake Jill dreads this terrible
1970
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:50,480
scenario in order to avoid this he makes
1971
01:37:47,760 --> 01:37:53,199
the first move and becomes embroiled in
1972
01:37:50,479 --> 01:37:53,198
perilous bargain
1973
01:37:54,800 --> 01:38:02,079
in in October 1944 4 months before Yalta
1974
01:37:59,760 --> 01:38:04,280
the British prime minister meets Stalin
1975
01:38:02,079 --> 01:38:07,000
face to face in
1976
01:38:04,279 --> 01:38:08,880
Moscow at the time Roosevelt is in the
1977
01:38:07,000 --> 01:38:11,479
midst of a reelection
1978
01:38:08,880 --> 01:38:13,599
campaign Churchill uses the opportunity
1979
01:38:11,479 --> 01:38:16,039
of the American president's absence to
1980
01:38:13,599 --> 01:38:18,520
forge a secret pact with Stalin over
1981
01:38:16,039 --> 01:38:18,519
Europe's
1982
01:38:18,719 --> 01:38:25,198
future so when we talk about dividing up
1983
01:38:21,800 --> 01:38:28,560
the world it wasn't done at yter but
1984
01:38:25,198 --> 01:38:31,598
when Churchill and Stalin met in
1985
01:38:28,560 --> 01:38:33,599
Moscow the document scribbled on a scrap
1986
01:38:31,599 --> 01:38:36,400
of paper in Churchill's hand is
1987
01:38:33,599 --> 01:38:36,400
annotated by
1988
01:38:36,599 --> 01:38:41,760
Stalin like two Grocers they have
1989
01:38:39,520 --> 01:38:44,320
mutually agreed their shares at the East
1990
01:38:41,760 --> 01:38:47,440
European
1991
01:38:44,319 --> 01:38:52,158
crop Russia gets 90% of
1992
01:38:47,439 --> 01:38:56,000
Romania the Soviets get 75% of Bulgaria
1993
01:38:52,158 --> 01:38:56,000
Britain gets 90% of
1994
01:38:56,359 --> 01:39:01,519
Greece when he gets to Yalta churel is
1995
01:38:59,439 --> 01:39:04,000
hoping that Stalin will remember this
1996
01:39:01,520 --> 01:39:06,280
agreement in order to ensure the Soviet
1997
01:39:04,000 --> 01:39:08,000
leader leaves him a free hand in Greece
1998
01:39:06,279 --> 01:39:10,599
the British prime minister is prepared
1999
01:39:08,000 --> 01:39:14,000
to hang Poland out to
2000
01:39:10,599 --> 01:39:16,279
dry this agreement on percentages is in
2001
01:39:14,000 --> 01:39:17,560
sharp contrast with the idea of an
2002
01:39:16,279 --> 01:39:19,840
immovable
2003
01:39:17,560 --> 01:39:23,000
Churchill he would never have agreed to
2004
01:39:19,840 --> 01:39:25,520
compromise on any European zones or
2005
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:25,520
spheres of
2006
01:39:26,210 --> 01:39:31,000
[Music]
2007
01:39:27,760 --> 01:39:33,159
influence to avoid upsetting Stalin the
2008
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:34,800
Western Powers end up being conciliatory
2009
01:39:33,158 --> 01:39:36,879
on the Polish
2010
01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:38,880
question on the fourth day of
2011
01:39:36,880 --> 01:39:42,279
negotiations the American and the
2012
01:39:38,880 --> 01:39:46,480
Britain Dro rovi's government in Exile
2013
01:39:42,279 --> 01:39:49,079
and recognize Beer's communist Lublin
2014
01:39:46,479 --> 01:39:51,479
government in exchange Churchill and
2015
01:39:49,079 --> 01:39:53,880
Rosevelt win places for non communist
2016
01:39:51,479 --> 01:39:56,359
ministers in the Lublin
2017
01:39:53,880 --> 01:39:58,480
government Stalin also commits to
2018
01:39:56,359 --> 01:40:00,559
organizing free elections in postwar
2019
01:39:58,479 --> 01:40:04,118
Poland as well as in all of the other
2020
01:40:00,560 --> 01:40:04,119
countries liberated by the Red
2021
01:40:04,279 --> 01:40:09,759
Army the phrase free elections sounds
2022
01:40:07,599 --> 01:40:14,000
like a victory for the West even though
2023
01:40:09,760 --> 01:40:14,000
Stalin has given them no guarantees
2024
01:40:14,079 --> 01:40:19,079
whatsoever they managed to get from
2025
01:40:16,560 --> 01:40:21,560
Stalin was a declaration of Good
2026
01:40:19,079 --> 01:40:24,158
Intentions and formulas which would
2027
01:40:21,560 --> 01:40:26,520
allow them to save face in their
2028
01:40:24,158 --> 01:40:30,039
respective
2029
01:40:26,520 --> 01:40:32,400
parliaments they only just managed that
2030
01:40:30,039 --> 01:40:35,639
but what more could they
2031
01:40:32,399 --> 01:40:37,519
do but how were free elections
2032
01:40:35,639 --> 01:40:40,760
conceivable when the country was
2033
01:40:37,520 --> 01:40:44,199
completely occupied by the Red Army this
2034
01:40:40,760 --> 01:40:46,639
is where the Western leaders were
2035
01:40:44,198 --> 01:40:48,879
deluded for in exchange for these
2036
01:40:46,639 --> 01:40:51,639
promises the Western leaders have done
2037
01:40:48,880 --> 01:40:53,520
Stalin a huge favor
2038
01:40:51,639 --> 01:40:55,880
they allow him to construct a defensive
2039
01:40:53,520 --> 01:40:56,920
buffer by attaching part of Poland to
2040
01:40:55,880 --> 01:41:00,319
the Soviet
2041
01:40:56,920 --> 01:41:03,079
Union in return Poland will at a later
2042
01:41:00,319 --> 01:41:07,359
stage gain German territories allowing
2043
01:41:03,079 --> 01:41:07,359
the country a gradual transition to the
2044
01:41:09,479 --> 01:41:15,359
West Stalin has got full marks for the
2045
01:41:12,439 --> 01:41:18,319
Polish dossier the Soviet leader has got
2046
01:41:15,359 --> 01:41:22,839
everything he wanted his allies hope
2047
01:41:18,319 --> 01:41:22,840
that he will not forget this
2048
01:41:36,359 --> 01:41:41,439
it's February 8th and the sun shines
2049
01:41:38,920 --> 01:41:44,760
brightly in the Crimean
2050
01:41:41,439 --> 01:41:46,678
Sky Roosevelt is on edge as discussions
2051
01:41:44,760 --> 01:41:49,320
are about to begin about
2052
01:41:46,679 --> 01:41:52,440
Japan the American president desperately
2053
01:41:49,319 --> 01:41:54,639
needs Stalin's support
2054
01:41:52,439 --> 01:41:57,118
to make sure things go in his favor he
2055
01:41:54,639 --> 01:42:00,039
invites Stalin to share a martini just
2056
01:41:57,118 --> 01:42:00,039
before the plenary
2057
01:42:00,960 --> 01:42:06,319
session Churchill has not been informed
2058
01:42:03,599 --> 01:42:08,279
of this trist and the meeting takes
2059
01:42:06,319 --> 01:42:10,439
place behind his
2060
01:42:08,279 --> 01:42:12,279
back Rosevelt is afraid that the
2061
01:42:10,439 --> 01:42:15,598
impetuous Englishman will stop him
2062
01:42:12,279 --> 01:42:18,639
negotiating freely and upset the apple
2063
01:42:15,599 --> 01:42:22,760
cart the US president is also a great
2064
01:42:18,639 --> 01:42:22,760
believer in heart tohe hearts
2065
01:42:22,960 --> 01:42:30,079
he believed in having a personal rapport
2066
01:42:27,079 --> 01:42:33,479
with Joseph Stalin and I think FDR felt
2067
01:42:30,079 --> 01:42:38,599
that he could have influence on Joseph
2068
01:42:33,479 --> 01:42:41,519
Stalin with a rapport that he was
2069
01:42:38,599 --> 01:42:46,360
developing but such things do not work
2070
01:42:41,520 --> 01:42:48,199
with Stalin no he had no idea how cruel
2071
01:42:46,359 --> 01:42:53,199
Stalin
2072
01:42:48,198 --> 01:42:56,329
was how devoid of human sentiment he
2073
01:42:53,199 --> 01:42:56,329
[Music]
2074
01:42:57,279 --> 01:43:02,679
was at this time the American campaign
2075
01:43:00,359 --> 01:43:05,839
in the Pacific is suffering heavy losses
2076
01:43:02,679 --> 01:43:08,118
against the fanatical Japanese Army the
2077
01:43:05,840 --> 01:43:10,560
top brass estimates that without Russian
2078
01:43:08,118 --> 01:43:12,399
help the war could last for another year
2079
01:43:10,560 --> 01:43:14,760
and cost the lives of more than half a
2080
01:43:12,399 --> 01:43:14,759
million
2081
01:43:15,198 --> 01:43:22,678
GIS roselt is determined to avoid this
2082
01:43:19,679 --> 01:43:22,679
Bloodbath
2083
01:43:22,880 --> 01:43:29,719
Stalin knows this and raises the
2084
01:43:26,079 --> 01:43:32,880
stakes in return for Soviet Canon fder
2085
01:43:29,719 --> 01:43:36,039
he wants territory and he is
2086
01:43:32,880 --> 01:43:39,920
greedy he demands sakin Island and the
2087
01:43:36,039 --> 01:43:41,158
kuril islands but also control of Port
2088
01:43:39,920 --> 01:43:45,118
Arthur
2089
01:43:41,158 --> 01:43:45,118
dyen and the Manchurian
2090
01:43:45,639 --> 01:43:51,279
Railway negotiations don't dwell on
2091
01:43:48,319 --> 01:43:53,319
kuril and sahalin as they belong to
2092
01:43:51,279 --> 01:43:55,319
Japan and the Americans are more than
2093
01:43:53,319 --> 01:43:57,960
happy to hand over Japanese territory to
2094
01:43:55,319 --> 01:44:00,960
the Soviets but dyen and Port Arthur are
2095
01:43:57,960 --> 01:44:03,560
troubling because they belong to China
2096
01:44:00,960 --> 01:44:04,719
China means changai Sheek and he's an
2097
01:44:03,560 --> 01:44:09,080
ally of the
2098
01:44:04,719 --> 01:44:11,880
US and he wasn't invited to yelta so
2099
01:44:09,079 --> 01:44:14,158
Roosevelt could be censured notably by
2100
01:44:11,880 --> 01:44:16,639
the senate for making concessions to
2101
01:44:14,158 --> 01:44:19,439
Stalin to the detriment of an ally it's
2102
01:44:16,639 --> 01:44:19,440
a very delicate
2103
01:44:19,599 --> 01:44:23,679
situation
2104
01:44:21,158 --> 01:44:27,279
but then Stalin in his turn tries to
2105
01:44:23,679 --> 01:44:29,560
mify Roosevelt he will use his charm to
2106
01:44:27,279 --> 01:44:32,439
find a solution and convince changai
2107
01:44:29,560 --> 01:44:34,599
Sheek to accept the
2108
01:44:32,439 --> 01:44:38,079
situation Roosevelt's interpreter
2109
01:44:34,599 --> 01:44:40,639
Charles Bolan reports in his
2110
01:44:38,079 --> 01:44:42,639
Memoirs Stalin said that it was clear
2111
01:44:40,639 --> 01:44:44,719
that if his conditions were not met it
2112
01:44:42,639 --> 01:44:46,760
would be difficult for him and Molotov
2113
01:44:44,719 --> 01:44:49,480
to explain to the people why the Soviet
2114
01:44:46,760 --> 01:44:51,039
Union was entering the war against Japan
2115
01:44:49,479 --> 01:44:53,959
it was obvious that rosev El was
2116
01:44:51,039 --> 01:44:53,960
bothered by what he was
2117
01:44:54,840 --> 01:45:00,520
doing Roosevelt waivers but faced with
2118
01:44:58,118 --> 01:45:02,719
Soviet intransigence swallows his
2119
01:45:00,520 --> 01:45:05,040
Scruples his main aim is to bring this
2120
01:45:02,719 --> 01:45:08,800
war to an
2121
01:45:05,039 --> 01:45:12,118
end his chines allies are sacrificed
2122
01:45:08,800 --> 01:45:14,159
along with dyen and Port Arthur he'll
2123
01:45:12,118 --> 01:45:16,559
sort things out with Jan kashk once the
2124
01:45:14,158 --> 01:45:16,559
war is
2125
01:45:19,479 --> 01:45:23,759
over
2126
01:45:21,719 --> 01:45:24,800
the American president can be pleased
2127
01:45:23,760 --> 01:45:28,440
with
2128
01:45:24,800 --> 01:45:31,599
himself he has achieved his
2129
01:45:28,439 --> 01:45:32,279
objectives not just over Japan but also
2130
01:45:31,599 --> 01:45:35,079
the
2131
01:45:32,279 --> 01:45:37,559
UN the new organization which Roosevelt
2132
01:45:35,079 --> 01:45:40,118
wants to see Harbors the ambition of
2133
01:45:37,560 --> 01:45:42,920
bringing peace to the
2134
01:45:40,118 --> 01:45:45,759
world Stalin has agreed in principle to
2135
01:45:42,920 --> 01:45:48,440
be a part of this peacekeeping
2136
01:45:45,760 --> 01:45:52,119
organization the ussr's de facto
2137
01:45:48,439 --> 01:45:54,759
participation is far from in the bad
2138
01:45:52,118 --> 01:45:57,759
but it is a
2139
01:45:54,760 --> 01:46:00,440
start it's quite a coup to get Stalin to
2140
01:45:57,760 --> 01:46:03,079
admit that he'll send Molotov to dumart
2141
01:46:00,439 --> 01:46:05,198
and Oaks for preliminary
2142
01:46:03,079 --> 01:46:08,399
negotiations for Stalin this is a big
2143
01:46:05,198 --> 01:46:12,319
concession and Stalin keeps saying so
2144
01:46:08,399 --> 01:46:14,638
this un thing of yours can I really send
2145
01:46:12,319 --> 01:46:17,279
Molotov I'm not
2146
01:46:14,639 --> 01:46:22,400
sure he's playing a game of cat and
2147
01:46:17,279 --> 01:46:22,399
mouse and he's good at it
2148
01:46:27,869 --> 01:46:37,840
[Music]
2149
01:46:43,560 --> 01:46:49,119
day six of
2150
01:46:45,439 --> 01:46:51,319
negotiations on February 9th 1945
2151
01:46:49,118 --> 01:46:53,198
Churchill Rosevelt and Stalin can
2152
01:46:51,319 --> 01:46:54,079
display their Good Humor for the throng
2153
01:46:53,198 --> 01:46:57,719
of
2154
01:46:54,079 --> 01:47:00,118
photographers the UN Japan Germany
2155
01:46:57,719 --> 01:47:02,198
Poland The Big Three have managed to
2156
01:47:00,118 --> 01:47:04,799
reach compromises on each of these
2157
01:47:02,198 --> 01:47:07,439
dossier and each of them Has Come Away
2158
01:47:04,800 --> 01:47:10,000
with what they wanted the
2159
01:47:07,439 --> 01:47:12,559
most Churchill has proved himself the
2160
01:47:10,000 --> 01:47:14,399
equal of his two powerful counterparts
2161
01:47:12,560 --> 01:47:16,480
and has hoisted France into the realm of
2162
01:47:14,399 --> 01:47:19,439
the victors and got them an occupation
2163
01:47:16,479 --> 01:47:21,319
Zone in Germany the American president
2164
01:47:19,439 --> 01:47:23,079
has got a green light from Stalin over
2165
01:47:21,319 --> 01:47:25,799
the UN and
2166
01:47:23,079 --> 01:47:28,118
Japan and along with Churchill he has
2167
01:47:25,800 --> 01:47:30,119
also got Stalin to agree to organize
2168
01:47:28,118 --> 01:47:32,439
free elections on Poland and Eastern
2169
01:47:30,118 --> 01:47:35,759
Europe after the
2170
01:47:32,439 --> 01:47:37,919
war but it is the Soviet leader who hits
2171
01:47:35,760 --> 01:47:37,920
the
2172
01:47:38,719 --> 01:47:44,039
jackpot without question it's the Soviet
2173
01:47:41,599 --> 01:47:46,599
Union and Stalin Who come out on top in
2174
01:47:44,039 --> 01:47:49,039
the yter conference Stalin has got what
2175
01:47:46,599 --> 01:47:51,400
he wanted regarding
2176
01:47:49,039 --> 01:47:52,599
Poland and pretty much what he wanted
2177
01:47:51,399 --> 01:47:57,158
regarding
2178
01:47:52,599 --> 01:47:57,159
Germany certainly where reparations are
2179
01:47:59,198 --> 01:48:04,039
concerned this image of Perfect Harmony
2180
01:48:01,760 --> 01:48:07,360
between the big three goes around the
2181
01:48:04,039 --> 01:48:10,519
world but the image is
2182
01:48:07,359 --> 01:48:13,079
deceptive Ed Yalta Stalin Roosevelt and
2183
01:48:10,520 --> 01:48:15,199
Churchill made a point of trying to get
2184
01:48:13,079 --> 01:48:18,079
along they wanted to preserve the
2185
01:48:15,198 --> 01:48:21,279
alliance while the war was still going
2186
01:48:18,079 --> 01:48:23,519
on but ultimately each of them defended
2187
01:48:21,279 --> 01:48:26,319
his own World Vision and his own
2188
01:48:23,520 --> 01:48:29,000
interests the Yalta Agreements are
2189
01:48:26,319 --> 01:48:31,198
precarious they are born of compromise
2190
01:48:29,000 --> 01:48:34,679
and rest upon a fragile unanimity
2191
01:48:31,198 --> 01:48:34,678
between three exceptional
2192
01:48:35,479 --> 01:48:42,039
characters however come the end of
2193
01:48:38,079 --> 01:48:42,039
negotiations everyone wants to
2194
01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:47,679
believe that evening the delegations
2195
01:48:45,800 --> 01:48:52,199
drink toasts to friendship between
2196
01:48:47,679 --> 01:48:52,199
nations and peace for all Humanity
2197
01:48:53,079 --> 01:48:57,439
but this hope will be
2198
01:48:54,800 --> 01:49:01,000
shortlived this aant celebrated by The
2199
01:48:57,439 --> 01:49:01,000
Big Three will soon
2200
01:49:01,199 --> 01:49:04,369
[Music]
2201
01:49:06,989 --> 01:49:11,118
[Music]
2202
01:49:07,420 --> 01:49:14,319
[Applause]
2203
01:49:11,118 --> 01:49:17,000
shatter a mere 3 weeks after the end of
2204
01:49:14,319 --> 01:49:18,319
the conference Stalin rides rough Shard
2205
01:49:17,000 --> 01:49:20,479
over the Yalta
2206
01:49:18,319 --> 01:49:23,439
agreements with the Red Army still
2207
01:49:20,479 --> 01:49:25,399
occupying Romania he organizes a power
2208
01:49:23,439 --> 01:49:28,000
grab by the
2209
01:49:25,399 --> 01:49:29,559
Communists in Poland every time his
2210
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:31,520
allies put forward the name of a
2211
01:49:29,560 --> 01:49:34,159
non-communist minister to join the
2212
01:49:31,520 --> 01:49:36,360
government Stalin
2213
01:49:34,158 --> 01:49:38,719
declines the hither to confident
2214
01:49:36,359 --> 01:49:42,479
Roosevelt becomes
2215
01:49:38,719 --> 01:49:45,118
anxious post Yalta Roosevelt became
2216
01:49:42,479 --> 01:49:47,399
disillusioned he realized that the
2217
01:49:45,118 --> 01:49:51,289
Stalin he thought he knew bore little
2218
01:49:47,399 --> 01:49:52,519
resemblance to the real Stalin
2219
01:49:51,289 --> 01:49:55,198
[Music]
2220
01:49:52,520 --> 01:49:57,040
Stalin on April 1st the American
2221
01:49:55,198 --> 01:50:00,519
president sends a Long Telegram to his
2222
01:49:57,039 --> 01:50:00,519
friend Stalin seeking
2223
01:50:00,920 --> 01:50:05,560
explanations I cannot conceal from you
2224
01:50:03,599 --> 01:50:07,920
the concern with which I view the
2225
01:50:05,560 --> 01:50:10,520
development of events of mutual interest
2226
01:50:07,920 --> 01:50:12,840
since our fruitful meeting at Yalta
2227
01:50:10,520 --> 01:50:15,280
events in which our common interests
2228
01:50:12,840 --> 01:50:16,679
were at stake I frankly cannot
2229
01:50:15,279 --> 01:50:18,960
understand why the recent events in
2230
01:50:16,679 --> 01:50:22,158
Romania should not be regarded as not
2231
01:50:18,960 --> 01:50:24,480
falling within the term of that
2232
01:50:22,158 --> 01:50:26,319
agreement but Roosevelt's warnings fall
2233
01:50:24,479 --> 01:50:29,198
on deaf Soviet
2234
01:50:26,319 --> 01:50:31,118
ears Stalin ruthlessly follows through
2235
01:50:29,198 --> 01:50:33,279
with his plan and keeps installing
2236
01:50:31,118 --> 01:50:36,238
communist regimes in Eastern
2237
01:50:33,279 --> 01:50:38,639
Europe Roosevelt dies 11 days after
2238
01:50:36,238 --> 01:50:41,118
sending the telegram never to see the
2239
01:50:38,639 --> 01:50:43,800
full extent of Stalin's
2240
01:50:41,118 --> 01:50:46,039
betrayal Churchill who to widespread
2241
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:47,960
shock loses the general election can
2242
01:50:46,039 --> 01:50:51,719
only sit powerless and watch their
2243
01:50:47,960 --> 01:50:54,118
master plan unravel
2244
01:50:51,719 --> 01:50:56,399
The Big Three did not bring long awaited
2245
01:50:54,118 --> 01:50:59,319
Global paace into the world at
2246
01:50:56,399 --> 01:51:00,638
Yalta the dream of Brotherhood was
2247
01:50:59,319 --> 01:51:03,639
nothing more than an
2248
01:51:00,639 --> 01:51:06,639
illusion soon these former allies would
2249
01:51:03,639 --> 01:51:10,159
be enemies fighting a new kind of
2250
01:51:06,639 --> 01:51:10,159
conflict the Cold
2251
01:51:13,829 --> 01:51:17,079
[Music]
2252
01:51:18,960 --> 01:51:25,689
War
2253
01:51:21,210 --> 01:51:25,689
[Music]
2254
01:51:27,710 --> 01:51:36,279
[Music]
150550
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