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A lot of us hear the term operating
system and think of the interfaces of our
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desktops and phones, like the menus,
buttons and backgrounds.
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Technically these are part
of the operating system but
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it's a little more complex than that.
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An operating system is the whole package
that manages our computers resources and
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lets us interact with it.
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There are two main parts to an operating
system, the kernel and the user space.
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The kernel is the main core
of an operating system.
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It talks directly to our hardware and
manages our system's resources.
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As users we don't interact
with the kernel directly.
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Instead, we interact with the second part
of an operating system, the user space.
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The user space is basically made up
of everything outside the kernel.
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These are things that we interact
with directly like system programs,
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user interfaces, etcetera.
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When we say operating system,
we're talking about both the kernel and
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the user space.
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There are hundreds of operating
systems out there, but
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we'll focus on the major ones used in IT,
Windows, Mac and Linux.
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Windows OS is developed by Microsoft and
used widely in the business and
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consumer space.
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Most pcs you buy come with Windows
as the default operating system.
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PC means personal computer,
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which technically means
a computer that one person uses.
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But in today's world, PC is more commonly
referred to as a Windows computer.
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So we'll just referred to a PC
as a Windows computer from here.
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Mac OS by Apple is mainly
used in the consumer space.
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If you buy an Apple computer,
it'll come with Mac OS preloaded.
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The last operating system will dive
into as the Linux operating system.
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Linux is an open source operating system
which means its software is free to share,
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modify and distribute.
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Linux is used heavily in business
infrastructure and in the consumer space.
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Linux itself is actually a kernel
developed by Linus Torvalds.
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Because of the way it evolved, we call
the kernel the Linux operating system.
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Today, Linux has become a huge community
effort with developers all over
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the world contributing to its success.
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Because Linux is open source lots of
different organizations package their own
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version of it.
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Operating systems like Windows or
Macintosh, on the other hand,
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are solely developed by
the respective companies.
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We call these different
Linux OSs distributions.
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Some common Linux distributions
are ubuntu, debian and red hat.
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Another operating system that has started
to gain popularity is chrome OS but
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we won't go into detail on that one.
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Mobile phone usage around the world is
more prevalent than desktop computers.
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One cool thing to call
out is that chrome OS and
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android OS both run the Linux
kernel underneath the hood.
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So there's a chance you've already worked
with Linux and didn't even know it.
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There are lots of operating
systems out there and
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they all share common characteristics.
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If you're able to understand
the basic building blocks of one OS,
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you can apply that to any operating
system and understand how it works.
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In IT support It's super common to work
with many different operating systems,
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desktop OSs, to smartphone OSs and more.
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Before we get there let's
do a rundown of the basics.
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The kernel does file storage and
file management.
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You can compare it to a physical office
file where we store data in paper form.
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A computer file is just data that we
store and a file can be anything,
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a word document, a picture of song,
literally anything.
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A file system is how
we manage these files,
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just like in an office we use
a system to store our files.
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We don't just put all our files in one
cabinet that would be seriously messy.
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Instead we organize those
files in folders or
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directories to make them easier to find.
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There are lots of different types of file
systems which will cover more in depth in
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future videos.
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Another important function of
the kernel is process management.
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We have many programs that we
want to run on our system.
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To run them we manage the order they run
in, how many resources they take up,
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how long they run etcetera.
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Our kernel helps us do this with its
process management capabilities.
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For example, you've probably used your
computer to do several tasks at once.
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Maybe you writing a text document while
listening to music or playing a video.
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The process scheduler is part
of the kernel that makes this
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multitasking possible.
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It switches the execution of each
different process on the CPU faster
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than you can blink and
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it gives you the illusion that
things are happening simultaneously.
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Next up is memory management.
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Our kernel optimizes memory usage and
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make sure our applications
have enough memory to run.
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The last important function that
a kernel performs is input, output or
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IO management.
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This is how our kernel talks to external
devices, like disks, keyboards, networks,
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connections, audio devices and more.
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IO management is anything that can
give us input or that we can use for
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output of data.
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If you've ever saved a file to disk,
click the mouse button or
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used a microphone when video
chatting with a friend,
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you've got the kernel's
ability to manage IO to think.
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And that's the basic rundown of the main
functions of the kernel file management,
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process management,
memory management and IO management.
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Finally, we'll talk about the other
component of an operating system,
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the user space.
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The user space is everything
outside the kernel.
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These are the things that we interact
with directly, like programs such as
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text editors, music players, system
settings, user interfaces, etcetera.
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By the end of this module, you'll
hopefully have a solid understanding
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of all these functions
of an operating system.
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Let's start by taking a deeper dive
into the kernel's file management
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