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WWW.MY-SUBS.CO
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Ukraine's role
in both Soviet and contemporary history
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really cannot be overestimated.
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{n8}And Putin has this idea
that it's really where Russia was born,
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{n8}and it's an integral part of Russia.
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{n8}Nothing is stronger
than the determination of millions,
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{n8}who, by their culture, religion,
traditions, and language
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consider themselves part of Russia,
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whose ancestors lived
in a single country for centuries.
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Putin talks about the fact
that Vladimir Lenin,
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along with Joseph Stalin,
made a huge mistake back in 1922, 1923,
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{n8}in creating a standalone
Ukrainian Republic.
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Ukraine is just the borderlands of Russia.
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This is Putin's reading
of Russian history.
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{n8}From his point of view,
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{n8}an independent Ukraine
just couldn't exist.
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One of the last meetings
I had with a very senior official,
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one of the closest people to Putin
at the time, he said to me,
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{n8}"Mike, if things get hot in Ukraine,
you need to remember two things."
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"One, we care more than you do."
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"This is more important to us
than it'll ever be
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to the United States of America."
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"And two, you people,
you have really short attention spans."
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"We don't."
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"Whatever it takes,
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we will be here because we care more
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and we're gonna be here
for the long haul."
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{n8}At the end of 1989,
the Cold War order is crumbling.
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You could feel that the Soviet Union
was losing, uh, its position.
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{n8}You have
the accidental opening of the wall,
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{n8}which now all of a sudden
puts German unification on the table.
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So Gorbachev has more than he can handle.
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He can no longer control it.
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And there's a million questions.
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{n8}What comes next?
What happens to the division of Germany?
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{n8}What happens to the division of Europe
and to NATO and the Warsaw Pact?
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What happens to Gorbachev?
What happens to the Soviet Union?
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Who's got their hand
on the nuclear trigger?
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Gorbachev, by 1988, '89,
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was consciously dismantling
the Soviet communist system.
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{n8}What he certainly did not wish
to dismantle was the Soviet Union.
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This multi-ethnic state
with 15 union republics.
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Up until that point, they'd been using
the new freedoms of perestroika
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{n8}to argue for a greater autonomy
within the Republic
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{n8}within the confines of the Soviet Union.
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Perestroika was a kind
of euphemism for reform.
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But after 1989,
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expectations were raised.
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Not a single shot was fired
by a Soviet soldier
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when the Berlin Wall fell
in November 1989.
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So, people in the most disaffected
republics of the Soviet Union,
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Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
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when they saw Czechs, Poles,
and Hungarians getting away with it,
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they thought, "Why not they?"
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{n8}A human chain
stretched across three Baltic states
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{n8}was a clear message for Moscow,
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{n8}that the drive for independence
had become a popular mass movement.
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{n8}Free countries briefly
between World Wars One and Two,
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{n8}the three Baltic States were annexed
by the Soviet Union in 1939,
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{n8}by a secret Hitler-Stalin treaty.
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{n8}The United States
never legally recognized
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{n8}that these three Baltic countries,
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania,
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were in the Soviet Union.
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{n8}Despite 50 years
of control by Moscow,
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{n8}the Baltic States maintain
separate non-Russian identities.
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{n8}The communist parties, locally,
began to break away from Moscow
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{n8}and also ask for autonomy.
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{n8}So the very communist parties that
had been put in place to control them,
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{n8}uh, begin to lose control.
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{n8}Gorbachev couldn't accept it.
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{n8}Many people at the time
thought he was going to be removed
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{n8}if he didn't suppress the Baltics.
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Mr. Gorbachev
flew into his rebel republic
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and his biggest challenge today,
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to be greeted
by the Lithuanian communists,
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whose split with Moscow
threatens his authority
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and the unity of the Soviet Union.
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{n8}"We don't need more rights,
we need full independence."
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From whom?
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- Who instructed you to do this?
- I wrote it myself.
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- You personally?
- Yes.
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What's your vision of your independence?
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To die in the same kind
of independent Lithuania
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as the one in which I was born.
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Yes.
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I remember Gorbachev told me,
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"Why you are so eager,
so full independence?"
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"It is nonsense."
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"Nobody can be independent."
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{n8}"But you will be given more."
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{n8}"Greater part of your harvest."
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If you get full autonomy now
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and start trading at market prices,
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you'll fall flat
on your faces immediately!
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Why part of harvest?
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All our harvest is ours.
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We need perestroika
to solve all these issues.
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Perestroika has laid them bare.
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Could you have raised these questions
anytime in the past?
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No, never.
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What's more, if you did dare ask anything,
you knew what would become of you.
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Now you want to run away from the Union.
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Where would you run to? Why would you run?
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That's what you should think about,
so do give it some thought.
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All the best.
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{n8}Freedom! Freedom! Freedom!
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{n8}By mid-afternoon,
a third of a million people
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{n8}had gathered to chant for freedom.
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{n8}FREEDOM, LITHUANIANS!
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Mr. Gorbachev hasn't convinced them.
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Our goal in Sąjūdis was,
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we are going to full liberation,
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including political one,
including the statehood of Lithuania.
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{n8}We demand freedom and independence.
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{n8}We are here, in the heart of Lithuania,
and we will not retreat anywhere.
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{n8}Lithuania will be free!
Lithuania will be free!
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{n8}Lithuania was
the first one in the Soviet Union.
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{n8}On March 11th, 1991,
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{n8}they declared the restoration
of the independent state of Lithuania.
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And from henceforth,
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Lithuania is once again
an independent state.
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I salute the Supreme Council.
I salute Lithuania.
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As the Lithuanian flag was raised
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and they sang the national anthem
once banned by the communists,
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Lithuania proclaimed that it had returned
to the status it enjoyed
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up until the Soviet Red Army
invaded in 1940.
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Soviet laws declared the parliament
would no longer apply in Lithuania,
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and the words "socialist" and "Soviet"
would be dropped from the official title.
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Gorbachev had been willing
to see the end of communism
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in Poland and Czechoslovakia.
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He'd even tolerated
the end of communism in Germany.
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That was a surprise to us.
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But he somehow felt
he now had to make a stand someplace,
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that to allow the collapse
of the Baltic States
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would mean that it would roll back
eventually to Moscow itself.
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{n8}We can distinguish between Lithuanians
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{n8}and those pushing the nation
into a historical cul-de-sac.
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These people need to come to their senses.
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It was followed
by a very difficult period.
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Economic blockade.
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Soviet Union tried to freeze us.
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{n8}The flow of oil has been cut.
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{n8}The Republic has two to three weeks'
reserves of fuel.
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Even the supply of coal to the Republic
has now been halted.
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Moscow making it clear that it can,
by economic means alone,
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crush Lithuania's dream of independence.
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They did not give us fuel,
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some other goods.
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Independence leaders
called on people to keep their nerve.
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They warned that Moscow
intends to step up the pressure
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with more economic
and political sanctions,
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and that the struggle for independence
will be a hard one.
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But we managed to survive.
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When they saw that blockade did not work,
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uh, then they realized that some kind
of violence was needed.
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The independence
of Lithuania was already ten months long.
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People, come here, to the side!
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The troops are coming!
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As always,
I was on duty at the hospital.
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I remember that when
it was announced on the radio,
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{n8}there is big trouble,
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the soldiers are moving
to take over the government buildings.
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At the main
newspaper printing plant,
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paratroopers storm the building.
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They fired into the air
and sprayed the plant with bullets.
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Several unarmed civilians
were seriously wounded.
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One sobbing woman feared for her daughter
trapped inside the printing house.
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"It's Gorbachev," she told us.
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{n8}"Now you see the man
you gave the Nobel Prize to."
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{n8}You're not guilty,
but please think about what you're doing!
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You have to think on your own.
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Popular reaction was quick.
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Vilnius Radio called on people
to rally around other key installations
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which might be taken.
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And on that evening of January 12th,
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around midnight,
I arrived at the TV tower.
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We all surrounded
the television buildings and tower,
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making a live ring.
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And, after about an hour,
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a tank convoy arrived.
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{n8}Lithuania! Lithuania!
Lithuania! Lithuania! Lithuania!
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The moment
Moscow fell back on the old ways
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to deal with defiance,
is captured in these pictures
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snatched by Lithuanian cameramen
as their own TV station was overrun.
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{n8}That night, I was working in my office.
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Occupants were trying
to break down my door.
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{n8}I've locked myself in my office.
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{n8}What should we do?
Should we go on the air, do you think?
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- We are on the air!
- We are on the air.
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We're still on the air, dear audience.
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There were a few colleagues with me,
including women.
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We tried to resist,
and we did not open the door.
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Kauspedas has just informed me
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that people are being beaten
near the TV tower.
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There's a struggle going on inside.
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Then they started shooting
through the door with rifles.
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After it all,
the illusions to resist disappeared,
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and we were forced to surrender.
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Several thousand unarmed Lithuanians
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had camped out at the installations
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in the belief that Moscow
would not take the political risk
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of killing or wounding unarmed civilians.
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They were wrong.
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I could see
two young people die in front of my eyes.
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I also saw how one person
tried to get on the tank.
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I'm not armed!
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00:16:00,584 --> 00:16:02,127
Why are you doing this?
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But he jumped aside...
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and the other one,
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I just saw how his hand loosened up
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and he just went down
into that iron abyss.
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00:16:34,326 --> 00:16:35,327
At that moment,
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00:16:35,411 --> 00:16:37,788
that killer tank
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went towards the TV tower
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00:16:41,583 --> 00:16:42,918
and the next tank arrived.
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00:16:43,961 --> 00:16:46,255
And just like the picture shows,
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I blocked the way.
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We stood looking at each other,
me and the tank.
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00:16:56,181 --> 00:17:02,980
It is hard for me to say
how long it continued.
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00:17:03,063 --> 00:17:05,399
At that moment, it felt like eternity.
220
00:17:07,818 --> 00:17:12,740
But... then I realized that we won,
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as he turned around and drove away.
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Fascists! Fascists! Fascists!
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Fascists! Fascists! Fascists!
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00:17:38,015 --> 00:17:42,519
Fascists! Fascists! Fascists!
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Fourteen people
were killed in one night in Lithuania.
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00:17:56,742 --> 00:17:59,661
{n8}Even today, there are many people
in the Baltic republics
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00:17:59,745 --> 00:18:05,417
{n8}who take a fairly dim view of Gorbachev
because they blame him for the crackdown.
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00:18:06,835 --> 00:18:10,339
The fact that such
a confrontation arose there,
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00:18:11,381 --> 00:18:16,845
it's just a very disturbing reality.
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00:18:18,305 --> 00:18:21,308
Lithuanians are standing
against the tanks.
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00:18:22,017 --> 00:18:23,185
And tanks
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of that reformer,
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00:18:26,438 --> 00:18:28,649
democrat, Gorbachev,
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00:18:30,192 --> 00:18:34,154
are going to crush
unarmed people.
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00:18:36,865 --> 00:18:40,869
Knowing Gorbachev,
I cannot imagine that he gave that order.
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00:18:41,495 --> 00:18:46,959
That was a decision that was taken
illegally by military commanders.
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00:18:47,042 --> 00:18:50,712
{n8}How did that happen without his... okay?
238
00:18:51,255 --> 00:18:54,800
{n8}Well, that's-that... that's something
that he regretted always,
239
00:18:54,883 --> 00:19:01,640
this kind of, uh,
improper behavior by the military
240
00:19:01,723 --> 00:19:03,267
was actually possible.
241
00:19:05,102 --> 00:19:07,312
I don't believe the argument
242
00:19:07,396 --> 00:19:10,440
that Gorbachev didn't know
what was happening in Vilnius.
243
00:19:11,024 --> 00:19:14,486
We know that
the Chief of the General Staff
244
00:19:14,570 --> 00:19:19,867
{n8}and the Defense Minister
had gone, uh, to the Baltic States
245
00:19:19,950 --> 00:19:24,204
{n8}and probably had...
had planned the operation there.
246
00:19:31,336 --> 00:19:33,422
{n8}Why would you send tanks?
247
00:19:36,925 --> 00:19:38,302
{n8}Obviously, he was not ready
248
00:19:38,385 --> 00:19:41,180
{n8}to let Lithuania, Latvia,
Estonia, and others free.
249
00:19:45,392 --> 00:19:48,812
{n8}He tried to stop it
with brute force.
250
00:19:50,898 --> 00:19:53,525
{n8}And even now, you can see
remnants of the barricades.
251
00:20:20,469 --> 00:20:23,096
They marched
through the center of the Soviet capital,
252
00:20:23,180 --> 00:20:26,683
{n8}thousands of demonstrators chanting,
"Freedom for Lithuania"
253
00:20:26,767 --> 00:20:28,602
{n8}and, "Down with the executioners."
254
00:20:30,979 --> 00:20:35,734
{n8}Mikhail Gorbachev has, with his reforms,
let a genie out of a bottle.
255
00:20:36,985 --> 00:20:41,365
He's got protesters both home and abroad
calling for many, many more freedoms
256
00:20:41,448 --> 00:20:42,658
than he's willing to give.
257
00:20:42,741 --> 00:20:45,953
Real democracy, real freedom of speech,
real freedom of movement.
258
00:20:46,620 --> 00:20:48,997
While Mr. Gorbachev
put a brave face on it,
259
00:20:49,081 --> 00:20:52,042
he cannot ignore the fact
that so many are so disillusioned.
260
00:20:52,876 --> 00:20:54,586
He's given these people a voice.
261
00:20:54,670 --> 00:20:58,048
And they want that which the party's
not prepared to concede, power.
262
00:20:58,924 --> 00:21:03,762
By the winter and spring of 1991,
there was another factor.
263
00:21:03,845 --> 00:21:04,930
Boris Yeltsin.
264
00:21:07,266 --> 00:21:10,143
{n8}Boris Yeltsin is another
Communist Party figure
265
00:21:10,727 --> 00:21:14,314
who has a very strong rivalry,
266
00:21:14,398 --> 00:21:17,859
which becomes a hatred,
with Gorbachev, a mutual hatred.
267
00:21:17,943 --> 00:21:19,403
The two of them are real enemies.
268
00:21:19,987 --> 00:21:23,865
Boris Yeltsin was brought
to Moscow by Gorbachev in 1985
269
00:21:23,949 --> 00:21:26,618
to become the city's Communist Party boss.
270
00:21:27,494 --> 00:21:29,204
Yeltsin! Yeltsin!
271
00:21:29,288 --> 00:21:31,540
Yeltsin immediately
took on the bureaucracy,
272
00:21:31,623 --> 00:21:34,126
firing hundreds
of corrupt trade officials.
273
00:21:34,209 --> 00:21:37,087
His unorthodox style
won him a wide following,
274
00:21:37,170 --> 00:21:39,840
but he also played the role
of Gorbachev critic,
275
00:21:39,923 --> 00:21:41,633
and that got him into trouble.
276
00:21:42,592 --> 00:21:44,594
He considers me to be too radical.
277
00:21:44,678 --> 00:21:47,681
We have to do everything
very carefully and cautiously.
278
00:21:47,764 --> 00:21:50,684
{n8}But people are very impatient.
279
00:21:50,767 --> 00:21:54,271
{n8}They've been waiting for four years,
and they can't wait another year.
280
00:21:54,354 --> 00:21:56,398
Something has to be done within a year?
281
00:21:57,357 --> 00:21:58,191
Yes.
282
00:21:58,275 --> 00:21:59,835
If not, then what happens?
283
00:22:03,864 --> 00:22:06,616
A revolution from below will begin.
284
00:22:08,035 --> 00:22:10,829
Yeltsin and Gorbachev represent,
285
00:22:10,912 --> 00:22:13,999
uh, two different aspects
of the Russian mindset.
286
00:22:15,167 --> 00:22:18,962
Gorbachev's mindset is,
when you want change,
287
00:22:19,046 --> 00:22:23,425
you should think and you should
take other people's advice.
288
00:22:24,926 --> 00:22:27,512
Yeltsin represents
a part of the Russian mindset
289
00:22:27,596 --> 00:22:31,433
that believes
in changing things overnight.
290
00:22:31,516 --> 00:22:33,602
He was a very impatient person,
291
00:22:34,186 --> 00:22:38,857
but it's true that there was
something in common between them,
292
00:22:38,940 --> 00:22:41,026
and that is the understanding
293
00:22:41,109 --> 00:22:44,446
that the previous system
should be replaced.
294
00:22:46,782 --> 00:22:49,576
Yeltsin,
in contrast to Gorbachev,
295
00:22:49,659 --> 00:22:53,955
figures out that nationalism
is the wave of the future.
296
00:22:56,249 --> 00:23:00,212
We see communism
being basically bad as ideology,
297
00:23:00,295 --> 00:23:01,922
as a system of belief.
298
00:23:03,256 --> 00:23:06,009
{n8}People were looking for alternatives,
299
00:23:06,093 --> 00:23:08,512
{n8}and one of those alternatives
was, of course,
300
00:23:08,595 --> 00:23:10,639
{n8}ideas of nation and nationalism.
301
00:23:11,390 --> 00:23:13,433
Yeltsin says,
"The Soviet Union is crumbling."
302
00:23:13,517 --> 00:23:16,019
"I need to be in charge of Russia,
so I think the smart move,
303
00:23:16,103 --> 00:23:19,606
which Gorbachev isn't doing,
is to break with the party
304
00:23:19,689 --> 00:23:23,652
and to try to establish myself
as a Russian leader, not a Soviet leader."
305
00:23:24,444 --> 00:23:26,571
{n8}Tonight, on the tenth day
of this congress,
306
00:23:26,655 --> 00:23:29,366
{n8}came the blow Mr. Gorbachev
had tried so hard to avoid.
307
00:23:30,659 --> 00:23:33,495
{n8}Boris Yeltsin, the ultimate symbol
of radical reforms
308
00:23:33,578 --> 00:23:36,206
and arguably the country's
most popular politician,
309
00:23:36,289 --> 00:23:39,459
asked for the floor to announce
he was leaving the Communist Party.
310
00:23:40,168 --> 00:23:43,288
In the light of
promises made in the free election period,
311
00:23:43,338 --> 00:23:45,257
I announce my leaving the party.
312
00:23:45,340 --> 00:23:49,010
In order to have greater opportunity
to exert more effective influence
313
00:23:49,094 --> 00:23:51,054
on the activities of the Soviets,
314
00:23:51,138 --> 00:23:55,517
I am willing to cooperate with all parties
and sociopolitical organizations
315
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:57,978
in the Russian Republic.
316
00:23:59,896 --> 00:24:01,857
Mr. Gorbachev interjected.
317
00:24:04,109 --> 00:24:07,195
By then, Yeltsin
had turned his back on this congress
318
00:24:07,279 --> 00:24:09,948
and a lifetime in this party,
and walked out.
319
00:24:12,451 --> 00:24:15,829
Yeltsin becomes very active
in Russian electoral politics,
320
00:24:15,912 --> 00:24:17,747
as opposed to Soviet electoral politics,
321
00:24:17,831 --> 00:24:19,916
and he's resoundingly successful in that.
322
00:24:21,042 --> 00:24:23,837
{n8}Boris Yeltsin has defeated
his communist rivals
323
00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:26,423
{n8}in the Russian Republic's
first presidential election.
324
00:24:26,506 --> 00:24:30,469
He was the landslide winner
for president of the Russian Federation,
325
00:24:30,969 --> 00:24:34,264
the first freely-elected leader
in the 1,000-year history
326
00:24:34,347 --> 00:24:35,765
of that vast country.
327
00:24:37,976 --> 00:24:40,520
{n8}Moscow would now be
the seat of two governments.
328
00:24:41,188 --> 00:24:43,315
The Russian Republic, headed by Yeltsin,
329
00:24:43,398 --> 00:24:45,525
and the Kremlin regime of Gorbachev.
330
00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:49,279
But only Yeltsin
had been elected by popular vote.
331
00:24:51,281 --> 00:24:53,658
So, by the summer of 1991,
332
00:24:53,742 --> 00:24:56,953
{n8}Yeltsin had become powerful
as the president of Russia.
333
00:24:58,371 --> 00:25:00,248
Gorbachev
is hanging on by a thread.
334
00:25:00,957 --> 00:25:03,710
There are independence movements
all over the Soviet Union,
335
00:25:03,793 --> 00:25:05,670
and he's trying to hold it together.
336
00:25:06,546 --> 00:25:11,176
{n8}The idea that Gorbachev developed
was to have a new union treaty
337
00:25:11,259 --> 00:25:13,303
{n8}to convert the Soviet Union
338
00:25:13,386 --> 00:25:19,476
from an empire held together by force
into a voluntary association.
339
00:25:19,559 --> 00:25:25,482
The 15 republics would all
voluntarily agree to work together
340
00:25:25,565 --> 00:25:28,652
in a single country with a single capital,
341
00:25:28,735 --> 00:25:32,364
but with more local autonomy,
more autonomy given to the republics.
342
00:25:33,156 --> 00:25:36,493
He believed
that a new, voluntary union
343
00:25:37,077 --> 00:25:39,746
could be negotiated between the republics,
344
00:25:39,829 --> 00:25:43,500
giving the republics a lot of latitude
345
00:25:43,583 --> 00:25:47,045
in their economic and social policies.
346
00:25:48,338 --> 00:25:51,007
The economy
was totally interconnected.
347
00:25:51,091 --> 00:25:52,884
Not only a single currency,
348
00:25:52,968 --> 00:25:56,263
but industries
were completely interconnected.
349
00:25:56,346 --> 00:26:00,892
So to unscramble the whole
of the Soviet Union into separate parts
350
00:26:00,976 --> 00:26:03,520
didn't seem to make economic sense.
351
00:26:03,603 --> 00:26:09,109
But it was an attempt
to modernize and to give it a future.
352
00:26:10,527 --> 00:26:12,567
Will the Soviet Union remain?
353
00:26:12,612 --> 00:26:14,823
Yes, I'm sure.
Absolutely sure.
354
00:26:14,906 --> 00:26:18,368
- What future will it be?
- You have to be
355
00:26:18,952 --> 00:26:25,625
a completely ignorant
or irresponsible person
356
00:26:25,709 --> 00:26:28,086
to hold any other opinion.
357
00:26:28,169 --> 00:26:33,508
All of us living here in the vast country
need the preservation of the Soviet Union.
358
00:26:35,802 --> 00:26:39,055
The leaders
of the republics are antsy about this.
359
00:26:41,766 --> 00:26:43,226
And, at the same time,
360
00:26:44,185 --> 00:26:48,315
the leaders of the security apparatus
of the military, the KGB,
361
00:26:48,398 --> 00:26:53,737
{n8}the big state industries,
they hate Gorbachev by now.
362
00:26:53,820 --> 00:26:55,488
{n8}They hate him.
363
00:26:55,572 --> 00:26:57,282
{n8}They think he's weak
364
00:26:57,365 --> 00:27:00,201
{n8}and everything's going
to hell in a handbasket.
365
00:27:00,285 --> 00:27:03,955
{n8}Yanayev and his henchmen
have made it clear they distrust the West
366
00:27:04,039 --> 00:27:05,665
and market economic forces,
367
00:27:05,749 --> 00:27:08,543
and their frustration has grown
in recent weeks.
368
00:27:09,210 --> 00:27:10,530
{n8}A group of us were tasked,
369
00:27:10,587 --> 00:27:14,883
{n8}"Do some scenario planning
if the Soviet Union were to collapse."
370
00:27:16,217 --> 00:27:18,654
We wouldn't even put it on our calendars
that we were meeting.
371
00:27:18,678 --> 00:27:20,555
It just said, "Meeting with Dennis Ross."
372
00:27:20,639 --> 00:27:22,724
- It was secret?
- It was. Nobody knew.
373
00:27:22,807 --> 00:27:25,018
We would get together,
kind of once a week,
374
00:27:25,101 --> 00:27:26,770
and just do scenarios.
375
00:27:26,853 --> 00:27:30,774
And one was that
there might be a coup against Gorbachev.
376
00:27:31,650 --> 00:27:32,859
Would we warn him?
377
00:27:32,942 --> 00:27:35,445
Under what circumstances
would we warn him?
378
00:27:36,112 --> 00:27:39,658
And there was a little bit
of a debate in the administration.
379
00:27:39,741 --> 00:27:41,701
Should we try to hasten it along?
380
00:27:43,078 --> 00:27:45,121
{n8}I remember that Defense Secretary Cheney
381
00:27:45,205 --> 00:27:48,458
{n8}was a little bit more
on the, "We should push it along."
382
00:27:48,541 --> 00:27:50,669
{n8}Larry Eagleburger once said,
383
00:27:50,752 --> 00:27:54,047
{n8}"Let's disarm them
before we dismember them,"
384
00:27:54,130 --> 00:27:56,091
because this was a nuclear power.
385
00:27:57,050 --> 00:28:00,470
What would it mean
for a nuclear power to come undone?
386
00:28:04,766 --> 00:28:06,393
{n8}Gorbachev goes on vacation.
387
00:28:08,853 --> 00:28:12,857
Presumably he'll come back from vacation
and they'll sign this new union treaty.
388
00:28:14,192 --> 00:28:19,489
While he's on vacation,
the leader of the KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov,
389
00:28:19,572 --> 00:28:23,576
gets together
what would be called the GKChP.
390
00:28:23,660 --> 00:28:27,455
The State Emergency Committee.
Essentially a coup.
391
00:28:45,140 --> 00:28:49,227
I turned on the TV,
and before I heard any announcement,
392
00:28:49,310 --> 00:28:52,230
I saw classical music.
393
00:28:55,400 --> 00:29:01,239
And when bad things happen in Russia,
like a leader dying or things like that,
394
00:29:01,322 --> 00:29:04,659
there is always
classical music in the morning.
395
00:29:04,743 --> 00:29:07,412
And so I understood
that there was a coup on the way.
396
00:29:14,711 --> 00:29:18,173
There was supposed to be the signing
of the union treaty the next day,
397
00:29:18,673 --> 00:29:20,800
and I immediately understood
398
00:29:21,593 --> 00:29:23,845
that the union treaty would not be signed.
399
00:29:23,928 --> 00:29:26,806
Military leaders
and the Soviet secret police
400
00:29:26,890 --> 00:29:28,767
have taken control of the government,
401
00:29:28,850 --> 00:29:33,938
and now Vice President Gennady Yanayev
is sitting in the president's seat.
402
00:29:34,022 --> 00:29:36,941
{n8}What's especially interesting
is to look at the positions
403
00:29:37,025 --> 00:29:41,279
{n8}held by those who were
the leading members of the group
404
00:29:41,362 --> 00:29:42,489
{n8}who mounted the coup.
405
00:29:43,239 --> 00:29:45,700
{n8}The chairman of the KGB,
406
00:29:45,784 --> 00:29:47,494
{n8}the minister of interior,
407
00:29:47,577 --> 00:29:49,579
{n8}the minister of defense,
408
00:29:49,662 --> 00:29:51,080
{n8}the prime minister,
409
00:29:51,164 --> 00:29:53,041
{n8}the secretary of the Central Committee,
410
00:29:53,124 --> 00:29:55,502
{n8}who supervised
the military-industrial complex.
411
00:29:56,127 --> 00:30:00,131
{n8}These were the leading people
in the party and state institutions
412
00:30:00,215 --> 00:30:04,219
who had pretended to go along
with Gorbachev's policies for a long time,
413
00:30:04,302 --> 00:30:06,638
but were secretly plotting against him.
414
00:30:07,222 --> 00:30:08,982
Tanks are moving into the capital,
415
00:30:09,015 --> 00:30:11,601
taking up positions
near key government buildings.
416
00:30:11,684 --> 00:30:16,105
Outside the Russian Parliament building,
crowds began gathering early this morning.
417
00:30:16,189 --> 00:30:20,151
Mikhail Gorbachev has been vacationing
in the Black Sea resort area
418
00:30:20,235 --> 00:30:22,946
{n8}and has not been seen since the takeover.
419
00:30:23,738 --> 00:30:28,451
{n8}Gorbachev is arrested
at his residence, his dacha, called Foros.
420
00:30:28,535 --> 00:30:30,119
He and his wife are there,
421
00:30:30,203 --> 00:30:32,413
very far away
from Moscow on the Black Sea.
422
00:30:32,956 --> 00:30:35,542
He was held incommunicado.
423
00:30:35,625 --> 00:30:39,879
Any number in Moscow was blocked.
424
00:30:39,963 --> 00:30:43,049
{n8}All my telephones were cut off.
425
00:30:43,132 --> 00:30:45,677
{n8}I have no communication
with the outside world.
426
00:30:46,261 --> 00:30:49,806
Some members
of his security detail
427
00:30:49,889 --> 00:30:55,687
thought that there was a real possibility
that his residence would be stormed.
428
00:30:55,770 --> 00:30:58,356
A delegation has flown out to me.
429
00:30:58,439 --> 00:31:00,191
This group of individuals,
430
00:31:00,275 --> 00:31:03,027
on behalf of the so-called
Emergency Committee,
431
00:31:03,111 --> 00:31:09,117
proposed that I give up all my functions
and transfer them to Yanayev,
432
00:31:10,577 --> 00:31:12,745
that I had been overthrown.
433
00:31:14,330 --> 00:31:16,650
It's unclear
what's going to happen to Gorbachev.
434
00:31:17,542 --> 00:31:20,628
And his wife has a stroke while
they're being held under house arrest
435
00:31:20,712 --> 00:31:22,088
{n8}because she's so afraid.
436
00:31:25,508 --> 00:31:28,511
{n8}Gorbachev is convinced that
he's going to be... going to be killed.
437
00:31:29,554 --> 00:31:32,056
I am not permitted
beyond the dacha's premises.
438
00:31:32,557 --> 00:31:36,060
By sea and on land,
I am surrounded by troops.
439
00:31:36,144 --> 00:31:39,689
I don't know whether I will succeed
in sending this film out,
440
00:31:39,772 --> 00:31:43,693
but I will try to make sure
it is set free, so to speak.
441
00:31:43,776 --> 00:31:46,279
In fact,
for all of us watching it at the time,
442
00:31:46,362 --> 00:31:49,032
it seemed highly unlikely
he was gonna get out of this.
443
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,329
By mid-morning,
APCs were ringing the Defense Ministry
444
00:31:54,412 --> 00:31:56,331
and most government buildings.
445
00:31:56,414 --> 00:31:57,832
For many people on the streets,
446
00:31:57,916 --> 00:32:01,127
the reaction was one
of sheer surprise and resignation.
447
00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:06,841
The Emergency Committee
banned all demonstrations,
448
00:32:06,925 --> 00:32:09,385
threatened a curfew
if there are disturbances,
449
00:32:09,469 --> 00:32:11,554
and took control of the mass media.
450
00:32:11,638 --> 00:32:13,438
The clocks
were being turned back
451
00:32:13,473 --> 00:32:16,017
by the new masters of the Soviet Union,
452
00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:18,353
but many people
were refusing the new rule.
453
00:32:18,937 --> 00:32:23,066
At this moment, people are standing
in front of tanks and armored vehicles.
454
00:32:24,317 --> 00:32:26,694
A few shouted insults at the soldiers.
455
00:32:27,612 --> 00:32:31,491
One man lay down in front of a tank
to try to halt its progress,
456
00:32:32,241 --> 00:32:34,369
getting out of the way just in time.
457
00:32:35,453 --> 00:32:39,999
One woman shouted angrily,
"You are fascists."
458
00:32:40,083 --> 00:32:42,460
The tanks had come not to the Kremlin,
459
00:32:42,543 --> 00:32:45,380
but to the seat of the Russian Parliament
a mile away.
460
00:32:45,880 --> 00:32:47,548
There was a reason for this,
461
00:32:47,632 --> 00:32:50,885
for inside the building was the one man
who has the popular appeal
462
00:32:50,969 --> 00:32:54,013
that might yet reverse
this right-wing coup d'état.
463
00:32:54,097 --> 00:32:57,600
Yeltsin! Yeltsin! Yeltsin!
464
00:32:57,684 --> 00:33:01,312
Workers and shoppers
quickly surrounded the security forces,
465
00:33:02,897 --> 00:33:04,023
pleading with them,
466
00:33:04,107 --> 00:33:07,402
appealing for the sake of the Russian
motherland for them to go home.
467
00:33:07,986 --> 00:33:10,655
Some even tried grappling
with the tank crews,
468
00:33:11,322 --> 00:33:13,199
but it was an act of futility.
469
00:33:15,493 --> 00:33:16,577
There are growing fears
470
00:33:16,661 --> 00:33:19,914
that a massive purge
against the reformers may soon begin.
471
00:33:21,666 --> 00:33:24,427
Now the Soviet people
have been given a taste of freedom,
472
00:33:24,460 --> 00:33:26,129
they won't give it up easily.
473
00:33:27,505 --> 00:33:28,865
The next thing you know,
474
00:33:28,923 --> 00:33:32,051
you're treated to a press conference
of these guys who are the coup,
475
00:33:33,678 --> 00:33:36,848
ostensibly led by the vice president,
Gennady Yanayev.
476
00:33:37,432 --> 00:33:41,686
The very first question was,
where is Mikhail Gorbachev?
477
00:33:41,769 --> 00:33:46,190
{n8}Well, let me say that Mikhail Gorbachev
is now on vacation.
478
00:33:46,274 --> 00:33:49,360
{n8}He's undergoing treatment
in the south of our country.
479
00:33:50,028 --> 00:33:53,197
He is, uh, very tired
after these many years,
480
00:33:53,281 --> 00:33:56,743
and he will need some time
to, uh, get better.
481
00:33:57,827 --> 00:33:58,828
And it is our hope...
482
00:33:59,871 --> 00:34:03,708
Yanayev's answer
drew derisive laughter from the press.
483
00:34:03,791 --> 00:34:07,211
You knew this coup
was not going to necessarily succeed
484
00:34:07,295 --> 00:34:11,174
when you saw Yanayev's hand shaking
during the press conference.
485
00:34:12,467 --> 00:34:14,427
It's apparent
several of them are drunk.
486
00:34:14,469 --> 00:34:16,345
They're incompetent, right?
487
00:34:16,429 --> 00:34:18,681
That this is not really going to work.
488
00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:22,310
And meanwhile, Yeltsin is going
from strength to strength.
489
00:34:22,393 --> 00:34:24,270
Yeltsin! Yeltsin!
490
00:34:24,353 --> 00:34:26,939
It was all too much
for Boris Yeltsin.
491
00:34:27,023 --> 00:34:29,150
As president of the Russian Federation,
492
00:34:29,233 --> 00:34:32,487
he had already mounted a challenge
to the coup leaders.
493
00:34:32,570 --> 00:34:35,615
He defied orders to evacuate his offices.
494
00:34:35,698 --> 00:34:39,118
He stood upon a tank
surrounded by supporters.
495
00:34:39,619 --> 00:34:42,139
They bring us back
to the Cold War period,
496
00:34:42,705 --> 00:34:46,542
and the isolation of the Soviet Union
from the international community.
497
00:34:46,626 --> 00:34:48,377
Thus, we declare
498
00:34:48,461 --> 00:34:52,548
that the so-called committee
which came to power is illegitimate.
499
00:34:55,426 --> 00:34:57,386
Yeltsin, to his credit,
500
00:34:57,428 --> 00:35:00,973
immediately took the position
that the coup was illegal,
501
00:35:01,057 --> 00:35:04,519
and that that committee had to go.
502
00:35:04,602 --> 00:35:07,688
Naturally,
we declare that all decisions and decrees
503
00:35:07,772 --> 00:35:10,149
passed by that committee
are not legitimate.
504
00:35:11,317 --> 00:35:12,797
In Moscow,
505
00:35:12,860 --> 00:35:15,363
probably tens of thousands of people
supported him.
506
00:35:16,614 --> 00:35:20,118
It was the kind of moment
that is indelible.
507
00:35:20,201 --> 00:35:23,913
You can say all kinds of things
about Yeltsin in years to come,
508
00:35:23,996 --> 00:35:27,667
but when firmness
and clarity was called for
509
00:35:27,750 --> 00:35:32,797
on the morning of August 19th
in Moscow in 1991,
510
00:35:33,631 --> 00:35:37,593
he performed astonishingly, bravely.
511
00:35:40,763 --> 00:35:44,100
{n8}The curfew
in the Soviet capital began one hour ago
512
00:35:44,183 --> 00:35:46,310
{n8}and lasts until 5:00 in the morning.
513
00:35:46,394 --> 00:35:50,314
They started to advance tanks
514
00:35:50,398 --> 00:35:56,237
into the area close
to the Russian Supreme Soviet,
515
00:35:57,071 --> 00:36:02,076
where Yeltsin was barricaded
with his people.
516
00:36:13,921 --> 00:36:16,591
Four or five
armored personnel carriers
517
00:36:16,674 --> 00:36:20,887
were approaching the area
of the Russian Federation building.
518
00:36:21,929 --> 00:36:27,643
They certainly were not about to breach
the buses and trucks and other barricades
519
00:36:27,727 --> 00:36:29,896
that had been placed
across the road there.
520
00:36:38,279 --> 00:36:42,283
They were being pelted
by rocks and Molotov cocktails.
521
00:36:44,368 --> 00:36:48,623
The soldiers escaped
and then started to open fire.
522
00:36:52,376 --> 00:36:56,214
They acted
without any kind of clear purpose,
523
00:36:57,048 --> 00:37:00,676
and then a few people were killed.
524
00:37:02,637 --> 00:37:04,472
When those people died,
525
00:37:05,097 --> 00:37:11,103
it was a shock, even to members
of that Emergency Committee.
526
00:37:12,813 --> 00:37:16,734
You bastards!
Bastards! Bastards!
527
00:37:25,993 --> 00:37:30,248
These coup leaders
just did not have the capacity
528
00:37:31,624 --> 00:37:36,837
or the will to blow everybody away
and hold on to power.
529
00:37:39,173 --> 00:37:41,217
One of them
committed suicide.
530
00:37:42,969 --> 00:37:49,100
Others asked to be permitted
to fly to the Crimea,
531
00:37:49,183 --> 00:37:51,435
where Gorbachev was staying.
532
00:37:54,188 --> 00:37:55,856
But then they were arrested,
533
00:37:56,774 --> 00:38:00,820
and that was the collapse of the coup.
534
00:38:03,406 --> 00:38:06,993
The coup in the Soviet Union
appears to be coming apart at the seams.
535
00:38:08,494 --> 00:38:10,955
People are all beginning to turn now.
536
00:38:12,039 --> 00:38:13,958
Tens of thousands of people
537
00:38:14,041 --> 00:38:17,295
outside Yeltsin's headquarters
were elated.
538
00:38:17,378 --> 00:38:19,964
In their view, he had saved the day.
539
00:38:20,047 --> 00:38:22,047
During these days and nights,
540
00:38:22,091 --> 00:38:25,469
many thousands of Muscovites proved
their fortitude, civic duty, and heroism.
541
00:38:25,553 --> 00:38:29,181
It is you who stopped
the attack of the hard-liners
542
00:38:29,265 --> 00:38:31,183
and hit them with a lethal blow.
543
00:38:34,103 --> 00:38:38,065
Russia! Russia!
Russia! Russia! Russia!
544
00:38:38,149 --> 00:38:40,443
There was too much
going on at once.
545
00:38:40,526 --> 00:38:42,570
The whole system had come apart.
546
00:38:42,653 --> 00:38:44,905
Lack of faith in the economy,
547
00:38:44,989 --> 00:38:47,533
lack of faith
in the political institutions.
548
00:38:47,616 --> 00:38:50,161
The whole idea of communism
had been dead for some time.
549
00:38:50,828 --> 00:38:52,955
The glue just was no longer there.
550
00:38:57,168 --> 00:39:00,379
Outside the KGB headquarters
on Lubyanka Square,
551
00:39:00,463 --> 00:39:02,214
for years and years and years,
552
00:39:02,298 --> 00:39:06,260
{n8}there's been a ginormous statue
of Felix Dzerzhinsky,
553
00:39:06,344 --> 00:39:09,805
{n8}who's the founder, in essence, of the KGB.
554
00:39:10,848 --> 00:39:13,225
Dzerzhinsky was introduced to graffiti.
555
00:39:13,309 --> 00:39:15,936
Next, metal cables
were attached to the statue.
556
00:39:16,020 --> 00:39:18,439
Police stood by while protesters argued
557
00:39:18,522 --> 00:39:22,443
whether to take Dzerzhinsky
off his pedestal now or later.
558
00:39:23,986 --> 00:39:27,448
And when the coup collapsed,
they got a crane.
559
00:39:27,531 --> 00:39:31,952
Somebody got a crane,
and they tore the damn thing down.
560
00:39:33,871 --> 00:39:39,502
No symbol could have been
more emblematic of totalitarian rule...
561
00:39:41,337 --> 00:39:43,839
...than that statue outside Lubyanka prison,
562
00:39:43,923 --> 00:39:49,387
where so many prisoners had been taken
and tortured in their basements.
563
00:39:50,221 --> 00:39:55,434
It was an extraordinarily
ecstatic historical moment.
564
00:40:03,984 --> 00:40:06,862
{n8}I was in Budapest, Hungary,
at a conference, actually,
565
00:40:06,946 --> 00:40:08,572
{n8}talking about arms control.
566
00:40:08,656 --> 00:40:12,743
{n8}One of my Soviet friends,
by the name of Andrei Kokoshin,
567
00:40:12,827 --> 00:40:14,703
{n8}got an emergency message
568
00:40:14,787 --> 00:40:17,206
that he needed to come back
to Moscow immediately.
569
00:40:18,582 --> 00:40:22,169
{n8}Andrei Kokoshin calls me
three days later and said,
570
00:40:22,253 --> 00:40:24,672
{n8}"Sam, you've got to come to Moscow now."
571
00:40:24,755 --> 00:40:26,966
"You've got to talk to the new leadership,
572
00:40:27,049 --> 00:40:29,385
the people who are going
to be running Russia."
573
00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:41,480
I land in Moscow and then,
to my surprise, Gorbachev himself,
574
00:40:41,564 --> 00:40:44,358
who had just come back
from being taken captive,
575
00:40:44,442 --> 00:40:46,318
said he would like to see me.
576
00:40:58,789 --> 00:41:03,711
I am extremely appreciative
and grateful to the Soviet people.
577
00:41:04,295 --> 00:41:06,338
And I ask him a question.
578
00:41:06,422 --> 00:41:10,426
"President Gorbachev, did you have
command and control of nuclear weapons
579
00:41:10,509 --> 00:41:12,219
while you were in captivity?"
580
00:41:12,303 --> 00:41:15,764
And he said, "Senator,
it's been good visiting with you."
581
00:41:15,848 --> 00:41:17,475
He did not answer the question.
582
00:41:20,394 --> 00:41:23,481
Gorbachev had always
been candid and frank with me,
583
00:41:23,564 --> 00:41:25,107
so that was a huge signal.
584
00:41:26,275 --> 00:41:29,361
{n8}When Mikhail Gorbachev visited
Boris Yeltsin's Russian Parliament,
585
00:41:29,445 --> 00:41:31,363
{n8}he got a round of applause at first.
586
00:41:35,701 --> 00:41:39,955
But then a lot of heckling,
interruption, and embarrassment.
587
00:41:41,248 --> 00:41:44,251
Gorbachev came back,
but he was never the same.
588
00:41:44,335 --> 00:41:48,005
He had lost his authority,
really, to Yeltsin.
589
00:41:48,797 --> 00:41:52,343
Yeltsin basically starts to more or less
order Gorbachev around.
590
00:41:52,426 --> 00:41:55,387
He was suddenly asked
to read aloud the minutes of a meeting
591
00:41:55,471 --> 00:41:58,474
of his cabinet last Monday
during the height of the coup.
592
00:41:59,225 --> 00:42:01,602
"I haven't seen it yet,"
Gorbachev cautioned.
593
00:42:02,186 --> 00:42:04,647
"Go on, read it now," Yeltsin insisted.
594
00:42:07,191 --> 00:42:09,276
Yeltsin seized the advantage.
595
00:42:09,944 --> 00:42:11,570
It was never the same after that.
596
00:42:12,363 --> 00:42:15,407
Meanwhile, the other parts
of the Soviet Union are saying,
597
00:42:15,491 --> 00:42:17,493
"Hey, we'd like to be nation states too."
598
00:42:18,077 --> 00:42:20,204
Ukraine wants to be a nation state, right?
599
00:42:20,955 --> 00:42:21,997
Belarus.
600
00:42:22,706 --> 00:42:23,706
{n8}Moldova.
601
00:42:27,211 --> 00:42:33,342
So, on December 1st, 1991, Ukraine votes,
overwhelmingly, to become independent.
602
00:42:33,425 --> 00:42:36,470
{n8}More than 80%
of the Ukrainian electorate
603
00:42:36,554 --> 00:42:38,013
{n8}turned out to vote yesterday.
604
00:42:39,139 --> 00:42:42,476
They voted to end
the centuries of rule from Moscow.
605
00:42:44,728 --> 00:42:49,608
The loss of Ukraine
is particularly painful and, in fact,
606
00:42:49,692 --> 00:42:52,194
it's one of the main reasons
the Soviet Union collapses.
607
00:42:52,278 --> 00:42:53,737
Because then Russia says,
608
00:42:53,821 --> 00:42:56,115
"What are we if we're not
in a union with Ukraine?"
609
00:42:56,198 --> 00:42:59,577
"That's the second most populous republic.
So who's left?"
610
00:43:01,787 --> 00:43:04,665
Yeltsin realizes,
"This is a golden opportunity for me."
611
00:43:05,791 --> 00:43:09,962
Gorbachev is president
of the Soviet Union, but if he, Yeltsin,
612
00:43:10,045 --> 00:43:12,047
can destroy the Soviet Union,
613
00:43:12,131 --> 00:43:14,383
{n8}then Gorbachev
will be president of nothing,
614
00:43:15,050 --> 00:43:16,885
and he can finally get rid of Gorbachev.
615
00:43:17,803 --> 00:43:20,556
{n8}So Yeltsin goes to a hunting lodge
616
00:43:20,639 --> 00:43:23,892
{n8}with the head of Ukraine
and the head of Belarus.
617
00:43:24,476 --> 00:43:27,438
And the three of them basically say,
"It's time to get rid of Gorbachev."
618
00:43:27,521 --> 00:43:30,024
"The way we're gonna do this
is we're just gonna declare
619
00:43:30,107 --> 00:43:32,026
that we're pulling out
of the Soviet Union,
620
00:43:32,109 --> 00:43:35,321
the Soviet Union is no more,
and we can be in charge of our states."
621
00:43:35,404 --> 00:43:38,407
"You can be in charge of Ukraine,
you of Belarus, and I can be of Russia."
622
00:43:39,283 --> 00:43:43,162
{n8}In other words, Yeltsin
was doing what Landsbergis was doing...
623
00:43:44,913 --> 00:43:47,350
{n8}what the Estonians were doing,
what the Ukrainians were doing.
624
00:43:47,374 --> 00:43:52,254
{n8}They were all collectively declaring
independence from the Soviet Union,
625
00:43:52,338 --> 00:43:56,925
{n8}including the country that
was at the center of the Soviet empire,
626
00:43:57,009 --> 00:43:58,427
the Russian Federation.
627
00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:01,600
The flurry of activity
at the Kremlin
628
00:44:01,639 --> 00:44:05,392
followed Sunday's declaration
by Russia, Ukraine, and Belorussia
629
00:44:05,476 --> 00:44:09,146
that they'd formed a commonwealth,
and that the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
630
00:44:10,022 --> 00:44:12,983
They come up with this agreement
in December 1991.
631
00:44:14,360 --> 00:44:17,279
And then they spring it on the world,
and they spring it on Gorbachev.
632
00:44:18,489 --> 00:44:19,948
And it works.
633
00:44:20,032 --> 00:44:22,493
Gorbachev has no effective way
of resisting.
634
00:44:22,576 --> 00:44:24,161
The three Slav presidents
635
00:44:24,244 --> 00:44:27,581
have so flagrantly
seized the initiative from Mr. Gorbachev,
636
00:44:27,665 --> 00:44:30,834
even claiming control
of the armed forces and nuclear weapons,
637
00:44:30,918 --> 00:44:34,338
that whatever role he accepts
can only be a diminished one.
638
00:44:34,922 --> 00:44:37,383
{n8}By December 25th, 1991,
639
00:44:37,466 --> 00:44:41,011
{n8}they're able to formally decree
the end of the Soviet Union.
640
00:44:43,555 --> 00:44:46,225
{n8}Yeltsin ejects Gorbachev
from his office in the Kremlin that day.
641
00:44:46,308 --> 00:44:48,828
{n8}WE DECLARE THE FORMATION
OF A COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
642
00:44:48,852 --> 00:44:52,856
{n8}Yeltsin even then sends men
to Gorbachev's private residence,
643
00:44:52,940 --> 00:44:54,358
{n8}where his wife Raisa is.
644
00:44:54,441 --> 00:44:56,527
{n8}And Raisa's just suffered a stroke.
645
00:44:56,610 --> 00:45:00,155
{n8}And they throw them out of the private
residence on December 25th, 1991.
646
00:45:00,239 --> 00:45:01,782
That's how much they hated each other.
647
00:45:01,865 --> 00:45:04,535
And so,
Yeltsin then moves into the Kremlin,
648
00:45:04,618 --> 00:45:08,539
and, uh, he forces Gorbachev
to give a televised resignation speech.
649
00:45:10,499 --> 00:45:14,628
His final days,
his final weeks,
650
00:45:15,629 --> 00:45:18,507
were extremely difficult
for him emotionally.
651
00:45:20,676 --> 00:45:26,140
I am now concluding my activity
as President of the USSR.
652
00:45:27,391 --> 00:45:30,227
Those who wanted
to divide the country up have prevailed,
653
00:45:30,310 --> 00:45:32,229
and this is something I cannot agree with.
654
00:45:32,813 --> 00:45:35,667
Yeltsin gets upset, thinks
the speech isn't deferential enough.
655
00:45:35,691 --> 00:45:37,109
So while Gorbachev is speaking,
656
00:45:37,192 --> 00:45:40,988
he has the Soviet flag
that's flying over the Kremlin be lowered,
657
00:45:41,071 --> 00:45:44,491
and the Russian flag be raised
as soon as possible thereafter.
658
00:45:46,368 --> 00:45:48,996
And on paper,
the Soviet Union is no more.
659
00:46:00,090 --> 00:46:05,929
{n8}We gather tonight at a dramatic
and deeply promising time in our history,
660
00:46:06,013 --> 00:46:08,348
{n8}and in the history of man on Earth.
661
00:46:08,891 --> 00:46:10,768
For in the past 12 months,
662
00:46:11,351 --> 00:46:16,064
the world has known changes
of almost biblical proportions.
663
00:46:16,148 --> 00:46:21,487
And even now, months after the failed coup
that doomed a failed system,
664
00:46:22,362 --> 00:46:26,325
I'm not sure we've absorbed
the full impact,
665
00:46:26,825 --> 00:46:29,036
the full import, of what happened.
666
00:46:29,703 --> 00:46:32,998
But communism died this year.
667
00:46:33,916 --> 00:46:38,045
By the grace of God,
America won the Cold War.
668
00:46:44,092 --> 00:46:46,595
Deep down,
we believed it was the end of history.
669
00:46:50,349 --> 00:46:52,434
If you look at great power conflict,
670
00:46:52,518 --> 00:46:55,771
we had this moment where we thought,
at least among the major powers,
671
00:46:55,854 --> 00:46:57,564
we're not going to have war anymore.
672
00:46:57,648 --> 00:46:58,732
We can sleep at night.
673
00:46:58,816 --> 00:47:00,901
There's not gonna be
global thermonuclear war.
674
00:47:00,984 --> 00:47:02,319
And that's not the case.
675
00:47:05,072 --> 00:47:06,782
There was a lot of instability
676
00:47:06,865 --> 00:47:09,243
associated with the collapse
of the Soviet Union.
677
00:47:11,787 --> 00:47:13,330
And there was a lot of questions.
678
00:47:14,790 --> 00:47:17,584
How do you transition
from being a state economy
679
00:47:17,668 --> 00:47:18,836
to being a market economy?
680
00:47:20,379 --> 00:47:25,175
{n8}How do you adjust
the purpose and the mission of NATO
681
00:47:25,759 --> 00:47:30,848
{n8}after the collapse of the Soviet Union,
and the principal reason NATO was created?
682
00:47:33,475 --> 00:47:36,728
NATO, of course,
was set up in 1949,
683
00:47:36,812 --> 00:47:40,482
basically to defend Western Europe
from the Soviet Union.
684
00:47:41,191 --> 00:47:43,151
The Soviet Union has collapsed.
685
00:47:43,235 --> 00:47:48,365
So, in theory, NATO could say
"mission accomplished" and go home.
686
00:47:48,448 --> 00:47:49,992
But that's not what happens.
687
00:47:51,034 --> 00:47:54,121
George H.W. Bush felt very strongly
that NATO should persist.
688
00:47:54,204 --> 00:47:56,832
It should retain its ability
to enlarge and expand,
689
00:47:57,624 --> 00:48:00,210
and that it should not
include the Soviet Union.
690
00:48:01,503 --> 00:48:04,047
And that vision is triumphant.
691
00:48:05,090 --> 00:48:07,593
We weren't
terribly creative in those days,
692
00:48:07,676 --> 00:48:09,261
thinking about new arrangements
693
00:48:10,137 --> 00:48:14,766
so that Russia didn't continue
to perceive NATO's existence
694
00:48:14,850 --> 00:48:17,686
as a lack of trust in Russia
695
00:48:17,769 --> 00:48:21,356
and as still being a basically
anti-Russian organization.
696
00:48:22,190 --> 00:48:24,484
{n8}We devoted a lot of time
and a lot of effort
697
00:48:25,068 --> 00:48:29,114
{n8}to figuring out
how to change the mission of NATO.
698
00:48:30,324 --> 00:48:33,952
But we never invited Russia
to become a member of NATO,
699
00:48:34,036 --> 00:48:37,039
or to be on the path to NATO membership.
700
00:48:38,582 --> 00:48:42,836
The world was, on one hand,
rejoicing that Russian reformers
701
00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:46,673
were coming in
and the Soviet Union was breaking up.
702
00:48:46,757 --> 00:48:48,759
{n8}But a sense of real fear and foreboding
703
00:48:48,842 --> 00:48:50,844
{n8}that no country
in the history of the world
704
00:48:50,928 --> 00:48:53,138
{n8}had ever gone down without a war,
705
00:48:53,221 --> 00:48:57,142
{n8}still possessing its total inventory
of weapons of mass destruction
706
00:48:57,225 --> 00:48:58,644
across many time zones.
707
00:49:00,896 --> 00:49:03,774
And it really gave me a tremendous feeling
708
00:49:04,524 --> 00:49:07,069
that the priority had to be
to help them protect
709
00:49:07,152 --> 00:49:10,697
their own weapons of mass destruction.
710
00:49:12,574 --> 00:49:15,661
When the Soviet Union
disappeared, dissolved,
711
00:49:15,744 --> 00:49:22,292
there were four nations, new nations,
that suddenly owned nuclear weapons.
712
00:49:23,835 --> 00:49:29,925
And there were four nations
whose scientists and nuclear designers
713
00:49:30,008 --> 00:49:33,011
were suddenly out of a job.
714
00:49:34,388 --> 00:49:39,226
There was also the concern
about the knowledge of these Soviet,
715
00:49:39,309 --> 00:49:42,270
{n8}now Ukrainian, Kazakh, Belarusian,
716
00:49:42,354 --> 00:49:46,525
{n8}mostly Russian scientists
and nuclear engineers,
717
00:49:46,608 --> 00:49:50,445
that knowledge could be used
for good or bad.
718
00:49:52,280 --> 00:49:54,491
It was a period
of enormous vulnerability.
719
00:49:55,075 --> 00:49:57,536
Senator Lugar and I understood that,
720
00:49:57,619 --> 00:50:00,539
and we did pass a rather unique program
721
00:50:00,622 --> 00:50:03,667
that became known as
the Cooperative Threat Reduction program,
722
00:50:03,750 --> 00:50:05,252
or the Nunn-Lugar program,
723
00:50:05,335 --> 00:50:09,715
to help the former Soviet Union
secure their chemical, biological,
724
00:50:09,798 --> 00:50:12,968
and nuclear weapons
and materials that they had,
725
00:50:13,051 --> 00:50:17,180
and to also help employ
some of their scientists.
726
00:50:18,181 --> 00:50:21,476
The Soviet scientists were offered,
in many cases,
727
00:50:21,560 --> 00:50:25,105
{n8}an awful lot of money
to take their skills and knowledge,
728
00:50:25,188 --> 00:50:27,733
{n8}and to make these kinds
of weapons elsewhere.
729
00:50:29,192 --> 00:50:34,281
{n8}There's a definite set of choke points
in a nuclear weapon's development.
730
00:50:34,364 --> 00:50:37,868
{n8}And, of course, the biggest choke point
is having the highly-enriched uranium
731
00:50:37,951 --> 00:50:40,954
or the plutonium,
what we call the fissile material,
732
00:50:41,038 --> 00:50:42,039
the guts of the bomb.
733
00:50:42,122 --> 00:50:43,802
You don't have it,
you don't have a weapon.
734
00:50:45,500 --> 00:50:49,463
President Bush insists that
arms control is about to become simpler,
735
00:50:49,546 --> 00:50:53,925
even though America now has to deal
with up to 15 states instead of one.
736
00:50:54,009 --> 00:50:55,844
The fundamental difference, he says,
737
00:50:55,927 --> 00:50:59,139
is that Washington
is no longer regarded as the enemy.
738
00:50:59,890 --> 00:51:01,610
The breakup
of the Soviet Union
739
00:51:01,641 --> 00:51:03,393
turned everything on its head.
740
00:51:03,477 --> 00:51:06,396
{n8}There were a lot of rumors,
some intelligence reports,
741
00:51:06,480 --> 00:51:10,358
{n8}about missing nuclear weapons,
none of which were ever confirmed.
742
00:51:10,442 --> 00:51:13,278
There were definitely
missing nuclear materials.
743
00:51:13,361 --> 00:51:17,199
I would say several hundred kilograms
of nuclear materials
744
00:51:17,282 --> 00:51:18,909
have never been accounted for.
745
00:51:21,203 --> 00:51:23,497
In preparation
for my assignment to Kazakhstan,
746
00:51:23,580 --> 00:51:26,208
I was given extensive
intelligence briefings
747
00:51:26,291 --> 00:51:29,377
about what we thought
was there, uh, in the country
748
00:51:29,461 --> 00:51:31,505
related to weapons of mass destruction,
749
00:51:31,588 --> 00:51:35,592
nuclear weapons, chemical weapons,
and biological weapons,
750
00:51:35,675 --> 00:51:37,886
as well as the missile delivery systems.
751
00:51:39,179 --> 00:51:43,683
I knew that there was a nuclear facility
in northeastern Kazakhstan,
752
00:51:43,767 --> 00:51:45,894
at a place called Ust-Kamenogorsk.
753
00:51:46,436 --> 00:51:51,108
Actually, my automobile mechanic,
uh, shortly after I arrived in Kazakhstan,
754
00:51:51,817 --> 00:51:55,153
asked me if I'd like to buy some uranium.
755
00:51:55,237 --> 00:51:57,572
So I said, "Well, I'd be interested
to learn more."
756
00:51:58,907 --> 00:52:02,119
{n8}That led to this introduction
to the factory director,
757
00:52:02,202 --> 00:52:05,247
{n8}who lived in northeastern Kazakhstan,
Vitaly Mette.
758
00:52:08,542 --> 00:52:11,920
As a director of a factory
in a factory town,
759
00:52:12,003 --> 00:52:15,882
Mette is responsible
for thousands of people, everything.
760
00:52:15,966 --> 00:52:18,385
The schools, the hospital.
761
00:52:18,468 --> 00:52:23,140
Everything was part of this factory town
under his control as the director.
762
00:52:24,057 --> 00:52:26,935
And he wasn't able to support them,
763
00:52:28,103 --> 00:52:33,316
so he was desperately looking for funding
to help maintain his town.
764
00:52:34,901 --> 00:52:37,654
He looked up to the United States
as a reliable partner.
765
00:52:38,405 --> 00:52:42,576
I basically said, "The United States
government would not consider
766
00:52:42,659 --> 00:52:45,078
buying this material
unless we knew the details."
767
00:52:46,621 --> 00:52:50,250
{n8}One day, my driver, Slava,
came by the embassy and said,
768
00:52:50,333 --> 00:52:52,544
{n8}"Andy, somebody wants to see you."
769
00:52:52,627 --> 00:52:55,714
We went to an apartment complex
on the outskirts of town,
770
00:52:55,797 --> 00:53:02,721
and there was a former KGB border guard
colonel named Colonel Korbater who said,
771
00:53:02,804 --> 00:53:04,556
"Andy, let's go for a walk."
772
00:53:06,266 --> 00:53:09,019
And so we went out into the courtyard.
It was snowing.
773
00:53:09,102 --> 00:53:14,441
And he said, "Andy, I have something from
Vitaly that he wants me to pass to you."
774
00:53:14,524 --> 00:53:18,320
And he handed me a small
folded piece of paper.
775
00:53:18,403 --> 00:53:22,199
And as we're walking,
I... I opened it and it said,
776
00:53:22,282 --> 00:53:24,993
"600 KG" or kilograms,
777
00:53:25,869 --> 00:53:32,417
"90% U-235," Uranium-235,
which is bomb fuel.
778
00:53:33,293 --> 00:53:36,171
Six hundred kilograms
of highly-enriched uranium
779
00:53:36,254 --> 00:53:38,632
is enough for two dozen nuclear weapons.
780
00:53:39,132 --> 00:53:41,676
I mean, it's just unimaginable
that this much quantity
781
00:53:41,760 --> 00:53:44,387
would be lying around
in a warehouse in Kazakhstan.
782
00:53:48,183 --> 00:53:52,437
{n8}We asked President Nazarbayev
to arrange for me,
783
00:53:52,520 --> 00:53:56,608
{n8}with a technical expert,
to visit the factory at Ust-Kamenogorsk
784
00:53:56,691 --> 00:54:00,779
to verify the presence
of this highly-enriched uranium.
785
00:54:00,862 --> 00:54:02,155
And he said, "Yes."
786
00:54:02,239 --> 00:54:05,700
And he turned to his general and said,
"Make it happen."
787
00:54:07,369 --> 00:54:11,831
{n8}About a month or so later,
an expert named Elwood Gift,
788
00:54:11,915 --> 00:54:14,918
{n8}from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
came out to Kazakhstan.
789
00:54:16,461 --> 00:54:20,006
And then the next morning,
we started the tour of the factory.
790
00:54:21,967 --> 00:54:25,136
There were these wooden sliding doors,
sort of like prison bars,
791
00:54:26,054 --> 00:54:28,515
and a padlock that you'd see
in an antique shop.
792
00:54:28,598 --> 00:54:31,434
It was like a Civil War-era padlock.
793
00:54:32,102 --> 00:54:36,773
And there was a big platform
and stainless-steel buckets,
794
00:54:36,856 --> 00:54:39,776
ostensibly with highly-enriched uranium
in them.
795
00:54:39,859 --> 00:54:44,281
It's pretty stable, unless you have
too much of it in one place,
796
00:54:44,364 --> 00:54:47,200
but they were spaced out
for criticality safety,
797
00:54:47,284 --> 00:54:51,288
so they wouldn't reach a critical mass,
which could be very, very, uh, dangerous.
798
00:54:52,497 --> 00:54:55,125
{n8}We did some testing
with their equipment
799
00:54:55,208 --> 00:54:58,044
{n8}and were able to verify
800
00:54:58,837 --> 00:55:03,883
that the enrichment level was 90 to 91%.
801
00:55:04,467 --> 00:55:06,553
And that's when Washington
went into high gear.
802
00:55:08,179 --> 00:55:10,598
It was a huge logistical challenge.
803
00:55:12,475 --> 00:55:17,063
We had hundreds of these special
fissile material transport canisters.
804
00:55:17,147 --> 00:55:19,024
For criticality safety reasons,
805
00:55:19,107 --> 00:55:22,402
you could only transport
small amounts of uranium in each barrel.
806
00:55:23,236 --> 00:55:26,906
And then we loaded them up
onto these Soviet-era trucks
807
00:55:26,990 --> 00:55:28,033
at the factory.
808
00:55:36,958 --> 00:55:40,420
It was a very, very cold night
809
00:55:40,503 --> 00:55:44,132
with a wet rain
and black ice on the roads.
810
00:55:45,467 --> 00:55:49,220
And, of course, that's when the material
is most vulnerable to interception.
811
00:55:52,891 --> 00:55:55,435
If you're a bad guy, that's your chance.
812
00:55:55,518 --> 00:55:57,812
That's your opportunity
to intercept this material.
813
00:55:57,896 --> 00:56:01,399
Maybe take one truck,
kill the driver, and drive off.
814
00:56:01,483 --> 00:56:05,570
So, we were extremely concerned
about the secrecy.
815
00:56:14,037 --> 00:56:15,663
We made it to the airfield.
816
00:56:17,290 --> 00:56:21,086
We started the process
to load them onto the cargo plane.
817
00:56:27,008 --> 00:56:30,095
And these trucks were sliding.
818
00:56:47,904 --> 00:56:50,615
Yeah. They're not going anywhere.
819
00:56:55,328 --> 00:56:58,289
I was very concerned
that we weren't gonna make it.
820
00:57:42,876 --> 00:57:46,212
So the material was flown,
without any stops,
821
00:57:46,296 --> 00:57:49,841
with aerial refuelings
to Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
822
00:57:49,924 --> 00:57:52,469
where it was brought to the Y-12 plant.
823
00:57:55,472 --> 00:57:58,808
{n8}Yesterday, the Department of Defense
and the Department of Energy
824
00:57:58,892 --> 00:58:01,978
{n8}completed a high-priority,
825
00:58:02,061 --> 00:58:04,147
{n8}extremely sensitive mission,
826
00:58:04,898 --> 00:58:07,192
{n8}which we call Project Sapphire.
827
00:58:09,486 --> 00:58:11,863
We have just placed, in safe hands,
828
00:58:12,655 --> 00:58:16,284
enough nuclear material
from the former Soviet arsenal
829
00:58:16,367 --> 00:58:19,287
to make more than 20 nuclear devices.
830
00:58:23,666 --> 00:58:26,211
During the time,
I don't think we realized,
831
00:58:26,294 --> 00:58:27,921
I certainly didn't realize,
832
00:58:28,004 --> 00:58:30,256
how important Project Sapphire was.
833
00:58:30,340 --> 00:58:34,177
This was really the first time
the Pentagon had done something like this.
834
00:58:34,260 --> 00:58:36,804
It wasn't going out and fighting a war.
835
00:58:36,888 --> 00:58:40,225
This was preventing
a catastrophe from happening.
836
00:58:40,308 --> 00:58:44,729
We applaud President Nazarbayev
and the Kazakhstan government
837
00:58:44,812 --> 00:58:47,774
for helping to make the world
safer and more secure.
838
00:58:49,400 --> 00:58:53,154
It was a huge package
of about $30 million of assistance.
839
00:58:54,155 --> 00:58:56,824
And it was a bargain,
because you can imagine,
840
00:58:56,908 --> 00:59:01,829
for this much material,
the Iranians would have paid billions.
841
00:59:02,830 --> 00:59:05,375
We made a deal to buy the uranium.
842
00:59:05,458 --> 00:59:06,834
It would be blended down.
843
00:59:06,918 --> 00:59:10,880
We'd burn it as civilian nuclear power
in our power plants.
844
00:59:10,964 --> 00:59:14,467
One-tenth of the electricity in America,
845
00:59:14,551 --> 00:59:17,679
um, during that
approximately ten-year period,
846
00:59:17,762 --> 00:59:21,474
was coming from weapons, uh,
mounted on delivery systems
847
00:59:21,558 --> 00:59:24,894
that could have destroyed America
or any other country.
848
00:59:26,062 --> 00:59:29,649
{n8}It was the most important
defense money we ever spent
849
00:59:29,732 --> 00:59:34,737
{n8}in terms of avoiding an untold number
of possible catastrophes.
850
00:59:36,864 --> 00:59:39,325
When the Soviet Union dissolved,
851
00:59:39,409 --> 00:59:44,289
the Belarusians and Kazakhs
agreed to turn over their nuclear weapons
852
00:59:44,372 --> 00:59:46,624
to the Russians, or destroy them.
853
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:53,506
{n8}Ukrainians, not so quick
to decide to turn these weapons over.
854
00:59:55,466 --> 00:59:58,845
{n8}Deep inside its secret
forest site at Bila Tserkva,
855
00:59:58,928 --> 01:00:00,972
{n8}40 miles south of Kiev,
856
01:00:01,055 --> 01:00:05,310
a nuclear warhead is carefully removed
from its missile and launchpad.
857
01:00:05,393 --> 01:00:08,813
It's not large, but it's equal to the bomb
that demolished Hiroshima.
858
01:00:09,355 --> 01:00:14,777
The Ukraine is pledged to destroy
136 of its 176 missiles
859
01:00:14,861 --> 01:00:17,071
under the START disarmament program,
860
01:00:17,155 --> 01:00:20,074
but no one is certain what happens
to the remaining 40
861
01:00:20,158 --> 01:00:22,493
or what their price is on the open market.
862
01:00:26,914 --> 01:00:31,085
Everybody wanted to be sure
that these weapons were under control.
863
01:00:37,467 --> 01:00:40,345
{n8}Ukraine, at this point,
has become a democracy.
864
01:00:40,428 --> 01:00:42,221
{n8}It has over 50 million people,
865
01:00:43,014 --> 01:00:45,558
{n8}and is the world's
third-biggest nuclear power.
866
01:00:46,809 --> 01:00:50,021
The Ukrainians were reluctant
to give up this deterrent
867
01:00:50,688 --> 01:00:52,899
that could provide them security.
868
01:00:56,069 --> 01:01:00,865
They wanted some kind of guarantee
that Ukrainian security,
869
01:01:00,948 --> 01:01:02,325
Ukrainian sovereignty,
870
01:01:02,408 --> 01:01:06,621
Ukrainian territorial integrity,
would be defended.
871
01:01:07,497 --> 01:01:11,793
{n8}There were negotiations, Americans,
the Brits, the Russians, Ukrainians,
872
01:01:11,876 --> 01:01:14,420
about what to do with these weapons.
873
01:01:14,504 --> 01:01:18,633
In a memorandum
eventually signed in Budapest,
874
01:01:18,716 --> 01:01:22,512
{n8}the Ukrainians agreed, under pressure,
875
01:01:23,012 --> 01:01:26,474
{n8}to give up these nuclear weapons,
to destroy or send them back to Russia.
876
01:01:27,183 --> 01:01:29,602
{n8}Ukraine formally renounced nuclear arms
877
01:01:29,686 --> 01:01:31,979
{n8}by joining
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
878
01:01:32,772 --> 01:01:35,358
Ukraine will join Belarus and Kazakhstan
879
01:01:35,441 --> 01:01:38,611
in becoming nuclear-free
by the end of the century.
880
01:01:39,278 --> 01:01:43,324
The language
of the Budapest Memorandum was tricky.
881
01:01:44,075 --> 01:01:49,205
Negotiators settled
on the word "assurance," not "guarantee."
882
01:01:50,665 --> 01:01:53,426
The difference between the words
"assurance" and "guarantee"
883
01:01:53,501 --> 01:01:58,089
might seem slight, but they are actually
very significant in military terms.
884
01:01:58,756 --> 01:02:02,844
A guarantee means you have a high chance
that, when you're in trouble,
885
01:02:02,927 --> 01:02:04,721
the 82nd Airborne is coming,
886
01:02:04,804 --> 01:02:06,472
and an assurance does not.
887
01:02:07,306 --> 01:02:08,746
{n8}So that's one of the open questions,
888
01:02:08,808 --> 01:02:11,018
{n8}should they have pressed harder
for a better deal?
889
01:02:11,102 --> 01:02:12,582
{n8}Quite a moment, though.
890
01:02:12,645 --> 01:02:15,815
Yeah, and also, by the way, there were
Ukrainians at the time who knew this.
891
01:02:15,898 --> 01:02:19,902
There were Ukrainian negotiators involved
in the Budapest Memorandum who said,
892
01:02:19,986 --> 01:02:23,948
"We know that this is not really
going to protect us from Russia."
893
01:02:24,031 --> 01:02:28,578
"What we really want
is a guaranteed world hearing when,
894
01:02:28,661 --> 01:02:30,413
you know, the worst happens."
895
01:02:35,376 --> 01:02:37,170
{n8}"We want a forum. We want a platform."
896
01:02:37,253 --> 01:02:38,296
"We want a microphone."
897
01:02:38,379 --> 01:02:41,883
"We want a reason to tell the world
when Russia invades us."
898
01:02:41,966 --> 01:02:43,926
"That's the best we're gonna get here."
899
01:02:45,052 --> 01:02:47,221
They knew
that Russia could invade them.
900
01:02:47,305 --> 01:02:49,766
- They knew, yeah.
- There was a threat from Russia.
901
01:02:49,849 --> 01:02:50,683
Yes.
902
01:03:03,070 --> 01:03:04,363
At that time,
903
01:03:05,698 --> 01:03:08,659
there was this minor KGB guy,
904
01:03:08,743 --> 01:03:12,330
who was in a minor outpost
in East Germany, in Dresden,
905
01:03:12,413 --> 01:03:14,040
during the fall of the Berlin Wall.
906
01:03:16,042 --> 01:03:17,293
He was really minor.
907
01:03:19,670 --> 01:03:22,548
Vladimir Putin is his name.
He's probably somebody to remember.
908
01:03:24,675 --> 01:03:27,929
As sad or scary as it might sound,
909
01:03:28,012 --> 01:03:31,140
in my view, a short period
of totalitarianism
910
01:03:31,224 --> 01:03:33,184
in our country is possible.
911
01:03:33,893 --> 01:03:36,079
He was never a friend to the West.
912
01:03:36,103 --> 01:03:37,814
He was always suspicious of the West.
913
01:03:38,856 --> 01:03:40,736
We Russians tend to believe,
914
01:03:41,234 --> 01:03:43,778
and I won't hide the fact
that I'm inclined to think this way,
915
01:03:43,861 --> 01:03:47,990
that if somebody came along who could
resurrect law and order with an iron fist,
916
01:03:48,074 --> 01:03:51,577
then our life would be better,
more comfortable, and safer.
80855
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