All language subtitles for S23E09 - NASCAR Car Bodies; Hurley Sticks; Tube Power Amplifiers; Thermal Coffee Pots (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track4_[eng]
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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: the first stock cars
Were souped-up family sedans.
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But today, they're custom-built
For the racetrack.
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Each car body
Must match the contours
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Of templates set by nascar,
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The national association
Of stock car auto racing.
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On the racetrack,
The shape of a car
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Can give it an aerodynamic edge
Over the competition,
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So in nascar races, car bodies
Must have uniform curves.
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The regulations put the focus
On driver skill
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And make the race a fair one.
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They mold some
Of the car's body parts
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From a carbon fiber
And kevlar material.
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First, a technician applies
A release agent to a mold
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For the car's front end.
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Then he sprays a paint undercoat
Into it.
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This undercoat will eventually
Transfer to the completed panel.
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A computerized cutter slices the
Carbon fiber and kevlar fabric
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Into strips.
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It produces 22 pieces,
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Each one cut to fit
A different section of the mold.
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The technician rolls epoxy resin
Onto the fabric
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One strip at a time.
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Once the strip
Has been completely coated,
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He transfers it to the mold.
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He tucks the fabric
Into the contours
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And smooths out
Any big wrinkles.
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He layers the strips three deep
In a crisscross configuration
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For structural integrity.
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A co-worker covers the carbon
Fiber with perforated plastic.
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They add layers of absorbent
Polyester and thick plastic,
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Which they glue
To the edge of the mold.
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They insert a fitting
And connect a vacuum,
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Which sucks out air
And excess epoxy resin.
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The polyester material
Soaks up the resin
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As it flows through the holes
In the first plastic layer.
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This both smooths and compacts
The carbon-fiber layers.
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Then it's into a hot oven
To bake for three hours.
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00:03:07,413 --> 00:03:09,137
This activates the epoxy
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00:03:09,241 --> 00:03:12,965
And combines the layers of
Carbon fiber and kevlar fabric.
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An employee removes
The completed stock-car panel
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And inspects it.
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Then it's over
To a weigh station.
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At just under 8 pounds,
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The part is lightweight
Yet virtually shatterproof.
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Meanwhile, at another factory,
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Work begins on
The stock-car chassis.
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They build it from square steel
Tubing that's super strong.
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An employee
Welds the pieces together
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To create a support structure
For the car.
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At the next station,
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A worker forces narrow steel
Tubing against a spiral bit
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To carve notches in it.
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This tubing
Is for the roll cage,
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The structure that protects the
Driver if there's an accident.
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The notches will help
Form better joints.
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He grinds the rough edges,
Creating a smooth surface
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To weld the tube
To the rest of the roll cage.
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Once complete, the team
Transfers the roll cage
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To the main frame
Of the chassis.
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They tack-weld it
Before doing the final welds.
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The next part
Is called the rear clip.
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It holds the fuel tank and has
Mounts for the rear suspension.
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With the car framework
Now complete,
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A technician scans it
Using a digital measuring probe.
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The scan confirms that
The dimensions are correct.
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They now assemble
The various steel
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And carbon-fiber body parts
To the stock-car framework.
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They measure
The completed car body
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By laying template grids on it.
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The biggest one sits
Over the center of the car.
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They pull a gauge
Through the gaps
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Between the templates
And the car body.
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The gap cannot exceed
The tolerances set by nascar.
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They often must tweak the shape
Of a body part
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To meet regulations.
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Once the car has been painted,
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They apply headlight decals
Where the real ones usually are.
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Real headlights
Would add too much weight
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And pose a safety risk
If they shattered.
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It's taken three weeks
Of intensive work,
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But this stock-car body
Is now ready for the mechanics.
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Things are about
To pick up speed.
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Narrator: the game of hurling
Has been played in ireland
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For at least 2,000 years.
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Players swing a stick
Called a hurley
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To hit a ball the size
Of a hockey puck into a net.
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Winning takes skill,
Quick reflexes,
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And, of course,
The luck of the irish.
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Pass the ball
And pass on the tradition.
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Hurling is a game that's older
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Than the recorded history
Of ireland.
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In ireland, hurleys are still
Made the old-fashioned way --
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By hand in small shops.
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Ash is the wood of choice.
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They use only the part
Of the tree near the root
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Because the grain flows
In a natural curve there,
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Making the stick less likely
To break during play.
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The hurley maker
Slices the trunk
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Into planks
That are one inch thick.
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He'll make one hurley
From each plank.
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He stacks the planks
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00:07:08,068 --> 00:07:11,379
And then picks through them
To select one for shaping.
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00:07:16,172 --> 00:07:19,310
He scrutinizes the curve
Of the grain on the boards.
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It needs to be suitable
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For the size of the hurley
He'll be making.
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His selection made,
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He places a see-through
Plastic pattern on the board.
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The transparency allows him
To find the curve of the grain
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And position it within the
Striking surface of the hurley.
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He draws an outline around it
With a pencil.
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After a rough cut
And some initial shaping,
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He re-pencils the pattern
And cuts it with a band saw.
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The striking surface
Of the hurley is called the bas.
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It's the most substantial part
Of the stick.
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He sculpts the stick to various
Thicknesses with a planer.
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He keeps it thick at the bas
And thins it at the stem
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To give the stick
Some elasticity
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When striking the ball.
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This will allow the player
To hit the ball farther.
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He sands the edges
To make them more even.
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He tapers the bas
To the very end,
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Creating a sloped surface so the
Ball can be picked up easily.
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He then switches
To a finer grid abrasive belt
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And sands the handle
And the rest of the stick
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Until it's super smooth.
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Next, he cuts steel banding
To a length
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That's a little more than
Twice the diameter of the bas.
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He loops the band
Around the end of the bas
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And clamps it snugly to it.
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He drives large nails
Into the band to puncture it.
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He hammers smaller nails
Into those holes
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00:09:19,896 --> 00:09:22,000
And all the way
Through the wood.
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He clips the protruding nails.
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00:09:28,758 --> 00:09:33,000
He then flattens the cut ends
To turn the nails into rivets.
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He folds the ends
Of the looped band together
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At the rim of the bas
And nails them to the wood.
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Now securely attached,
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The steel band
Will reinforce the hurley
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At its most vulnerable point --
The end of the striking surface.
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Not every player
Wants their hurley banded.
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00:09:58,620 --> 00:10:01,655
This is an optional feature.
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00:10:01,758 --> 00:10:04,517
He now winds rubber tape
Just under the handle
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00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:05,965
For better gripping.
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00:10:07,965 --> 00:10:11,172
He continues to twist it
Partway down the stick
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00:10:11,275 --> 00:10:15,172
Because players sometimes
Grip it there with both hands.
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00:10:17,103 --> 00:10:20,379
He finishes the wrap at
Both ends with electrical tape,
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00:10:20,482 --> 00:10:22,758
Which has stronger
Adhesive backing.
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00:10:22,862 --> 00:10:25,896
It will prevent unraveling
Of the rubber tape.
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00:10:29,103 --> 00:10:33,034
It's taken about 20 minutes
To craft this hurley stick.
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00:10:33,137 --> 00:10:36,172
How long it will last
Is anyone's guess.
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There's no warranty on hurleys,
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And it's sure to break
At some point
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Because hurling is a rough game.
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Some players go through
Several hurleys in one season.
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It doesn't matter
If you lose a stick
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As long as you win the game.
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Narrator:
In an audio system,
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The amplifier is the component
Which makes the sound louder
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And sends it to the speakers.
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00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:19,724
While most amps on the market
Are powered by transistors,
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00:11:19,827 --> 00:11:23,620
Many audiophiles
Swear by tube amplifiers,
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00:11:23,724 --> 00:11:26,482
Which use older
Vacuum-tube technology.
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00:11:32,896 --> 00:11:35,103
Many believe
That tube amplifiers
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00:11:35,206 --> 00:11:38,862
Produce a warmer,
More natural sound.
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00:11:38,965 --> 00:11:41,310
This factory makes the amp's
Main chassis
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00:11:41,413 --> 00:11:43,689
From a sheet
Of polished stainless steel.
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00:11:43,793 --> 00:11:46,137
A computer-guided punch press
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00:11:46,241 --> 00:11:49,172
Cuts openings for the
Power switches, control knobs,
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And other components.
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00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:54,068
The press prepares eight chassis
Per sheet.
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00:11:54,172 --> 00:11:58,034
Workers separate them
With a few strikes of a mallet.
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00:11:58,137 --> 00:12:00,241
Then they place them
One at a time
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00:12:00,344 --> 00:12:03,655
In a bending machine
Called a press break.
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00:12:03,758 --> 00:12:07,172
Once they position the sheet
With the help of metal guides,
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00:12:07,275 --> 00:12:09,000
They activate a foot pedal,
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00:12:09,103 --> 00:12:12,965
Releasing 90 tons of pressure
To bend the edge of the sheet.
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00:12:15,551 --> 00:12:17,517
Then they remove
The adhesive film
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00:12:17,620 --> 00:12:20,379
Which has been protecting
The mirror-finish surface
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00:12:20,482 --> 00:12:21,827
Of the chassis.
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00:12:21,931 --> 00:12:25,793
They clean off any remaining
Adhesive residue with alcohol.
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00:12:27,275 --> 00:12:31,000
Then they put the chassis
Into an offset press.
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00:12:31,103 --> 00:12:33,793
Using a silk-screen
Printing process,
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00:12:33,896 --> 00:12:36,620
It labels the controls
And connections.
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00:12:38,896 --> 00:12:40,827
Next are the speaker terminals,
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00:12:40,931 --> 00:12:43,724
Which connect the speaker wires
To the amp.
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00:12:43,827 --> 00:12:47,034
These connectors are made
Of gold-plated brass,
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Which are nonmagnetic metals.
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00:12:49,137 --> 00:12:51,931
Magnetic ones would react
To the electric current
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00:12:52,034 --> 00:12:54,655
And cause distortion.
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00:12:54,758 --> 00:12:57,551
The terminal's circuit board,
Installed next,
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00:12:57,655 --> 00:13:00,620
Carries the amplified signal
From the main circuit board
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00:13:00,724 --> 00:13:02,758
To the speaker terminals.
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00:13:02,862 --> 00:13:05,241
They install and connect
The power switch
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00:13:05,344 --> 00:13:08,482
And the circuit board for
The vacuum-tube illumination.
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00:13:08,586 --> 00:13:11,586
This indicates
The tube's status.
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00:13:13,896 --> 00:13:16,793
Meanwhile, this machine
Winds strands of copper wire
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00:13:16,896 --> 00:13:18,551
Around plastic bobbins
200
00:13:18,655 --> 00:13:22,068
To begin making the amp's
Output transformers.
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00:13:22,172 --> 00:13:25,275
Output transformers
Match the amp's circuitry
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00:13:25,379 --> 00:13:29,586
To the electronic specifications
Of different types of speakers.
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00:13:29,689 --> 00:13:32,482
The number of wires,
Their different gauges,
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00:13:32,586 --> 00:13:35,517
And the number of revolutions
Around the bobbin
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00:13:35,620 --> 00:13:38,551
Create this unique
Compatibility.
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00:13:38,655 --> 00:13:41,620
After taping the wires
To prevent unraveling,
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00:13:41,724 --> 00:13:45,551
They join, then solder the ends
To additional wiring.
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00:13:45,655 --> 00:13:48,137
They will later connect
To the amp's main board.
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00:13:48,241 --> 00:13:52,206
A fiberglass sleeve
Insulates the connection.
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00:13:52,310 --> 00:13:55,689
They place the bobbin
In a lamination machine.
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00:13:55,793 --> 00:13:59,034
Laminations are thin plates
Of carbon steel.
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00:13:59,137 --> 00:14:03,137
The machine stacks them
All around the bobbin.
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00:14:03,241 --> 00:14:07,655
Then workers put a bolt in each
Corner to hold them together.
214
00:14:11,758 --> 00:14:15,620
They place the laminated bobbin
In an aluminum housing
215
00:14:15,724 --> 00:14:18,758
And pour in hot black tar.
216
00:14:18,862 --> 00:14:22,068
This immobilizes the laminations
So they won't rattle
217
00:14:22,172 --> 00:14:25,862
When the amp is amplifying
Low frequencies.
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00:14:25,965 --> 00:14:28,931
Then workers install
The two output transformers
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00:14:29,034 --> 00:14:30,862
Into the chassis,
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00:14:30,965 --> 00:14:34,448
Along with a third transformer
To power the amp.
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00:14:36,551 --> 00:14:38,965
They take the amp's
Main circuit board,
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00:14:39,068 --> 00:14:42,000
Plug in ceramic sockets
For the vacuum tubes...
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00:14:44,586 --> 00:14:47,655
...And solder the sockets' leads
To the board.
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00:14:49,758 --> 00:14:52,413
Then, after feeding
The transformer leads,
225
00:14:52,517 --> 00:14:55,103
They mount the main board
In the chassis,
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00:14:55,206 --> 00:14:58,931
Screwing it to posts
To hold it in place.
227
00:14:59,034 --> 00:15:02,517
Then they connect
The transformer leads.
228
00:15:09,862 --> 00:15:14,034
They plug the vacuum tubes
One by one into the sockets.
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00:15:14,137 --> 00:15:18,310
The tubes are made of glass
With a heat-resistant base.
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00:15:18,413 --> 00:15:21,482
The interior contains
A combination of metals
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00:15:21,586 --> 00:15:25,379
But no air,
Hence the term vacuum tube.
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00:15:25,482 --> 00:15:27,310
The amp has 11 tubes in all --
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00:15:27,413 --> 00:15:29,965
Seven small ones
To power input signals
234
00:15:30,068 --> 00:15:33,137
From a source
Such as a cd player
235
00:15:33,241 --> 00:15:36,965
And four big ones
To power output to the speakers.
236
00:15:40,310 --> 00:15:43,172
Then they attach the chassis'
Ventilated bottom cover
237
00:15:43,275 --> 00:15:46,344
Made of painted steel.
238
00:15:46,448 --> 00:15:47,517
They affix decals
239
00:15:47,620 --> 00:15:50,068
To differentiate
The output transformers
240
00:15:50,172 --> 00:15:52,172
From the power transformer.
241
00:15:54,517 --> 00:15:57,551
L.E.D. Lights turn green
When the amp is powered up
242
00:15:57,655 --> 00:16:00,689
And ready to deliver
That warm, natural sound
243
00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:03,965
That many believe
Only traditional vacuum tubes
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Can produce.
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Narrator: people generally like
Their coffee either hot or iced,
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Hence the need
For the thermal coffee pot.
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Pour in hot coffee,
And the pot holds in heat,
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Keeping the coffee
At that temperature
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For a good half-hour.
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The trick to a thermal coffee
Pot is in the construction.
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Both the body and lid
Have a double wall,
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Two layers of stainless steel.
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Between them is a tiny gap
Just 5 to 6 millimeters.
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The air in this gap
Insulates the inner wall,
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Trapping the heat
Inside the pot.
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They start with
A stainless-steel sheet
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Just 1.2 millimeters thick.
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The first step is to cut it
Into smaller pieces
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On a mechanical press.
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To make the coffee pot's body,
They cut it into strips,
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Then each strip into squares
Measuring 8x8 inches.
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Then they put each square
In another mechanical press.
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It stamps the square
Onto a circular die,
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Which cuts it into a disk.
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They'll now use this disk
To make the outer wall.
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They run the disk
Through a lubricator
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That coats the surface with oil
To aid the next step
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On a machine called
A hydraulic deep drawing press.
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The machine's molders
Draw the flat disk
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Into a three-dimensional shape.
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This stretches
The stainless-steel fibers
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To a very fragile state.
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They strengthen the piece
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By what's called
Thermic normalization,
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Heating the metal
To 1,800 degrees fahrenheit,
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Then letting it cool
To room temperature.
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This process restores
The original molecular structure
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Of the stainless steel
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So it can be shaped further
Without breaking.
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But first, they even out
The jagged rim with a trimmer.
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Then they return the wall
To the deep drawing press
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Outfitted with
A differently shaped molder.
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The second drawing tapers
The wall to a more rounded shape
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And forms a base to make
The bottom perfectly flat.
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Then it's back to the trimmer,
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Outfitted with a different tool
This time, to smooth the rim.
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They repeat the same steps
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To make the coffee pot's
Inner wall.
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The deep drawing press
Pulls the stainless-steel disk
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Into a slightly different shape
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With a lip protruding
To one side.
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They heat the wall
In the induction oven
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To restore
The molecular structure
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Before shaping the metal
Further.
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Then they place the wall
In a mold and release a press.
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This shapes the protruding lip
Into a spout.
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Then they transfer the wall
To another press,
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Which stamps it with a die,
Cutting off excess metal.
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They check to make sure
That the inner and outer walls
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Fit together properly.
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If everything is fine,
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They polish both walls
Inside and out.
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A little polishing paste
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Applied with a sisal brush
On the polishing wheel
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Has the surfaces glistening
In no time.
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The surface is now perfectly
Smooth and ready for welding.
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The first part they weld
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Is the coffee pot's
Stainless-steel handle.
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They shape it with two strikes
Of a press, then polish.
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They use a spot welder
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To fuse the handle
To the pot's outer wall.
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Then they turn the wall
Upside down
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To stamp the manufacturer's logo
Into the bottom.
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Now the assembly.
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They place the inner wall
On a fixture,
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Then the outer wall over it.
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A press pushes the inner
To the correct depth.
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Then they weld along the rim
Of the outer wall,
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Fusing it to the inner one.
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The coffee pot's lid also
Has double walls for insulation.
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They weld a hinged lever
To the lid
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And the adjoining part of the
Hinge to the coffee-pot body.
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Then they gently hammer a pin
Through the hinge,
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Riveting the ends of the pin
So that it can't fall out.
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After a thorough cleaning
In a dishwasher,
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The coffee pot is ready to use.
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