All language subtitles for S17E10 - Heather Gems; Instant Film; Beet Sugar; Electric Roadsters (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track3_[eng]

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Narrator: manufactured gemstones
Are typically designed

To imitate genuine
Mined gemstones.

Not these --
They're made from heather,

A hardy flowering plant which
Grows wild across scotland.

For centuries,
Scots used heather to

Thatch roofs, stuff mattresses,
And even brew ale.

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This scottish company
Turns heather

Into gemstone material

For jewelry
And other gift items.

Heathergems,
As they're called,

Have veinlike patterns created
Randomly by the plants' stems.

Therefore, no two gems
Can be identical.

When the handpicked heather
Arrives at the factory,

Its green foliage still clings
To the upper part of the stems.

After cutting the plants
Into lengths of about 10 inches,

Workers load them
Into a sandblasting machine.

The drum rotates
For about half an hour

While tiny iron pellets
Blast the heather inside.

The pellets chip away the bark
And remove the foliage.

The heather
Comes out of the machine

As bare, dried-out,
Delicate wood.

Workers form
1 1/2-pound bundles

And place them in
A vacuum-die chamber

For two whole days.

First,
The vacuum draws out

The air in the stems
To clear the way

For the die to penetrate.

Then, again under pressure,
The stems slowly absorb the dye.

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This vacuum method
Is far more effective

Than dipping or soaking
The stems in vats of dye

Because the color
Penetrates deeply

Into the heather wood
Rather than

Merely sitting on the surface.

They open the bundles and make
New ones of the same weight,

This time combining colors.

It's important
To combine thicker stems

With thinner ones
To create contrasting lines

In the gem pattern.

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Next,
They soak each bundle

In epoxy resin
For two or three minutes,

Ensuring the stems
Are well saturated.

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Then they place the bundles
On racks

To allow the excess resin to
Drain off.

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They load four bundles
Between

The top and bottom halves
Of a mold.

A press
Then slowly closes the mold,

Applying 88 tons of pressure
For about a minute.

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They clamp the mold closed
And remove it from the press.

Then they put the mold
Into an oven for an hour

To cure the resin.

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They open the mold
And remove what is now

A rock-hard, resin-bonded
Block of heather wood.

They put the block on a band saw
And trim off the rough edges.

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They cut slices between
4/10 and 5/10 of an inch thick,

Depending on what shape gem
They'll be making.

After gluing each slice
Onto a plastic backing,

A robotic cutting machine
Guided by a computer

Cuts the gem shapes.

Then workers simply pop the gems
Off the plastic backing.

This domed oval shape
Is called a cabochon.

The finishing team
Smoothes and polishes each gem

On a belt sander,
Then applies four or five coats

Of clear lacquer.

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Lacquering
Draws out the colors

While sealing
And protecting the wood.

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Finally, they glue each gem
Onto the jewelry or gift item.

Sometimes they dye the heather
Just a single color.

This still produces
A striking gem,

Because the dye penetrates the
Wood with different intensities,

Creating contrasting shades.

The signature feature
Is the unique veining

Produced by the heather
Encased within,

Each and every gemstone
Truly capturing

The natural beauty
Of the scottish highlands.

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Narrator: invented in the middle
Of the 20th century,

Instant film
Made photographic images

Materialize almost magically.

The picture appeared in minutes.

No more waiting for days
For film to be processed.

Today it's a digital world,

But instant film is still
Getting plenty of exposure.

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With instant film,
You can watch an image develop

Before your very eyes --

No film lab
Or digital printer necessary.

Just say, "Cheese,"
And wait to see what develops.

Many decades
After its invention,

Instant photo development
Still seems like a neat trick.

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Making the magic happen
Is a many-layered process,

One that involves multiple
Materials and chemicals.

Production begins
With the film negative.

It takes place in the dark
To prevent pre-exposure.

The technician dons
Night-vision goggles,

Allowing him to monitor
Plastic film

As it unwinds
Into a coating machine.

Inside,
Various dyes and chemicals

Will transform the film
Into a negative.

They switch the lights back on
Briefly for our camera.

The film travels up and down
Towards the coating machine.

It's a system that prevents
Any slackening in the feed.

The coating is also done
In the dark,

So this worker
Demonstrates the process

For our camera
On a small research machine.

Liquid photo chemicals and dyes

Flow onto the surface
Of the plastic film.

He spreads the liquids
Across the film

For an even application.

This is all done mechanically
Inside the real coating machine.

Once coated, the film will head
Into the dryer.

The various coatings
Will dry in separate layers

Without intermingling.

Here's a test tube lineup
Of the liquid components

Of the negative.

The colorful ones are dyes,

And the white ones
Are other chemicals.

They apply black backing
To the negative to block light,

Again preventing pre-exposure.

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The trip through the dryer
Is 87 yards long.

Hot air dries the chemicals
On the surface of the film.

Once again,
It all happens in the dark

To protect
The light-sensitive film.

Coiled up and packed
Into lighttight drums,

The color-negative material is
Now on its way

To a second factory

To be assembled
Into the instant film pack.

Upon arrival, they thread the
Negative onto a machine,

Along with other materials
For the film pack.

They include
A plastic base material

Called the mask
And the positive paper

That receives the photographic
Image from the negative.

The various materials are
Steered toward assembly stations

By a system of rollers.

Here's a lineup of the various
Materials to be assembled.

That's the mask on the far left
And the negative in the middle.

The negative heads towards
A series of hot presses.

One press laminates
A plastic spacer

Called the rail to the negative.

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Another lamination head
Applies the mask

To the positive sheet
That will receive the image.

On a different machine,
Equipment folds

A kind of foil pouch and
Injects it with film developer.

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Here's an inside look
At the pouch.

The blue liquid
Is the developer.

Encased in
The foil-lined envelope,

It will stay fresh until needed.

Back on
The main assembly machine,

Another hot press
Laminates the developer pouch

To the other film materials.

This completes
The film sandwich,

And it heads into
Another station

To be sliced
Into photo-sized pieces.

The photo frames
Ride a wheel with a counter

That divides them
Into stacks of eight.

Meanwhile, robot arms deposit a
Rectangular spring on a battery.

Then they position
The eight pictures

On the spring-battery assembly,

Followed by
A light-blocking cover.

The stack then moves forward
To be squeezed

Into a plastic cassette.

A suction type of device
Now picks up a cardboard box

And transfers it to the end
Of the film-pack line.

Another device
Captures the film pack

As it comes off the line and
Places it in the cardboard box.

Once folded closed,

The box of instant film
Rides the carousel to a scale.

A quick weighing confirms
There's enough film in the box,

So it's ready to ship.

The assembly
Of this instant film pack

Has taken roughly three minutes.

Now those instant memories
Are just a few clicks away.

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Narrator: a common assumption
Is that all white sugar

Is derived from sugar cane,

But 30% of the world's
White-sugar supply

Comes from the sugar beet.

While sugarcane grows
Only in tropical climates,

The hardier sugar beet
Can be cultivated

In cooler regions
And in poorer soil.

It takes about 7 beets
To produce

A little more than
2 pounds of sugar.

The by-products of processing,

Molasses and beet pulp,
Are used for animal feed.

The processing of sugar beets
Yields various grades of sugar.

The lower ones are reprocessed
To become white sugar.

Farmers plant beet seeds
In the spring

And harvest the mature crop
In the fall.

Mechanical harvesters
Attack six rows at a time.

They rip the plant
Out of the ground,

Chop off the leaves and crown,
Leaving just the bulbous root.

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A beet root typically weighs
About 2 pounds.

17% to 18% of that is sucrose,
Which is sugar.

A loader transfers
The harvested beets into trucks.

The loader's sieve removes
About a third of the soil

Along the way.

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When the trucks arrive
At the sugar factory,

They unload the beets,
Soil and stones included,

Onto a conveyer belt,

Which transports them to
A washing station.

First they head into
A revolving drum,

Where,
Under a shower of water,

The beets
Rub against each other,

Dislodging the soil.

The water flow floats the beets,
Which then exit the drum.

The stones stay behind,

Collected in separator buckets
Along the edge.

A screw conveyer moves the beets
To a transfer system,

Which brings them
Inside the factory

To be processed into sugar.

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Inside, slicing machines cut the
Incoming beets into cassettes,

Strips about the shape
Of french fries but smaller.

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The cassettes travel
On a conveyer belt

Into a large tank of hot water,

Where they soak
For a few minutes.

This gets their cell membranes
To begin opening,

Clearing the way
For the sucrose to exit

During the next operation,

In which the cassettes
Are pumped to the bottom

Of a 22-yard-high
Extraction tower.

A rotating shaft
Within the tower

Transports them slowly upward
Against the downward flow

Of hot water.

This draws out the sucrose,

Producing a sugary water
Called raw juice.

The next step is to purify
This raw juice.

In a giant kiln,
They burn limestone with coke

To produce the chemical compound
Calcium hydroxide,

Also called lime milk.

They add it, in several stages,
To the raw juice.

Meanwhile, they press the
Sucrose-stripped cassettes

Into pulp
To sell as animal feed.

They add carbon dioxide to the
Lime milk-and-juice mixture.

This absorbs 1/3
Of the juice's impurities,

Enabling a filtration system
To remove them.

The raw juice
Exits as a golden sugar solution

Called thin juice.

The thin juice then enters a
6-step evaporation process,

Which reduces it to
A thick syrup-like juice.

From there, they pump it into a
4-phase crystallization system.

In phase 1,
They heat and add seed crystals,

Tiny, identical-sized
Sugar crystals

Made separately using a complex
Cooling and evaporating process.

As the water
In the juice evaporates,

About half
Of the sucrose crystallizes,

Growing the seed crystals.

Then a centrifuge machine
Separates the crystals,

Called refined sugar,
From the remaining syrup.

The syrup goes through

This crystallization-centrifuge
Process three more times,

Producing a lesser grade
Of sugar each time.

The factory dissolves
And recrystallizes

The lowest two grades.

The highest grades of sugar
Go into dryers,

On the way, passing through
A screening machine

Which separates any crystals
Which are too large.

The factory dissolves
These crystals,

Then puts the sugary liquid

Through the
Crystallization process again.

So, in the end, there are
Two grades of beet sugar

Which go into silos,
Where they're stored

Until it's time to
Package them for sale

As refined sugar
And white sugar.

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Narrator:
The electric car ruled the road
Early in the 20th century,

And then the technology
Was surpassed by gas.

Today the concept
Is cruising towards a comeback,

Its resurgence
Fueled by concerns

About pollution
From gas-powered vehicles

And by worries about
Overdependence on foreign oil.

This sassy-looking sports car is
Leading the charge for change.

Just plug it into
Any electrical outlet,

And after a few hours,
It has enough juice

For a drive
Through the countryside

Or for quite a few jaunts
Around town.

With no tailpipe,
There are no direct emissions,

And if the power generated by
The electrical plant is clean,

Everyone breathes
A little easier.

But with a price tag
In the 6-figure range,

This eco-friendly roadster
Is a luxury product.

Production begins with
The first half of the gear box.

A worker bolts a brass fitting
To the center

And then attaches
Plastic tubing to it.

The tubing
Will deliver lubricant to

The transmission's bearings.

He inserts those bearings
Into slots in the gearbox

And presses them into place
Using a hydraulic tool.

He drips thread-locking compound
Into screw holes

And installs a device
For locking the transmission.

It's called the parking pawl.

He applies more adhesive
To screws

And threads them
Through the pawl to the gearbox.

Using a calibrated
Torque wrench,

He tightens them to
A precise setting.

The transmission is single speed
With four gears,

Which they install in
The other half of the gearbox.

These are helical gears.

Their teeth
Are cut at an angle

For gradual engagement
And smooth operation.

They're now ready for
The rotor and the stator.

Both are electromagnets,

And together they'll be the
Electric motor's driving force.

They insert the rotor
Into the stator,

Where their two
Electromagnetic fields

Will interact to create torque,

Transforming electrical energy
Into mechanical energy.

They hoist the
Rotor-and-stator assembly

Onto the gearbox
And bolt them together.

They attach cables
For wiring the motor to

The power-electronics module
Later.

It's a crucial part
That processes and regulates

The flow of battery power
To the motor.

This completes the
Electric-motor drivetrain.

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They lower the drivetrain
Into the back

Of the preassembled car body.

They position the motor mounts

Over slots
In the steel subframe.

And once in place, they bolt
The drivetrain to the chassis.

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Now, under the car,

They pull back
The rear suspension temporarily

To attach the drive axle
To the gearbox.

The axle is equipped
With a rubber-encased joint

That allows a rear wheel to
React to bumps independently,

Without reverberation to
The other.

The battery is next.

Seen here in a display model
Of the power train,

The metal pack contains more
Than 6,800 lithium-ion cells

And delivers 215 kilowatts
Of power,

Enough juice to enable this
Electric car to accelerate to

60 miles an hour
In under 4 seconds.

Machinery now lowers the car
Onto the battery,

Positioning it in the front
Of the gearbox

And just behind the car seats.

They jack up the battery
For a precision fit.

They connect wiring
For low-voltage systems,

Like the lights and fans.

And now the brains of the
Electric car --

The power-electronics module.

They install it
On top of the motor and battery

And wire it to both.

With all the wires connected,

The module is equipped
To convert dc power

From the battery to
The ac power.

It will then supply
That current to the motor

As the driver steps on
The accelerator.

With the vacuum system,

They drain air from the battery
And pump in liquid coolant.

Coolant continuously flows
Through the battery

To maintain an even temperature
Throughout.

The body panels
Are made of durable,

Lightweight carbon fiber.

And with
The computer software updated

And the car
Now completely assembled,

It's time for a test run.

As this sports car accelerates,
There's no throaty roar.

Unlike a gas-powered engine,

The electric motor takes off
Quietly and quickly.

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