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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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00:00:05,137 --> 00:00:08,137
Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: in the world
Of temperature-gauging,
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00:00:54,241 --> 00:00:56,551
The dial thermometer
Is a lot easier to read
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00:00:56,551 --> 00:00:58,758
Than a glass-stem thermometer.
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00:00:58,758 --> 00:01:01,965
A needle points to bold numbers
On a dial,
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00:01:01,965 --> 00:01:03,241
And even from a distance,
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00:01:03,241 --> 00:01:04,655
It only takes a quick glance
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00:01:04,655 --> 00:01:09,034
To confirm an initial impression
That things are heating up.
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00:01:12,655 --> 00:01:14,724
All the highs and lows
Are plain to see
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00:01:14,724 --> 00:01:16,551
On the face
Of a dial thermometer.
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00:01:16,551 --> 00:01:18,379
It often comes
With lengthy tubing
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00:01:18,379 --> 00:01:20,172
To measure temperature
From afar.
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00:01:20,172 --> 00:01:22,448
It's a handy feature
For power plants
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00:01:22,448 --> 00:01:24,793
And heating and refrigeration
Systems.
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00:01:24,793 --> 00:01:28,172
To begin, rollers straighten
Very narrow metal tubing.
17
00:01:28,172 --> 00:01:32,103
Then a blade cuts it to length
Depending on the application.
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00:01:32,103 --> 00:01:37,344
As the blade makes the cut,
A mechanism pries open the ends.
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00:01:37,344 --> 00:01:41,137
Next, a worker inserts a fitting
Into a much wider tube
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00:01:41,137 --> 00:01:44,103
That will become
The thermometer's sensor bulb.
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00:01:44,103 --> 00:01:46,068
He secures the tube in a fixture
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00:01:46,068 --> 00:01:48,517
And welds the narrow tubing
Machined earlier
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00:01:48,517 --> 00:01:51,172
To the fitting
On the end of the bulb.
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00:01:51,172 --> 00:01:53,620
With the bulb
And tubing now linked,
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00:01:53,620 --> 00:01:55,448
Production moves
To the next stage,
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00:01:55,448 --> 00:01:59,413
The making of the burden tube,
Which is a kind of a spring.
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00:01:59,413 --> 00:02:04,068
A worker cuts flat, wafer-thin
Tubing to length.
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00:02:04,068 --> 00:02:05,413
Down the line,
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00:02:05,413 --> 00:02:09,620
They clamp the flat tubes
In a device that's on a track.
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00:02:09,620 --> 00:02:11,896
It moves past an arc welder
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00:02:11,896 --> 00:02:15,344
That melts and closes one end
Of the flat tubes.
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00:02:17,827 --> 00:02:22,137
Here's a before-and-after
Comparison.
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00:02:22,137 --> 00:02:24,448
A worker now encloses the tube
In a die
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00:02:24,448 --> 00:02:27,413
And drives a pin
Into its open end.
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00:02:30,068 --> 00:02:32,827
This widens
And redefines the opening
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00:02:32,827 --> 00:02:35,793
From inside and outside.
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00:02:35,793 --> 00:02:37,172
He slides it over another pin
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00:02:37,172 --> 00:02:40,103
And activates
A mechanical punch press.
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00:02:40,103 --> 00:02:44,034
This fine-tunes the shape
And dimensions of the opening.
40
00:02:45,172 --> 00:02:48,448
The next worker clamps the tube
In another device.
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00:02:48,448 --> 00:02:52,758
He operates a roller to wrap it
Around a mandrill,
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00:02:52,758 --> 00:02:55,413
Bending it into a "C" shape.
43
00:02:58,068 --> 00:03:01,620
This completes the thermometer's
Burden-tube spring.
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00:03:01,620 --> 00:03:03,724
The next worker clamps a bracket
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00:03:03,724 --> 00:03:07,137
To the bottom
Of the burden tube.
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00:03:07,137 --> 00:03:09,965
He inserts a small piece
Of connector tubing
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00:03:09,965 --> 00:03:11,482
In the burden-tube hole
48
00:03:11,482 --> 00:03:14,206
And applies liberal amounts
Of a flux compound.
49
00:03:14,206 --> 00:03:16,655
The flux prevents tarnishing
Of the metal
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00:03:16,655 --> 00:03:19,689
As he melts silver solder
To braise the parts together
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00:03:19,689 --> 00:03:21,862
And to seal the opening.
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00:03:21,862 --> 00:03:23,551
Now a test.
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00:03:23,551 --> 00:03:26,655
He pumps gas
Into several burden tubes
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00:03:26,655 --> 00:03:28,344
And immerses them in water.
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If no gas bubbles out
Of the tubes,
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00:03:30,758 --> 00:03:33,793
It means the tubes
Are perfectly sealed.
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00:03:33,793 --> 00:03:37,965
The gas pressure also causes
The tubes to spring into action.
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00:03:37,965 --> 00:03:39,862
It's this action
That will move the pointer
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00:03:39,862 --> 00:03:43,551
On the dial
Of the thermometer.
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00:03:43,551 --> 00:03:47,689
The next worker attaches
A brass connector to the tubing.
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00:03:49,862 --> 00:03:54,482
He braises them together
To create a solid bond.
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00:03:54,482 --> 00:03:57,758
He folds the braised parts into
The curve of the burden tube
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00:03:57,758 --> 00:04:01,344
And pushes it into place
With a mechanical press.
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00:04:01,344 --> 00:04:02,931
He installs the gear assembly
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00:04:02,931 --> 00:04:06,000
That will translate the linear
Movement of the burden tube
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00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,724
Into the rotational movement
Of the thermometer pointer.
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00:04:09,724 --> 00:04:11,931
He screws
The dual-temperature dial
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00:04:11,931 --> 00:04:13,896
To the burden-tube assembly.
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00:04:13,896 --> 00:04:15,931
The more detailed and extensive
The scale,
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00:04:15,931 --> 00:04:18,000
The bigger the dial.
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00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,275
This one is mid-sized.
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00:04:21,517 --> 00:04:23,724
And now everything
Comes together
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00:04:23,724 --> 00:04:27,344
As he tethers the sensing bulb,
Along with a short fill tube,
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00:04:27,344 --> 00:04:29,586
To the back of
The burden-tube assembly.
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00:04:29,586 --> 00:04:31,551
Using a braising torch
And solder,
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00:04:31,551 --> 00:04:34,620
He seals the connection.
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00:04:34,620 --> 00:04:38,620
He then steam-cleans
The braised joint.
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00:04:38,620 --> 00:04:40,862
He buries the bulb
In a hot sand bath
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That causes any moisture
In it to evaporate.
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00:04:44,310 --> 00:04:46,068
Through the fill tube,
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00:04:46,068 --> 00:04:48,344
He fills the bulb
With nitrogen gas.
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To calibrate the thermometer,
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00:04:50,413 --> 00:04:52,586
He plunges the sensing bulb
In boiling water
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00:04:52,586 --> 00:04:54,793
And adjusts the pressure
Of the nitrogen gas
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00:04:54,793 --> 00:04:58,310
Until the dial
Reads 212 degrees fahrenheit.
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00:04:58,310 --> 00:05:02,344
The fill tube's job is now done,
So he crimps it to seal it off.
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00:05:02,344 --> 00:05:05,655
He tests its accuracy
By immersing the sensing bulb
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00:05:05,655 --> 00:05:07,586
In numerous controlled baths,
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00:05:07,586 --> 00:05:09,517
Each one
A different temperature.
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00:05:09,517 --> 00:05:11,103
And if it's on the mark,
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00:05:11,103 --> 00:05:14,931
He encloses the inner workings
In the stainless-steel case.
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00:05:14,931 --> 00:05:19,965
He protects the joint
With a special metal spring...
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00:05:19,965 --> 00:05:22,448
And snaps a clear window
To the case.
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00:05:22,448 --> 00:05:26,517
A gasket between them
Ensures a dustproof seal.
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00:05:26,517 --> 00:05:30,103
He screws a part called a well
To the sensing-bulb connector.
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00:05:30,103 --> 00:05:34,275
The well will protect it
In high-pressure situations.
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00:05:34,275 --> 00:05:37,206
And this dial thermometer
Is now ready
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00:05:37,206 --> 00:05:40,620
For the ups and downs
Of temperature-gauging.
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00:05:51,724 --> 00:05:54,000
Narrator: hummus is
The original snack food.
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People have been eating
This chickpea dip
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For thousands of years.
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Countries from the mediterranean
To the middle east
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00:06:00,241 --> 00:06:02,000
Lay claim to its invention.
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00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:04,344
But one thing
Is beyond dispute --
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As an appetizer or side dish,
Hummus has real staying power.
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00:06:13,379 --> 00:06:15,413
Hummus is a vegetarian form
Of protein,
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00:06:15,413 --> 00:06:17,448
Which could be why
More and more people
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00:06:17,448 --> 00:06:19,827
Are choosing to take a dip.
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00:06:21,379 --> 00:06:25,068
The word "Hummus" is actually
Arabic for "Chickpea,"
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Which is of course
The main ingredient.
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00:06:28,379 --> 00:06:31,206
The chickpeas arrive
At the factory in dried form.
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They ride a conveyor upward
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00:06:35,068 --> 00:06:38,275
And then spill down
Onto a long, vibrating tray.
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It shakes out
Heavier contaminants
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Like pebbles or twigs.
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The contaminants
Fall into a bin below,
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00:06:44,103 --> 00:06:46,551
While the chickpeas
Bounce off the tray
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00:06:46,551 --> 00:06:49,517
And into a tub of filtered water
To be rinsed.
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00:06:52,965 --> 00:06:54,103
Still dripping wet,
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00:06:54,103 --> 00:06:56,620
It's onto a conveyor
With perforated buckets.
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00:06:56,620 --> 00:06:59,034
The water drains
From the chickpeas
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00:06:59,034 --> 00:07:01,620
As they're transferred
To big tanks.
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00:07:03,137 --> 00:07:05,793
Each tank holds thousands
Of little chickpeas.
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00:07:08,862 --> 00:07:11,413
They add clean water
And soak the chickpeas.
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00:07:11,413 --> 00:07:14,137
After 14 hours in the tank,
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00:07:14,137 --> 00:07:17,310
They swell to twice their size
And soften up.
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00:07:20,965 --> 00:07:24,137
They pump the softened chickpeas
Into big trays,
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00:07:24,137 --> 00:07:28,068
Which they stack on a cart.
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00:07:28,068 --> 00:07:30,965
Then it's into a huge,
Cylindrical steam cooker
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00:07:30,965 --> 00:07:35,379
That's been preheated to around
255 degrees fahrenheit.
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00:07:37,172 --> 00:07:40,793
They bake the chickpeas
For just over half an hour.
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00:07:40,793 --> 00:07:44,793
This softens them even more
And darkens the color.
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00:07:46,758 --> 00:07:50,896
From dried beans
To soaked and then cooked.
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00:07:53,137 --> 00:07:56,448
They now transfer the cooked
Chickpeas to the next conveyor,
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00:07:56,448 --> 00:07:59,448
And they're on their way
To being ground to a pulp.
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00:08:01,241 --> 00:08:02,689
This is the grinder,
137
00:08:02,689 --> 00:08:05,344
Now being reassembled
After cleaning.
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00:08:05,344 --> 00:08:08,137
It has two sharp-toothed,
Circular blades.
139
00:08:08,137 --> 00:08:10,931
One is stationary,
And the other revolves.
140
00:08:10,931 --> 00:08:13,793
A big turn screw
Will force the chickpeas
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00:08:13,793 --> 00:08:16,379
Through these toothed blades
To grind them up.
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00:08:21,482 --> 00:08:24,482
A quick test confirms this
Grinder is in working order.
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00:08:27,344 --> 00:08:29,827
Meanwhile, the chickpeas
Have arrived at a hopper
144
00:08:29,827 --> 00:08:31,862
Above the grinder.
145
00:08:35,275 --> 00:08:37,551
As the chickpeas
Spill into the hopper,
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00:08:37,551 --> 00:08:41,827
They add water and a blend
Of sunflower and olive oil,
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00:08:41,827 --> 00:08:45,379
Followed by salt, garlic,
And other dry ingredients.
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00:08:45,379 --> 00:08:47,724
The chickpeas
And other ingredients
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00:08:47,724 --> 00:08:50,000
Flow into
The grinding device below
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00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,482
And are turned into a paste.
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00:08:56,655 --> 00:08:58,931
The next ingredient is tahini.
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00:08:58,931 --> 00:09:02,965
It's a thick paste
Made from ground sesame seeds.
153
00:09:02,965 --> 00:09:06,241
Three powerful pumps
Pulverize the tahini
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00:09:06,241 --> 00:09:08,344
To evenly disperse the particles
155
00:09:08,344 --> 00:09:11,517
So it can now be blended
With the chickpea mix.
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00:09:18,827 --> 00:09:21,724
Big, steel blades revolve
To thoroughly mix
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00:09:21,724 --> 00:09:25,482
All the ingredients in a tank
And produce hummus.
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For different-flavored hummus,
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00:09:27,137 --> 00:09:29,172
They add red pepper,
More garlic,
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00:09:29,172 --> 00:09:32,172
Or other ingredients.
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00:09:32,172 --> 00:09:34,862
After the blended product
Is pasteurized,
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A technician takes samples
For lab testing,
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00:09:37,620 --> 00:09:40,137
For mold, shelf life,
And other tests.
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00:09:40,137 --> 00:09:42,379
She also does her own
Taste test.
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If the flavor
Seems even slightly off,
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00:09:44,931 --> 00:09:48,241
They'll put the product on hold
And tweak the ingredients.
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00:09:48,241 --> 00:09:51,620
But this batch gets the nod.
168
00:09:51,620 --> 00:09:55,413
Meanwhile, plastic containers
Are queuing for a fill-up.
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00:09:55,413 --> 00:09:58,965
Machinery moves them forward
Toward piston fillers.
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00:09:58,965 --> 00:10:01,275
The pistons push the creamy
Hummus out of nozzles
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00:10:01,275 --> 00:10:04,620
And into the tubs.
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00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:07,620
Now filled to the brim
With hummus,
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The tubs travel under a sheet
Of plastic film.
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00:10:11,758 --> 00:10:13,931
Hot, round irons
Melt the plastic
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00:10:13,931 --> 00:10:15,413
To seal it to the rims.
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00:10:15,413 --> 00:10:18,689
Suctioning devices swoop down
To apply the lids,
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00:10:18,689 --> 00:10:21,000
And the hummus
Heads towards a roll
178
00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:23,862
Of adhesive-backed labels.
179
00:10:23,862 --> 00:10:26,896
A sensor detects the approach
Of the tubs
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00:10:26,896 --> 00:10:28,896
And triggers a device
With little air jets
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00:10:28,896 --> 00:10:30,620
To slap the labels on the lids.
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00:10:32,482 --> 00:10:37,413
This hummus production has gone
Very smoothly indeed.
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00:10:51,241 --> 00:10:54,482
Narrator: spent fuel containers
Are designed to take the heat,
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00:10:54,482 --> 00:10:57,758
The kind caused by the most
Radioactive of waste --
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00:10:57,758 --> 00:10:59,241
Used nuclear fuel.
186
00:10:59,241 --> 00:11:01,862
These fuel rods
Are too dangerous
187
00:11:01,862 --> 00:11:03,724
To be casually disposed of,
188
00:11:03,724 --> 00:11:06,655
But encased in special
Spent fuel cannisters,
189
00:11:06,655 --> 00:11:09,241
The risk should be contained.
190
00:11:11,517 --> 00:11:14,103
Nuclear waste
Sits in a holding pattern,
191
00:11:14,103 --> 00:11:16,965
And that means storing it
In massive cylinders
192
00:11:16,965 --> 00:11:19,379
Until there's a way
To dispose of it.
193
00:11:19,379 --> 00:11:20,793
These containers start
194
00:11:20,793 --> 00:11:24,068
With a big, rectangular sheet
Of stainless steel.
195
00:11:24,068 --> 00:11:28,517
A special circular cutter
Carves a beveled edge onto it.
196
00:11:28,517 --> 00:11:30,000
They feed it to rollers
197
00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:32,275
Which curl the sheet
Into a cylinder.
198
00:11:32,275 --> 00:11:34,965
It takes four trips
Through the rollers
199
00:11:34,965 --> 00:11:38,275
To really round it out.
200
00:11:38,275 --> 00:11:42,793
They tuck a template inside
The curve to check the radius.
201
00:11:44,896 --> 00:11:48,000
Next, a welder joins
The neatly beveled edges
202
00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:49,620
To complete the cylinder.
203
00:11:49,620 --> 00:11:52,931
This cylinder will be
The outer wall of a cannister.
204
00:11:52,931 --> 00:11:55,103
The cannister will fit
Inside a big cylinder
205
00:11:55,103 --> 00:11:56,827
Called an overpack.
206
00:11:56,827 --> 00:11:59,655
Its outer shell
Is just under an inch thick --
207
00:11:59,655 --> 00:12:02,034
About the diameter of a quarter.
208
00:12:02,034 --> 00:12:04,310
As you can see,
Building a container
209
00:12:04,310 --> 00:12:07,758
To hold used nuclear fuel
Is a many-layered process.
210
00:12:07,758 --> 00:12:11,620
The next step involves the lid,
Made of multiple steel disks
211
00:12:11,620 --> 00:12:13,862
With concrete placed
Between the steel layers
212
00:12:13,862 --> 00:12:15,827
Like a sandwich.
213
00:12:15,827 --> 00:12:18,724
Incredibly,
High-pressure water jets
214
00:12:18,724 --> 00:12:22,241
Easily cut through the thick
Steel to produce the disks.
215
00:12:22,241 --> 00:12:24,931
A computerized tool
Cuts a groove profile
216
00:12:24,931 --> 00:12:27,482
Along the edge of each disk.
217
00:12:28,793 --> 00:12:31,103
They also machine
The top of each disk
218
00:12:31,103 --> 00:12:32,482
To the correct profile
219
00:12:32,482 --> 00:12:35,965
And then measure to confirm
It's exactly right.
220
00:12:37,034 --> 00:12:39,206
Next, a computerized laser
221
00:12:39,206 --> 00:12:41,482
Slices through more
Stainless-steel plating
222
00:12:41,482 --> 00:12:44,275
To produce long, narrow panels.
223
00:12:44,275 --> 00:12:46,137
Each is designed to fit together
224
00:12:46,137 --> 00:12:50,448
To create a grid of storage
Cells inside the cannister.
225
00:12:54,448 --> 00:12:57,448
They line each panel
With an aluminum alloy
226
00:12:57,448 --> 00:12:59,172
That's neutron-absorbent,
227
00:12:59,172 --> 00:13:02,931
And they place a piece of
Steel sheeting on top of that.
228
00:13:02,931 --> 00:13:05,724
They weld the steel sheeting
To the steel panel,
229
00:13:05,724 --> 00:13:08,827
Encasing the neutron-absorbent
Material.
230
00:13:10,827 --> 00:13:13,862
Working within a metal framework
For guidance,
231
00:13:13,862 --> 00:13:16,379
They weld four of the lined
Steel panels together
232
00:13:16,379 --> 00:13:17,965
To create a fuel-cell grid
233
00:13:17,965 --> 00:13:21,344
For one used
Nuclear fuel bundle.
234
00:13:21,344 --> 00:13:25,068
They then build a 68-cell grid.
235
00:13:25,068 --> 00:13:28,103
With that complete,
They're ready to piece together
236
00:13:28,103 --> 00:13:32,758
All the parts
Of the spent fuel cannister.
237
00:13:32,758 --> 00:13:37,482
They first lower the inner shell
Onto the base plate.
238
00:13:39,482 --> 00:13:42,517
The shell is held steady
By a supportive structure
239
00:13:42,517 --> 00:13:44,931
As they weld it together
At the seams.
240
00:13:46,655 --> 00:13:48,413
Moving inside,
241
00:13:48,413 --> 00:13:53,103
They install numerous bars
To support the fuel-cell grid.
242
00:13:55,517 --> 00:13:58,827
With the cannister now wrapped
In plastic to keep it clean,
243
00:13:58,827 --> 00:14:01,827
An automated cutter
Gradually shaves down the rim
244
00:14:01,827 --> 00:14:03,827
To trim it
To the correct height.
245
00:14:03,827 --> 00:14:07,379
Precision is everything.
246
00:14:07,379 --> 00:14:09,379
Using a level and a laser,
247
00:14:09,379 --> 00:14:13,310
They ensure that the trim job
Is even and exact.
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00:14:14,689 --> 00:14:16,137
Once they're satisfied,
249
00:14:16,137 --> 00:14:18,517
A crane carries
The fuel-cell assembly
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00:14:18,517 --> 00:14:20,000
Over to the cannister
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00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:24,172
And then suspends it
Above the open cavity.
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00:14:26,931 --> 00:14:31,275
It dangles briefly as workers
Inspect the assembly.
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00:14:31,275 --> 00:14:33,413
They give it the thumbs-up,
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00:14:33,413 --> 00:14:35,896
And the crane then lowers
The fuel assembly
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00:14:35,896 --> 00:14:38,068
Into the cylinder.
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00:14:38,068 --> 00:14:39,724
It's a snug fit,
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00:14:39,724 --> 00:14:41,931
With about 4/10 of an inch
Of clearance
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00:14:41,931 --> 00:14:45,379
Between the inner assembly
And the wall of the cylinder.
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00:14:48,034 --> 00:14:51,689
This technician inserts a camera
Into each cell of the grid
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00:14:51,689 --> 00:14:54,655
And scrutinizes the image.
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00:14:56,896 --> 00:14:58,448
He's looking for any debris
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00:14:58,448 --> 00:15:00,482
That could hamper
The installation
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00:15:00,482 --> 00:15:02,172
Of the nuclear fuel bundles.
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Both the cylinder
And the fuel cells
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Have been meticulously cleaned,
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00:15:06,137 --> 00:15:07,655
But the camera inspection
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00:15:07,655 --> 00:15:11,517
Confirms they haven't
Missed anything.
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00:15:11,517 --> 00:15:15,172
So it's time to put a lid
On this nuclear-waste cannister.
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00:15:15,172 --> 00:15:16,689
It's a trial fit.
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00:15:16,689 --> 00:15:20,310
The lid will be permanently
Welded to the cannister later
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00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:23,965
Once the used fuel rods
Are safely inside.
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00:15:23,965 --> 00:15:27,310
The cannister will then be
Placed inside the overpack,
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00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:31,103
With concrete poured
Between the walls.
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00:15:31,103 --> 00:15:33,758
That should keep the hazards
Of nuclear waste
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00:15:33,758 --> 00:15:36,413
Entombed indefinitely.
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Narrator:
The word "Sombrero" is derived
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00:15:52,724 --> 00:15:55,551
From the spanish "Sombra,"
Which means "Shade."
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00:15:55,551 --> 00:15:58,034
The expansive brim
Of these mexican hats
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00:15:58,034 --> 00:16:00,172
Is designed to cast
A wide shadow
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00:16:00,172 --> 00:16:02,793
Over the face, neck,
And shoulders.
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00:16:02,793 --> 00:16:05,310
Fancier sombreros
Are made of felt.
282
00:16:05,310 --> 00:16:08,482
Regular ones are woven
Out of straw.
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00:16:10,379 --> 00:16:13,379
[ band plays ]
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00:16:15,586 --> 00:16:20,793
This workshop makes traditional,
Straw sombreros in many styles.
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00:16:20,793 --> 00:16:23,931
This model's called a winston.
286
00:16:23,931 --> 00:16:27,551
This one, an americano.
287
00:16:27,551 --> 00:16:29,344
Here's the speedy,
288
00:16:29,344 --> 00:16:32,413
After the cartoon mouse
Speedy gonzales.
289
00:16:32,413 --> 00:16:34,586
And the casidy.
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00:16:37,482 --> 00:16:39,655
These sombreros
Are hand-crafted.
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00:16:39,655 --> 00:16:41,448
The straw is white palm leaves
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00:16:41,448 --> 00:16:44,172
Purchased from a supplier
In the region.
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00:16:44,172 --> 00:16:48,344
First, workers soak a bunch
In water for a minute or so
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00:16:48,344 --> 00:16:49,862
To soften them up.
295
00:16:54,655 --> 00:16:56,413
Then, using a needle,
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00:16:56,413 --> 00:17:00,000
They tear strips
About 2/10 of an inch wide.
297
00:17:06,655 --> 00:17:09,379
Then they take
Three strips at a time
298
00:17:09,379 --> 00:17:12,620
And braid them together
Into a single strand.
299
00:17:24,137 --> 00:17:26,655
They intertwine
Several braided strands,
300
00:17:26,655 --> 00:17:28,827
Making a long,
Braided straw rope.
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00:17:28,827 --> 00:17:33,379
Then they feed this rope
Into a manually operated press.
302
00:17:40,413 --> 00:17:41,862
The press flattens the rope
303
00:17:41,862 --> 00:17:45,551
Until it's just about
4/100 of an inch thick.
304
00:17:45,551 --> 00:17:49,827
This flattening makes the coarse
Rope soft enough to sew.
305
00:17:49,827 --> 00:17:52,517
With the raw-material
Prep work done,
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00:17:52,517 --> 00:17:55,241
Hat construction can begin.
307
00:17:55,241 --> 00:17:58,310
They take the rope and wind it
In concentric circles,
308
00:17:58,310 --> 00:18:00,827
Sewing one circle to the next.
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00:18:07,137 --> 00:18:10,689
They first make a flat base,
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00:18:10,689 --> 00:18:12,379
Then turn the base on its side
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00:18:12,379 --> 00:18:15,137
And keep sewing
Until they've formed the cup --
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00:18:15,137 --> 00:18:18,655
The part of the sombrero
That sits on the head.
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00:18:21,103 --> 00:18:24,758
They place the cup over a form
To check the size.
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00:18:24,758 --> 00:18:28,275
Then they resume sewing
On more straw rope,
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00:18:28,275 --> 00:18:31,793
Working outward now
To form the hat's brim.
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00:18:33,344 --> 00:18:37,931
Brim width varies by style.
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00:18:37,931 --> 00:18:42,758
They measure to make sure
It's the correct size.
318
00:18:42,758 --> 00:18:47,793
Once the sombrero is finished,
They boil water,
319
00:18:47,793 --> 00:18:51,586
Pour in gelatin...
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00:18:51,586 --> 00:18:56,793
Stir until
It's completely dissolved...
321
00:18:56,793 --> 00:18:59,862
Then soak the hat
For about a minute.
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00:19:05,275 --> 00:19:09,275
The gelatin penetrates
The straw fibers.
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00:19:14,482 --> 00:19:18,655
Then they hang the sombrero
Out to dry in the sun
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00:19:18,655 --> 00:19:20,620
For about three hours.
325
00:19:20,620 --> 00:19:22,793
The workshop has a steel mold
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00:19:22,793 --> 00:19:25,655
For each sombrero style
It produces.
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00:19:25,655 --> 00:19:28,517
Workers place the sombrero
On the appropriate one
328
00:19:28,517 --> 00:19:30,517
In a hot press,
329
00:19:30,517 --> 00:19:32,862
Then close the press
For three minutes.
330
00:19:35,379 --> 00:19:37,344
The heat and pressure combined
331
00:19:37,344 --> 00:19:39,827
Form the straw
To the mold's shape.
332
00:19:39,827 --> 00:19:42,206
The heat also hardens
The gelatin,
333
00:19:42,206 --> 00:19:44,586
Locking in the shape
Permanently.
334
00:19:46,655 --> 00:19:48,827
Many sombreros
Have a decorative band
335
00:19:48,827 --> 00:19:50,379
Encircling the base of the cup.
336
00:19:50,379 --> 00:19:53,448
This band, called a scarf,
Is hand-crafted,
337
00:19:53,448 --> 00:19:57,275
Typically out of leather,
Or like this one out of magee,
338
00:19:57,275 --> 00:20:00,103
A fiber from the stalk
Of a tropical plant
339
00:20:00,103 --> 00:20:01,344
Native to mexico.
340
00:20:01,344 --> 00:20:05,413
A few dabs of glue
Hold the scarf in place.
341
00:20:09,448 --> 00:20:11,206
Once a sombrero is finished,
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00:20:11,206 --> 00:20:13,896
The workshop tags it
With a certificate
343
00:20:13,896 --> 00:20:16,206
Stating the model
And serial number.
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00:20:26,172 --> 00:20:29,034
Sombrero shapes
Can vary significantly,
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00:20:29,034 --> 00:20:32,172
But they all share
A common characteristic --
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00:20:32,172 --> 00:20:35,275
A wide brim to protect
From the blazing sun.
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00:20:35,275 --> 00:20:38,206
Certain models
Have an extra feature --
348
00:20:38,206 --> 00:20:40,206
A cord or leather drawstring
349
00:20:40,206 --> 00:20:43,517
So the hat doesn't fly away
In windy weather.
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00:20:51,172 --> 00:20:54,137
If you have any comments
About the show,
351
00:20:54,137 --> 00:20:56,620
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
352
00:20:56,620 --> 00:20:58,689
Drop us a line at...
27952
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