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>> today on "How it's made,"
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Ice-cream treats...
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Wooden golf clubs...
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Aircraft wings...
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And car-battery recycling.
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Before refrigeration, ice cream
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Was a handmade luxury.
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Ingredients went into a mixing
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Bowl inside a tub filled with
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Ice and saltwater.
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The salt helped the ice absorb
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Heat, cooling the mixture to
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Below freezing.
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In the 1920s, commercial
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Freezers made mass production
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Possible, and the ice cream
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Industry was born.
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To make ice-cream treats, you
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First have to make the ice
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Cream.
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It all begins with fresh cream.
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The factory stores it in
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Refrigerated silos set just a
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Few degrees above freezing.
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The silos feed a high-speed
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Mixer that blends the cream with
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Other ingredients.
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The main dry ingredients are
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Powdered skim milk and
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Plant-based stabilizers and
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Emulsifiers.
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Stabilizers prevent the ice
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Cream from crystallizing, and
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Emulsifiers allow the mix to
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Bond with air during the
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Whipping process.
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The other ingredients are sugar
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And corn syrup.
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After about three minutes of
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Mixing, a pumping system moves
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The mixture into pasteurization
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Tanks and heats it to 162
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Degrees for half an hour,
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Killing any bacteria and
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Activating the stabilizers.
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Then the factory homogenizes
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The mixture, a process that
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Breaks up the fat globules,
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Giving the ice cream a smooth
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Texture.
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The mixture is cooled, and
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Concentrated vanilla flavoring
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Is added.
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Then the concoction is chilled
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And whipped for about 15
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Seconds.
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Whipping blends the mix with
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Air, transforming it from a
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Liquid to a soft solid.
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Without air, the finished
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Product would come out looking
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Like frozen milk rather than ice
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Cream.
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The ice-cream sandwich wafers
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Are made of chocolate-cake
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Ingredients.
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A filling machine feeds two
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Lines of wafers toward an
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Injection pipe.
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Just as two wafers come
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Together, the machine injects a
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Third of a cup of vanilla ice
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Cream in between.
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The pipe's head fits the ice
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Cream into a rectangular slab
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That fits perfectly between the
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Wafers.
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All this happens at a rate of
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140 ice-cream sandwiches per
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Minute.
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As the sandwiches move on to
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Packaging, the filling is still
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Ice cold from the freezing
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Phase, so there is no threat of
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A meltdown.
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The packaging system raises each
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Sandwich into a wrapper, then
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Folds and tucks the ends.
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The next machine counts the
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Sandwiches and inserts them into
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Boxes.
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Once sealed, the boxes go
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Directly into a storage freezer
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At minus 22 degrees.
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On another line, ice-cream
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Cone production is under way.
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A feeder drops prewrapped
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Sugar cones into holders on a
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Conveyor belt.
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Sprayers coat the insides with a
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Chocolaty layer, which adds
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Flavor and creates a barrier
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Between the cones and ice cream,
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So the cone remains crispy until
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You eat it.
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Next, nozzles squirt in the
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Ice-cream filling.
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One production line, two
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Flavors.
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One row of cones gets vanilla
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Ice cream, the other row
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Chocolate.
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Now for a tasty surprise in
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The cone's core, an injection of
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Liquid caramel.
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This factory also makes
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Ice-cream cones with chocolate
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And strawberry sauce inside.
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Next, a chocolate-flavored
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Liquid topping.
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Then the crunchy finishing
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Touch, a layer of chocolaty
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Coated puffed rice.
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Finally, the cones move under
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A lid dispenser that applies a
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Wax-coated paper lid to each
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One.
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A heating element instantly
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Melts the wax, sealing the lids
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To the cone's paper sleeve.
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From here, the ice-cream cones
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Go into boxes, then straight
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Into the freezer, ready to take
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A licking.
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Up next, the forgotten art of
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Wooden golf clubs.
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>> high-tech metal clubs rule
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Today's golf courses.
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But don't count wooden clubs out
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Of the game yet.
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Wooden golf clubs are all about
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Tradition.
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Golfers have played with them
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For centuries.
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And some players still prefer
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The look and feel of these
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Finely crafted clubs.
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Go with the grain, and your golf
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Game could be on the upswing.
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Each club head starts with a
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Log of persimmon wood, which is
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A type of ebony.
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It's sliced into quarters, and
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The lower quality center section
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Is discarded.
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Each quarter is cut down into a
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Workable shape and size.
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Then it's locked into this
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Duplicating machine.
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A more sculpted piece of wood,
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Called a "Master model," is
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Placed overhead.
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A wheel traces the contours of
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The master model and guides a
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Blade below so that it carves
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The rough chunk of wood into a
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Duplicate of the master model.
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The first master model is
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Swapped out for a more refined
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Version, and, again, the blade
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Below copies the shape.
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The duplicate stub is cut off,
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And it gets a light sanding.
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Next, using a spinning cutter, a
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Generous slot is carved into the
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Face of the club head.
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Heavy-duty glue is spread in the
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Slot, and then it's plugged with
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An insert made of rigid plastic.
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This reinforcement will protect
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The club head from the force of
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The golf ball.
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The overlap is trimmed off, and
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The head is sanded until the
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Plastic insert blends seamlessly
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With the wood.
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Next, a router is used to carve
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An hourglass shape into the
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Bottom of the golf-club head.
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This slot will hold the sole
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Plate, which will add weight and
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Protect the bottom of club.
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The club head can't be more than
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Three grams off the target
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Weight.
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After factoring the weight of
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The sole plate that's still to
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Be installed, this club head
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Gets a lead pellet to make it a
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Little heavier.
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An extra hole is drilled in case
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More lead needs to be added
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Later.
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Then the lead pellet is
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Press-fit to the club head.
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Adhesive is slathered into the
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Slot.
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Then the stainless-steel sole
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Plate is installed.
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Again, sanding smoothes away any
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Bumps or grooves.
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A drill bores a hole in the neck
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Of the golf-club head, and a
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Glue-coated metal sleeve slides
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Into that hole.
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00:09:21,733 --> 00:09:24,233
Then the neck is tapered with a
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Sanding belt.
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00:09:25,300 --> 00:09:27,367
A jeweler saw is used to score
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The face of the golf-club head.
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These lines are critical,
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Because they help give the ball
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Spin.
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The club head gets a dip in
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Water-based stain that soaks
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Into the wood but doesn't
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Penetrate the metal sole plate.
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Then, things get messy, as a
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Pasty substance is rubbed all
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Over the golf-club head,
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Plugging the open pores of the
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Persimmon wood.
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It's a crucial step that will
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Insure a mirror finish down the
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Line.
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00:09:59,833 --> 00:10:02,733
The head is numbered to identify
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It as a fairway club.
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And then the sole plate gets a
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Good scrubbing with steel wool
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To get rid of any fingerprints.
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00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:13,700
Five coats of polyurethane are
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Sprayed on.
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Next, the glue-covered end of
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The shaft is pushed into the
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Sleeve and the club head.
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The club's weight is fine-tuned
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With the addition of some
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Pulverized lead into the extra
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Hole drilled earlier.
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For a player to hit balls
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Accurately, each club in the set
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Has to feel as if it's the same
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Weight.
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00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:40,267
So, there's one more weigh-in
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Before this wooden golf club is
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Up to par.
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00:10:50,033 --> 00:10:51,933
Finally, it's time to hit the
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Links with a club that lives up
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To tradition.
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00:11:00,433 --> 00:11:02,367
Coming up, crafting the wings
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00:11:02,367 --> 00:11:04,667
That give us flight.
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00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:10,833
>> aircraft wings provide the
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00:11:10,833 --> 00:11:13,800
Lift that takes us to the skies.
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They're designed to be very
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Strong and very light.
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00:11:17,933 --> 00:11:19,500
Producing them requires a
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00:11:19,500 --> 00:11:21,367
Strategic balance of old-school
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00:11:21,367 --> 00:11:23,267
Production methods and high-tech
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Computer-assisted design.
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The wing's frame is made up of
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Three main components, the rear
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Spar, the main spar, and the
272
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Ribs.
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00:11:39,067 --> 00:11:41,267
The ribs are crafted from
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Aircraft-grade aluminum.
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It's corrosion resistant and has
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Great strength, allowing it to
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Resist extreme wind pressure.
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00:11:48,433 --> 00:11:50,200
A computer-guided stamping
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00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:52,267
Machine punches small holes for
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Rivets and control cables.
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00:11:54,567 --> 00:11:56,400
It also stamps larger holes to
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Reduce overall weight.
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00:11:57,967 --> 00:12:00,167
Workers break attachments called
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00:12:00,167 --> 00:12:02,067
Microjoints and extract the
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00:12:02,067 --> 00:12:09,500
Ribs.
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00:12:09,500 --> 00:12:11,433
Each rib now goes onto a
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00:12:11,433 --> 00:12:18,367
Metal-and-rubber forming die.
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00:12:18,367 --> 00:12:20,667
A hydraulic press applies 150
289
00:12:20,667 --> 00:12:23,067
Tons of pressure, stamping the
290
00:12:23,067 --> 00:12:24,967
Rib to the die shape.
291
00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:36,700
Using a grinder, workers smooth
292
00:12:36,700 --> 00:12:38,600
Out the sharp edges left behind
293
00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:40,167
By the stamping process.
294
00:12:40,167 --> 00:12:42,067
Then they peel off the plastic
295
00:12:42,067 --> 00:12:43,800
Film that protected the ribs
296
00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:49,667
From scratches.
297
00:12:49,667 --> 00:12:51,267
The factory uses the same
298
00:12:51,267 --> 00:12:53,067
Process to construct the main
299
00:12:53,067 --> 00:12:53,733
Spar.
300
00:12:53,733 --> 00:12:56,100
The spars run the entire length
301
00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:58,567
Of the wing.
302
00:12:58,567 --> 00:13:00,533
It takes even more pressure this
303
00:13:00,533 --> 00:13:03,633
Time -- 222 tons -- to bend the
304
00:13:03,633 --> 00:13:04,833
Spars into shape.
305
00:13:04,833 --> 00:13:06,800
That's because this aluminum is
306
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:08,667
Three times thicker than that
307
00:13:08,667 --> 00:13:13,833
Used for the ribs.
308
00:13:13,833 --> 00:13:15,567
To ensure they've aligned the
309
00:13:15,567 --> 00:13:17,233
Ribs perfectly for riveting,
310
00:13:17,233 --> 00:13:19,067
Workers push spring clamps into
311
00:13:19,067 --> 00:13:20,267
The spar.
312
00:13:20,267 --> 00:13:23,533
These hold the ribs in position.
313
00:13:23,533 --> 00:13:25,633
They hand drill holes for larger
314
00:13:25,633 --> 00:13:27,667
Rivets and smooth out the sharp
315
00:13:27,667 --> 00:13:35,067
Edges with a deburring drill.
316
00:13:35,067 --> 00:13:37,100
Then, using a pneumatic riveting
317
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:39,167
Gun and bucking bar, they rivet
318
00:13:39,167 --> 00:13:41,067
The ribs to the main spar.
319
00:13:54,433 --> 00:13:56,333
A tiny bucking bar is required
320
00:13:56,333 --> 00:14:02,267
For some of the tighter spaces.
321
00:14:02,267 --> 00:14:04,167
The completed airframe now goes
322
00:14:04,167 --> 00:14:06,067
Onto a positioning rack, where
323
00:14:06,067 --> 00:14:07,967
It will get an aluminum covering
324
00:14:07,967 --> 00:14:14,833
They call the wing skin.
325
00:14:14,833 --> 00:14:16,467
Workers use spring clamps to
326
00:14:16,467 --> 00:14:18,200
Position the top skin onto the
327
00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:23,267
Airframe.
328
00:14:23,267 --> 00:14:25,433
They use the same procedure for
329
00:14:25,433 --> 00:14:27,333
The leading-edge wing nose.
330
00:14:37,633 --> 00:14:39,100
Once everything's clamped
331
00:14:39,167 --> 00:14:40,900
Together, workers permanently
332
00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:46,233
Rivet the assembly.
333
00:14:46,233 --> 00:14:47,833
Meanwhile, welders fuse the
334
00:14:47,833 --> 00:14:49,667
Wing's fuel tank using an argon
335
00:14:49,667 --> 00:14:51,500
Gas torch, which contains fewer
336
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:53,200
Contaminants than the typical
337
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:59,233
Acetylene torch.
338
00:14:59,233 --> 00:15:00,833
They fit the tank into the
339
00:15:00,833 --> 00:15:02,800
Wing chamber, then secure it by
340
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:04,667
Bolting steel belts on to the
341
00:15:04,667 --> 00:15:12,067
Spars.
342
00:15:12,067 --> 00:15:13,800
Now they position the tank's
343
00:15:13,800 --> 00:15:15,567
Covering plate and screw it
344
00:15:15,567 --> 00:15:19,600
Onto the wing.
345
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:21,200
These holes are for fuel lines
346
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:22,733
And control cables, which run
347
00:15:22,733 --> 00:15:24,633
The entire length of the wing.
348
00:15:33,767 --> 00:15:35,733
Finally, the wingtip is fitted
349
00:15:35,733 --> 00:15:37,300
And bolted on to the wing.
350
00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:38,833
It's made of a lightweight
351
00:15:38,833 --> 00:15:40,200
Fiberglass-and-plastic
352
00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:46,333
Composite.
353
00:15:46,333 --> 00:15:48,067
The completed wing is now ready
354
00:15:48,067 --> 00:15:49,767
To be bolted on to the aircraft
355
00:15:49,767 --> 00:15:50,500
Body.
356
00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:53,067
This wing weighs in at a mere
357
00:15:53,067 --> 00:15:53,933
175 pounds.
358
00:15:53,933 --> 00:15:55,400
But it's certainly no
359
00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:57,267
Lightweight when it comes to
360
00:15:57,267 --> 00:15:58,900
Strength.
361
00:15:58,900 --> 00:16:01,467
It can withstand nearly 5,500
362
00:16:01,467 --> 00:16:07,533
Pounds of wind pressure.
363
00:16:07,533 --> 00:16:09,233
When we return, turning trash
364
00:16:09,233 --> 00:16:10,967
Into treasury at a car-battery
365
00:16:10,967 --> 00:16:12,600
Recycling plant.
366
00:16:16,367 --> 00:16:17,933
>> car batteries may die, but
367
00:16:17,933 --> 00:16:19,567
That doesn't mean it's the end
368
00:16:19,567 --> 00:16:20,767
Of the road for their
369
00:16:20,767 --> 00:16:21,833
Components.
370
00:16:21,833 --> 00:16:24,067
These lead-acid batteries are
371
00:16:24,067 --> 00:16:25,700
Routinely recycled.
372
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:28,067
This keeps toxic materials out
373
00:16:28,067 --> 00:16:30,533
Of landfills and gives those old
374
00:16:30,533 --> 00:16:32,500
Car batteries a lot more
375
00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:36,567
Mileage.
376
00:16:36,567 --> 00:16:38,467
This battery may be toast, but
377
00:16:38,467 --> 00:16:40,500
It's not trash, because dead car
378
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:42,333
Batteries are jump-starting a
379
00:16:42,333 --> 00:16:51,600
Major recycling industry.
380
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:53,500
Pallets of old batteries are
381
00:16:53,500 --> 00:16:58,233
Tipped on to a conveyor belt.
382
00:16:58,233 --> 00:16:59,800
It takes them up into an
383
00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:01,733
Enclosed machine that has over
384
00:17:01,733 --> 00:17:05,233
30 rotating hammers.
385
00:17:05,233 --> 00:17:07,067
They smash the old batteries
386
00:17:07,067 --> 00:17:08,667
To bits, and then a screen
387
00:17:08,667 --> 00:17:12,367
Filters out the lead-acid paste.
388
00:17:12,367 --> 00:17:13,967
The broken bits of lead and
389
00:17:13,967 --> 00:17:15,600
Plastic tumble into a vat of
390
00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:16,233
Water.
391
00:17:16,233 --> 00:17:18,300
The lead and other metals sink,
392
00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:20,400
While the lighter plastic pieces
393
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:22,133
Float to the surface -- a
394
00:17:22,133 --> 00:17:23,900
Convenient way to sort and
395
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:31,767
Separate the battery components.
396
00:17:31,767 --> 00:17:33,367
Once the plastic pieces have
397
00:17:33,367 --> 00:17:35,067
Been cleaned, a machine blows
398
00:17:35,067 --> 00:17:36,867
Them into the back of a truck.
399
00:17:37,067 --> 00:17:38,133
They'll be taken to a
400
00:17:38,133 --> 00:17:39,500
Plastic-recycling plant and
401
00:17:39,500 --> 00:17:40,933
Turned into pellets that will
402
00:17:40,933 --> 00:17:42,200
Eventually be used in the
403
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:46,300
Production of new car batteries.
404
00:17:46,467 --> 00:17:47,967
A worm screw now moves the lead
405
00:17:47,967 --> 00:17:49,533
And other metals to another part
406
00:17:49,533 --> 00:17:50,733
Of the plant for further
407
00:17:50,733 --> 00:17:55,633
Processing.
408
00:17:55,633 --> 00:17:57,233
Remember that lead-acid paste
409
00:17:57,233 --> 00:17:58,867
Screened out of the smashed-up
410
00:17:58,867 --> 00:18:00,100
Batteries earlier?
411
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:01,833
The acid has been neutralized
412
00:18:01,833 --> 00:18:03,467
And turned into water.
413
00:18:03,467 --> 00:18:05,500
This press squeezes the water
414
00:18:05,500 --> 00:18:07,467
Out so all that remains is a
415
00:18:07,467 --> 00:18:08,400
Lead paste.
416
00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:10,333
It's removed and added to the
417
00:18:10,333 --> 00:18:16,400
Pile of lead and other metals.
418
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:17,533
The water from the
419
00:18:17,533 --> 00:18:19,333
Deacidification process contains
420
00:18:19,333 --> 00:18:21,067
Some metallic residues, so it's
421
00:18:21,067 --> 00:18:22,467
Treated with chemicals that
422
00:18:22,467 --> 00:18:23,833
Cause the contaminants to
423
00:18:23,833 --> 00:18:25,500
Precipitate, then settle into a
424
00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:26,967
Sludge on the bottom of the
425
00:18:26,967 --> 00:18:32,233
Tanks.
426
00:18:32,233 --> 00:18:33,933
Workers sample the water to make
427
00:18:33,933 --> 00:18:35,567
Sure the particles are settling
428
00:18:35,567 --> 00:18:41,100
Properly.
429
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:43,067
They pump out the sludge, then
430
00:18:43,067 --> 00:18:44,767
Filter the water, which now
431
00:18:44,767 --> 00:18:46,667
Meets regulatory standards and
432
00:18:46,667 --> 00:18:53,800
Can be poured down the drain.
433
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:55,633
The sludge goes into that big
434
00:18:55,633 --> 00:19:02,167
Pile of lead and other metals.
435
00:19:02,167 --> 00:19:03,833
A few shovels full of refined
436
00:19:03,833 --> 00:19:05,600
Coal are added to the pile as a
437
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:13,067
Processing aid.
438
00:19:13,067 --> 00:19:14,633
Then the battery solids head
439
00:19:14,633 --> 00:19:16,300
Up a conveyor into a revolving
440
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:18,200
Drier.
441
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:20,067
The metals spend 20 minutes in
442
00:19:20,067 --> 00:19:21,567
Here to remove any excess
443
00:19:21,567 --> 00:19:31,500
Moisture.
444
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:33,433
Then it's into a furnace for
445
00:19:33,433 --> 00:19:34,133
10 hours.
446
00:19:34,133 --> 00:19:35,833
The lead melts into a liquid,
447
00:19:35,833 --> 00:19:37,533
And the other metals float to
448
00:19:37,533 --> 00:19:39,400
The surface, allowing them to be
449
00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:43,333
Skimmed off.
450
00:19:43,333 --> 00:19:44,900
The molten lead goes into a
451
00:19:44,900 --> 00:19:46,633
Steel kettle, where it's mixed
452
00:19:46,633 --> 00:19:47,767
With caustic soda.
453
00:19:47,767 --> 00:19:49,300
This cause some remaining
454
00:19:49,300 --> 00:19:50,933
Contaminants to float to the
455
00:19:50,933 --> 00:19:54,133
Surface for easy removal.
456
00:19:54,133 --> 00:19:55,933
The liquid lead is now fairly
457
00:19:55,933 --> 00:20:01,900
Pure, so it's time to pour.
458
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:03,100
The lead is pumped into
459
00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:04,400
Bar-shaped molds, and any
460
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:06,000
Lingering impurities are skimmed
461
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:14,333
Off.
462
00:20:14,333 --> 00:20:16,033
Below, a constant spray of
463
00:20:16,033 --> 00:20:18,067
Ice-cold water chills the molds,
464
00:20:18,067 --> 00:20:19,967
And the lead hardens into bars
465
00:20:19,967 --> 00:20:21,867
In just four minutes.
466
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:37,200
The conveyor winds downward,
467
00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:38,867
And the bars are tapped free of
468
00:20:38,867 --> 00:20:40,767
Their molds.
469
00:20:48,833 --> 00:20:50,333
There's enough lead in one of
470
00:20:50,333 --> 00:20:51,800
These bars to make three car
471
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,433
Batteries.
472
00:20:54,433 --> 00:20:56,200
They'll be remelted and molded
473
00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:57,933
Into battery components.
474
00:20:57,933 --> 00:21:00,233
And the final product is as good
475
00:21:00,233 --> 00:21:02,367
As new...
476
00:21:02,367 --> 00:21:04,167
Proving that recycling can give
477
00:21:04,167 --> 00:21:06,067
Old car batteries new life while
478
00:21:06,067 --> 00:21:07,833
Keeping dangerous substances out
479
00:21:07,833 --> 00:21:08,267
Of our landfills.
480
00:21:09,533 --> 00:21:11,533
-- captions by vitac --
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481
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482
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484
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