All language subtitles for S03E08 - Fresh Cut Flowers; Adhesive Tape; Tofu; Lottery Tickets (576p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track4_[eng]

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>> narrator: today on

"How it's made"...

Fresh cut flowers...

Adhesive tape...

Tofu...

Tofu...
And lottery tickets.

And lottery tickets.

To wish condolences,

Congratulations, or for romance,

There's no shortage of

Occasions for sending flowers.

Whether made up in a splendid

Arrangement or simply placed in

A vase, fresh cut flowers rarely

Go unappreciated.

Roses are a perennial favorite.

Florists buy them from

Commercial greenhouses.

Those greenhouses have

Sophisticated sprinkler systems

Positioned to irrigate the soil

Rather than the plants because

Watering directly on the rose

Bushes would grow harmful

Fungus.

The hotter the weather, the more

Watering is required -- up to

Seven times daily for about

Five minutes each time.

The greenhouse climate is

Computer-controlled.

If it gets too humid, the

Computer automatically triggers

The roof to open, bringing down

The temperature.

The ideal greenhouse temperature

For most flowers is about

70 degrees fahrenheit during the

Daytime and 60 degrees at night.

With every watering, the roses

Get a low-level dose of

Fertilizer, the botanical

Version of taking a daily

Vitamin supplement.

It's a mix of nitrogen,

Phosphate, and potassium.

The proportions are determined

By ongoing soil analysis.

If the pest specialist detects a

Bug problem, he applies an

Insecticide treatment to target

The particular pest, but first,

They close the roof so as not to

Pollute the outside environment.

Workers handling the chemicals

Wear masks and protective

Wear masks and protective
Clothing.

Clothing.

The roses grow through the

Openings of horizontal trellises

Positioned one above the other.

This ensures the stems grow tall

And straight.

Crooked roses, after all, are

Worthless.

Cutting the roses is tricky and

Prickly.

Workers have to wear thick

Gloves to protect them against

The thorns.

They cut the stem at a

30-to-45 degree angle just above

The second set of 5 leaves.

The cut must be precisely at

That spot for a second rose to

Bloom about 40 to 55 days later,

Depending on the season.

Growth is slower in winter

Because there's less sun.

The growth period also varies

Somewhat according to the

Variety of rose.

The fresh cut roses go into a

Bucket of lukewarm water with a

Few drops of bleach to kill off

Any harmful bacteria.

Workers then check each and

Every rose to make sure the

Blooms and foliage are free of

Blooms and foliage are free of
Defects.

Defects.

Then they classify the roses by

Length.

The longer the stem, the more

The longer the stem, the more
The rose is worth.

The rose is worth.

They make a bundle of each

Length...

Then trim the bottom of the

Stems to equalize the height.

They wrap the roses in newsprint

So they won't dry out during

Shipping.

The transport trucks are

Refrigerated in summer and

Heated in winter to keep the

Roses at a safe temperature,

About 40 degrees fahrenheit.

To make a bouquet of dried roses

They select open blooms for a

Nicer look, then hang them

Upside down in a room cooled by

Fans.

They leave lots of space between

Bouquets so the air will better

Circulate.

The roses take a week to dry

Out.

Fresh cut flowers are striking,

Whether part of an arrangement

Or in a vase.

They can last in water for about

A week, provided you trim half

An inch of the stems to open up

The water channels.

Fill the vase with lukewarm

Water, never cold water.

Pour in a bit of bleach to ward

Off stem-clogging bacteria.

Change the water every three

Days, and be sure to keep the

Flowers away from the heat of a

Flowers away from the heat of a
Sunny window.

Sunny window.

>> narrator: adhesive tape was

Invented in 1925 as a painter's

Masking tape for auto-body

Shops.

That led to transparent tape,

Designed to seal the cellophane

Wrap used by the food industry.

Then tape was introduced as a

Household item, and the idea

Just stuck.

These rolls of plastic film

Called polypropylene are on

Their way to becoming shipping

Tape.

The rolls go on a machine called

The unwinder.

Workers then position a strip of

Adhesive splicing tape along the

End of each roll.

This will enable them to connect

One roll after another, creating

An uninterrupted feed to the

Production line.

Now watch closely.

Once a roll unwinds completely,

Its end sticks onto the splicing

Tape at the beginning of the

Next roll.

Once that roll's unwound, its

End will stick to the beginning

Of the next, and so on.

An automatic tension adjuster

Ensures that the machine pulls

The film evenly to prevent

Ripping.

The unwinder also applies a

Solvent to the film's surface.

This prevents the film from

Sticking while unrolling.

To transform this film into

Tape, they coat one side with a

Hot adhesive known as hotmelt,

Made from several ingredients.

Synthetic rubber gives it

Flexibility.

A u.V. Protector keeps it from

Drying and discoloring, while an

Antioxidant prevents aging.

Synthetic resin makes it sticky,

While pigmentation oil provides

A choice of color -- in this

Case, tan.

They load the hotmelt into a

Preheated holding tank, which

Keeps the melt at a piping

390 degrees fahrenheit to

Prevent it from hardening.

The tank pumps the adhesive to a

Machine called the gluer.

They wipe away the excess, then

Roll the film.

And there goes the adhesive.

A cooling roller -- that black

One on top -- immediately

Hardens it.

A computerized sensor ensures

There's an even coat of

Adhesive.

If not, it automatically signals

To the pump to adjust the

Output.

Now a machine called the

Rewinder rolls the tape onto

Spools.

Remember the unwinder that

Spliced the rolls together?

Well, the rewinder unsplices

Them.

When a spool fills, a knife

Separates the tape at the splice

Point so that winding can begin

Point so that winding can begin
On the next spool.

On the next spool.

The tape on just one of these

Spools would run the length of

85 football fields.

The spools feed a row of sharp

Razor blades called the slitters

Which divide the 5-foot-wide

Tape into several strips.

Shipping tape is almost

2 inches wide, so they get

31 strips per spool.

Each strip winds onto a

Cardboard core, and its end is

Cardboard core, and its end is
Sealed with a tab.

Sealed with a tab.

The length of tape per roll

Varies according to the

Customer's specifications.

As the machine ejects the

Finished tape rolls, in comes

The next batch of cardboard

Cores.

Then it's off to the packaging

Department.

Nothing's shipped out, however,

Before a quality-control check.

They test a sample roll from

Each spool.

In one test, they unroll the

Tape sticky side up, then

Release a tiny, stainless-steel

Ball down an incline, measuring

How far the ball rolls before it

Sticks and comes to a stop.

To pass the test, the ball has

To adhere within a certain

Distance.

The stopping distance varies

Depending on the type of

Depending on the type of
Adhesive tape.

Adhesive tape.

>> narrator: some people just

Can't get past that rubbery

Texture, but tofu enthusiasts

Say it's all in how you prepare

It.

Tofu is a great source of

Protein, low in saturated fat,

And cholesterol-free.

And it's versatile, absorbing

Whatever flavors surround it.

Tofu is made from soybeans, the

Seeds that grow in the pods of

The soybean plant.

They contain 40% protein, more

Than double the protein in beef

Or fish.

They start by soaking the

Soybeans in cold water for

18 to 24 hours, depending on the

Season.

In winter, beans are stored in

Outdoor silos and take time to

Warm to room temperature.

Here's what the beans look like

Before and after soaking.

As they absorb the water, they

Double in size and soften up a

Bit.

The bloated soybeans go on to a

Conveyor belt where a rotating

Device transports them to a

Crushing machine.

The machine crushes them into a

Thick and grainy soup of soybean

Milk and pulp.

It does this by forcing the

Beans through an internal

Filtering screen.

Next, they transform the soup

Into a paste by heating it in a

Steam cooker for 3 to 4 minutes.

Then it's into a centrifuge

Machine.

As the chamber spins, the

Centrifugal force separates the

Milk and pulp.

The milk passes through a

Cone-shaped filter, while the

Pulp, called soy meal, sticks to

The sides of the chamber.

The soy meal goes off to be sold

For cattle and pet food.

The milk stays behind to be

Transformed into tofu.

Still piping hot, it goes into a

Coagulation tank to be thickened

Into curd, but first, they add

Different herbs and spices,

Because this batch will be sold

As flavored tofu.

Then they add the coagulant,

Magnesium chloride...

Along with water to activate it.

Then more stirring.

It takes about 15 minutes for

The soybean milk to congeal into

Soybean curd, otherwise known as

Tofu.

When it's ready, it's still

Steaming but pretty soggy, so

They run it through a perforated

Cylinder to drain as much liquid

As possible.

By the time the tofu comes out

The other end of the cylinder,

It's relatively dry and roughly

The consistency of scrambled

Eggs.

Now it can be processed into

Those familiar blocks you buy at

The supermarket.

They transfer the tofu into

Large rectangular molds lined

With cheesecloth.

Then it's into a press that

Applies 130 pounds of pressure.

This squeezes out most of the

Remaining liquid and molds the

Lumpy, loose tofu into a firm

Rectangular block measuring

15 by 29 inches.

They cut the block lengthwise

And widthwise into 54 blocks of

10 1/2 ounces each.

Tofu is pretty tasteless, but

Like a sponge, it absorbs the

Flavor of whatever it comes into

Contact with.

They drench this batch in a

Spicy marinade to make

Jalapeño-flavored tofu.

After verifying the weight of

Each block, they package the

Tofu with a sprinkle of spices

For garnish.

Then, to kill off any bacteria,

The blocks go into a pasteurizer

At 230 degrees fahrenheit for an

Hour.

When they come out, they drop

Into a cooling basin filled with

Water just above freezing

Temperature.

They stay submerged for about an

Hour.

Tofu comes either preflavored or

Plain.

It also comes in different

Textures.

Firm tofu maintains its shape in

Soups and stir-fries, while soft

Tofu and silken tofu are ideal

Tofu and silken tofu are ideal
For blended dishes and desserts.

For blended dishes and desserts.

>> narrator: the odds of winning

Big in a lottery are slim to say

The least.

Still, we keep hoping that

Lottery ticket will become our

One-way ticket to extreme

Wealth.

Experts say your odds of picking

The winning numbers never change

No matter how many people buy

Tickets.

Lotteries are by no means a

Modern invention.

The emperors of ancient rome

Held them for entertainment.

European monarchs used state

Lotteries to help fund their

Extravagant lifestyles, and the

American colonies held lotteries

To finance roadwork and

Construction projects.

Pressure from the church and

Widespread fraud led many

Countries to ban lotteries

During the 1800s, but

Governments eventually

Reconsidered.

They just couldn't resist

They just couldn't resist
Milking that cash cow.

Milking that cash cow.

Eye-catching lottery tickets are

Designed by graphic artists.

A technician takes the design,

Separates it by color, then

Sends the information to a

Machine called an image setter,

Which generates one negative per

Color.

Next, they place the appropriate

Colored film under each negative

And expose it to ultraviolet

Light.

This hardens the color not

Shielded by the dark portions of

The negative.

When they wash away the

Unhardened color, they're left

With a color image.

They layer the films to make the

Client a mockup of the finished

Lottery ticket, in this case a

Scratch-and-win type.

Now they make the printing

Plates -- one for each color of

The design -- first for the

Non-playing area, everything

Outside the scratch zone.

Each negative goes onto a

Paper-thin aluminum plate coated

With a u.V.-sensitive emulsion.

They expose the plate to

U.V. Light for about 20 seconds.

This hardens the unshielded

Emulsion.

The rest is washed away in a

Chemical bath, leaving the

Design in relief on the plate.

For the ticket's playing area, a

Similar process is used, but

Instead of an aluminum plate

Coated in emulsion, they use one

Made of photo polymer, a

Light-sensitive plastic.

The finished plates are now

Ready to go on to the printing

Press.

Their raised service will work

Just like a rubber ink stamp.

The non-playing area goes on

First.

This method is called offset

Printing.

The press applies up to nine

Different colors, one after

Another, from lightest to

Darkest.

High-intensity u.V. Lights dry

The ink in the mere half-second

Between color applications.

Next comes the playing area.

A high-speed ink-jet printer

First applies the game numbers,

Chosen randomly by computer.

Infrared lamps dry the ink in a

Split second.

A strobe light enables the press

Operator to do spot checks as

The tickets whiz by at a rate of

16 feet per second.

Then the printer gives each

Ticket a unique bar code.

This enables ticket vendors to

Scan your ticket to see if

You've won.

It also shows whether a winning

Ticket is genuine or a forgery.

The next machine seals the game

Numbers with layers of varnish

And applies six coats of

Scratchable ink.

An electronic scanner checks the

Positioning of the scratchable

Ink, making sure it hides the

Numbers.

The first three scratchable-ink

Coats are black.

The next three are white.

All those layers are used to

Keep cheaters from holding the

Card up to the light to see the

Numbers.

Now they can finally print the

Playing area design onto that

White background -- in this

Case, a crossword design.

A machine now perforates

The rolls of tickets so they can

Be folded.

It processes almost 10 feet of

Tickets per second.

Here's what that looks like in

Here's what that looks like in
Slow motion.

Slow motion.

The next machine folds the

Tickets along the perforation

Lines into piles called fan

Folders.

Goodbye, slow motion.

Goodbye, slow motion.
Here's the actual speed.

Here's the actual speed.

Before the lottery tickets are

Shipped out, several samples

Undergo a quality-control

Inspection.

The company checks that the

Tickets are properly printed.

It also performs a series of

Scratch tests and chemical tests

To make sure they're absolutely

To make sure they're absolutely
Cheatproof.

Cheatproof.