All language subtitles for Auschwitz 5 of 6 - Murder and Intrigue

By 1944: 550,000 people had already been
murdered here at Auschwitz.

But now, during just a few weeks in
spring and early summer,

that figure was to increase by over 300,000.

Four years after it first opened,

a period of frenzied killing was
to begin at Auschwitz

unlike anything the camp had yet seen.

But the history of Auschwitz in 1944
is not just one of murder

There is also intrigue.

For this was also the year that the Nazis sent
unlikely messengers to neutral territory

to try to sow seeds of
confusion among the Allies.

And as the Allies learnt more
about Auschwitz,

the pressure on them grew

what were they going to do about it?

We wanted them to put bombs on the camp,

hundreds and hundreds of planes daily coming

And we are looking up and no bombs.

This is the story of Auschwitz,
the Nazis and the Allies in 1944

one of death, deceit and mystery.

The vast majority of those who were
murdered at Auschwitz in 1944

came from one place - Hungary.

In March 1944,
German troops entered Budapest.

For the Nazis, this was a rich country,
ripe for plunder.

And though already allied to the Nazis,

the Hungarians had been unreliable partners
as far as Hitler was concerned.

Not least in their refusal to deport
the 760,000 Hungarian Jews.

Shortly after they were
established in Budapest,

the SS called a Hungarian named Joel Brand,

one of the most politically active members of
the Jewish community, in for a meeting.

On the 25th April 1944, he went to see
SS Lt Col Adolf Eichmann.

We know what was said from Brand's subsequent
interrogation by British intelligence,

as well as his post-war testimony.

Eichmann, infamous for organising
the mass murder of the Jews,

was about to make a surprising
proposal to Brand.

We tried to understand what was going on.

It was possible that
the Germans were just bluffing us.

But we couldn't understand why.

But events elsewhere cast doubt on the Nazis'
genuine desire to sell the Hungarian Jews,

because this man, SS Lt. Col. Rudolf H�ss,
was returning to Auschwitz.

H�ss had been removed as
the original Commandant of Auschwitz

the previous November,
promoted to a job in Berlin.

But now he'd been ordered to return to the camp
to oversee the murder of the Hungarian Jews.

At Auschwitz main camp,

H�ss - a committed Nazi -held planning
meetings with his senior staff.

Auschwitz became the greatest
human extermination centre of all time.

The reasons behind the extermination
programme seemed to me to be right.

There's nothing new in anti-Semitism

it's always existed all over the world.

It's only come into the limelight

where the Jews have pushed themselves forward
too much in their quest for power.

Fuelled partly by these prejudices,

H�ss prepared for the arrival of
the Hungarian Jews at Auschwitz-Birkenau,

2 miles away from Auschwitz main camp.

He oversaw the completion of a railway line
allowing new arrivals

to be brought directly into Birkenau.

Birkenau, part concentration camp,
part extermination centre,

had been the site of mass murder
at Auschwitz since 1942.

Here not just Jews
but Polish Political prisoners

and others the Nazis thought a threat
to their rule were imprisoned.

Crucial to the operation of Birkenau were
four crematoria with gas chambers attached,

where those selected to die
were murdered and burnt.

What can't be shown,
especially in Birkenau,

is above all the stench of burning bodies.

It spread a long way
- kilometres from the camp.

It wasn�t just that the fire burnt
for one day, went out and that was it.

It burnt for months on end.

Whether it rained or not, whether it snowed
or not, the fire burned all the time.

H�ss and his SS colleagues now anticipated

that so many people were
about to be murdered here

the crematoria ovens simply would not cope,
so huge cremation pits were prepared.

And one prominent visitor to
Auschwitz during May 1944

was none other than Adolf Eichmann.

H�ss knew him well.

Eichmann was completely obsessed
with his mission and also convinced

that this extermination action was necessary
in order to preserve the German people

in the future from the destructive
intentions of the Jews.

Eichmann's visit I remember.

His whole appearance.

All the SS people had the same expression
- they were always furious-looking,

to show how important they were,
to show they were important people.

Yet at the same time as organizing
the deportation of the Hungarian Jews,

Eichmann allowed Brand to leave Hungary
on the 17th of May 1944.

His task: to see if the Allies would
exchange 10,000 trucks for 1 million Jews.

There was considerable
urgency to Brand's mission,

because in Hungary the deportations were
already underway.

A task now performed with the essential
co-operation of the Hungarian authorities.

In the small town of Sarvar,
close to the border with Austria,

Alice Lok Cahana, her elder sister Edith,

and the rest of their family
prepared to leave.

The scene of going out of Egypt
came to my mind

and we saw the cattle trains
I told my sister this is a mistake,

they have cattle trains here,
they don't mean we should go in cattle trains.

So we found ourselves in the cattle train
they're closing the door on us

and they're leaving a bucket for sanitary use
and a bucket for water

and I told Edith I would never use
sanitary use bucket in front of

these people no matter what happens to me.

And the two of us went to
the corner of the cattle train.

Joel Brand arrived at Istanbul
in neutral Turkey, on the 19th of May.

He met representatives
of various groups with links

to the Jewish leadership in Palestine,
at the Pera Palace Hotel.

Whilst Brand encountered the first difficulties
with his mission, the Hungarian Jews

Were arriving at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

As a general rule the taking of photographs
was prohibited at Auschwitz,

but one member of the SS did record
the arrival of this Hungarian transport.

No one knows just
why these pictures were taken,

but they constitute the most valuable visual
record in existence of what happened here.

The Nazis wanted to see who could work
as forced labour and who could not.

The first part of this selection
process was to separate the women

and children from the men,

and then to choose from within each group
who should die at once.

When we arrived I told Edith nothing
can be so bad like this cattle train

I'm sure they will want us to work and
for the children they will give better food.

So they're saying right now the children should
separate and go in another hut, group.

Go line up with the children

Alice, who arrived at Auschwitz with her family
on a similar transport to this,

had decided to stand
with the mothers and children.

She could not have picked
a more dangerous spot.

I went to that group with the children

and I was very tall for my age and
suddenly the German soldier asked me

'Haben Sie Kinder?'
- 'Do you have children?'

I said 'No, I am just 15', in German,
and then he put me to another group.

That moment saved her life.

Alice was taken from the group
with mothers and children,

all of whom were selected
for immediate murder,

and was placed with fit
and healthy young women

Who were chosen as slave labour.

The moment of selection captured
in these photographs, took only seconds.

It was a procedure every
new Jewish arrival endured.

A couple of Germans were separating us

when he was looking
at the old people he put to the right

and the young people to the left.

So this is where they separate us.

The right lane they took them
right away to the gas chambers.

My family was done already was
down to the crematoria there,

they perished right away you know,

when they take direct to the crematoria
after a couple of hours you don't exist anymore

On average, 75% of the people
on each transport

from Hungary were selected
to be murdered straight away.

As the transports continued to Auschwitz,

Joel Brand travelled to Aleppo in Syria

and on the 11th of June 1944 met with
a representative of the Jewish Agency.

Also present was a Major
from British counter intelligence,

who recorded the conversation.

Brand was about to hear bad news.

The British believed they knew
why the Nazis now proposed a deal.

The Germans were losing the war.

The Red Army was marching on the Reich.

And the Nazis said the trucks
they wanted in exchange for Jews

would be used only on the Eastern Front,
in the war against the Soviet Union.

Heinrich Himmler of the SS,

who was behind the Brand mission,
wanted to split the Allies.

On May the 31st 1944,

at the Foreign Office in London,

the Brand proposals were considered
by a Committee of the War Cabinet.

Their conclusion was that the idea of
exchanging trucks for Jews was 'blackmail'

and should be rejected.

But during the discussion there was another,

less idealistic reason suggested
to refuse the Nazis' offer.

Which was that to accept it might
'lead to an offer to unload

an even greater number of Jews
on to our hands. '

Shortly after the British decision,

the Americans and Soviets also agreed

that there should be
no negotiations with the Nazis.

The Germans kept repeating
that the Jews are almighty,

that the Jews rule the world.

They kept saying America
and England do whatever Jews ask,

but we could see that that wasn't true.

Meanwhile, the Allies did not communicate

their rejection of the Brand mission
to the Nazis here in Budapest.

So, Brand's wife, Hansi,
together with Rudolf Kasztner,

another Jewish activist, was able to plead
repeatedly with Adolf Eichmann for a gesture

that would show the Nazis were prepared
to negotiate with the Allies.

Both Rudolf Kasztner and Hansi Brand
later testified as to how the meetings went.

Eichmann was not prepared to spare one person's
life as a result of humanitarian pleas.

But he and his SS colleagues were prepared
to listen to another argument.

They announced that one train full of Jews
could leave Budapest for a safe destination,

as a so-called gesture of good faith.

The price per seat on the train:
1,000 US dollars.

On the 30th of June 1944,

a train containing 1,684 Hungarian Jews
pulled out of a Budapest station.

A special committee,
on which Rudolf Kasztner sat,

had decided the final passenger list.

The Kasztner list was compiled
on purpose like a Noah, Noah's Ark.

Everybody and everything should be represented

this will be the only part of
Jews f Europe who remain alive

There should be a representative portion.

But this was a strange Noah's Ark.

Massively over-represented on the train
were Kasztner's own relatives

and people from his home town of Kolozsvar.

And places were also given to several
hundred rich Hungarian Jews

who subsidised anyone on the train
who couldn't pay.

If you have to save your life
you'll try it in every way,

even in a criminal way if it comes to that,
but you have to save it,

your life is the first you are nearest to
yourself whatever people try to say.

When they, we were in the train we were afraid,
we never knew what will be our future.

Eichmann had promised that the train
would travel to neutral Switzerland,

but it didn't.

At Linz in Austria, the train stopped

and Jews on board were told to
get out and take a shower.

I was standing naked before the doctor and
looking very proud into his eyes and ah,

thought he should see
how a Jewish woman is going,

a proud Jewish is going to die,

because most of us knew that in Auschwitz

from the taps there didn't
come any water but gas.

And ah, from the taps came fine warm water,

afterwards we dressed up
and returned to our train.

It was a very relieving experience
after we were ready to die there.

The train travelled on to
Bergen-Belsen camp in Germany

where those on board stayed for up to six months

before the Nazis finally allowed almost
all of them to travel to neutral Switzerland.

The 1600 Jews who had left
on the Kasztner train in June

represented less than half of 1%
of the Hungarian Jews deported to Auschwitz.

The Spring and early Summer of 1944

was to be the most notorious period
in the history of the camp.

The four crematoria with gas
chambers were struggling to cope

with the numbers the Nazis wanted to kill.

Two of them lay here in the western
part of the Birkenau complex,

with the gas chambers above ground.

Two more were positioned
close to the railway line

that took new arrivals
into the heart of Birkenau.

These had the gas chambers in the basement.

The Nazis had hugely increased the number
of Jewish prisoners in the Sonderkommando

they made work in the crematoria
in order to deal

with the massive numbers
they wished to murder.

So much so that a crematorium
and gas chamber like this

was operated by around
100 Jews and just 4 Germans.

The torment endured by the Sonderkommando,
forced on pain of their own immediate death,

to assist in the killing process,

is one of the most shocking
parts of the history of Auschwitz.

When people was in that gas chamber you could
hear some kind of a voice calling "God".

It looked like those voice coming
from kind of a catacombs

which I still got the kind of voice
I've still got them in my ears.

These wire columns contained
the Zyklon B gas pellets

which were lowered in from above by the Nazis.

And while it was always the Nazis themselves
who committed this act of murder,

it was the prisoners of the Sonderkommando

who had to perform the horrendous
task of collecting the bodies,

taking them out and up a small lift to burn
either in the ovens of the crematorium,

or increasingly in the open air.

When the the big you know transport from ah,

Hungary came in then they were daily you know,
they wanted to finish them fast,

that's why they had the pits to go through

This photograph, which a Sonderkommando
risked his life to take,

shows bodies lying by
the open cremation pits in 1944.

Every day they were burning dead bodies
every day, every day, every day.

You get used to it.

We know it, if we wondered that,
we had a bullet in our head.

It was like a robot.

On occasion, when killing
small numbers of prisoners,

the gas chambers were not used and
the Sonderkommando were forced to stand

just inches away from the murders.

We, we had to take them they bring
one by one we take them by the ears

and behind him was an SS shoot him
in the back and the guy would come down

with a lot of blood was some of us
there with the water putting down

After a while you don't know nothing,

Nothing, nothing bothers you.

That's why your conscience
you know gets inside of you

and stays there until today you know,

somebody else is in inside of me that
tells me from time to time you get awake

what happened why we did such a thing.

By now the Allies knew about this place
and its role as an extermination camp.

Gradually, from early 1944 onwards,

the level of knowledge about what was happening
here had been increasing amongst the Allies,

thanks to the escape of a handful of Auschwitz
prisoners and the work of the Polish resistance.

This culminated in a document which drew
together the available intelligence

and which came to be known
as the 'Auschwitz Protocols'.

It included sketches showing
the position of the major crematoria

and gas chambers at Birkenau.

As a result, from June 1944
Jewish organisations asked

that the railway lines to Auschwitz and
the gas chambers of the camp be bombed.

Requests which reached the American
government only a few weeks

after the landings on the D Day beaches.

Assistant Secretary of State John Mc Cloy

rejected the requests saying
the bombing was 'impractical'

and would lead to 'diversion of
considerable air support'

that was essential elsewhere.

A clue as to the strength of McCloy's
opposition to the bombing

requests comes from this inter-office memo,

where his own assistant, Colonel Gerhardt,
writes 'I know you told me to 'kill' this...'

In Britain, requests to bomb Auschwitz were
once again referred to the Americans,

and so the idea died.

But the Americans went on in August 1944

to bomb the IG Farben factory being built
at Monowitz just four miles from Birkenau.

Ah, we heard the aeroplanes coming and
we wanted them to put the bombs on the camp,

at least we could run. And hundreds
and hundreds of planes were coming

and we are looking up and no bombs.

So this we couldn't understand.

So absolutely, God forgot us
and people of the war forgot us,

didn't care about what's going on
and they knew what's going on there.

During a reconnaissance flight
on the 25th of August

the Americans accidentally took
this picture of Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Whether or not, of course,

it would have ever been
possible to destroy

with a precision attack
the crematoria and gas chambers,

clearly visible here, and whether

that would have made the Nazis stop
committing murder at Auschwitz,

is one of the great unanswered
questions of history.

What is certain is that back in
Budapest the protests

about the deportations made
by several foreign governments

including the British and Americans
- did have an effect.

The pressure reached a peak in early July

when the Hungarians intercepted cables
demanding those involved be punished.

The Hungarian Prime Minister,
Dome Sztojay and Edmund Veesenmayer,

Hitler's representative in Hungary,
met to discuss the intercepts.

We know what was said from a detailed report
Veesenmayer sent the next day to Berlin.

But such protests and threats from
the international community did influence

the Hungarian head of State, Admiral Horthy.

With the war clearly going against
the Nazis he decided

that the time had come to distance himself
from his erstwhile ally.

Horthy informed the Germans
on the 7th July

that the deportations of the Jews must cease.

The Hungarian authorities
would no longer co-operate.

After the official halt
of the Hungarian transports,

the Nazis at Auschwitz focussed greater
attention on inmates

who had been imprisoned here at Birkenau
for some time - the Gypsies.

They lived in family groups in some of
the worst conditions in the camp.

The atmosphere was terrible,

because many of the small children
and people in the blocks,

everyone was mixed up together.

The children were screaming:

'Mum I'm hungry, give me something to
eat or something to drink.

But they weren't allowed to drink
the water due to typhus.

Franz Rosenbach survived only

because he was eventually transferred
elsewhere as slave labour.

But his mother died at Auschwitz along
with 21,000 of the 23,000 gypsies sent there.

You see there were moments, moments
which one really prefers not to think about.

Such moments. The things that were done
to us left you wondering why.

We were beaten, kicked, degraded,
but you didn't know why.

You had no idea why.
Simply because we were different.

Under Nazi rule the Gypsies suffered
proportionately more than

any other group apart from the Jews.

The Nazis considered them anti-social,
despised their way of life,

and thought them racially dangerous.

On the evening of the 2nd of August 1944,

the Nazis moved to liquidate the Gypsy camp.

It was to be one of the most appalling
single nights in the history of Auschwitz.

The Gypsy camp was very close to our barrack

and we could hear it
and the night was unbelievable.

Full of screaming and crying
and smoke and horrendous sounds.

They took the Gypsies and
the Gypsies were crying

they knew where they are taking them.

Everybody defended themselves,
defended themselves to the last.

They bit, they scratched.

The Germans had driven in in trucks.

They threw the children in them,
and if one of them jumped out,

they would hit him on the leg
or the arm with a wooden club,

break it and throw him back in,
so that he couldn�t jump out again,

couldn't get out because his limb
was just hanging there.

When I saw this, I started yelling...

And people grabbed me
- Poles - as they were afraid

that the Germans would come
and throw a hand grenade in or something.

They rolled me in a blanket to keep me
quiet and sat with me.

The Gypsies were taken to the crematoria,
many here to crematorium 5

and killed within
its network of gas chambers.

By the autumn of 1944,

after the Gypsies had been murdered here,

and the massive transports of
Jews from Hungary

and then the Lodz ghetto
in Poland had ceased,

the number of people killed at Auschwitz
dropped to fewer than

1,000 a day from a peak of 10,000 in May.

The Sonderkommando who worked
in these gas chambers now

began to fear for their own lives.

They were changing us.

You know, we, we knew that our days
were always numbered

and we didn't know when the end would be.

Here in crematorium 4 at around
1.30 pm on Saturday,

the 7th of October 1944,
the Sonderkommando fought back

They set fire to the crematorium
and armed with pickaxes

and rocks they attacked their SS guards.

Meanwhile the Sonderkommando
in crematorium 2 also rose up.

After a few minutes of hand-to-hand
fighting with the SS,

some Sonderkommando managed to escape
into the nearby woods,

but all of them were later captured and shot.

And the SS even sought revenge
against those Sonderkommando

who had not taken part in the revolt.

They didn't know what to do with us.

So they had a kind of discussion and then
they told us to lie face down on the ground

holding our hands behind our backs
and every 3rd person was shot.

Some of my friends in the Sonderkommando
lost their lives

and the rest of us had to go back to work.

There was never much hope for us.

I'm telling it like it is.

They didn't kill us because there were
4,000 cadavers you know

that would have to go into the ovens
and we are the only ones

that could do it and
that's why they save us.

But after that day they took most of us.

They left only 92 of us, all the others
they took and they killed them all around

The same month as the Sonderkommando revolt,
there was a coup in Hungary.

On the 15th of October 1944,

Horthy's non-compliant regime was overthrown
by the Nazi backed Arrow Cross militia.

Eichmann immediately called
Rudolf Kasztner in for a meeting.

Kasztner later wrote a report
about what was discussed.

The Jews at Budapest,

who had up to now largely escaped deportation,
were now Eichmann's target.

They were not to be sent to Auschwitz,

but to Austria, where they would be
used as slave labour.

And because of the shortage of trains,
they were to walk there.

So during November tens of thousands of Jews

from Budapest were forced out of
the city and made to trek west.

Many thousands died en route.

But Eichmann incurred the displeasure of
senior figures of the SS,

concerned, in the light of how badly
the war was going for them,

that so much potential forced
labour was being squandered.

And so Himmler summoned Eichmann to
a special meeting in December 1944

On his private train.

Another SS Officer, Lt Col Becher,

who also worked in Hungary was
present as well.

After the war Becher testified
as to what was said.

Himmler knew the German Army were
struggling to hold back the Allies

And by January 1945

the SS here at Auschwitz were
also well aware that the end was near.

All reference to this place as a site of
mass murder was to be eliminated.

We woke up in the middle of the night
with the sound of explosion,

they were blowing up the gas chambers,
the crematorium.

Outside the SS were waiting for us
and ordered us to march,

anybody who could not march fast
enough was shot on the spot.

We arrived in Auschwitz 1,
which is about an hour walk, at 1am.

The Nazis again disappeared as
if the earth swallowed them up

Eva Mozes Kor, and 1200 other prisoners
thought too weak to evacuate from the area,

were now left for a few days to fend
for themselves at Auschwitz main camp.

Most of the guards had gone

but another SS unit had been ordered
to come to the camp and shoot them.

No prisoners were supposed to be left alive
to testify to just what had happened here.

Meanwhile, more than 50,000
other inmates of Auschwitz,

thought fit enough to become slave labourers,

were marched in sub zero
temperatures to railway junctions,

where they were to be
put on trains and sent West.

If anyone even dared to bend down to get
muddy snow off their shoes they were shot,

that was the end.
We weren't allowed to bend over,

we could only walk quickly,
quickly, quickly.

On both sides of the roads
there were ditches,

big ditches and the ditches
were full of bodies.

Also on the march amidst the chaos of this
retreat were prisoners

who had never thought they could possibly
leave the camp alive, the Sonderkommando.

We survived that because the Russians were
coming from Krakow and down

and the Germans had got panicky and
every place we went the Germans

one by one where asking us if you work
in the Sonderkommando we were shot.

Once they reached the railhead,

the Auschwitz prisoners were crammed into
open wagons to continue the journey West,

in temperatures that could reach as
low as minus 20 degrees.

Oh, the wagon was very packed,
one guy was up and he was German,

he told us he was German,
who knows maybe a convict who knows.

And he wanted to sit down,
he couldn't stand no more this guy.

So, and he told me, 'I've got some
cigarettes would you let me sit down? '

When I have cigarette you know ah,
when I have some cigarettes,

so he gave me 2-3 cigarettes,
I got up and he sit.

So the cigarettes in 5-10 minutes were gone,
I told him, 'Get up. Get up. Stand up!'

He wouldn't stand up.

So what I did was me and a couple of my friends
would sit on him and about 30 minutes,

1 hour he was suffocated, that guy,
and was thrown, thrown out of the wagon.

I was happy. How did I feel?

They killed all my family, about 30,40 people
of my family and I killed 1 German?

That was nothing!

It was a murder, wasn't it,
you did murder a fellow prisoner?

I was happy at the time,
I told you because he was a German.

I wouldn't do that to,

I wouldn't do that to one of, of ours

but anyway I wanted to be seated
too over there because I got tired too.

Why should he live,
because he gave me 2,3 cigarettes?

That's why he didn't want to get up,
so we sit on him and he passed away. Easy.

The Germans who were actually complicit
in the murders at Auschwitz

knew they were even more at risk from
retribution as the war neared its end.

Members of the SS, like Rudolf H�ss,
the former Commandant of Auschwitz,

now tried to escape capture.

And the story of H�ss and his colleagues'
attempt to evade justice

and the Allied attempt to prosecute them

is one of the most troubling
in this entire history.