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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,990 PETER REDDIEN: Now, I need to explain 1 00:00:00,990 --> 00:00:03,420 phase, which will help you with also figuring out 2 00:00:03,420 --> 00:00:06,620 recombinant and non-recombinant gametes. 3 00:00:06,620 --> 00:00:07,120 OK. 4 00:00:07,120 --> 00:00:18,780 5 00:00:18,780 --> 00:00:21,360 All right, so, if we have an individual 6 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:27,990 of genotype A little a, B little b, 7 00:00:27,990 --> 00:00:31,902 we want to know which gametes-- 8 00:00:31,902 --> 00:00:33,360 sorry, which alleles of these genes 9 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:36,750 were inherited together from the parent. 10 00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:42,120 So it could had been A and B came together, A and big B, 11 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:43,947 and little a and little b came together. 12 00:00:43,947 --> 00:00:45,780 It could be that those were the gametes that 13 00:00:45,780 --> 00:00:46,860 produced this individual. 14 00:00:46,860 --> 00:00:55,362 15 00:00:55,362 --> 00:00:57,070 Or it could have been this individual was 16 00:00:57,070 --> 00:01:00,170 produced by those two gametes. 17 00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:02,650 It's the same genotype, but what differs 18 00:01:02,650 --> 00:01:08,020 is which ones came together to produce this individual. 19 00:01:08,020 --> 00:01:11,220 So, when we were doing crosses before in a controlled way 20 00:01:11,220 --> 00:01:12,900 in a lab where we can design them 21 00:01:12,900 --> 00:01:15,180 in a way to know what's going to be the outcomes 22 00:01:15,180 --> 00:01:17,880 or be able to assess and interpret the outcomes, 23 00:01:17,880 --> 00:01:21,490 we could set up crosses where we would know the phase. 24 00:01:21,490 --> 00:01:30,390 So we might do some cross like this 25 00:01:30,390 --> 00:01:33,000 to generate our heterozygous animal that we're 26 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:34,755 going to be using for mapping. 27 00:01:34,755 --> 00:01:41,960 28 00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:45,500 Because we know the genotype of the parents, 29 00:01:45,500 --> 00:01:49,040 we will be able to determine what the phase information is 30 00:01:49,040 --> 00:01:50,750 in this offspring. 31 00:01:50,750 --> 00:01:55,130 I've defined phase on the screen as the alleles of loci, 32 00:01:55,130 --> 00:01:58,490 like genes or markers, in an individual that were inherited 33 00:01:58,490 --> 00:02:01,910 together from the same gamete. 34 00:02:01,910 --> 00:02:05,960 We know that this big A and this big B allele of those two genes 35 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:15,290 came together from this gamete and the little a 36 00:02:15,290 --> 00:02:20,610 and the little b gene allele came together from that gamete. 37 00:02:20,610 --> 00:02:23,865 So we know the phase here. 38 00:02:23,865 --> 00:02:33,630 39 00:02:33,630 --> 00:02:36,540 Phase is known. 40 00:02:36,540 --> 00:02:39,750 Now, the problem is, we might look at a pedigree, 41 00:02:39,750 --> 00:02:43,380 and we might not know the phase, either because 42 00:02:43,380 --> 00:02:45,990 of the genotypes involved in the cross 43 00:02:45,990 --> 00:02:48,310 or because there's some lack of information. 44 00:02:48,310 --> 00:02:51,510 We don't have the family history going back indefinitely. 45 00:02:51,510 --> 00:02:54,930 We've got some data to work with. 46 00:02:54,930 --> 00:02:56,570 So we'll have to take this into account 47 00:02:56,570 --> 00:02:58,280 in order to determine if a gamete is 48 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:00,050 recombinant or non-recombinant. 49 00:03:00,050 --> 00:03:01,790 You can see how that matters. 50 00:03:01,790 --> 00:03:05,530 If it was this configuration, the non-recombinant gametes 51 00:03:05,530 --> 00:03:06,380 are like this. 52 00:03:06,380 --> 00:03:07,797 And, if it was this configuration, 53 00:03:07,797 --> 00:03:10,850 the non-recombinant gametes are like that. 54 00:03:10,850 --> 00:03:14,410 So which configuration these individuals 55 00:03:14,410 --> 00:03:16,690 have will be important for interpreting 56 00:03:16,690 --> 00:03:20,100 whether gametes are recombinant or non-recombinant. 4133