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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,238 1 00:00:00,238 --> 00:00:02,280 MICHAEL HEMANN: So let's just make a couple notes 2 00:00:02,280 --> 00:00:05,085 about recessive and dominant. 3 00:00:05,085 --> 00:00:12,340 4 00:00:12,340 --> 00:00:16,210 And our ideas of recessive and dominant. 5 00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:25,390 The first is they're always the result of an experiment. 6 00:00:25,390 --> 00:00:28,070 7 00:00:28,070 --> 00:00:29,810 So we really only know the answer 8 00:00:29,810 --> 00:00:31,860 once we've actually done that experiment. 9 00:00:31,860 --> 00:00:35,060 So it's hard to predict, when you have a given allele, how 10 00:00:35,060 --> 00:00:38,540 it's going to work in contact or in interaction 11 00:00:38,540 --> 00:00:39,770 with another allele. 12 00:00:39,770 --> 00:00:42,110 So it's the combination of these two, 13 00:00:42,110 --> 00:00:45,440 and an experimental system that tells us whether they're 14 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:47,010 dominant or recessive. 15 00:00:47,010 --> 00:00:51,630 So you need to actually do the work. 16 00:00:51,630 --> 00:00:57,490 The second is, in general, recessive means 17 00:00:57,490 --> 00:01:11,080 the loss of a gene function while dominant typically 18 00:01:11,080 --> 00:01:20,260 means a gain in function, or a new function. 19 00:01:20,260 --> 00:01:24,120 So you got this cool allele of this sake gene 20 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:27,120 that's making something that the normal one doesn't, and it's 21 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:28,290 making it taste better. 22 00:01:28,290 --> 00:01:32,100 Now generally, those new alleles will make things taste worse, 23 00:01:32,100 --> 00:01:36,330 which is why you have to protect your strains, 24 00:01:36,330 --> 00:01:42,680 and you have to keep the good ones. 25 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:47,630 A third point is that this relationship is really 26 00:01:47,630 --> 00:01:54,010 inferred relative to wild type. 27 00:01:54,010 --> 00:01:57,670 And as we mentioned last time, this idea of wild type 28 00:01:57,670 --> 00:01:58,940 is arbitrary. 29 00:01:58,940 --> 00:02:02,770 It just happens to be the genotype of the strains 30 00:02:02,770 --> 00:02:07,690 that we used initially to grow in culture, or inbred. 31 00:02:07,690 --> 00:02:12,790 So there's nothing particularly important, necessarily, 32 00:02:12,790 --> 00:02:14,410 about a wild-type allele. 33 00:02:14,410 --> 00:02:17,020 It's just our reference state to say if we actually 34 00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:19,240 add something to it, does it exert 35 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:21,790 a dominant or a recessive interaction 36 00:02:21,790 --> 00:02:24,490 with that wild-type allele? 37 00:02:24,490 --> 00:02:28,120 So you can imagine if the SakS strain was the strain 38 00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:32,470 that we initially isolated and grew in culture, 39 00:02:32,470 --> 00:02:35,620 then that would be the wild-type allele. 40 00:02:35,620 --> 00:02:37,450 And the previous wild-type allele 41 00:02:37,450 --> 00:02:39,190 on our conventional wild-type allele 42 00:02:39,190 --> 00:02:41,980 would appear recessive, relative to that allele. 43 00:02:41,980 --> 00:02:45,520 So it's an interaction between two alleles, 44 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:47,740 and we generally, by convention, talk 45 00:02:47,740 --> 00:02:50,170 about dominant and recessive relative to what 46 00:02:50,170 --> 00:02:53,870 we've established as wild type in our culture. 47 00:02:53,870 --> 00:02:56,920 So again, wild type doesn't necessarily mean healthy, 48 00:02:56,920 --> 00:02:59,530 and wild type is not necessarily dominant. 49 00:02:59,530 --> 00:03:03,790 It may be recessive relative to other alleles out there. 50 00:03:03,790 --> 00:03:08,620 And the last point is that the ideas of recessive and dominant 51 00:03:08,620 --> 00:03:13,600 are dependent on the specific phenotype 52 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:15,840 that we're looking at. 53 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:23,414 3992

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