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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:12,074 The best IPTV WWW.ALLIN1BOX.CO.UK 2 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:29,998 We are living through strange days. 3 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,798 Across Britain, Europe and America, 4 00:00:32,800 --> 00:00:35,558 societies have become split and polarised, 5 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:39,078 not just in politics, but across the whole culture. 6 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:42,878 There is anger at the inequality and the ever-growing corruption 7 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,200 and a widespread distrust of the elites. 8 00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:50,198 Yet, at the same time, there is a paralysis, 9 00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:53,520 a sense that no-one knows how to escape from this. 10 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:59,278 Even in America, where there is now hope with the new president, 11 00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:02,518 there are also fears that, despite the growing crisis, 12 00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:04,760 the system will just return to normal. 13 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:10,838 This paralysis is also fuelled by a technology, driven by the aim 14 00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:14,280 of giving you today another version of what you had yesterday... 15 00:01:15,960 --> 00:01:18,560 ..and never a different tomorrow. 16 00:01:27,960 --> 00:01:32,118 These films are a history of how we got to this place 17 00:01:32,120 --> 00:01:37,998 and why both those in power, and we, find it so difficult to move on. 18 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:39,518 They will trace different forces 19 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:43,038 across the world that have led to now, 20 00:01:43,040 --> 00:01:46,480 not just in the West, but in China and Russia as well. 21 00:01:48,240 --> 00:01:51,278 And they are told in a different way. 22 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:54,758 They are an emotional history of what went on inside the heads 23 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:56,558 of all kinds of people. 24 00:01:56,560 --> 00:01:59,238 Because in the age of the individual, 25 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:03,598 what you felt and what you wanted and what you dreamed of 26 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,440 were going to become the driving force across the world. 27 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,678 And to understand the present, you have to go back and see 28 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:17,398 what happened when those hopes and dreams and uncertainties 29 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:22,360 inside people's minds met the much older forces of power. 30 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:27,358 Often power that was decaying 31 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:29,680 and desperate to keep its ascendancy. 32 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:35,358 These strange days did not just happen - 33 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:38,998 we, and those in power, created them together. 34 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,480 YELLING 35 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:04,320 # Each day I walk along this lonely street 36 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:08,838 # Trying to find 37 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:12,838 # Find a future 38 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,160 # New pair of shoes are on my feet 39 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:22,638 # Cos fashion is my only culture 40 00:03:22,640 --> 00:03:26,318 # Nothing ever change 41 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:28,678 # Oh, no 42 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:30,960 # Nothing ever change 43 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:41,238 # I'm just living in a life without meaning 44 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:44,078 # I walk and walk 45 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:46,598 # Do nothing 46 00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:51,560 # I'm just living in a life without feeling 47 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:55,878 # I talk and talk 48 00:03:55,880 --> 00:03:57,840 # Say nothing 49 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:26,758 # Nothing ever change 50 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:28,638 # Oh, no 51 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:31,200 # Nothing ever change. # 52 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:34,160 SONG FADES OUT 53 00:04:37,280 --> 00:04:41,678 In the late 1950s, as the British Empire was falling apart, 54 00:04:41,680 --> 00:04:44,118 there was a growing sense that something was badly wrong 55 00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:46,398 under the surface. 56 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:49,918 It was a feeling of unease, that despite all the reforms 57 00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:53,118 after the Second World War and the welfare state, 58 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:55,760 the old forms of power had not gone away. 59 00:04:56,920 --> 00:05:00,158 And neither had the violence and the corruption 60 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:02,720 that had always been a part of that power. 61 00:05:05,800 --> 00:05:09,198 The court opens with the traditional reading of names 62 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,318 and the wide experience available to the bank as apparent. 63 00:05:12,320 --> 00:05:15,358 Mr Cobbold, Mr Minors, 64 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:17,158 Sir Charles Hambro... 65 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:18,678 Senior director... 66 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:20,758 The bankers in the City of London 67 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:24,118 had been at the very heart of the Empire. 68 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:27,398 In 1958, two of the most powerful of them, 69 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:29,598 Lord Kindersley and William Keswick, 70 00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:31,998 were accused of using insider information 71 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:34,040 to make millions for themselves. 72 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:36,878 ..Lord Kindersley... 73 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,758 Chairman of Rolls-Royce, merchant banker. 74 00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:41,478 ..Mr Keswick... 75 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,278 Hudson's Bay Company and Far Eastern merchant. 76 00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:48,278 The evidence against them was very strong. 77 00:05:48,280 --> 00:05:51,078 But when Keswick was shown the evidence, he dismissed it 78 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:53,678 with a phrase that became notorious. 79 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:55,478 "It is difficult," he said, 80 00:05:55,480 --> 00:06:00,158 "to remember conversations one has whilst shooting on a grouse moor." 81 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:03,440 A government inquiry said the two men were obviously innocent. 82 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:09,318 At the same time, reports had started to come back 83 00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:12,398 from one of the last parts of the Empire - Kenya - 84 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:15,960 that seemed to show that those in charge had gone out of control. 85 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:21,558 They had been fighting a liberation movement called the Mau Mau. 86 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:24,878 The report said that hundreds of thousands of Kenyans had been put 87 00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,078 into special camps, where they were going to be 88 00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:29,598 psychologically adjusted. 89 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:31,518 The British were trying to manipulate 90 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:35,598 what their chief psychologist called the "African mind". 91 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:40,358 But what then happened in the camps turned into a frenzied madness. 92 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:42,878 The British used mass torture and killing 93 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,400 as they desperately tried to hold on to power. 94 00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:52,838 The government in London denied all the accusations, 95 00:06:52,840 --> 00:06:55,560 but the rumours of violence and horror continued. 96 00:06:56,880 --> 00:06:59,478 ORGAN MUSIC PLAYS 97 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:03,198 But what had also not gone away was the fear and hatred 98 00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:07,798 inside the minds of many of the British of the "others", 99 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:10,438 the people the British had ruled over 100 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:14,480 who were now coming to what they had been told was the homeland. 101 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:18,398 Now, listen carefully to this Indian's conversation 102 00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:22,438 with a white barber when he entered a saloon with a BBC radio microphone 103 00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:24,278 in his pocket. 104 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:26,278 BARBER: No! INDIAN MAN: What's the matter? 105 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:27,640 No! 106 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:32,798 Is there anything wrong? 107 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:35,838 Yes! What is it? I said no. 108 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:39,358 But I'd like to know what is the matter. I'm closed. 109 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:43,518 There's another half an hour... Well, I'm closed now. 110 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,598 But you didn't put the closed sign outside on the window, did you? 111 00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:48,758 Will you clear off? 112 00:07:48,760 --> 00:07:51,398 Look, if you give me any reason why, what is the matter, 113 00:07:51,400 --> 00:07:53,078 then I shall go if you tell me... 114 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,398 I've told you - I'm closed! 115 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:57,478 You're not closed. 116 00:07:57,480 --> 00:07:59,958 You're not... You're not closed yet. 117 00:07:59,960 --> 00:08:01,800 Well, I am - to you. 118 00:08:04,360 --> 00:08:06,798 Those who came from the Empire to Britain 119 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:09,240 were shocked by the strange country they found. 120 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:13,638 Michael de Freitas had come from Trinidad. 121 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:16,918 He had grown up with a picture of a strong and confident homeland 122 00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:18,800 at the centre of the Empire. 123 00:08:19,840 --> 00:08:22,878 Instead, what he found was, what seemed to him, 124 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,120 a sad and frightened country. 125 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:30,958 You must remember that, that when we came to this country, 126 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:33,718 we were not travelling to a foreign country. 127 00:08:33,720 --> 00:08:36,798 We were taught, I was taught when I was a young man, 128 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:40,758 that my country, Trinidad, was an extension of this one. 129 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:45,078 We were weaned on the concept of the Empire. 130 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:48,638 When I was a young boy, I stood in 90 degrees of sun 131 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:51,638 day after day and sang all kinds of silly things 132 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:54,478 like God Save The Queen, Land of Hope and Glory, 133 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:56,518 "Britannia rule the waves", 134 00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:01,080 with the greatest of fervour and believed every word of it. 135 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:06,998 To come here and discover that not only wasn't I not travelling 136 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:11,078 to the capital of the whole thing, which we were led to believe was so, 137 00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:13,318 but in actual fact, we weren't wanted 138 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:16,038 has been a very shattering blow. 139 00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:20,118 Many people in this country who think that we are very hateful 140 00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:21,718 are so wrong. 141 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:23,158 You see, this is the great mystery. 142 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,878 When you came here, you say you found you weren't wanted. 143 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:28,918 Why, then, did you stay? 144 00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:30,598 Why did you choose to stay here? 145 00:09:30,600 --> 00:09:33,478 This was the heartland of the whole thing 146 00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:38,400 and one hoped against hope that what one saw was not right. 147 00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:49,560 MUSIC: Song for Zula by Phosphorescent 148 00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:14,718 # Some say love is a burning thing 149 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:19,758 # That it makes a fiery ring 150 00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:26,078 # Oh, but I know love as a fading thing 151 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:30,758 # Just as fickle as a feather in a stream 152 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:33,478 # See, honey, I saw love 153 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:36,798 # You see it came to me 154 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:42,078 # It puts its face up to my face so I could see 155 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:48,158 # Yeah, then I saw love disfigure me 156 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:52,920 # Into something I am not recognising 157 00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:18,438 # See the cage, it called 158 00:11:18,440 --> 00:11:21,638 # I said, "Come on in" 159 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:25,478 # I will not open myself up this way... # 160 00:11:25,480 --> 00:11:29,118 Mao Zedong's wife was going mad. 161 00:11:29,120 --> 00:11:31,318 She was called Jiang Qing. 162 00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:34,918 She lived alone, surrounded by pet monkeys 163 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:39,718 and nurses, who she was convinced were conspiring against her. 164 00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:42,278 Those in charge of the revolution in China 165 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:45,038 had completely marginalised her. 166 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:47,798 She was too dangerous, they thought, to be allowed anywhere 167 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:50,080 near her husband or power. 168 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,758 They had even sent her to Moscow to be locked in a sanatorium 169 00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:57,160 with real and imagined illnesses. 170 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:06,318 But now Jiang Qing's husband was facing disaster. 171 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:08,398 The revolution had led to horror. 172 00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:11,358 30 million people had died from starvation 173 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:13,200 in the past three years. 174 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:17,478 The other leaders wanted to get rid of him. 175 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:20,118 And suddenly, he called for her. 176 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:23,120 CALMING MUSIC PLAYS 177 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:35,878 Jiang Qing was an extraordinary person. 178 00:12:35,880 --> 00:12:40,438 She believed in nothing except the power of her will to shape reality. 179 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:42,560 SHE SINGS 180 00:12:44,560 --> 00:12:48,600 She had begun as an actor in films in Shanghai in the 1930s. 181 00:12:49,880 --> 00:12:53,360 The other actors looked down at her for her driving ambition. 182 00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:56,838 SHE GROANS 183 00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:59,358 She liked to be on the top, always. 184 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:03,038 She's a very ambitious woman and she liked to be top 185 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:05,278 and she plays with the, you know, 186 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:07,638 with all the directors, cameramen, 187 00:13:07,640 --> 00:13:11,318 make them...make them, you know, pay attention, you see, 188 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:13,398 and the interest in her 189 00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:16,078 so she can have a better part of the film. 190 00:13:16,080 --> 00:13:19,598 THEY SPEAK CHINESE 191 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:23,798 She married a quite famous writer called Tang Na 192 00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:27,718 and after married, she doesn't feel 193 00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:30,318 very satisfied by her husband 194 00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:34,358 because her husband is not the very, very strong man. 195 00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:38,358 And she left him and he jumped to the river, 196 00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:43,878 and then the water was very cold, so he jump up again, you see? 197 00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:46,318 So... You mean he tried to commit suicide? 198 00:13:46,320 --> 00:13:49,598 Yes, he's trying to commit...commit suicide. 199 00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:51,278 After the suicide attempt, 200 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:54,398 Jiang Qing wrote a long letter to her husband. 201 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,078 It said she was leaving him 202 00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:00,918 and also explained why with an extraordinary openness. 203 00:14:00,920 --> 00:14:04,158 There were powerful forces inside her, she said, 204 00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:07,798 that kept driving her towards fame and power 205 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:12,518 and it was only those forces that held her together psychologically. 206 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:14,798 "Nothing must hold them back." 207 00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:18,398 It ended, "What matters is that you remember me 208 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,078 "as a woman who never caves in before anyone 209 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:25,600 "and who will never bear to be treated as inferior to men." 210 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:31,758 But Jiang Qing failed to become a star. 211 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:34,600 The men who ran the studios scorned her ambition. 212 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:39,438 Her most famous part was as a supporting actor in a film 213 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:41,678 called Bloodshed on Wolf Mountain. 214 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:44,078 HOWLING 215 00:14:44,080 --> 00:14:46,838 The star of the film was called Li Lili. 216 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:48,558 THEY SCREAM 217 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:50,438 Jiang Qing was convinced that Li 218 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,918 was trying to upstage her all the time 219 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:57,238 and she became the focus of all Jiang Qing's anger 220 00:14:57,240 --> 00:15:00,278 over her treatment by the Shanghai establishment. 221 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:03,360 MUSIC: Hua Yang De Nian Hua by Zhou Xuan 222 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,998 Bitter and disillusioned, Jiang Qing left Shanghai 223 00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,398 and travelled to join the communist resistance 224 00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:37,480 on a remote mountain in Yan'an. 225 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:42,438 The camp was an intense, exciting place 226 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:45,878 and many of the young revolutionaries had affairs. 227 00:15:45,880 --> 00:15:49,200 Sex was called "undisciplined guerrilla warfare". 228 00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:54,758 But when Jiang Qing started an affair with the leader, Mao Zedong, 229 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:57,118 that was different. 230 00:15:57,120 --> 00:15:59,318 She was scorned by the other revolutionaries 231 00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:01,640 as a social-climbing upstart. 232 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:04,878 Then it got worse. 233 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:07,318 Mao announced that he was going to divorce his wife 234 00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:09,118 and marry Jiang Qing. 235 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,238 The other communist leaders were horrified. 236 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:15,918 They saw Jiang Qing as a dangerous, destructive force 237 00:16:15,920 --> 00:16:19,118 because she was driven by a fierce radical individualism 238 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:22,238 that threatened their collective dream. 239 00:16:22,240 --> 00:16:26,278 In the communist structure, everyone was part of a unit. 240 00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:29,360 She insisted, "I am a unit of one." 241 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:34,198 No-one could work out what to do. 242 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:37,240 They even went and asked Stalin in Moscow for his advice. 243 00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:41,118 He said, "Let them marry. 244 00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:44,518 "But Jiang Qing must sign a document promising to refrain 245 00:16:44,520 --> 00:16:47,118 "from political activity for 30 years." 246 00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:49,718 BELL TOLLS 247 00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:54,080 She signed, but she was furious with the men who now controlled her. 248 00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:59,398 They even tracked down and destroyed prints of her old films 249 00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:03,478 because they didn't fit with the image of Mao's wife. 250 00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:05,638 Her fury grew. 251 00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:08,798 Jiang Wing wanted power on her own behalf, 252 00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:10,240 as an individual. 253 00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:13,320 And she wanted revenge. 254 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:22,158 Now, 20 years later, in 1959, Mao was facing disaster 255 00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:23,880 and he was calling for her. 256 00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:32,318 GUNSHOT, GIRL SCREAMS 257 00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:33,880 GUNSHOT 258 00:17:34,920 --> 00:17:37,120 GUNSHOT 259 00:17:39,280 --> 00:17:41,080 BOY: You're dead, you're dead! 260 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,158 In America, the idea of individualism 261 00:17:46,160 --> 00:17:48,880 had become central to the politics of the Cold War... 262 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:52,078 MAN: What are you, bulletproof? 263 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:54,358 Get out from behind that tree. 264 00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:56,678 ..because it was what defined the United States 265 00:17:56,680 --> 00:18:00,118 against the collective ideology of Russia. 266 00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:03,958 At the heart of it was the picture of a strong, confident individual 267 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:07,118 living an independent life in the new giant suburbs 268 00:18:07,120 --> 00:18:09,038 outside the old cities. 269 00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:11,158 My gun won't shoot that far. 270 00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:13,040 GUNSHOT 271 00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:17,638 But there was a weakness, 272 00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:21,318 because the people in the suburbs were alone. 273 00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:25,118 And in their isolation, away from the old communities, 274 00:18:25,120 --> 00:18:28,120 they started to become fearful and lost. 275 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,638 Out of these fears came a paranoia 276 00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:35,398 that was fuelled by groups on the extreme right, 277 00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:37,600 like the John Birch Society. 278 00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:42,638 ALL: ..and to the republic, for which it stands, 279 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:45,878 one nation under God, indivisible... 280 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:48,558 They said that the American government had been taken over 281 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:51,720 by hidden groups, controlled by the communists. 282 00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:58,038 And at the end of the 1950s, a theory spread like wildfire 283 00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:01,958 through the suburbs that President Eisenhower himself 284 00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:04,520 had really been put into power by the communists. 285 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:09,598 "He is a dedicated, conscious agent of the Russians," 286 00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,718 the head of the John Birch Society said. 287 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:17,038 "That conclusion is based on detailed evidence so extensive 288 00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:19,320 "that it is beyond any reasonable doubt." 289 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:26,078 But this paranoia was not a new thing. 290 00:19:26,080 --> 00:19:29,478 An influential political scientist called Richard Hofstadter 291 00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:31,840 published an article that caused a sensation. 292 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:37,198 He said that there had always been a dark paranoia 293 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:39,680 built into America from the very start. 294 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:44,798 The first settlers had come from Europe to America 295 00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:48,160 to flee from the corruption of power in the Old World. 296 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:52,878 But although they had got away from the old power, 297 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,518 they hadn't got away from their suspicious minds, 298 00:19:56,520 --> 00:20:00,558 and alone, out in the vast wilderness of the new America, 299 00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:04,118 that led them to imagining dark, hidden conspiracies 300 00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:07,040 in their own government, far away in Washington. 301 00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:16,558 One of the first of these, in the early 19th century, 302 00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:18,958 said that a secret group from Europe, 303 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:21,198 called the Bavarian Illuminati, 304 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:23,998 were running a giant conspiracy in America 305 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,840 to destroy the new democracy. 306 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:31,198 In reality, the Illuminati had been a utopian movement 307 00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:33,640 who wanted to replace religion with reason. 308 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:38,838 But instead, they now became the first of a series 309 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:42,678 of frightening suspicions that fed off the isolation 310 00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:44,880 of the settlers in the New World. 311 00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:00,598 "The paranoia in the suburbs," Hofstadter said, 312 00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:02,838 "is just part of a much larger darkness 313 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:06,558 "built into the very structure of America itself 314 00:21:06,560 --> 00:21:08,758 "that was feeding, yet again, 315 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:11,000 "on people's separateness and isolation." 316 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,918 But in the same suburbs, there was a new movement rising up 317 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:22,640 that was going to confront and challenge these fears. 318 00:21:24,160 --> 00:21:27,638 It was driven by a radical individualism that said 319 00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:32,438 that you as an individual can shape the world the way you want it to be, 320 00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:35,240 not accept what the dark fears tell you it is. 321 00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:41,318 It would be one of the main foundations 322 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:43,158 of the counterculture movement 323 00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:45,480 that was going to spread throughout the West. 324 00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:49,078 But now, it was just beginning, 325 00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:52,240 born out of odd moments across the suburbs of California. 326 00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:57,398 One night, Kerry Thornley went with his friend Greg Hill 327 00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,598 to a bowling alley. 328 00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:01,520 They started to discuss reality. 329 00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:07,838 Thornley insisted that there was a fixed order to the universe, 330 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:12,278 but Greg said that the universe was chaos and it was human thought 331 00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:14,960 that projected an order onto the chaos. 332 00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:21,478 Sitting around in a bowling alley in 1958, to be exact, 333 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:24,198 somewhere in the vicinity of Whittier, California, 334 00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,478 and we were discussing philosophy 335 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:29,798 and we were talking about order and chaos. 336 00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,758 Greg's theory was that order was projected on the universe, 337 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:33,998 that it didn't exist at all, 338 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,678 that it was a creation of the human mind, 339 00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:39,638 that order was entirely in perception and had nothing to do 340 00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:42,960 with what was going on out there in a completely chaotic universe. 341 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:49,838 Thornley was inspired by this, and together he and Greg Hill decided 342 00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:53,880 to set up a movement dedicated to the idea of chaos. 343 00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:58,400 They called it Discordianism. 344 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:03,278 Underlying it was the belief that individuals had the power 345 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:08,238 inside themselves to bring order and meaning to the chaos, 346 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:12,480 not the old systems of power that created the fear and suspicion. 347 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:18,678 But then an extraordinary coincidence happened 348 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:22,680 that was going to lead Thornley back towards that darkness in America. 349 00:23:27,080 --> 00:23:30,438 Thornley was sent to do service with the Marines, 350 00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:32,678 and at the camp, he met another recruit 351 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:36,478 who seemed to embody the figure of the free, independent individual 352 00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:40,600 he so admired because he refused to bow to the power of the officers. 353 00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:43,520 He was called Lee Harvey Oswald... 354 00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:47,638 ..and they became close friends. 355 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:50,198 Thornley had read the novels of Ayn Rand 356 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:52,478 and he decided he was going to write a novel 357 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:56,760 with Oswald as the central figure, a hero of this new age. 358 00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:01,878 But then, suddenly, Oswald defected to the Soviet Union 359 00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:03,918 and things became very strange. 360 00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:06,478 It seemed that the reality outside 361 00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:10,038 was even more chaotic than he had imagined. 362 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,798 It was really a weird experience for me 363 00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:16,318 because I was writing this novel based on Oswald. 364 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:20,558 When Oswald defected to the Soviet Union, I decided to write a novel 365 00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:23,118 about a Marine who becomes disenchanted with the US 366 00:24:23,120 --> 00:24:24,998 and goes to the Soviet Union, 367 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:27,838 and so it was like the hero... And I didn't like Kennedy. 368 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:31,798 I was extremely anti-Kennedy myself because I was so much into Ayn Rand, 369 00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:34,798 laissez faire capitalism, objectivism, 370 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:38,118 and Kennedy was the arch villain of our... 371 00:24:38,120 --> 00:24:39,678 ..of our movement at that time. 372 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:44,558 And it was like the hero of my novel jumped up off the pages of my book 373 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:47,318 and shot the President, and it was...it was... 374 00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:48,958 It was very weird. 375 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:51,200 MUSIC: Air by The Incredible String Band 376 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,998 # Breathing 377 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:33,640 # All creatures are 378 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:42,998 # Brighter than that brightest star 379 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,718 # You are by far 380 00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:51,558 # You come right inside of me 381 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,920 # Close as you can be 382 00:25:56,640 --> 00:26:00,838 # You kiss my blood 383 00:26:00,840 --> 00:26:05,160 # And my blood kiss me... # 384 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:10,918 Although the British Empire was now finally collapsing 385 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:14,278 and the last colonies being given their independence, 386 00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:19,080 in the homeland, England, the old structure of power remained intact. 387 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,118 And not only in the institutions, 388 00:26:23,120 --> 00:26:25,160 but inside people's heads as well. 389 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,798 The old attitudes of power were still deeply embedded 390 00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:33,640 in the minds of the establishment who dominated the country. 391 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:37,678 Those in charge demanded obedience, 392 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:40,878 not just from those they governed or employed, 393 00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:43,638 but also from their wives. 394 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:46,358 They expected them to submit too. 395 00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:48,520 And again. Fine. CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS 396 00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:54,598 Sandra Paul had grown up in Africa and the Far East. 397 00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:58,438 Her father had been a doctor in the Royal Air Force. 398 00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:01,240 She came back to England and became a successful model. 399 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,838 Just take that knee a little wider here. 400 00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:06,000 Good. 401 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,238 Then she met Robin Douglas-Home. 402 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:13,318 He was at the heart of the ruling class. 403 00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:15,240 His uncle had been Prime Minister. 404 00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:20,278 She was incredibly beautiful. 405 00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:23,240 She had a tremendous quality of innocence. 406 00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:26,080 And, erm... 407 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,758 She was, I thought, a vulnerable creature 408 00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:33,398 in a highly suspect world, 409 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,598 the world of models and fashion, 410 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:39,318 which I despised then, 411 00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:41,240 and I despise even more now. 412 00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:46,118 Erm... And so, in a sense, maybe I was trying to rescue her 413 00:27:46,120 --> 00:27:49,838 from what I thought was going to be a decline 414 00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:53,518 in her character due to her career. 415 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:56,798 Can you take that leg, that knee a little wider out that way? 416 00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,198 Sort of, really... That's right. 417 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:01,358 But she was earning considerably more than you were 418 00:28:01,360 --> 00:28:04,438 and, presumably, this money was useful in setting up your home, 419 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:08,038 so I suppose you could hardly be resentful about it. 420 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:10,160 I was earning considerably less, yes. 421 00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,478 They married, and Robin Douglas-Home insisted 422 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,318 that they went to live in the country. 423 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:21,518 Sandra Paul agreed... 424 00:28:21,520 --> 00:28:23,758 ..but she found that he also insisted 425 00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:26,238 that she should stop her modelling career 426 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,440 and remain in the country while he went to their house in London. 427 00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:36,360 Then eventually, Robin wanted to be in London more. 428 00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:38,440 And... 429 00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:41,758 He didn't really want the routine so much. 430 00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:44,918 He wanted to be going out to parties on his own, 431 00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:46,998 and when he realised that if he was in London 432 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,520 and I would be in London too... 433 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:50,838 ..erm... 434 00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:52,918 ..this meant that he had to share his life, 435 00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:54,760 and he was beginning to want to be... 436 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:58,440 ..just a little independent. 437 00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:02,518 Do you mean he was getting bored with you? 438 00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:04,078 Yes, probably, 439 00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:08,638 because I used to want to know what he'd been doing or where he'd been 440 00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:12,080 and he didn't want to say, and so we'd have a row. 441 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:17,638 But just because I was wanting to know about his life 442 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:21,200 and he thought that I shouldn't have to know everything about his life. 443 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,398 I felt that when you were married that you should share things 444 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:30,158 and you should have a right, really, to know what your husband was doing. 445 00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:32,238 Even if he was to make it up, 446 00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:35,518 he should take the trouble to make something up to tell you 447 00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:37,680 so you could put it out of your mind. 448 00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:51,318 Michael de Freitas was now working for a notorious landlord 449 00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:54,000 in Notting Hill called Peter Rachman. 450 00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:59,358 Rachman owned hundreds of flats and decaying houses in Notting Hill, 451 00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:02,838 which he rented out to prostitutes and immigrants. 452 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:06,598 De Freitas's job was to be Rachman's enforcer, 453 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,398 often using threats and violence, 454 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,120 including breaking in and wrecking the flats. 455 00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:18,838 When we came back in the night, we see everything outside. 456 00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:21,478 All the floor mashed up. 457 00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:25,438 All the wardrobe, all the chair, all the table, 458 00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:28,038 all the clothes on the floor, dirty. 459 00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:31,238 He took my brother's tools and mashed up all the floor. 460 00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:33,758 Pulled up all the lights. 461 00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:35,118 No water. 462 00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:37,120 I say, "Well, well, well, well." 463 00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:42,038 Michael de Freitas was fascinated by his new employer 464 00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:45,478 because Peter Rachman was far more than just the brutal gangster 465 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:47,718 that he was portrayed as. 466 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:49,720 He had lived an extraordinary life. 467 00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:54,160 He had been born in Lvov, on the border of Ukraine and Poland. 468 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:57,518 Then the Nazis invaded 469 00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,758 and Rachman was arrested and forcibly sterilised 470 00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:03,118 because he was Jewish. 471 00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:04,960 But he managed to escape. 472 00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:09,918 He fled into Russia, but was captured again, 473 00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:11,678 this time by the Russians, 474 00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:14,718 who sent him to the labour camps in Siberia, 475 00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:17,878 where he watched people survive by killing each other 476 00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:19,640 and then eating the human flesh. 477 00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:25,398 But then the Nazis invaded Russia 478 00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,040 and suddenly, Rachman became Russia's ally. 479 00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:32,360 He was sent off to fight with the Free Polish Army. 480 00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:37,718 And he ended up, after the war, in London, 481 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,480 stateless and a complete outsider. 482 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:46,038 That horror meant that Rachman judged nobody. 483 00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:48,758 For him, the differences between right and wrong 484 00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,518 were luxuries for the privileged. 485 00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:54,718 In the face of horror, everyone was the same, 486 00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:56,920 focused entirely on survival. 487 00:31:58,120 --> 00:32:00,438 But the English judged him. 488 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:04,160 He was hated with an overwhelming disgust as the face of evil. 489 00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:08,918 De Freitas believed that this revealed something 490 00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:11,000 that was hidden in English society. 491 00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:16,198 We start with the story of a man, 492 00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:18,198 let me say straight away a sordid story 493 00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:22,358 that some of you may well not want the younger children to hear. 494 00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:24,718 This is Peter Rachman, 495 00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:28,160 one of Britain's big-time 20th-century racketeers. 496 00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:32,958 On the surface, there was the overt racism against the immigrants 497 00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:36,078 that Rachman was bringing into Notting Hill. 498 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:38,438 A large number of people in Notting Hill 499 00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:41,278 are trying to mix the two races, are trying to bring about 500 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:43,918 a coffee-coloured mulatto population in Britain, 501 00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:46,878 and I regard it as no disgrace for the White Defence League 502 00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:50,078 to come on the scene and stand up for white interests. 503 00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:53,358 But de Freitas saw something deeper. 504 00:32:53,360 --> 00:32:57,798 Rachman's property empire was a brutal and violent one, 505 00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,678 but it was doing something that polite English society 506 00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:02,160 completely refused to do. 507 00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:06,598 He was giving people on the very margins of society - 508 00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,680 prostitutes and black immigrants - somewhere to live. 509 00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:15,518 His empire shone a harsh light on the hypocrisy of the nice people 510 00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:17,358 at the top of English society, 511 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:20,558 who would never think of themselves as racist 512 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:23,398 but wanted nothing to do with the people he was moving 513 00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:24,520 into Notting Hill. 514 00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:27,800 And they hated him for it. 515 00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,518 This was captured in an interview that the BBC did 516 00:33:32,520 --> 00:33:35,718 with the local upmarket journalists in Notting Hill 517 00:33:35,720 --> 00:33:38,720 about the day Rachman visited their offices. 518 00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:42,438 What struck me about him 519 00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:46,238 was his extraordinary sense of being so evil. 520 00:33:46,240 --> 00:33:48,278 This was a really evil man. 521 00:33:48,280 --> 00:33:51,438 We'd heard a lot about Rachman - 522 00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:54,678 and finally, here he was, sitting in this room. 523 00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:56,998 But I don't think any of us were prepared to see 524 00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,638 such a grotesque individual. 525 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:01,318 Kind of gravelly type of voice, 526 00:34:01,320 --> 00:34:04,358 a sort of...almost a diseased voice, if you like, 527 00:34:04,360 --> 00:34:05,958 the kind of thing which went... 528 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:09,798 SPEAKS IN HIGH-PITCH: "Oh, what do you want to see me for? 529 00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:11,880 "I mean, I've done nothing." 530 00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,358 De Freitas decided that there was a fear in England that went far deeper 531 00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:19,360 than just the working-class racism... 532 00:34:20,880 --> 00:34:24,198 ..that behind the polite veneer of the middle classes, 533 00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:28,280 there was a hard ruthlessness and a suspicion of others. 534 00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:34,398 De Freitas gave it a name. 535 00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:36,958 He called it Englishism. 536 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:40,758 It came, he said, from both an anger and a melancholy 537 00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:42,280 at the loss of their empire. 538 00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,518 Then Peter Rachman died of a heart attack, 539 00:34:48,520 --> 00:34:50,878 and Michael de Freitas suddenly found 540 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:52,960 that he was the new face of evil. 541 00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:55,600 Mr de Freitas? 542 00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,958 Why will you not take the rent from this man here? 543 00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:03,158 I don't own the property. 544 00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:06,118 But your name's on the rent book. Is it? 545 00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:08,558 Well, you know it is. We can probably show it to you. 546 00:35:08,560 --> 00:35:12,278 Come here, Mr de Freitas, cos I need to know the facts about this. 547 00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:14,918 Why will you not take his rent from him? 548 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,000 INAUDIBLE 549 00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:38,318 Jiang Qing came in secret to Mount Lushan to meet Mao Zedong, 550 00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:41,040 where he was confronting the other revolutionaries. 551 00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:46,558 She was determined to stop them from overthrowing Mao. 552 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:49,358 Many of them were the men who had forced her 553 00:35:49,360 --> 00:35:52,358 into her strange, isolated life 554 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:53,760 and she hated them. 555 00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,958 Jiang Qing was also convinced that these men 556 00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:00,598 weren't really revolutionaries. 557 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:04,518 They were actually ghosts from the past who, without realising it, 558 00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:07,278 were destroying the revolution 559 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:10,598 because their minds were still possessed by the patterns of thought 560 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:13,598 of the old, decaying and corrupt empire 561 00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:16,720 that had ruled China for 300 years. 562 00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:24,798 Mao pretended to give in to the demands 563 00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:27,438 of the other revolutionaries, 564 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,798 but he told Jiang Qing to go to Shanghai 565 00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:34,758 and to prepare quietly for a new kind of revolution - 566 00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:37,720 one that would sweep the opposition away. 567 00:36:39,320 --> 00:36:42,518 Jiang Qing returned to where she had started - 568 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:45,038 the studios of Shanghai. 569 00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:47,280 But now she was in control. 570 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,078 And the new revolution was going to be driven by HER self-expression 571 00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:57,840 and HER imagination that had been stifled back then. 572 00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:02,878 The unit of one was going to take over the revolution 573 00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:05,600 and reshape the minds of the Chinese people. 574 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:11,678 Because she could control the people's minds, 575 00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:13,918 she could control their images, she was... 576 00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:16,878 She became, er... She became the mistress of the arts 577 00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:19,360 and of propaganda and culture. 578 00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:23,198 She does have great personal charm. 579 00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:25,398 It's a severe charm. 580 00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:29,038 It's the charm of being able to do what she wanted 581 00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:30,398 and to say what she wanted to 582 00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:34,678 in a society where most people say what they're expected to say, 583 00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:37,918 most people express the current political line. 584 00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:41,078 Her daring to reflect upon the past, 585 00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:43,918 to speak extensively about herself 586 00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:47,638 and to make judgments of all sorts was extraordinary. 587 00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:49,798 And she's a woman of many parts 588 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,038 so, needless to say, her relationship to the Chairman 589 00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:54,400 was always the trump card. 590 00:37:56,040 --> 00:38:00,958 Jiang Qing began by taking old Chinese operas and reworked them 591 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:04,518 so they became dramatic melodramas about the need to struggle 592 00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:08,440 against the evil forces still hidden in Chinese society. 593 00:38:10,840 --> 00:38:12,158 CALLS IN MANDARIN 594 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:14,320 GUNSHOT, MUSIC CRESCENDOES 595 00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:23,158 Hate was a key word in the script. 596 00:38:23,160 --> 00:38:24,998 "It must be shouted," she said, 597 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,920 "as if it was a grenade that you were hurling at the enemy." 598 00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:31,078 "And never forget," she told the heroine, 599 00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:34,758 "that beauty is less important than will and power." 600 00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:36,720 SHE SINGS IN MANDARIN 601 00:38:46,240 --> 00:38:48,000 But the operas were just the start. 602 00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:53,878 Jiang Qing's real aim was to turn the whole of China itself 603 00:38:53,880 --> 00:38:56,198 into a giant melodrama, 604 00:38:56,200 --> 00:39:00,078 to work millions of people up into an intense frenzy 605 00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:04,398 that would have the power to smash through the old corrupt ideas 606 00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:08,118 that were still lodged in people's heads 607 00:39:08,120 --> 00:39:10,240 and break through to a new kind of society. 608 00:39:12,320 --> 00:39:14,118 But at the same time, 609 00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:19,320 Jiang Qing herself was driven by old hatreds from her own past. 610 00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:23,718 And she was also going to turn that frenzy 611 00:39:23,720 --> 00:39:27,200 into a crusade of revenge against her old enemies... 612 00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:31,438 ..including Li Lili, 613 00:39:31,440 --> 00:39:34,560 who had upstaged her in Bloodshed on Wolf Mountain. 614 00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:43,080 ORCHESTRAL CRESCENDO BUILDS 615 00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:56,038 Living quietly in New York, completely forgotten, 616 00:39:56,040 --> 00:39:58,878 was an Irish woman called Ethel Boole 617 00:39:58,880 --> 00:40:02,918 who personified the very opposite of what Jiang Qing believed - 618 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:06,278 because Boole thought that the way to change the world 619 00:40:06,280 --> 00:40:09,158 was to give yourself up to the force of revolution, 620 00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,878 to surrender your individual self and your identity 621 00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:15,520 to the dream of a better future for others. 622 00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:20,118 At the end of the 19th century, 623 00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:22,998 Ethel Boole had gone to Russia as a young girl 624 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,918 and become involved with the revolutionaries in St Petersburg. 625 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:29,000 And she wrote a novel called The Gadfly. 626 00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,758 It told a powerful romantic story of a young girl 627 00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:36,280 who sacrificed everything for revolution. 628 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:40,358 She then married a Polish revolutionary 629 00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:42,598 called Wilfrid Voynich, 630 00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:45,438 and in the 1920s, they went to live in New York, 631 00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:48,878 where he worked as an antiquarian book-seller 632 00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:51,640 and Ethel Boole forgot about revolution. 633 00:40:57,040 --> 00:41:01,038 But in 1959, when the Bolshoi Ballet came to New York, 634 00:41:01,040 --> 00:41:04,278 the dancers were astonished to find that she was alive 635 00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:06,678 and they rushed to visit her 636 00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:09,678 because Ethel Boole, without her realising it, 637 00:41:09,680 --> 00:41:11,960 had become a hero of the Russian Revolution. 638 00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:15,878 She discovered that her novel 639 00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:19,438 had inspired millions of young revolutionaries in the 1920s 640 00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:22,558 to rise up and fight for the revolution, 641 00:41:22,560 --> 00:41:25,798 inspired by the idea of surrendering themselves 642 00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:27,680 to a grand historic cause. 643 00:41:35,920 --> 00:41:38,998 Then, the same had happened in China. 644 00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:41,638 Again, millions of young revolutionaries 645 00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:44,238 had carried The Gadfly in their backpacks 646 00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:47,000 as they fought to create a new kind of future. 647 00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:55,280 Now, Boole was living alone. 648 00:41:56,440 --> 00:41:59,998 And she had inherited a mysterious book from her husband. 649 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,358 It was called the Voynich manuscript, 650 00:42:02,360 --> 00:42:06,040 and it was written in a language no-one has been able to decipher. 651 00:42:08,080 --> 00:42:10,518 But one ballerina in the Bolshoi group 652 00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:13,078 didn't go to visit Ethel Boole. 653 00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:15,718 She was called Maya Plisetskaya. 654 00:42:15,720 --> 00:42:18,558 She was the most famous ballerina in the world 655 00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:20,800 and she hated the communist system. 656 00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:27,078 Plisetskaya's father had been executed by firing squad 657 00:42:27,080 --> 00:42:30,438 during the purges of the 1930s. 658 00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:34,120 Her mother had been sent to a prison in the wastes of Siberia. 659 00:42:35,320 --> 00:42:38,078 As she became famous, she was watched all the time 660 00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:39,840 by agents from the KGB. 661 00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,238 She couldn't trust anyone. 662 00:42:43,240 --> 00:42:46,040 Everyone around her had been told to inform on her. 663 00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:51,798 And she hated what she called "the men with sweaty faces," 664 00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:55,080 the party bosses who leered at her as she danced. 665 00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:08,520 In private, Maya Plisetskaya wrote out her own manifesto. 666 00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:15,358 "I don't know about other people," she wrote, "I'll say it for myself. 667 00:43:15,360 --> 00:43:18,158 "I don't want to be a slave. 668 00:43:18,160 --> 00:43:22,798 "I don't want people whom I don't know to decide my fate. 669 00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:24,800 "I don't want a leash on my neck. 670 00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:30,758 "I don't want a cage, even if it is a platinum one. 671 00:43:30,760 --> 00:43:32,960 "I don't want to be rejected or branded. 672 00:43:34,320 --> 00:43:37,558 "I don't want to hide what I am thinking. 673 00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:39,438 "I don't want to bow my head, 674 00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:41,638 "and I won't do it. 675 00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:43,880 "That's not what I was born for." 676 00:43:52,680 --> 00:43:57,318 Both Plisetskaya and Jiang Qing were part of the new individualism 677 00:43:57,320 --> 00:43:58,960 that was rising up everywhere... 678 00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:03,280 ..while Ethel Boole's collective vision was dying. 679 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:09,360 But at the same time, a new revolution was about to begin. 680 00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:15,320 It would offer a dream of liberation and freedom for the new individuals. 681 00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:18,760 But it would end by controlling them. 682 00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:25,958 And in a strange twist, the person whose ideas 683 00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:29,480 would guide that revolution was Ethel Boole's father. 684 00:44:33,360 --> 00:44:37,000 He was a mathematician from the 19th century called George Boole. 685 00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:41,598 Boole had been a deeply religious man. 686 00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:43,838 And one afternoon in the 1840s, 687 00:44:43,840 --> 00:44:46,518 as he walked across a field near Doncaster, 688 00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:48,998 a thought had flashed into his head 689 00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:52,158 that he believed was a religious vision. 690 00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:55,598 Boole suddenly saw how you could use mathematics 691 00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:58,720 to unlock the mysterious processes of human thought. 692 00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:02,838 The same symbols that were used in algebra 693 00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:06,918 could be used to describe what went on inside people's heads 694 00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:09,958 as they followed a train of thought, 695 00:45:09,960 --> 00:45:14,080 expressing all the twists and turns in simple binary form. 696 00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:17,998 If this, then that. 697 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:19,960 If that, then not this. 698 00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,960 And in 1854, Boole wrote a book that caused a sensation. 699 00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:34,080 It was called An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. 700 00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:38,918 Its aim - to investigate the fundamental laws 701 00:45:38,920 --> 00:45:42,960 of those operations of the mind by which reasoning is performed. 702 00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:49,558 Boole showed how even abstract concepts like virtue and passion 703 00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:52,318 could be put into equations, 704 00:45:52,320 --> 00:45:55,238 and then the symbols used to follow a pattern of thought 705 00:45:55,240 --> 00:45:56,560 to its conclusion. 706 00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:08,998 Boole was driven by an almost messianic belief 707 00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:11,638 that he had been allowed a glimpse by God 708 00:46:11,640 --> 00:46:13,680 into the truth of the human mind. 709 00:46:15,560 --> 00:46:18,118 But there were those who doubted this. 710 00:46:18,120 --> 00:46:20,678 The philosopher Bertrand Russell was astonished 711 00:46:20,680 --> 00:46:23,638 by the brilliance of Boole's mathematics, 712 00:46:23,640 --> 00:46:26,958 but he didn't believe that what Boole had discovered 713 00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:30,078 was anything to do with human thought. 714 00:46:30,080 --> 00:46:33,640 "Human beings," Russell said, "do not think like that." 715 00:46:34,760 --> 00:46:37,280 What Boole was really doing was something else. 716 00:46:40,840 --> 00:46:44,758 Throughout the British Empire, science had played a powerful role 717 00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:48,078 which has been wiped and forgotten today. 718 00:46:48,080 --> 00:46:51,278 Its job had been to create abstract systems, 719 00:46:51,280 --> 00:46:54,638 to catalogue and order the chaotic reality 720 00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:57,558 that the British ruled over, 721 00:46:57,560 --> 00:47:01,320 to turn it into something that could be managed and controlled. 722 00:47:04,080 --> 00:47:08,478 It ranged from making maps of what was called the dark interior 723 00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:13,358 to cataloguing millions of species of animals and insects, 724 00:47:13,360 --> 00:47:16,760 and studying and categorising different human types. 725 00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:24,598 And what Boole was doing was the next step in that process. 726 00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:28,718 He was taking the chaotic reality of human thought 727 00:47:28,720 --> 00:47:31,998 and making a simplified, rational map 728 00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:34,678 of that other dark interior, 729 00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:37,038 the human mind, 730 00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:39,520 so it could be managed and controlled. 731 00:47:42,760 --> 00:47:46,118 But in the 19th century, no-one could see any way 732 00:47:46,120 --> 00:47:49,238 of using the system that Boole had created 733 00:47:49,240 --> 00:47:54,078 and it languished and was quietly forgotten 734 00:47:54,080 --> 00:47:56,640 when the British Empire began to collapse. 735 00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:12,198 One day, Sandra Paul discovered her husband having sex 736 00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,440 in the back of a car with the Marchioness of Londonderry. 737 00:48:16,840 --> 00:48:18,998 It was the final straw 738 00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:21,360 and she decided the marriage would have to end. 739 00:48:22,680 --> 00:48:25,758 She told Robin Douglas-Home that she wanted a divorce, 740 00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:26,800 but he refused... 741 00:48:28,480 --> 00:48:32,478 ..so she said that she would seek a petition for cruelty. 742 00:48:32,480 --> 00:48:35,078 It meant that many of the details of their marriage 743 00:48:35,080 --> 00:48:37,840 and the struggles between them would be made public. 744 00:48:39,360 --> 00:48:41,878 And he couldn't bear the thought of going through a divorce, 745 00:48:41,880 --> 00:48:45,238 so he refused to give me a divorce. 746 00:48:45,240 --> 00:48:46,640 He blamed me for... 747 00:48:48,360 --> 00:48:51,798 ..dragging the whole thing out in... 748 00:48:51,800 --> 00:48:56,318 Erm... Well, I don't think he blamed me coherently. 749 00:48:56,320 --> 00:48:58,998 He just blamed me because I divorced him 750 00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,040 and he couldn't understand that there wasn't any other way. 751 00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:05,158 I... Well, I don't think I was unfair 752 00:49:05,160 --> 00:49:06,838 because it was the only thing I could do, 753 00:49:06,840 --> 00:49:11,118 and I did think that it was hopeless for us to stay in a separated state, 754 00:49:11,120 --> 00:49:12,278 hopeless for me. 755 00:49:12,280 --> 00:49:15,078 I was being selfish. I wanted to be free. 756 00:49:15,080 --> 00:49:17,078 Erm... You had to be fairly ruthless. 757 00:49:17,080 --> 00:49:21,198 Yes, I had to be ruthless in order to be free. 758 00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:24,278 And she insisted on continuing 759 00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:27,758 with this petition for cruelty. 760 00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:30,278 Now, when I received the petition for cruelty, 761 00:49:30,280 --> 00:49:35,198 I can only describe one's feelings to you as if, 762 00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,280 you know, a small bomb had gone off inside your head. 763 00:49:39,520 --> 00:49:41,958 Because, erm... 764 00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:45,720 ..it chapterised the marriage almost day by day... 765 00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:50,360 ..and incidentally, letter by letter, roneoed... 766 00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:56,760 ..in the most unpleasant and vicious terms... 767 00:49:58,160 --> 00:50:03,120 ..with me as the aggressor and the cruel one. 768 00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:06,320 Five years of one's life... 769 00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:12,158 ..say, 70% of which were very happy, 770 00:50:12,160 --> 00:50:15,598 reduced to a great wad of foolscap, 771 00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:18,998 typed out by leering little clerks 772 00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,478 in solicitors' offices. 773 00:50:21,480 --> 00:50:24,918 Your letters from the moment you'd met, 774 00:50:24,920 --> 00:50:26,998 typed out, roneoed - 775 00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:28,958 your letters to your mother, 776 00:50:28,960 --> 00:50:30,958 her letters to her mother, 777 00:50:30,960 --> 00:50:32,920 her mother's letters to me. 778 00:50:44,240 --> 00:50:48,238 It was all right, you felt, to be regarded as an adulterer, 779 00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:50,560 but you couldn't bear to be regarded as cruel? 780 00:50:54,440 --> 00:50:56,640 I couldn't bear her to...to... 781 00:50:59,240 --> 00:51:00,680 ..put a...a... 782 00:51:01,960 --> 00:51:03,880 ..a kind of tombstone on... 783 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:09,840 ..this marriage reading in the way that that petition read. 784 00:51:31,720 --> 00:51:35,398 For men like Robin Douglas-Home, the expectation of power 785 00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:38,518 had been deeply embedded inside their minds, 786 00:51:38,520 --> 00:51:43,638 but as the world had changed around them and real power ebbed away, 787 00:51:43,640 --> 00:51:46,718 they were left with a terrible melancholy 788 00:51:46,720 --> 00:51:48,800 that in some would turn to despair. 789 00:51:52,440 --> 00:51:55,998 A year after the filming, Robin Douglas-Home committed suicide. 790 00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:58,040 HE PLAYS PIANO 791 00:52:02,640 --> 00:52:05,320 MUSIC: Sag Mir Wo Die Blumen Sind by Marlene Dietrich 792 00:52:06,360 --> 00:52:10,558 # Sag mir wo die Blumen sind 793 00:52:10,560 --> 00:52:14,238 # Wo sind sie geblieben? 794 00:52:14,240 --> 00:52:18,038 # Sag mir wo die Blumen sind 795 00:52:18,040 --> 00:52:21,758 # Was ist geschehen? 796 00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:25,438 # Sag mir wo die Blumen sind 797 00:52:25,440 --> 00:52:29,478 # Madchen pfluckten sie geschwind 798 00:52:29,480 --> 00:52:33,278 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 799 00:52:33,280 --> 00:52:37,720 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 800 00:52:40,360 --> 00:52:44,278 # Sag mir wo die Madchen sind 801 00:52:44,280 --> 00:52:47,958 # Wo sind sie geblieben? 802 00:52:47,960 --> 00:52:51,718 # Sag mir wo die Madchen sind 803 00:52:51,720 --> 00:52:55,318 # Was ist geschehen? 804 00:52:55,320 --> 00:52:59,238 # Sag mir wo die Madchen sind 805 00:52:59,240 --> 00:53:02,958 # Manner nahmen sie geschwind 806 00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:06,998 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 807 00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:11,200 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 808 00:53:14,200 --> 00:53:17,958 # Sag mir wo die Manner sind 809 00:53:17,960 --> 00:53:21,718 # Wo sind sie geblieben? 810 00:53:21,720 --> 00:53:25,598 # Sag mir wo die Manner sind 811 00:53:25,600 --> 00:53:29,278 # Was ist geschehen? 812 00:53:29,280 --> 00:53:32,958 # Sag mir wo die Manner sind 813 00:53:32,960 --> 00:53:36,918 # Zogen fort, der Krieg beginnt 814 00:53:36,920 --> 00:53:40,558 # Wann wird man je verstehen? 815 00:53:40,560 --> 00:53:44,920 # Wann wird man je verstehen? # 816 00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:02,478 Kerry Thornley had left California 817 00:54:02,480 --> 00:54:05,880 and gone to live in New Orleans, where he worked in a bar. 818 00:54:07,360 --> 00:54:10,358 The movement that he and his friend Greg Hill had started - 819 00:54:10,360 --> 00:54:13,278 Discordianism - was beginning to grow, 820 00:54:13,280 --> 00:54:14,800 spreading by word of mouth. 821 00:54:17,640 --> 00:54:22,078 Like much of the new counterculture, it was against all politics. 822 00:54:22,080 --> 00:54:26,358 It distrusted all the old systems of power - left and right - 823 00:54:26,360 --> 00:54:28,278 because they were just trying to force you 824 00:54:28,280 --> 00:54:29,920 into their version of reality. 825 00:54:31,320 --> 00:54:33,438 Thornley also published his novel 826 00:54:33,440 --> 00:54:36,558 with Lee Harvey Oswald as the central figure. 827 00:54:36,560 --> 00:54:38,560 It was called The Idle Warriors. 828 00:54:40,120 --> 00:54:44,158 But New Orleans was also the city where Lee Harvey Oswald had lived 829 00:54:44,160 --> 00:54:46,878 before the Kennedy assassination. 830 00:54:46,880 --> 00:54:50,478 And as a result, Thornley came to the notice of the man 831 00:54:50,480 --> 00:54:54,520 who was going to be the main creator of the JFK conspiracy theory. 832 00:54:55,640 --> 00:54:58,638 He was the district attorney of New Orleans, 833 00:54:58,640 --> 00:55:00,798 called Jim Garrison. 834 00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:05,398 Garrison said that Oswald had just been part of a giant conspiracy 835 00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:08,518 that included the CIA, big business, 836 00:55:08,520 --> 00:55:11,718 the news media and anti-Castro Cubans, 837 00:55:11,720 --> 00:55:13,960 who, together, had killed the President. 838 00:55:16,920 --> 00:55:18,798 There's no question about that. 839 00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:20,518 There was a conspiracy. 840 00:55:20,520 --> 00:55:22,798 A number of men were involved. 841 00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:26,080 An apparatus which was lethal in nature... 842 00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:31,038 ..of which Lee Harvey, Harvey Oswald was a part, 843 00:55:31,040 --> 00:55:33,518 assigned the role, essentially, as decoy. 844 00:55:33,520 --> 00:55:36,078 Now, don't ask me what the organisation is because I can't say. 845 00:55:36,080 --> 00:55:38,798 But the implication, clearly, is the Central Intelligence Agency, 846 00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:41,118 your own security organisation in the United States. 847 00:55:41,120 --> 00:55:43,798 It almost sounds like that, doesn't it? 848 00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:46,278 I have no comment about that. 849 00:55:46,280 --> 00:55:50,198 Jim Garrison believed that the modern democratic system in America 850 00:55:50,200 --> 00:55:52,358 was just a facade, 851 00:55:52,360 --> 00:55:55,918 that behind it was another secret system of power 852 00:55:55,920 --> 00:55:58,318 that really controlled the country. 853 00:55:58,320 --> 00:56:01,278 But you could never discover it through normal means 854 00:56:01,280 --> 00:56:02,920 because it was so deeply hidden. 855 00:56:04,160 --> 00:56:06,478 Garrison wrote a memo to his staff, 856 00:56:06,480 --> 00:56:09,320 explaining how you could uncover this secret world. 857 00:56:10,880 --> 00:56:13,360 He called it Time and Propinquity. 858 00:56:14,360 --> 00:56:17,438 "You didn't bother with meaning or with logic," he said, 859 00:56:17,440 --> 00:56:20,878 "because that will always be hidden." 860 00:56:20,880 --> 00:56:23,598 Instead, you look for patterns, 861 00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:28,278 strange coincidences and links that may seem to have no meaning 862 00:56:28,280 --> 00:56:31,358 but are actually telltale signs on the surface 863 00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:33,960 of the hidden system of power underneath. 864 00:56:40,720 --> 00:56:44,878 This theory was going to have a very powerful effect in the future 865 00:56:44,880 --> 00:56:47,078 because it would lead to a profound shift 866 00:56:47,080 --> 00:56:50,758 in how many people understood the world, 867 00:56:50,760 --> 00:56:54,798 because what it said was that in a dark world of hidden power, 868 00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:58,398 you couldn't expect everything to make sense, 869 00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:01,318 that it was pointless to try and understand the meaning 870 00:57:01,320 --> 00:57:03,558 of why something happened, 871 00:57:03,560 --> 00:57:06,598 because that would always be hidden from you. 872 00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:09,200 What you looked for were the patterns. 873 00:57:13,120 --> 00:57:15,918 And when Garrison read Kerry Thornley's novel, 874 00:57:15,920 --> 00:57:17,040 he saw a pattern. 875 00:57:18,240 --> 00:57:21,278 Not only had Thornley been in the Marines with Oswald 876 00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:25,358 and written a novel about him, but he had come to live in the same city 877 00:57:25,360 --> 00:57:28,000 that Oswald had lived in before the assassination. 878 00:57:29,360 --> 00:57:32,878 And in 1967, Garrison accused Thornley 879 00:57:32,880 --> 00:57:34,680 of being part of the conspiracy. 880 00:57:37,680 --> 00:57:39,598 Thornley was furious. 881 00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:41,440 He knew that Garrison was wrong... 882 00:57:42,600 --> 00:57:46,200 ..but he also hated the very idea of conspiracy theories. 883 00:57:47,320 --> 00:57:49,158 He believed that they were one of the ways 884 00:57:49,160 --> 00:57:50,800 those in power controlled you. 885 00:57:52,360 --> 00:57:55,998 Conspiracy theories made you believe that there were hidden forces 886 00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:58,598 that really controlled the world, 887 00:57:58,600 --> 00:58:03,918 and that made you as an individual feel weak and powerless. 888 00:58:03,920 --> 00:58:08,838 Suspicion, he believed, was just another form of control. 889 00:58:08,840 --> 00:58:11,358 Thornley wanted to find ways to free people 890 00:58:11,360 --> 00:58:15,120 from that kind of conditioning that held them back as individuals. 891 00:58:16,920 --> 00:58:20,478 There are ways of deconditioning people, 892 00:58:20,480 --> 00:58:23,038 and this is what I'm interested in. 893 00:58:23,040 --> 00:58:25,398 I'm interested in finding some technique 894 00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:27,998 by which great masses of people 895 00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:32,358 can be broken out of their authoritarian conditioning 896 00:58:32,360 --> 00:58:37,878 all at once, to figure out exactly what that type of enlightenment is, 897 00:58:37,880 --> 00:58:40,958 that type of liberation from authoritarian conditioning is, 898 00:58:40,960 --> 00:58:44,280 and how to achieve it on a wholesale basis. 899 00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:52,758 Thornley was right that most of what Garrison alleged 900 00:58:52,760 --> 00:58:54,598 was complete fantasy. 901 00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:56,638 Despite all the patterns, 902 00:58:56,640 --> 00:58:59,320 he could produce no evidence of a hidden conspiracy. 903 00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:04,238 But what Thornley didn't realise was that at the same time, 904 00:59:04,240 --> 00:59:07,358 there was another very real conspiracy being run 905 00:59:07,360 --> 00:59:09,518 by the American government, 906 00:59:09,520 --> 00:59:12,838 and its aim was to try and do the very same thing 907 00:59:12,840 --> 00:59:15,078 as he wanted to do. 908 00:59:15,080 --> 00:59:18,238 The Central Intelligence Agency was trying to find ways 909 00:59:18,240 --> 00:59:21,718 to wipe the past from people's minds, 910 00:59:21,720 --> 00:59:24,358 to see if they could free them from the conditioning 911 00:59:24,360 --> 00:59:26,080 that had been implanted there. 912 00:59:27,160 --> 00:59:30,398 Psychologists working for the CIA had come to believe 913 00:59:30,400 --> 00:59:33,360 that individuals were far weaker than they had believed... 914 00:59:34,880 --> 00:59:36,998 ..and they wanted to see if they could implant 915 00:59:37,000 --> 00:59:39,640 new patterns of thought in their minds. 916 00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:44,398 The image of the human being that was being built up 917 00:59:44,400 --> 00:59:48,798 at that particular time was that there was a great deal 918 00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:52,358 of vulnerability in every human being 919 00:59:52,360 --> 00:59:56,038 and that that vulnerability could be manipulated 920 00:59:56,040 --> 00:59:59,718 to programme somebody to be something 921 00:59:59,720 --> 01:00:02,278 that I wanted them to be 922 01:00:02,280 --> 01:00:04,000 and they didn't want to be... 923 01:00:06,560 --> 01:00:10,158 ..that you could manipulate people in such a way 924 01:00:10,160 --> 01:00:13,358 that they could be automatons, if you will, 925 01:00:13,360 --> 01:00:16,438 for whatever your own purposes were. 926 01:00:16,440 --> 01:00:19,120 This was the image that people thought was possible. 927 01:00:20,360 --> 01:00:24,000 The CIA set up a secret project called MKUltra. 928 01:00:25,160 --> 01:00:28,118 It was led by a psychiatrist called Ewen Cameron, 929 01:00:28,120 --> 01:00:31,320 who worked in a hospital in Montreal called the Allan Memorial. 930 01:00:32,840 --> 01:00:36,678 He took patients and, without telling them, experimented 931 01:00:36,680 --> 01:00:39,958 to see if he could wipe what he called "the sick memories" 932 01:00:39,960 --> 01:00:42,078 from their minds. 933 01:00:42,080 --> 01:00:45,158 To do this, he used repeated electroshocks 934 01:00:45,160 --> 01:00:47,000 and massive doses of LSD. 935 01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:52,678 They shipped me up to what they called the Sleep Room, 936 01:00:52,680 --> 01:00:56,958 and they gave me all of these electroconvulsive shock treatments 937 01:00:56,960 --> 01:01:00,878 and megadoses of drugs and LSD and all of that. 938 01:01:00,880 --> 01:01:03,358 And I have no memory of any of that - 939 01:01:03,360 --> 01:01:07,638 nothing of that time at the Allan Memorial 940 01:01:07,640 --> 01:01:10,598 or any of my life previous to that. 941 01:01:10,600 --> 01:01:12,360 All gone. Wiped. 942 01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:25,278 Some members of Discordianism were working at Playboy magazine, 943 01:01:25,280 --> 01:01:28,758 and Thornley decided that he was going to use Playboy magazine 944 01:01:28,760 --> 01:01:33,078 to start an experiment that would make people see how absurd 945 01:01:33,080 --> 01:01:35,040 all conspiracy theories really were. 946 01:01:36,680 --> 01:01:39,240 He called it Operation Mindfuck. 947 01:01:40,720 --> 01:01:45,038 In 1969, he and Greg Hill began Operation Mindfuck 948 01:01:45,040 --> 01:01:48,040 by placing a false letter in the Playboy letters page. 949 01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:51,398 They put it between another letter 950 01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,198 asking if gun fanatics had small penises 951 01:01:54,200 --> 01:01:56,998 and one from a man asking about the physical danger 952 01:01:57,000 --> 01:01:59,200 to his testicles from heavy petting. 953 01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:04,518 Thornley's fake letter asked whether all the political assassinations 954 01:02:04,520 --> 01:02:07,318 in America were really being masterminded 955 01:02:07,320 --> 01:02:09,918 by a single secret society, 956 01:02:09,920 --> 01:02:12,840 and the society it named was the Illuminati. 957 01:02:14,440 --> 01:02:17,638 It said that the Illuminati were behind all the chaos 958 01:02:17,640 --> 01:02:19,840 and the fear that was now gripping America. 959 01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:25,318 He and the other Discordians then proceeded to spread this idea 960 01:02:25,320 --> 01:02:28,238 all across America through the counterculture, 961 01:02:28,240 --> 01:02:31,080 in magazines and books and even in plays. 962 01:02:33,560 --> 01:02:37,918 Thornley's aim was to try and break the spell of conspiracy theories 963 01:02:37,920 --> 01:02:42,118 by making people see the absurdity of believing them, 964 01:02:42,120 --> 01:02:45,398 and he had chosen the Illuminati for the experiment 965 01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:48,078 because no-one could possibly believe 966 01:02:48,080 --> 01:02:52,078 that an 18th-century organisation from Bavaria was really, 967 01:02:52,080 --> 01:02:54,358 in the second half of the 20th century, 968 01:02:54,360 --> 01:02:57,838 the secret rulers of the modern world. 969 01:02:57,840 --> 01:02:59,600 It was clearly ridiculous. 970 01:03:05,880 --> 01:03:08,640 Dr Cameron's experiments were a disaster. 971 01:03:11,040 --> 01:03:13,238 His brutal techniques succeeded only 972 01:03:13,240 --> 01:03:16,838 in wiping the minds of those he experimented on. 973 01:03:16,840 --> 01:03:20,038 He then found he could put nothing back. 974 01:03:20,040 --> 01:03:22,798 He totally failed to implant any new memories 975 01:03:22,800 --> 01:03:24,680 or any new ways of seeing the world. 976 01:03:25,800 --> 01:03:28,438 His patients found themselves in a world 977 01:03:28,440 --> 01:03:30,798 that had no meaning any longer. 978 01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:33,878 When I was discharged from the Allan Memorial, 979 01:03:33,880 --> 01:03:35,718 I felt like a... 980 01:03:35,720 --> 01:03:39,798 ..like an alien from another world visiting this world. 981 01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:41,358 I knew I was different 982 01:03:41,360 --> 01:03:45,238 and I didn't know how to become like everybody else. 983 01:03:45,240 --> 01:03:49,678 And it was a very lonely, scary place to be. 984 01:03:49,680 --> 01:03:50,878 "This is your husband." 985 01:03:50,880 --> 01:03:52,598 What? What's "husband?" 986 01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:54,320 What's "making love?" 987 01:03:55,360 --> 01:03:58,758 In the world of individualism that was about to come, 988 01:03:58,760 --> 01:04:01,478 psychology was going to play a powerful role 989 01:04:01,480 --> 01:04:03,718 because it said it could help to change 990 01:04:03,720 --> 01:04:05,560 what was inside people's minds. 991 01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:10,238 But what Cameron and the CIA had done 992 01:04:10,240 --> 01:04:14,040 showed, in a dramatic and extreme way, the weakness of this. 993 01:04:15,640 --> 01:04:20,718 They had assumed that most of what people felt came from within them, 994 01:04:20,720 --> 01:04:22,478 and to make them happier, 995 01:04:22,480 --> 01:04:25,280 you just had to alter what was inside their brains. 996 01:04:26,720 --> 01:04:29,478 What was forgotten was the other view - 997 01:04:29,480 --> 01:04:33,360 that what shapes how people feel is the society around them... 998 01:04:34,560 --> 01:04:39,318 ..above all, the structure of power that not only controls their lives, 999 01:04:39,320 --> 01:04:40,920 but also how they feel. 1000 01:04:42,520 --> 01:04:45,758 And if you want to change the way people feel, 1001 01:04:45,760 --> 01:04:48,040 you have to find a way to change that, too. 1002 01:04:50,160 --> 01:04:55,078 Memory is wrapped in what society has decided 1003 01:04:55,080 --> 01:04:57,838 we should feel like. 1004 01:04:57,840 --> 01:04:59,958 "You should cry at funerals." 1005 01:04:59,960 --> 01:05:02,638 I found myself not crying at a funeral 1006 01:05:02,640 --> 01:05:04,798 and I felt just fine. 1007 01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:07,118 And I thought, "Gee, there's something the matter with me. 1008 01:05:07,120 --> 01:05:09,118 "I'm not crying. I should cry. 1009 01:05:09,120 --> 01:05:10,960 "Everybody else is crying." 1010 01:05:12,160 --> 01:05:15,078 But... But there wasn't that... 1011 01:05:15,080 --> 01:05:16,638 ..that need to. 1012 01:05:16,640 --> 01:05:20,360 MUSIC: Recharge & Revolt by The Raveonettes 1013 01:05:58,440 --> 01:06:00,918 CROWD SHOUTING 1014 01:06:00,920 --> 01:06:02,440 MUSIC CONTINUES 1015 01:06:39,920 --> 01:06:42,638 # With a hole in my head 1016 01:06:42,640 --> 01:06:44,880 # I looked for you 1017 01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:49,598 # Through the trenches of war 1018 01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,000 # The whole world through 1019 01:06:54,120 --> 01:06:59,040 # My desire to leave with you I just can't constrain 1020 01:07:01,240 --> 01:07:05,920 # I regret everything I've done so far 1021 01:07:07,920 --> 01:07:13,160 # When the pillars of love are blown apart 1022 01:07:15,480 --> 01:07:20,040 # I stumble through the rubble and decay 1023 01:07:22,080 --> 01:07:26,518 # When I'm terrified, I close my eyes... # 1024 01:07:26,520 --> 01:07:28,678 My old man died for this country! 1025 01:07:28,680 --> 01:07:30,760 Don't you dare say that to me! 1026 01:07:33,880 --> 01:07:37,520 Michael de Freitas decided that he was going to become a revolutionary. 1027 01:07:38,520 --> 01:07:43,158 He was going to challenge and expose the corrupt old structures of power 1028 01:07:43,160 --> 01:07:45,798 that he believed still haunted and controlled 1029 01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:50,160 the minds of the English people, even though their empire was gone. 1030 01:07:51,480 --> 01:07:53,438 I can't live in this system. 1031 01:07:53,440 --> 01:07:55,958 I don't like it, I don't want it. 1032 01:07:55,960 --> 01:08:00,240 I want to destroy everything down to the ground, the lot, ashes. 1033 01:08:01,760 --> 01:08:03,400 That's what I want. 1034 01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:12,400 MUSIC: Overture (For Other Halfs) by Brian McBride 1035 01:08:50,960 --> 01:08:52,118 All three - 1036 01:08:52,120 --> 01:08:56,038 Jiang Qing, Michael de Freitas and Kerry Thornley - 1037 01:08:56,040 --> 01:08:58,558 knew that their struggle was with the forces 1038 01:08:58,560 --> 01:09:00,878 from the old power of the past 1039 01:09:00,880 --> 01:09:03,720 that they believed were still lodged in people's minds. 1040 01:09:04,960 --> 01:09:09,878 But at the same time, quietly rising up was a new system 1041 01:09:09,880 --> 01:09:13,598 that seemed as if it would never have to face that struggle - 1042 01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:16,920 because it would be completely free of the past. 1043 01:09:18,360 --> 01:09:21,958 The laws of human thought that George Boole had created 1044 01:09:21,960 --> 01:09:27,678 had become the central structure of all thinking machines, computers, 1045 01:09:27,680 --> 01:09:31,118 because it fitted perfectly with the binary switching system 1046 01:09:31,120 --> 01:09:34,878 inside them - either zero or one - 1047 01:09:34,880 --> 01:09:39,238 and it was used by the machines to create endless branching pathways 1048 01:09:39,240 --> 01:09:42,120 of binary logic called algorithms. 1049 01:09:43,280 --> 01:09:47,598 Out of that was going to come the dream of artificial intelligence, 1050 01:09:47,600 --> 01:09:50,958 machines that could think independently, 1051 01:09:50,960 --> 01:09:54,998 that could then order and manage the world as a rational system, 1052 01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:58,240 not driven by the dangerous ideologies of the past. 1053 01:10:01,560 --> 01:10:03,438 But back in the 1960s, 1054 01:10:03,440 --> 01:10:07,638 as the engineers began to build the first neural networks, 1055 01:10:07,640 --> 01:10:10,878 what they had forgotten was that the system of thought 1056 01:10:10,880 --> 01:10:16,278 they were creating inside the machines did have its own history, 1057 01:10:16,280 --> 01:10:18,518 that it had been born out of a time 1058 01:10:18,520 --> 01:10:21,958 when science had become deeply involved in questions 1059 01:10:21,960 --> 01:10:25,200 of power and control in the British Empire... 1060 01:10:27,600 --> 01:10:30,558 ..that what lay behind the computer logic 1061 01:10:30,560 --> 01:10:34,678 was the aim of simplifying human thought, 1062 01:10:34,680 --> 01:10:39,398 which would finally allow you to colonise the last free outpost - 1063 01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:40,600 the human mind. 1064 01:10:42,200 --> 01:10:45,438 But unlike the old empires, where power was visible, 1065 01:10:45,440 --> 01:10:50,480 this power would be hidden in remote places, in the servers. 1066 01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:01,598 But something else from the past 1067 01:11:01,600 --> 01:11:04,400 would also find its way into those servers. 1068 01:11:05,800 --> 01:11:09,078 In the political and economic chaos of the early 1970s, 1069 01:11:09,080 --> 01:11:12,478 conspiracy theories were going to spread like wildfire 1070 01:11:12,480 --> 01:11:14,000 through the counterculture. 1071 01:11:15,040 --> 01:11:17,638 As they did, the fake conspiracies 1072 01:11:17,640 --> 01:11:21,118 about the Illuminati and the secret rulers of the world 1073 01:11:21,120 --> 01:11:24,598 that Kerry Thornley thought that no-one could ever believe 1074 01:11:24,600 --> 01:11:29,280 began to get mixed up with the true conspiracies like MKUltra. 1075 01:11:31,240 --> 01:11:33,078 And more and more people began to follow 1076 01:11:33,080 --> 01:11:36,998 Jim Garrison's theory of time and propinquity, 1077 01:11:37,000 --> 01:11:40,598 looking for patterns of a hidden power in America, 1078 01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:42,760 not for logic or meaning any longer. 1079 01:11:44,960 --> 01:11:48,518 And when the internet was created, almost immediately, 1080 01:11:48,520 --> 01:11:52,278 those patterns of suspicion would move into the data 1081 01:11:52,280 --> 01:11:54,800 and multiply endlessly across the system. 1082 01:11:57,320 --> 01:12:01,398 And that dark paranoia, that 200 years before 1083 01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:04,238 had spread across the prairies and the mountains 1084 01:12:04,240 --> 01:12:06,518 among isolated settlers, 1085 01:12:06,520 --> 01:12:09,478 now spread across the virtual world, 1086 01:12:09,480 --> 01:12:13,720 among isolated individuals sitting alone in front of their screens... 1087 01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:20,438 ..and suspicion and distrust crept back into what was going to be 1088 01:12:20,440 --> 01:12:22,000 the new system of power. 1089 01:12:24,600 --> 01:12:27,440 MUSIC: Who Killed Bambi? by Sex Pistols 1090 01:12:36,120 --> 01:12:37,998 # Gentle pretty thing 1091 01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:40,118 # Who only had one spring 1092 01:12:40,120 --> 01:12:42,158 # You bravely faced the world 1093 01:12:42,160 --> 01:12:44,078 # Ready for anything 1094 01:12:44,080 --> 01:12:46,118 # I'm happy that you lived 1095 01:12:46,120 --> 01:12:48,118 # For your life is mine 1096 01:12:48,120 --> 01:12:50,038 # What have I except to cry? 1097 01:12:50,040 --> 01:12:51,998 # Spirit never die! 1098 01:12:52,000 --> 01:12:53,958 # Birds of the air 1099 01:12:53,960 --> 01:12:55,800 # Beasts of the earth 1100 01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:00,078 # Overjoyed at Bambi's birth 1101 01:13:00,080 --> 01:13:03,160 # They gambolled in the glade 1102 01:13:04,520 --> 01:13:06,398 # Who killed Bambi? 1103 01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:08,398 # Who killed Bambi? 1104 01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:10,398 # Who killed Bambi? 1105 01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:12,358 # Who killed Bambi? 1106 01:13:12,360 --> 01:13:14,398 # Who killed Bambi? 1107 01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:16,318 # Who killed Bambi? 1108 01:13:16,320 --> 01:13:18,800 # Who killed Bambi? 1109 01:13:19,840 --> 01:13:22,320 # Who killed Bambi? 1110 01:13:23,840 --> 01:13:26,080 # Who killed Bambi? 1111 01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:29,318 # Murder, murder, murder 1112 01:13:29,320 --> 01:13:31,358 # Someone should be angry 1113 01:13:31,360 --> 01:13:33,398 # The crime of the century 1114 01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:35,438 # Who shot little Bambi? 1115 01:13:35,440 --> 01:13:37,438 # Never trust a hippy 1116 01:13:37,440 --> 01:13:39,438 # I love punky Bambi 1117 01:13:39,440 --> 01:13:41,198 # I'll kill to find the killer 1118 01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:43,398 # In the rotten roll army 1119 01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:45,278 # All the spikey punkers 1120 01:13:45,280 --> 01:13:47,318 # Believers in the ruins 1121 01:13:47,320 --> 01:13:49,558 # With one big shout, they all cry out 1122 01:13:49,560 --> 01:13:52,358 # Who killed Bambi? # 1123 01:13:52,360 --> 01:13:54,960 SHOUTING, GLASS SMASHING 1123 01:13:55,305 --> 01:14:55,874 Enjoy Movies, Series and Live Sports WWW.SIGNMEUP.APP145675

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