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The best IPTV
WWW.ALLIN1BOX.CO.UK
2
00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:29,998
We are living through strange days.
3
00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,798
Across Britain, Europe and America,
4
00:00:32,800 --> 00:00:35,558
societies have become split
and polarised,
5
00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:39,078
not just in politics,
but across the whole culture.
6
00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:42,878
There is anger at the inequality
and the ever-growing corruption
7
00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,200
and a widespread distrust
of the elites.
8
00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:50,198
Yet, at the same time,
there is a paralysis,
9
00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:53,520
a sense that no-one knows
how to escape from this.
10
00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:59,278
Even in America, where there is now
hope with the new president,
11
00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:02,518
there are also fears that,
despite the growing crisis,
12
00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:04,760
the system will just return
to normal.
13
00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:10,838
This paralysis is also fuelled
by a technology, driven by the aim
14
00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:14,280
of giving you today another version
of what you had yesterday...
15
00:01:15,960 --> 00:01:18,560
..and never a different tomorrow.
16
00:01:27,960 --> 00:01:32,118
These films are a history
of how we got to this place
17
00:01:32,120 --> 00:01:37,998
and why both those in power, and we,
find it so difficult to move on.
18
00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:39,518
They will trace different forces
19
00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:43,038
across the world
that have led to now,
20
00:01:43,040 --> 00:01:46,480
not just in the West,
but in China and Russia as well.
21
00:01:48,240 --> 00:01:51,278
And they are told
in a different way.
22
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They are an emotional history
of what went on inside the heads
23
00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:56,558
of all kinds of people.
24
00:01:56,560 --> 00:01:59,238
Because in the age of
the individual,
25
00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:03,598
what you felt and what you wanted
and what you dreamed of
26
00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,440
were going to become
the driving force across the world.
27
00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,678
And to understand the present,
you have to go back and see
28
00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:17,398
what happened when those hopes
and dreams and uncertainties
29
00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:22,360
inside people's minds met
the much older forces of power.
30
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Often power that was decaying
31
00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:29,680
and desperate to keep
its ascendancy.
32
00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:35,358
These strange days
did not just happen -
33
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we, and those in power,
created them together.
34
00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,480
YELLING
35
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# Each day I walk along
this lonely street
36
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# Trying to find
37
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# Find a future
38
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# New pair of shoes are on my feet
39
00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:22,638
# Cos fashion is my only culture
40
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# Nothing ever change
41
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# Oh, no
42
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# Nothing ever change
43
00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:41,238
# I'm just living in a life
without meaning
44
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# I walk and walk
45
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# Do nothing
46
00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:51,560
# I'm just living in a life
without feeling
47
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# I talk and talk
48
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# Say nothing
49
00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:26,758
# Nothing ever change
50
00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:28,638
# Oh, no
51
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# Nothing ever change. #
52
00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:34,160
SONG FADES OUT
53
00:04:37,280 --> 00:04:41,678
In the late 1950s, as the British
Empire was falling apart,
54
00:04:41,680 --> 00:04:44,118
there was a growing sense
that something was badly wrong
55
00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:46,398
under the surface.
56
00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:49,918
It was a feeling of unease,
that despite all the reforms
57
00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:53,118
after the Second World War
and the welfare state,
58
00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:55,760
the old forms of power
had not gone away.
59
00:04:56,920 --> 00:05:00,158
And neither had the violence
and the corruption
60
00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:02,720
that had always been a part of
that power.
61
00:05:05,800 --> 00:05:09,198
The court opens with
the traditional reading of names
62
00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,318
and the wide experience available
to the bank as apparent.
63
00:05:12,320 --> 00:05:15,358
Mr Cobbold, Mr Minors,
64
00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:17,158
Sir Charles Hambro...
65
00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:18,678
Senior director...
66
00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:20,758
The bankers in the City of London
67
00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:24,118
had been at the very heart of
the Empire.
68
00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:27,398
In 1958, two of the most powerful
of them,
69
00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:29,598
Lord Kindersley
and William Keswick,
70
00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:31,998
were accused of using
insider information
71
00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:34,040
to make millions for themselves.
72
00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:36,878
..Lord Kindersley...
73
00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,758
Chairman of Rolls-Royce,
merchant banker.
74
00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:41,478
..Mr Keswick...
75
00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,278
Hudson's Bay Company
and Far Eastern merchant.
76
00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:48,278
The evidence against them
was very strong.
77
00:05:48,280 --> 00:05:51,078
But when Keswick was shown
the evidence, he dismissed it
78
00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:53,678
with a phrase
that became notorious.
79
00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:55,478
"It is difficult," he said,
80
00:05:55,480 --> 00:06:00,158
"to remember conversations one has
whilst shooting on a grouse moor."
81
00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:03,440
A government inquiry said
the two men were obviously innocent.
82
00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:09,318
At the same time, reports had
started to come back
83
00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:12,398
from one of the last parts of
the Empire - Kenya -
84
00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:15,960
that seemed to show that those
in charge had gone out of control.
85
00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:21,558
They had been fighting a liberation
movement called the Mau Mau.
86
00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:24,878
The report said that hundreds
of thousands of Kenyans had been put
87
00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,078
into special camps,
where they were going to be
88
00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:29,598
psychologically adjusted.
89
00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:31,518
The British were trying
to manipulate
90
00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:35,598
what their chief psychologist
called the "African mind".
91
00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:40,358
But what then happened in the camps
turned into a frenzied madness.
92
00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:42,878
The British used mass torture
and killing
93
00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,400
as they desperately tried
to hold on to power.
94
00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:52,838
The government in London
denied all the accusations,
95
00:06:52,840 --> 00:06:55,560
but the rumours of
violence and horror continued.
96
00:06:56,880 --> 00:06:59,478
ORGAN MUSIC PLAYS
97
00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:03,198
But what had also not gone away
was the fear and hatred
98
00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:07,798
inside the minds of many
of the British of the "others",
99
00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:10,438
the people the British
had ruled over
100
00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:14,480
who were now coming to what
they had been told was the homeland.
101
00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:18,398
Now, listen carefully
to this Indian's conversation
102
00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:22,438
with a white barber when he entered
a saloon with a BBC radio microphone
103
00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:24,278
in his pocket.
104
00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:26,278
BARBER: No!
INDIAN MAN: What's the matter?
105
00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:27,640
No!
106
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Is there anything wrong?
107
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Yes! What is it?
I said no.
108
00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:39,358
But I'd like to know
what is the matter. I'm closed.
109
00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:43,518
There's another half an hour...
Well, I'm closed now.
110
00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,598
But you didn't put the closed sign
outside on the window, did you?
111
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Will you clear off?
112
00:07:48,760 --> 00:07:51,398
Look, if you give me any reason why,
what is the matter,
113
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then I shall go if you tell me...
114
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I've told you - I'm closed!
115
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You're not closed.
116
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You're not...
You're not closed yet.
117
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Well, I am - to you.
118
00:08:04,360 --> 00:08:06,798
Those who came from
the Empire to Britain
119
00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:09,240
were shocked by the strange country
they found.
120
00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:13,638
Michael de Freitas had come
from Trinidad.
121
00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:16,918
He had grown up with a picture of
a strong and confident homeland
122
00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:18,800
at the centre of the Empire.
123
00:08:19,840 --> 00:08:22,878
Instead, what he found was,
what seemed to him,
124
00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,120
a sad and frightened country.
125
00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:30,958
You must remember that,
that when we came to this country,
126
00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:33,718
we were not travelling to
a foreign country.
127
00:08:33,720 --> 00:08:36,798
We were taught, I was taught
when I was a young man,
128
00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:40,758
that my country, Trinidad,
was an extension of this one.
129
00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:45,078
We were weaned on the concept
of the Empire.
130
00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:48,638
When I was a young boy,
I stood in 90 degrees of sun
131
00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:51,638
day after day and sang
all kinds of silly things
132
00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:54,478
like God Save The Queen,
Land of Hope and Glory,
133
00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:56,518
"Britannia rule the waves",
134
00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:01,080
with the greatest of fervour
and believed every word of it.
135
00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:06,998
To come here and discover that
not only wasn't I not travelling
136
00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:11,078
to the capital of the whole thing,
which we were led to believe was so,
137
00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:13,318
but in actual fact,
we weren't wanted
138
00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:16,038
has been a very shattering blow.
139
00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:20,118
Many people in this country
who think that we are very hateful
140
00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:21,718
are so wrong.
141
00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:23,158
You see, this is the great mystery.
142
00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,878
When you came here, you say
you found you weren't wanted.
143
00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:28,918
Why, then, did you stay?
144
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Why did you choose to stay here?
145
00:09:30,600 --> 00:09:33,478
This was the heartland of
the whole thing
146
00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:38,400
and one hoped against hope
that what one saw was not right.
147
00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:49,560
MUSIC: Song for Zula
by Phosphorescent
148
00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:14,718
# Some say love is a burning thing
149
00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:19,758
# That it makes a fiery ring
150
00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:26,078
# Oh, but I know love
as a fading thing
151
00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:30,758
# Just as fickle as a feather
in a stream
152
00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:33,478
# See, honey, I saw love
153
00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:36,798
# You see it came to me
154
00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:42,078
# It puts its face up to my face
so I could see
155
00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:48,158
# Yeah, then I saw love disfigure me
156
00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:52,920
# Into something
I am not recognising
157
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# See the cage, it called
158
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# I said, "Come on in"
159
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# I will not open myself up
this way... #
160
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Mao Zedong's wife was going mad.
161
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She was called Jiang Qing.
162
00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:34,918
She lived alone,
surrounded by pet monkeys
163
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and nurses, who she was convinced
were conspiring against her.
164
00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:42,278
Those in charge of the revolution
in China
165
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had completely marginalised her.
166
00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:47,798
She was too dangerous, they thought,
to be allowed anywhere
167
00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:50,080
near her husband or power.
168
00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,758
They had even sent her to Moscow
to be locked in a sanatorium
169
00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:57,160
with real and imagined illnesses.
170
00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:06,318
But now Jiang Qing's husband
was facing disaster.
171
00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:08,398
The revolution had led to horror.
172
00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:11,358
30 million people had died
from starvation
173
00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:13,200
in the past three years.
174
00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:17,478
The other leaders wanted
to get rid of him.
175
00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:20,118
And suddenly, he called for her.
176
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CALMING MUSIC PLAYS
177
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Jiang Qing was
an extraordinary person.
178
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She believed in nothing except the
power of her will to shape reality.
179
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SHE SINGS
180
00:12:44,560 --> 00:12:48,600
She had begun as an actor in films
in Shanghai in the 1930s.
181
00:12:49,880 --> 00:12:53,360
The other actors looked down at her
for her driving ambition.
182
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SHE GROANS
183
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She liked to be
on the top, always.
184
00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:03,038
She's a very ambitious woman
and she liked to be top
185
00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:05,278
and she plays with
the, you know,
186
00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:07,638
with all the directors, cameramen,
187
00:13:07,640 --> 00:13:11,318
make them...make them, you know,
pay attention, you see,
188
00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:13,398
and the interest in her
189
00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:16,078
so she can have a better part
of the film.
190
00:13:16,080 --> 00:13:19,598
THEY SPEAK CHINESE
191
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:23,798
She married a quite famous writer
called Tang Na
192
00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:27,718
and after married,
she doesn't feel
193
00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:30,318
very satisfied by her husband
194
00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:34,358
because her husband is not
the very, very strong man.
195
00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:38,358
And she left him
and he jumped to the river,
196
00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:43,878
and then the water was very cold,
so he jump up again, you see?
197
00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:46,318
So... You mean he tried
to commit suicide?
198
00:13:46,320 --> 00:13:49,598
Yes, he's trying to
commit...commit suicide.
199
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:51,278
After the suicide attempt,
200
00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:54,398
Jiang Qing wrote a long letter
to her husband.
201
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,078
It said she was leaving him
202
00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:00,918
and also explained why
with an extraordinary openness.
203
00:14:00,920 --> 00:14:04,158
There were powerful forces
inside her, she said,
204
00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:07,798
that kept driving her
towards fame and power
205
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:12,518
and it was only those forces that
held her together psychologically.
206
00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:14,798
"Nothing must hold them back."
207
00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:18,398
It ended, "What matters is that
you remember me
208
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,078
"as a woman who never caves in
before anyone
209
00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:25,600
"and who will never bear to be
treated as inferior to men."
210
00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:31,758
But Jiang Qing failed to
become a star.
211
00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:34,600
The men who ran the studios
scorned her ambition.
212
00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:39,438
Her most famous part was
as a supporting actor in a film
213
00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:41,678
called Bloodshed on Wolf Mountain.
214
00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:44,078
HOWLING
215
00:14:44,080 --> 00:14:46,838
The star of the film was called
Li Lili.
216
00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:48,558
THEY SCREAM
217
00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:50,438
Jiang Qing was convinced that Li
218
00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,918
was trying to upstage her
all the time
219
00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:57,238
and she became the focus
of all Jiang Qing's anger
220
00:14:57,240 --> 00:15:00,278
over her treatment by
the Shanghai establishment.
221
00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:03,360
MUSIC: Hua Yang De Nian Hua
by Zhou Xuan
222
00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,998
Bitter and disillusioned,
Jiang Qing left Shanghai
223
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,398
and travelled to join
the communist resistance
224
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:37,480
on a remote mountain in Yan'an.
225
00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:42,438
The camp was an intense,
exciting place
226
00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:45,878
and many of the young
revolutionaries had affairs.
227
00:15:45,880 --> 00:15:49,200
Sex was called
"undisciplined guerrilla warfare".
228
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:54,758
But when Jiang Qing started an
affair with the leader, Mao Zedong,
229
00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:57,118
that was different.
230
00:15:57,120 --> 00:15:59,318
She was scorned by
the other revolutionaries
231
00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:01,640
as a social-climbing upstart.
232
00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:04,878
Then it got worse.
233
00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:07,318
Mao announced that he was
going to divorce his wife
234
00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:09,118
and marry Jiang Qing.
235
00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,238
The other communist leaders
were horrified.
236
00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:15,918
They saw Jiang Qing as a dangerous,
destructive force
237
00:16:15,920 --> 00:16:19,118
because she was driven by
a fierce radical individualism
238
00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:22,238
that threatened
their collective dream.
239
00:16:22,240 --> 00:16:26,278
In the communist structure,
everyone was part of a unit.
240
00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:29,360
She insisted, "I am a unit of one."
241
00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:34,198
No-one could work out what to do.
242
00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:37,240
They even went and asked Stalin
in Moscow for his advice.
243
00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:41,118
He said, "Let them marry.
244
00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:44,518
"But Jiang Qing must sign a document
promising to refrain
245
00:16:44,520 --> 00:16:47,118
"from political activity
for 30 years."
246
00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:49,718
BELL TOLLS
247
00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:54,080
She signed, but she was furious
with the men who now controlled her.
248
00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:59,398
They even tracked down and destroyed
prints of her old films
249
00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:03,478
because they didn't fit
with the image of Mao's wife.
250
00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:05,638
Her fury grew.
251
00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:08,798
Jiang Wing wanted power
on her own behalf,
252
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:10,240
as an individual.
253
00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:13,320
And she wanted revenge.
254
00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:22,158
Now, 20 years later,
in 1959, Mao was facing disaster
255
00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:23,880
and he was calling for her.
256
00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:32,318
GUNSHOT, GIRL SCREAMS
257
00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:33,880
GUNSHOT
258
00:17:34,920 --> 00:17:37,120
GUNSHOT
259
00:17:39,280 --> 00:17:41,080
BOY: You're dead, you're dead!
260
00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,158
In America, the idea
of individualism
261
00:17:46,160 --> 00:17:48,880
had become central to
the politics of the Cold War...
262
00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:52,078
MAN: What are you, bulletproof?
263
00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:54,358
Get out from behind that tree.
264
00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:56,678
..because it was what defined
the United States
265
00:17:56,680 --> 00:18:00,118
against the collective ideology
of Russia.
266
00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:03,958
At the heart of it was the picture
of a strong, confident individual
267
00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:07,118
living an independent life
in the new giant suburbs
268
00:18:07,120 --> 00:18:09,038
outside the old cities.
269
00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:11,158
My gun won't shoot that far.
270
00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:13,040
GUNSHOT
271
00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:17,638
But there was a weakness,
272
00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:21,318
because the people
in the suburbs were alone.
273
00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:25,118
And in their isolation,
away from the old communities,
274
00:18:25,120 --> 00:18:28,120
they started to become fearful
and lost.
275
00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,638
Out of these fears came a paranoia
276
00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:35,398
that was fuelled by groups
on the extreme right,
277
00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:37,600
like the John Birch Society.
278
00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:42,638
ALL: ..and to the republic,
for which it stands,
279
00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:45,878
one nation under God, indivisible...
280
00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:48,558
They said that the American
government had been taken over
281
00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:51,720
by hidden groups,
controlled by the communists.
282
00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:58,038
And at the end of the 1950s,
a theory spread like wildfire
283
00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:01,958
through the suburbs that
President Eisenhower himself
284
00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:04,520
had really been put into power
by the communists.
285
00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:09,598
"He is a dedicated, conscious agent
of the Russians,"
286
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,718
the head of
the John Birch Society said.
287
00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:17,038
"That conclusion is based on
detailed evidence so extensive
288
00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:19,320
"that it is beyond
any reasonable doubt."
289
00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:26,078
But this paranoia was not
a new thing.
290
00:19:26,080 --> 00:19:29,478
An influential political scientist
called Richard Hofstadter
291
00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:31,840
published an article
that caused a sensation.
292
00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:37,198
He said that there had always
been a dark paranoia
293
00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:39,680
built into America
from the very start.
294
00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:44,798
The first settlers had come
from Europe to America
295
00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:48,160
to flee from the corruption of power
in the Old World.
296
00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:52,878
But although they had got away
from the old power,
297
00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,518
they hadn't got away from
their suspicious minds,
298
00:19:56,520 --> 00:20:00,558
and alone, out in the vast
wilderness of the new America,
299
00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:04,118
that led them to imagining dark,
hidden conspiracies
300
00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:07,040
in their own government,
far away in Washington.
301
00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:16,558
One of the first of these,
in the early 19th century,
302
00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:18,958
said that a secret group
from Europe,
303
00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:21,198
called the Bavarian Illuminati,
304
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:23,998
were running a giant conspiracy
in America
305
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,840
to destroy the new democracy.
306
00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:31,198
In reality, the Illuminati
had been a utopian movement
307
00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:33,640
who wanted to replace religion
with reason.
308
00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:38,838
But instead, they now became
the first of a series
309
00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:42,678
of frightening suspicions
that fed off the isolation
310
00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:44,880
of the settlers in the New World.
311
00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:00,598
"The paranoia in the suburbs,"
Hofstadter said,
312
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:02,838
"is just part of a much larger
darkness
313
00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:06,558
"built into the very structure
of America itself
314
00:21:06,560 --> 00:21:08,758
"that was feeding, yet again,
315
00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:11,000
"on people's separateness
and isolation."
316
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,918
But in the same suburbs,
there was a new movement rising up
317
00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:22,640
that was going to confront
and challenge these fears.
318
00:21:24,160 --> 00:21:27,638
It was driven by a radical
individualism that said
319
00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:32,438
that you as an individual can shape
the world the way you want it to be,
320
00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:35,240
not accept what the dark fears
tell you it is.
321
00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:41,318
It would be one of
the main foundations
322
00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:43,158
of the counterculture movement
323
00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:45,480
that was going to spread throughout
the West.
324
00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:49,078
But now, it was just beginning,
325
00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:52,240
born out of odd moments across
the suburbs of California.
326
00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:57,398
One night, Kerry Thornley
went with his friend Greg Hill
327
00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,598
to a bowling alley.
328
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:01,520
They started to discuss reality.
329
00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:07,838
Thornley insisted that there was
a fixed order to the universe,
330
00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:12,278
but Greg said that the universe
was chaos and it was human thought
331
00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:14,960
that projected an order
onto the chaos.
332
00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:21,478
Sitting around in a bowling alley
in 1958, to be exact,
333
00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:24,198
somewhere in the vicinity
of Whittier, California,
334
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,478
and we were discussing philosophy
335
00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:29,798
and we were talking
about order and chaos.
336
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,758
Greg's theory was that order
was projected on the universe,
337
00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:33,998
that it didn't exist at all,
338
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,678
that it was a creation
of the human mind,
339
00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:39,638
that order was entirely
in perception and had nothing to do
340
00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:42,960
with what was going on out there
in a completely chaotic universe.
341
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:49,838
Thornley was inspired by this, and
together he and Greg Hill decided
342
00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:53,880
to set up a movement dedicated
to the idea of chaos.
343
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:58,400
They called it Discordianism.
344
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:03,278
Underlying it was the belief
that individuals had the power
345
00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:08,238
inside themselves to bring order
and meaning to the chaos,
346
00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:12,480
not the old systems of power
that created the fear and suspicion.
347
00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:18,678
But then an extraordinary
coincidence happened
348
00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:22,680
that was going to lead Thornley back
towards that darkness in America.
349
00:23:27,080 --> 00:23:30,438
Thornley was sent to do service
with the Marines,
350
00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:32,678
and at the camp,
he met another recruit
351
00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:36,478
who seemed to embody the figure of
the free, independent individual
352
00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:40,600
he so admired because he refused
to bow to the power of the officers.
353
00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:43,520
He was called Lee Harvey Oswald...
354
00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:47,638
..and they became close friends.
355
00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:50,198
Thornley had read the novels
of Ayn Rand
356
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:52,478
and he decided he was going to write
a novel
357
00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:56,760
with Oswald as the central figure,
a hero of this new age.
358
00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:01,878
But then, suddenly, Oswald defected
to the Soviet Union
359
00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:03,918
and things became very strange.
360
00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:06,478
It seemed that the reality outside
361
00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:10,038
was even more chaotic
than he had imagined.
362
00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,798
It was really a weird experience
for me
363
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:16,318
because I was writing this novel
based on Oswald.
364
00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:20,558
When Oswald defected to the Soviet
Union, I decided to write a novel
365
00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:23,118
about a Marine who becomes
disenchanted with the US
366
00:24:23,120 --> 00:24:24,998
and goes to the Soviet Union,
367
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:27,838
and so it was like the hero...
And I didn't like Kennedy.
368
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:31,798
I was extremely anti-Kennedy myself
because I was so much into Ayn Rand,
369
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:34,798
laissez faire capitalism,
objectivism,
370
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:38,118
and Kennedy was the arch villain
of our...
371
00:24:38,120 --> 00:24:39,678
..of our movement at that time.
372
00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:44,558
And it was like the hero of my novel
jumped up off the pages of my book
373
00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:47,318
and shot the President,
and it was...it was...
374
00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:48,958
It was very weird.
375
00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:51,200
MUSIC: Air
by The Incredible String Band
376
00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,998
# Breathing
377
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:33,640
# All creatures are
378
00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:42,998
# Brighter than that brightest star
379
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,718
# You are by far
380
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:51,558
# You come right inside of me
381
00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,920
# Close as you can be
382
00:25:56,640 --> 00:26:00,838
# You kiss my blood
383
00:26:00,840 --> 00:26:05,160
# And my blood kiss me... #
384
00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:10,918
Although the British Empire was now
finally collapsing
385
00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:14,278
and the last colonies being given
their independence,
386
00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:19,080
in the homeland, England, the old
structure of power remained intact.
387
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,118
And not only in the institutions,
388
00:26:23,120 --> 00:26:25,160
but inside people's heads as well.
389
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,798
The old attitudes of power
were still deeply embedded
390
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:33,640
in the minds of the establishment
who dominated the country.
391
00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:37,678
Those in charge demanded obedience,
392
00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:40,878
not just from those they governed
or employed,
393
00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:43,638
but also from their wives.
394
00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:46,358
They expected them to submit too.
395
00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:48,520
And again. Fine.
CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS
396
00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:54,598
Sandra Paul had grown up in Africa
and the Far East.
397
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:58,438
Her father had been a doctor
in the Royal Air Force.
398
00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:01,240
She came back to England
and became a successful model.
399
00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,838
Just take that knee
a little wider here.
400
00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:06,000
Good.
401
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,238
Then she met Robin Douglas-Home.
402
00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:13,318
He was at the heart
of the ruling class.
403
00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:15,240
His uncle had been Prime Minister.
404
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:20,278
She was incredibly beautiful.
405
00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:23,240
She had a tremendous
quality of innocence.
406
00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:26,080
And, erm...
407
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,758
She was, I thought,
a vulnerable creature
408
00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:33,398
in a highly suspect world,
409
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,598
the world of models and fashion,
410
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:39,318
which I despised then,
411
00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:41,240
and I despise even more now.
412
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:46,118
Erm... And so, in a sense,
maybe I was trying to rescue her
413
00:27:46,120 --> 00:27:49,838
from what I thought
was going to be a decline
414
00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:53,518
in her character due to her career.
415
00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:56,798
Can you take that leg, that knee
a little wider out that way?
416
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,198
Sort of, really...
That's right.
417
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:01,358
But she was earning considerably
more than you were
418
00:28:01,360 --> 00:28:04,438
and, presumably, this money was
useful in setting up your home,
419
00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:08,038
so I suppose you could hardly
be resentful about it.
420
00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:10,160
I was earning
considerably less, yes.
421
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,478
They married, and
Robin Douglas-Home insisted
422
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,318
that they went to live
in the country.
423
00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:21,518
Sandra Paul agreed...
424
00:28:21,520 --> 00:28:23,758
..but she found that
he also insisted
425
00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:26,238
that she should stop
her modelling career
426
00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,440
and remain in the country while
he went to their house in London.
427
00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:36,360
Then eventually, Robin wanted
to be in London more.
428
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:38,440
And...
429
00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:41,758
He didn't really want the routine
so much.
430
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:44,918
He wanted to be going out to parties
on his own,
431
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:46,998
and when he realised that
if he was in London
432
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,520
and I would be in London too...
433
00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:50,838
..erm...
434
00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:52,918
..this meant that he had to share
his life,
435
00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:54,760
and he was beginning to want
to be...
436
00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:58,440
..just a little independent.
437
00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:02,518
Do you mean he was getting bored
with you?
438
00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:04,078
Yes, probably,
439
00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:08,638
because I used to want to know what
he'd been doing or where he'd been
440
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:12,080
and he didn't want to say,
and so we'd have a row.
441
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:17,638
But just because I was wanting
to know about his life
442
00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:21,200
and he thought that I shouldn't have
to know everything about his life.
443
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,398
I felt that when you were married
that you should share things
444
00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:30,158
and you should have a right, really,
to know what your husband was doing.
445
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:32,238
Even if he was to make it up,
446
00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:35,518
he should take the trouble
to make something up to tell you
447
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:37,680
so you could put it
out of your mind.
448
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:51,318
Michael de Freitas was now working
for a notorious landlord
449
00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:54,000
in Notting Hill called
Peter Rachman.
450
00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:59,358
Rachman owned hundreds of flats
and decaying houses in Notting Hill,
451
00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:02,838
which he rented out to prostitutes
and immigrants.
452
00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:06,598
De Freitas's job was
to be Rachman's enforcer,
453
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,398
often using threats and violence,
454
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,120
including breaking in
and wrecking the flats.
455
00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:18,838
When we came back in the night,
we see everything outside.
456
00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:21,478
All the floor mashed up.
457
00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:25,438
All the wardrobe, all the chair,
all the table,
458
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:28,038
all the clothes on the floor, dirty.
459
00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:31,238
He took my brother's tools
and mashed up all the floor.
460
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:33,758
Pulled up all the lights.
461
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:35,118
No water.
462
00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:37,120
I say, "Well, well, well, well."
463
00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:42,038
Michael de Freitas was fascinated
by his new employer
464
00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:45,478
because Peter Rachman was far more
than just the brutal gangster
465
00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:47,718
that he was portrayed as.
466
00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:49,720
He had lived an extraordinary life.
467
00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:54,160
He had been born in Lvov,
on the border of Ukraine and Poland.
468
00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:57,518
Then the Nazis invaded
469
00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,758
and Rachman was arrested
and forcibly sterilised
470
00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:03,118
because he was Jewish.
471
00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:04,960
But he managed to escape.
472
00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:09,918
He fled into Russia,
but was captured again,
473
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:11,678
this time by the Russians,
474
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:14,718
who sent him to the labour camps
in Siberia,
475
00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:17,878
where he watched people survive
by killing each other
476
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:19,640
and then eating the human flesh.
477
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:25,398
But then the Nazis invaded Russia
478
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,040
and suddenly, Rachman became
Russia's ally.
479
00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:32,360
He was sent off to fight
with the Free Polish Army.
480
00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:37,718
And he ended up, after the war,
in London,
481
00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,480
stateless and a complete outsider.
482
00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:46,038
That horror meant that Rachman
judged nobody.
483
00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:48,758
For him, the differences between
right and wrong
484
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,518
were luxuries for the privileged.
485
00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:54,718
In the face of horror,
everyone was the same,
486
00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:56,920
focused entirely on survival.
487
00:31:58,120 --> 00:32:00,438
But the English judged him.
488
00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:04,160
He was hated with an overwhelming
disgust as the face of evil.
489
00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:08,918
De Freitas believed that
this revealed something
490
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:11,000
that was hidden in English society.
491
00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:16,198
We start with the story of a man,
492
00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:18,198
let me say straight away
a sordid story
493
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:22,358
that some of you may well not want
the younger children to hear.
494
00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:24,718
This is Peter Rachman,
495
00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:28,160
one of Britain's big-time
20th-century racketeers.
496
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:32,958
On the surface, there was the overt
racism against the immigrants
497
00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:36,078
that Rachman was bringing
into Notting Hill.
498
00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:38,438
A large number of people
in Notting Hill
499
00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:41,278
are trying to mix the two races,
are trying to bring about
500
00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:43,918
a coffee-coloured mulatto population
in Britain,
501
00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:46,878
and I regard it as no disgrace
for the White Defence League
502
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:50,078
to come on the scene and stand up
for white interests.
503
00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:53,358
But de Freitas
saw something deeper.
504
00:32:53,360 --> 00:32:57,798
Rachman's property empire
was a brutal and violent one,
505
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,678
but it was doing something
that polite English society
506
00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:02,160
completely refused to do.
507
00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:06,598
He was giving people on
the very margins of society -
508
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,680
prostitutes and black immigrants -
somewhere to live.
509
00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:15,518
His empire shone a harsh light
on the hypocrisy of the nice people
510
00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:17,358
at the top of English society,
511
00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:20,558
who would never think of themselves
as racist
512
00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:23,398
but wanted nothing to do with
the people he was moving
513
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:24,520
into Notting Hill.
514
00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:27,800
And they hated him for it.
515
00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,518
This was captured in an interview
that the BBC did
516
00:33:32,520 --> 00:33:35,718
with the local upmarket journalists
in Notting Hill
517
00:33:35,720 --> 00:33:38,720
about the day Rachman
visited their offices.
518
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:42,438
What struck me about him
519
00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:46,238
was his extraordinary sense
of being so evil.
520
00:33:46,240 --> 00:33:48,278
This was a really evil man.
521
00:33:48,280 --> 00:33:51,438
We'd heard a lot about Rachman -
522
00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:54,678
and finally, here he was,
sitting in this room.
523
00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:56,998
But I don't think any of us
were prepared to see
524
00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,638
such a grotesque individual.
525
00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:01,318
Kind of gravelly type of voice,
526
00:34:01,320 --> 00:34:04,358
a sort of...almost a diseased voice,
if you like,
527
00:34:04,360 --> 00:34:05,958
the kind of thing which went...
528
00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:09,798
SPEAKS IN HIGH-PITCH: "Oh, what do
you want to see me for?
529
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:11,880
"I mean, I've done nothing."
530
00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,358
De Freitas decided that there was a
fear in England that went far deeper
531
00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:19,360
than just the
working-class racism...
532
00:34:20,880 --> 00:34:24,198
..that behind the polite veneer
of the middle classes,
533
00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:28,280
there was a hard ruthlessness
and a suspicion of others.
534
00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:34,398
De Freitas gave it a name.
535
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:36,958
He called it Englishism.
536
00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:40,758
It came, he said, from both an anger
and a melancholy
537
00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:42,280
at the loss of their empire.
538
00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,518
Then Peter Rachman died
of a heart attack,
539
00:34:48,520 --> 00:34:50,878
and Michael de Freitas
suddenly found
540
00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:52,960
that he was the new face of evil.
541
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:55,600
Mr de Freitas?
542
00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,958
Why will you not take the rent
from this man here?
543
00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:03,158
I don't own the property.
544
00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:06,118
But your name's on the rent book.
Is it?
545
00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:08,558
Well, you know it is.
We can probably show it to you.
546
00:35:08,560 --> 00:35:12,278
Come here, Mr de Freitas, cos I need
to know the facts about this.
547
00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:14,918
Why will you not take his rent
from him?
548
00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,000
INAUDIBLE
549
00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:38,318
Jiang Qing came in secret
to Mount Lushan to meet Mao Zedong,
550
00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:41,040
where he was confronting
the other revolutionaries.
551
00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:46,558
She was determined to stop them
from overthrowing Mao.
552
00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:49,358
Many of them were the men who had
forced her
553
00:35:49,360 --> 00:35:52,358
into her strange, isolated life
554
00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:53,760
and she hated them.
555
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,958
Jiang Qing was also convinced
that these men
556
00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:00,598
weren't really revolutionaries.
557
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:04,518
They were actually ghosts from
the past who, without realising it,
558
00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:07,278
were destroying the revolution
559
00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:10,598
because their minds were still
possessed by the patterns of thought
560
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:13,598
of the old, decaying
and corrupt empire
561
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:16,720
that had ruled China for 300 years.
562
00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:24,798
Mao pretended to give in
to the demands
563
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:27,438
of the other revolutionaries,
564
00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,798
but he told Jiang Qing
to go to Shanghai
565
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:34,758
and to prepare quietly
for a new kind of revolution -
566
00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:37,720
one that would sweep
the opposition away.
567
00:36:39,320 --> 00:36:42,518
Jiang Qing returned to where
she had started -
568
00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:45,038
the studios of Shanghai.
569
00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:47,280
But now she was in control.
570
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:54,078
And the new revolution was going to
be driven by HER self-expression
571
00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:57,840
and HER imagination
that had been stifled back then.
572
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:02,878
The unit of one was going to
take over the revolution
573
00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:05,600
and reshape the minds
of the Chinese people.
574
00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:11,678
Because she could control
the people's minds,
575
00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:13,918
she could control their images,
she was...
576
00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:16,878
She became, er... She became
the mistress of the arts
577
00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:19,360
and of propaganda and culture.
578
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:23,198
She does have great personal charm.
579
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:25,398
It's a severe charm.
580
00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:29,038
It's the charm of being able to do
what she wanted
581
00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:30,398
and to say what she wanted to
582
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:34,678
in a society where most people
say what they're expected to say,
583
00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:37,918
most people express
the current political line.
584
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:41,078
Her daring to reflect upon the past,
585
00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:43,918
to speak extensively about herself
586
00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:47,638
and to make judgments of all sorts
was extraordinary.
587
00:37:47,640 --> 00:37:49,798
And she's a woman of many parts
588
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,038
so, needless to say,
her relationship to the Chairman
589
00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:54,400
was always the trump card.
590
00:37:56,040 --> 00:38:00,958
Jiang Qing began by taking old
Chinese operas and reworked them
591
00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:04,518
so they became dramatic melodramas
about the need to struggle
592
00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:08,440
against the evil forces
still hidden in Chinese society.
593
00:38:10,840 --> 00:38:12,158
CALLS IN MANDARIN
594
00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:14,320
GUNSHOT, MUSIC CRESCENDOES
595
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:23,158
Hate was a key word in the script.
596
00:38:23,160 --> 00:38:24,998
"It must be shouted," she said,
597
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,920
"as if it was a grenade that
you were hurling at the enemy."
598
00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:31,078
"And never forget,"
she told the heroine,
599
00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:34,758
"that beauty is less important
than will and power."
600
00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:36,720
SHE SINGS IN MANDARIN
601
00:38:46,240 --> 00:38:48,000
But the operas were just the start.
602
00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:53,878
Jiang Qing's real aim was to turn
the whole of China itself
603
00:38:53,880 --> 00:38:56,198
into a giant melodrama,
604
00:38:56,200 --> 00:39:00,078
to work millions of people up
into an intense frenzy
605
00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:04,398
that would have the power to smash
through the old corrupt ideas
606
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:08,118
that were still lodged
in people's heads
607
00:39:08,120 --> 00:39:10,240
and break through
to a new kind of society.
608
00:39:12,320 --> 00:39:14,118
But at the same time,
609
00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:19,320
Jiang Qing herself was driven by
old hatreds from her own past.
610
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:23,718
And she was also going to
turn that frenzy
611
00:39:23,720 --> 00:39:27,200
into a crusade of revenge against
her old enemies...
612
00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:31,438
..including Li Lili,
613
00:39:31,440 --> 00:39:34,560
who had upstaged her in
Bloodshed on Wolf Mountain.
614
00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:43,080
ORCHESTRAL CRESCENDO BUILDS
615
00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:56,038
Living quietly in New York,
completely forgotten,
616
00:39:56,040 --> 00:39:58,878
was an Irish woman
called Ethel Boole
617
00:39:58,880 --> 00:40:02,918
who personified the very opposite
of what Jiang Qing believed -
618
00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:06,278
because Boole thought that
the way to change the world
619
00:40:06,280 --> 00:40:09,158
was to give yourself up to the force
of revolution,
620
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,878
to surrender your individual self
and your identity
621
00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:15,520
to the dream of a better future
for others.
622
00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:20,118
At the end of the 19th century,
623
00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:22,998
Ethel Boole had gone to Russia
as a young girl
624
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,918
and become involved with the
revolutionaries in St Petersburg.
625
00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:29,000
And she wrote a novel called
The Gadfly.
626
00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,758
It told a powerful romantic story
of a young girl
627
00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:36,280
who sacrificed everything
for revolution.
628
00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:40,358
She then married
a Polish revolutionary
629
00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:42,598
called Wilfrid Voynich,
630
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:45,438
and in the 1920s, they went to live
in New York,
631
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:48,878
where he worked as
an antiquarian book-seller
632
00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:51,640
and Ethel Boole
forgot about revolution.
633
00:40:57,040 --> 00:41:01,038
But in 1959, when the Bolshoi Ballet
came to New York,
634
00:41:01,040 --> 00:41:04,278
the dancers were astonished
to find that she was alive
635
00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:06,678
and they rushed to visit her
636
00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:09,678
because Ethel Boole,
without her realising it,
637
00:41:09,680 --> 00:41:11,960
had become a hero
of the Russian Revolution.
638
00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:15,878
She discovered that her novel
639
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:19,438
had inspired millions of
young revolutionaries in the 1920s
640
00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:22,558
to rise up and fight
for the revolution,
641
00:41:22,560 --> 00:41:25,798
inspired by the idea
of surrendering themselves
642
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:27,680
to a grand historic cause.
643
00:41:35,920 --> 00:41:38,998
Then, the same had happened
in China.
644
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:41,638
Again, millions of
young revolutionaries
645
00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:44,238
had carried The Gadfly
in their backpacks
646
00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:47,000
as they fought to create
a new kind of future.
647
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:55,280
Now, Boole was living alone.
648
00:41:56,440 --> 00:41:59,998
And she had inherited
a mysterious book from her husband.
649
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,358
It was called
the Voynich manuscript,
650
00:42:02,360 --> 00:42:06,040
and it was written in a language
no-one has been able to decipher.
651
00:42:08,080 --> 00:42:10,518
But one ballerina
in the Bolshoi group
652
00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:13,078
didn't go to visit Ethel Boole.
653
00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:15,718
She was called Maya Plisetskaya.
654
00:42:15,720 --> 00:42:18,558
She was the most famous ballerina
in the world
655
00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:20,800
and she hated the communist system.
656
00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:27,078
Plisetskaya's father had been
executed by firing squad
657
00:42:27,080 --> 00:42:30,438
during the purges of the 1930s.
658
00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:34,120
Her mother had been sent to a prison
in the wastes of Siberia.
659
00:42:35,320 --> 00:42:38,078
As she became famous, she was
watched all the time
660
00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:39,840
by agents from the KGB.
661
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,238
She couldn't trust anyone.
662
00:42:43,240 --> 00:42:46,040
Everyone around her had been told
to inform on her.
663
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:51,798
And she hated what she called
"the men with sweaty faces,"
664
00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:55,080
the party bosses who leered at her
as she danced.
665
00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:08,520
In private, Maya Plisetskaya
wrote out her own manifesto.
666
00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:15,358
"I don't know about other people,"
she wrote, "I'll say it for myself.
667
00:43:15,360 --> 00:43:18,158
"I don't want to be a slave.
668
00:43:18,160 --> 00:43:22,798
"I don't want people whom
I don't know to decide my fate.
669
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:24,800
"I don't want a leash on my neck.
670
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:30,758
"I don't want a cage,
even if it is a platinum one.
671
00:43:30,760 --> 00:43:32,960
"I don't want to be rejected
or branded.
672
00:43:34,320 --> 00:43:37,558
"I don't want to hide
what I am thinking.
673
00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:39,438
"I don't want to bow my head,
674
00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:41,638
"and I won't do it.
675
00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:43,880
"That's not what I was born for."
676
00:43:52,680 --> 00:43:57,318
Both Plisetskaya and Jiang Qing
were part of the new individualism
677
00:43:57,320 --> 00:43:58,960
that was rising up everywhere...
678
00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:03,280
..while Ethel Boole's
collective vision was dying.
679
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:09,360
But at the same time,
a new revolution was about to begin.
680
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:15,320
It would offer a dream of liberation
and freedom for the new individuals.
681
00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:18,760
But it would end
by controlling them.
682
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:25,958
And in a strange twist,
the person whose ideas
683
00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:29,480
would guide that revolution
was Ethel Boole's father.
684
00:44:33,360 --> 00:44:37,000
He was a mathematician from the
19th century called George Boole.
685
00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:41,598
Boole had been
a deeply religious man.
686
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:43,838
And one afternoon in the 1840s,
687
00:44:43,840 --> 00:44:46,518
as he walked across a field
near Doncaster,
688
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:48,998
a thought had flashed into his head
689
00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:52,158
that he believed
was a religious vision.
690
00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:55,598
Boole suddenly saw how you could
use mathematics
691
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:58,720
to unlock the mysterious processes
of human thought.
692
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:02,838
The same symbols that were used
in algebra
693
00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:06,918
could be used to describe what
went on inside people's heads
694
00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:09,958
as they followed a train of thought,
695
00:45:09,960 --> 00:45:14,080
expressing all the twists and turns
in simple binary form.
696
00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:17,998
If this, then that.
697
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:19,960
If that, then not this.
698
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,960
And in 1854, Boole wrote a book
that caused a sensation.
699
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:34,080
It was called An Investigation
of the Laws of Thought.
700
00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:38,918
Its aim - to investigate
the fundamental laws
701
00:45:38,920 --> 00:45:42,960
of those operations of the mind
by which reasoning is performed.
702
00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:49,558
Boole showed how even abstract
concepts like virtue and passion
703
00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:52,318
could be put into equations,
704
00:45:52,320 --> 00:45:55,238
and then the symbols used
to follow a pattern of thought
705
00:45:55,240 --> 00:45:56,560
to its conclusion.
706
00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:08,998
Boole was driven by
an almost messianic belief
707
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:11,638
that he had been allowed
a glimpse by God
708
00:46:11,640 --> 00:46:13,680
into the truth of the human mind.
709
00:46:15,560 --> 00:46:18,118
But there were those
who doubted this.
710
00:46:18,120 --> 00:46:20,678
The philosopher Bertrand Russell
was astonished
711
00:46:20,680 --> 00:46:23,638
by the brilliance
of Boole's mathematics,
712
00:46:23,640 --> 00:46:26,958
but he didn't believe that what
Boole had discovered
713
00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:30,078
was anything to do
with human thought.
714
00:46:30,080 --> 00:46:33,640
"Human beings," Russell said,
"do not think like that."
715
00:46:34,760 --> 00:46:37,280
What Boole was really doing
was something else.
716
00:46:40,840 --> 00:46:44,758
Throughout the British Empire,
science had played a powerful role
717
00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:48,078
which has been wiped
and forgotten today.
718
00:46:48,080 --> 00:46:51,278
Its job had been to create
abstract systems,
719
00:46:51,280 --> 00:46:54,638
to catalogue and order
the chaotic reality
720
00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:57,558
that the British ruled over,
721
00:46:57,560 --> 00:47:01,320
to turn it into something that could
be managed and controlled.
722
00:47:04,080 --> 00:47:08,478
It ranged from making maps of
what was called the dark interior
723
00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:13,358
to cataloguing millions of species
of animals and insects,
724
00:47:13,360 --> 00:47:16,760
and studying and categorising
different human types.
725
00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:24,598
And what Boole was doing
was the next step in that process.
726
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:28,718
He was taking the chaotic reality
of human thought
727
00:47:28,720 --> 00:47:31,998
and making a simplified,
rational map
728
00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:34,678
of that other dark interior,
729
00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:37,038
the human mind,
730
00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:39,520
so it could be managed
and controlled.
731
00:47:42,760 --> 00:47:46,118
But in the 19th century,
no-one could see any way
732
00:47:46,120 --> 00:47:49,238
of using the system
that Boole had created
733
00:47:49,240 --> 00:47:54,078
and it languished
and was quietly forgotten
734
00:47:54,080 --> 00:47:56,640
when the British Empire
began to collapse.
735
00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:12,198
One day, Sandra Paul discovered
her husband having sex
736
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,440
in the back of a car
with the Marchioness of Londonderry.
737
00:48:16,840 --> 00:48:18,998
It was the final straw
738
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:21,360
and she decided the marriage
would have to end.
739
00:48:22,680 --> 00:48:25,758
She told Robin Douglas-Home
that she wanted a divorce,
740
00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:26,800
but he refused...
741
00:48:28,480 --> 00:48:32,478
..so she said that she would seek
a petition for cruelty.
742
00:48:32,480 --> 00:48:35,078
It meant that many of the details
of their marriage
743
00:48:35,080 --> 00:48:37,840
and the struggles between them
would be made public.
744
00:48:39,360 --> 00:48:41,878
And he couldn't bear the thought
of going through a divorce,
745
00:48:41,880 --> 00:48:45,238
so he refused to give me a divorce.
746
00:48:45,240 --> 00:48:46,640
He blamed me for...
747
00:48:48,360 --> 00:48:51,798
..dragging the whole thing out in...
748
00:48:51,800 --> 00:48:56,318
Erm... Well, I don't think
he blamed me coherently.
749
00:48:56,320 --> 00:48:58,998
He just blamed me
because I divorced him
750
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,040
and he couldn't understand that
there wasn't any other way.
751
00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:05,158
I... Well, I don't think
I was unfair
752
00:49:05,160 --> 00:49:06,838
because it was the only thing
I could do,
753
00:49:06,840 --> 00:49:11,118
and I did think that it was hopeless
for us to stay in a separated state,
754
00:49:11,120 --> 00:49:12,278
hopeless for me.
755
00:49:12,280 --> 00:49:15,078
I was being selfish.
I wanted to be free.
756
00:49:15,080 --> 00:49:17,078
Erm... You had to be
fairly ruthless.
757
00:49:17,080 --> 00:49:21,198
Yes, I had to be ruthless
in order to be free.
758
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:24,278
And she insisted on continuing
759
00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:27,758
with this petition for cruelty.
760
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:30,278
Now, when I received the petition
for cruelty,
761
00:49:30,280 --> 00:49:35,198
I can only describe one's feelings
to you as if,
762
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,280
you know, a small bomb had gone off
inside your head.
763
00:49:39,520 --> 00:49:41,958
Because, erm...
764
00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:45,720
..it chapterised the marriage
almost day by day...
765
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:50,360
..and incidentally,
letter by letter, roneoed...
766
00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:56,760
..in the most unpleasant
and vicious terms...
767
00:49:58,160 --> 00:50:03,120
..with me as the aggressor
and the cruel one.
768
00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:06,320
Five years of one's life...
769
00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:12,158
..say, 70% of which were very happy,
770
00:50:12,160 --> 00:50:15,598
reduced to a great wad of foolscap,
771
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:18,998
typed out by leering little clerks
772
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,478
in solicitors' offices.
773
00:50:21,480 --> 00:50:24,918
Your letters from the moment
you'd met,
774
00:50:24,920 --> 00:50:26,998
typed out, roneoed -
775
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:28,958
your letters to your mother,
776
00:50:28,960 --> 00:50:30,958
her letters to her mother,
777
00:50:30,960 --> 00:50:32,920
her mother's letters to me.
778
00:50:44,240 --> 00:50:48,238
It was all right, you felt,
to be regarded as an adulterer,
779
00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:50,560
but you couldn't bear to be
regarded as cruel?
780
00:50:54,440 --> 00:50:56,640
I couldn't bear her to...to...
781
00:50:59,240 --> 00:51:00,680
..put a...a...
782
00:51:01,960 --> 00:51:03,880
..a kind of tombstone on...
783
00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:09,840
..this marriage reading in the way
that that petition read.
784
00:51:31,720 --> 00:51:35,398
For men like Robin Douglas-Home,
the expectation of power
785
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:38,518
had been deeply embedded
inside their minds,
786
00:51:38,520 --> 00:51:43,638
but as the world had changed around
them and real power ebbed away,
787
00:51:43,640 --> 00:51:46,718
they were left
with a terrible melancholy
788
00:51:46,720 --> 00:51:48,800
that in some would turn to despair.
789
00:51:52,440 --> 00:51:55,998
A year after the filming, Robin
Douglas-Home committed suicide.
790
00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:58,040
HE PLAYS PIANO
791
00:52:02,640 --> 00:52:05,320
MUSIC: Sag Mir Wo Die Blumen Sind
by Marlene Dietrich
792
00:52:06,360 --> 00:52:10,558
# Sag mir wo die Blumen sind
793
00:52:10,560 --> 00:52:14,238
# Wo sind sie geblieben?
794
00:52:14,240 --> 00:52:18,038
# Sag mir wo die Blumen sind
795
00:52:18,040 --> 00:52:21,758
# Was ist geschehen?
796
00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:25,438
# Sag mir wo die Blumen sind
797
00:52:25,440 --> 00:52:29,478
# Madchen pfluckten sie geschwind
798
00:52:29,480 --> 00:52:33,278
# Wann wird man je verstehen?
799
00:52:33,280 --> 00:52:37,720
# Wann wird man je verstehen?
800
00:52:40,360 --> 00:52:44,278
# Sag mir wo die Madchen sind
801
00:52:44,280 --> 00:52:47,958
# Wo sind sie geblieben?
802
00:52:47,960 --> 00:52:51,718
# Sag mir wo die Madchen sind
803
00:52:51,720 --> 00:52:55,318
# Was ist geschehen?
804
00:52:55,320 --> 00:52:59,238
# Sag mir wo die Madchen sind
805
00:52:59,240 --> 00:53:02,958
# Manner nahmen sie geschwind
806
00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:06,998
# Wann wird man je verstehen?
807
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:11,200
# Wann wird man je verstehen?
808
00:53:14,200 --> 00:53:17,958
# Sag mir wo die Manner sind
809
00:53:17,960 --> 00:53:21,718
# Wo sind sie geblieben?
810
00:53:21,720 --> 00:53:25,598
# Sag mir wo die Manner sind
811
00:53:25,600 --> 00:53:29,278
# Was ist geschehen?
812
00:53:29,280 --> 00:53:32,958
# Sag mir wo die Manner sind
813
00:53:32,960 --> 00:53:36,918
# Zogen fort, der Krieg beginnt
814
00:53:36,920 --> 00:53:40,558
# Wann wird man je verstehen?
815
00:53:40,560 --> 00:53:44,920
# Wann wird man je verstehen? #
816
00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:02,478
Kerry Thornley had left California
817
00:54:02,480 --> 00:54:05,880
and gone to live in New Orleans,
where he worked in a bar.
818
00:54:07,360 --> 00:54:10,358
The movement that he and his friend
Greg Hill had started -
819
00:54:10,360 --> 00:54:13,278
Discordianism -
was beginning to grow,
820
00:54:13,280 --> 00:54:14,800
spreading by word of mouth.
821
00:54:17,640 --> 00:54:22,078
Like much of the new counterculture,
it was against all politics.
822
00:54:22,080 --> 00:54:26,358
It distrusted all the old systems
of power - left and right -
823
00:54:26,360 --> 00:54:28,278
because they were just trying
to force you
824
00:54:28,280 --> 00:54:29,920
into their version of reality.
825
00:54:31,320 --> 00:54:33,438
Thornley also published his novel
826
00:54:33,440 --> 00:54:36,558
with Lee Harvey Oswald
as the central figure.
827
00:54:36,560 --> 00:54:38,560
It was called The Idle Warriors.
828
00:54:40,120 --> 00:54:44,158
But New Orleans was also the city
where Lee Harvey Oswald had lived
829
00:54:44,160 --> 00:54:46,878
before the Kennedy assassination.
830
00:54:46,880 --> 00:54:50,478
And as a result, Thornley
came to the notice of the man
831
00:54:50,480 --> 00:54:54,520
who was going to be the main creator
of the JFK conspiracy theory.
832
00:54:55,640 --> 00:54:58,638
He was the district attorney
of New Orleans,
833
00:54:58,640 --> 00:55:00,798
called Jim Garrison.
834
00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:05,398
Garrison said that Oswald had just
been part of a giant conspiracy
835
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:08,518
that included the CIA, big business,
836
00:55:08,520 --> 00:55:11,718
the news media
and anti-Castro Cubans,
837
00:55:11,720 --> 00:55:13,960
who, together, had killed
the President.
838
00:55:16,920 --> 00:55:18,798
There's no question about that.
839
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:20,518
There was a conspiracy.
840
00:55:20,520 --> 00:55:22,798
A number of men were involved.
841
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:26,080
An apparatus which was lethal
in nature...
842
00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:31,038
..of which Lee Harvey,
Harvey Oswald was a part,
843
00:55:31,040 --> 00:55:33,518
assigned the role,
essentially, as decoy.
844
00:55:33,520 --> 00:55:36,078
Now, don't ask me what the
organisation is because I can't say.
845
00:55:36,080 --> 00:55:38,798
But the implication, clearly,
is the Central Intelligence Agency,
846
00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:41,118
your own security organisation
in the United States.
847
00:55:41,120 --> 00:55:43,798
It almost sounds like that,
doesn't it?
848
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:46,278
I have no comment about that.
849
00:55:46,280 --> 00:55:50,198
Jim Garrison believed that the
modern democratic system in America
850
00:55:50,200 --> 00:55:52,358
was just a facade,
851
00:55:52,360 --> 00:55:55,918
that behind it was another
secret system of power
852
00:55:55,920 --> 00:55:58,318
that really controlled the country.
853
00:55:58,320 --> 00:56:01,278
But you could never discover it
through normal means
854
00:56:01,280 --> 00:56:02,920
because it was so deeply hidden.
855
00:56:04,160 --> 00:56:06,478
Garrison wrote a memo to his staff,
856
00:56:06,480 --> 00:56:09,320
explaining how you could
uncover this secret world.
857
00:56:10,880 --> 00:56:13,360
He called it Time and Propinquity.
858
00:56:14,360 --> 00:56:17,438
"You didn't bother with meaning
or with logic," he said,
859
00:56:17,440 --> 00:56:20,878
"because that will always
be hidden."
860
00:56:20,880 --> 00:56:23,598
Instead, you look for patterns,
861
00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:28,278
strange coincidences and links
that may seem to have no meaning
862
00:56:28,280 --> 00:56:31,358
but are actually telltale signs
on the surface
863
00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:33,960
of the hidden system
of power underneath.
864
00:56:40,720 --> 00:56:44,878
This theory was going to have
a very powerful effect in the future
865
00:56:44,880 --> 00:56:47,078
because it would lead
to a profound shift
866
00:56:47,080 --> 00:56:50,758
in how many people
understood the world,
867
00:56:50,760 --> 00:56:54,798
because what it said was that
in a dark world of hidden power,
868
00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:58,398
you couldn't expect
everything to make sense,
869
00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:01,318
that it was pointless to try
and understand the meaning
870
00:57:01,320 --> 00:57:03,558
of why something happened,
871
00:57:03,560 --> 00:57:06,598
because that would always be hidden
from you.
872
00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:09,200
What you looked for
were the patterns.
873
00:57:13,120 --> 00:57:15,918
And when Garrison read
Kerry Thornley's novel,
874
00:57:15,920 --> 00:57:17,040
he saw a pattern.
875
00:57:18,240 --> 00:57:21,278
Not only had Thornley been
in the Marines with Oswald
876
00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:25,358
and written a novel about him, but
he had come to live in the same city
877
00:57:25,360 --> 00:57:28,000
that Oswald had lived in
before the assassination.
878
00:57:29,360 --> 00:57:32,878
And in 1967,
Garrison accused Thornley
879
00:57:32,880 --> 00:57:34,680
of being part of the conspiracy.
880
00:57:37,680 --> 00:57:39,598
Thornley was furious.
881
00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:41,440
He knew that Garrison was wrong...
882
00:57:42,600 --> 00:57:46,200
..but he also hated the very idea
of conspiracy theories.
883
00:57:47,320 --> 00:57:49,158
He believed that they were
one of the ways
884
00:57:49,160 --> 00:57:50,800
those in power controlled you.
885
00:57:52,360 --> 00:57:55,998
Conspiracy theories made you believe
that there were hidden forces
886
00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:58,598
that really controlled the world,
887
00:57:58,600 --> 00:58:03,918
and that made you as an individual
feel weak and powerless.
888
00:58:03,920 --> 00:58:08,838
Suspicion, he believed,
was just another form of control.
889
00:58:08,840 --> 00:58:11,358
Thornley wanted to find ways
to free people
890
00:58:11,360 --> 00:58:15,120
from that kind of conditioning
that held them back as individuals.
891
00:58:16,920 --> 00:58:20,478
There are ways of
deconditioning people,
892
00:58:20,480 --> 00:58:23,038
and this is what I'm interested in.
893
00:58:23,040 --> 00:58:25,398
I'm interested in finding
some technique
894
00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:27,998
by which great masses of people
895
00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:32,358
can be broken out of their
authoritarian conditioning
896
00:58:32,360 --> 00:58:37,878
all at once, to figure out exactly
what that type of enlightenment is,
897
00:58:37,880 --> 00:58:40,958
that type of liberation from
authoritarian conditioning is,
898
00:58:40,960 --> 00:58:44,280
and how to achieve it
on a wholesale basis.
899
00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:52,758
Thornley was right that most of what
Garrison alleged
900
00:58:52,760 --> 00:58:54,598
was complete fantasy.
901
00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:56,638
Despite all the patterns,
902
00:58:56,640 --> 00:58:59,320
he could produce no evidence
of a hidden conspiracy.
903
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:04,238
But what Thornley didn't realise
was that at the same time,
904
00:59:04,240 --> 00:59:07,358
there was another very real
conspiracy being run
905
00:59:07,360 --> 00:59:09,518
by the American government,
906
00:59:09,520 --> 00:59:12,838
and its aim was to try and do
the very same thing
907
00:59:12,840 --> 00:59:15,078
as he wanted to do.
908
00:59:15,080 --> 00:59:18,238
The Central Intelligence Agency
was trying to find ways
909
00:59:18,240 --> 00:59:21,718
to wipe the past from
people's minds,
910
00:59:21,720 --> 00:59:24,358
to see if they could free them
from the conditioning
911
00:59:24,360 --> 00:59:26,080
that had been implanted there.
912
00:59:27,160 --> 00:59:30,398
Psychologists working for the CIA
had come to believe
913
00:59:30,400 --> 00:59:33,360
that individuals were far weaker
than they had believed...
914
00:59:34,880 --> 00:59:36,998
..and they wanted to see
if they could implant
915
00:59:37,000 --> 00:59:39,640
new patterns of thought
in their minds.
916
00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:44,398
The image of the human being
that was being built up
917
00:59:44,400 --> 00:59:48,798
at that particular time
was that there was a great deal
918
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:52,358
of vulnerability
in every human being
919
00:59:52,360 --> 00:59:56,038
and that that vulnerability
could be manipulated
920
00:59:56,040 --> 00:59:59,718
to programme somebody
to be something
921
00:59:59,720 --> 01:00:02,278
that I wanted them to be
922
01:00:02,280 --> 01:00:04,000
and they didn't want to be...
923
01:00:06,560 --> 01:00:10,158
..that you could manipulate people
in such a way
924
01:00:10,160 --> 01:00:13,358
that they could be automatons,
if you will,
925
01:00:13,360 --> 01:00:16,438
for whatever your own purposes were.
926
01:00:16,440 --> 01:00:19,120
This was the image that people
thought was possible.
927
01:00:20,360 --> 01:00:24,000
The CIA set up a secret project
called MKUltra.
928
01:00:25,160 --> 01:00:28,118
It was led by a psychiatrist
called Ewen Cameron,
929
01:00:28,120 --> 01:00:31,320
who worked in a hospital in Montreal
called the Allan Memorial.
930
01:00:32,840 --> 01:00:36,678
He took patients and,
without telling them, experimented
931
01:00:36,680 --> 01:00:39,958
to see if he could wipe what
he called "the sick memories"
932
01:00:39,960 --> 01:00:42,078
from their minds.
933
01:00:42,080 --> 01:00:45,158
To do this, he used
repeated electroshocks
934
01:00:45,160 --> 01:00:47,000
and massive doses of LSD.
935
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:52,678
They shipped me up to what they
called the Sleep Room,
936
01:00:52,680 --> 01:00:56,958
and they gave me all of these
electroconvulsive shock treatments
937
01:00:56,960 --> 01:01:00,878
and megadoses of drugs and LSD
and all of that.
938
01:01:00,880 --> 01:01:03,358
And I have no memory of
any of that -
939
01:01:03,360 --> 01:01:07,638
nothing of that time
at the Allan Memorial
940
01:01:07,640 --> 01:01:10,598
or any of my life previous to that.
941
01:01:10,600 --> 01:01:12,360
All gone. Wiped.
942
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:25,278
Some members of Discordianism
were working at Playboy magazine,
943
01:01:25,280 --> 01:01:28,758
and Thornley decided that he was
going to use Playboy magazine
944
01:01:28,760 --> 01:01:33,078
to start an experiment that would
make people see how absurd
945
01:01:33,080 --> 01:01:35,040
all conspiracy theories really were.
946
01:01:36,680 --> 01:01:39,240
He called it Operation Mindfuck.
947
01:01:40,720 --> 01:01:45,038
In 1969, he and Greg Hill began
Operation Mindfuck
948
01:01:45,040 --> 01:01:48,040
by placing a false letter
in the Playboy letters page.
949
01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:51,398
They put it between another letter
950
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,198
asking if gun fanatics
had small penises
951
01:01:54,200 --> 01:01:56,998
and one from a man asking
about the physical danger
952
01:01:57,000 --> 01:01:59,200
to his testicles from heavy petting.
953
01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:04,518
Thornley's fake letter asked whether
all the political assassinations
954
01:02:04,520 --> 01:02:07,318
in America were really
being masterminded
955
01:02:07,320 --> 01:02:09,918
by a single secret society,
956
01:02:09,920 --> 01:02:12,840
and the society it named
was the Illuminati.
957
01:02:14,440 --> 01:02:17,638
It said that the Illuminati
were behind all the chaos
958
01:02:17,640 --> 01:02:19,840
and the fear that was now
gripping America.
959
01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:25,318
He and the other Discordians then
proceeded to spread this idea
960
01:02:25,320 --> 01:02:28,238
all across America through
the counterculture,
961
01:02:28,240 --> 01:02:31,080
in magazines and books
and even in plays.
962
01:02:33,560 --> 01:02:37,918
Thornley's aim was to try and break
the spell of conspiracy theories
963
01:02:37,920 --> 01:02:42,118
by making people see the absurdity
of believing them,
964
01:02:42,120 --> 01:02:45,398
and he had chosen the Illuminati
for the experiment
965
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:48,078
because no-one could
possibly believe
966
01:02:48,080 --> 01:02:52,078
that an 18th-century organisation
from Bavaria was really,
967
01:02:52,080 --> 01:02:54,358
in the second half of
the 20th century,
968
01:02:54,360 --> 01:02:57,838
the secret rulers
of the modern world.
969
01:02:57,840 --> 01:02:59,600
It was clearly ridiculous.
970
01:03:05,880 --> 01:03:08,640
Dr Cameron's experiments
were a disaster.
971
01:03:11,040 --> 01:03:13,238
His brutal techniques succeeded only
972
01:03:13,240 --> 01:03:16,838
in wiping the minds of those
he experimented on.
973
01:03:16,840 --> 01:03:20,038
He then found he could put
nothing back.
974
01:03:20,040 --> 01:03:22,798
He totally failed to implant
any new memories
975
01:03:22,800 --> 01:03:24,680
or any new ways of seeing the world.
976
01:03:25,800 --> 01:03:28,438
His patients found themselves
in a world
977
01:03:28,440 --> 01:03:30,798
that had no meaning any longer.
978
01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:33,878
When I was discharged
from the Allan Memorial,
979
01:03:33,880 --> 01:03:35,718
I felt like a...
980
01:03:35,720 --> 01:03:39,798
..like an alien from another world
visiting this world.
981
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:41,358
I knew I was different
982
01:03:41,360 --> 01:03:45,238
and I didn't know how to become
like everybody else.
983
01:03:45,240 --> 01:03:49,678
And it was a very lonely,
scary place to be.
984
01:03:49,680 --> 01:03:50,878
"This is your husband."
985
01:03:50,880 --> 01:03:52,598
What? What's "husband?"
986
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:54,320
What's "making love?"
987
01:03:55,360 --> 01:03:58,758
In the world of individualism
that was about to come,
988
01:03:58,760 --> 01:04:01,478
psychology was going to play
a powerful role
989
01:04:01,480 --> 01:04:03,718
because it said it could help
to change
990
01:04:03,720 --> 01:04:05,560
what was inside people's minds.
991
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:10,238
But what Cameron and the CIA
had done
992
01:04:10,240 --> 01:04:14,040
showed, in a dramatic and extreme
way, the weakness of this.
993
01:04:15,640 --> 01:04:20,718
They had assumed that most of what
people felt came from within them,
994
01:04:20,720 --> 01:04:22,478
and to make them happier,
995
01:04:22,480 --> 01:04:25,280
you just had to alter
what was inside their brains.
996
01:04:26,720 --> 01:04:29,478
What was forgotten
was the other view -
997
01:04:29,480 --> 01:04:33,360
that what shapes how people feel
is the society around them...
998
01:04:34,560 --> 01:04:39,318
..above all, the structure of power
that not only controls their lives,
999
01:04:39,320 --> 01:04:40,920
but also how they feel.
1000
01:04:42,520 --> 01:04:45,758
And if you want to change
the way people feel,
1001
01:04:45,760 --> 01:04:48,040
you have to find a way
to change that, too.
1002
01:04:50,160 --> 01:04:55,078
Memory is wrapped in what society
has decided
1003
01:04:55,080 --> 01:04:57,838
we should feel like.
1004
01:04:57,840 --> 01:04:59,958
"You should cry at funerals."
1005
01:04:59,960 --> 01:05:02,638
I found myself not crying
at a funeral
1006
01:05:02,640 --> 01:05:04,798
and I felt just fine.
1007
01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:07,118
And I thought, "Gee, there's
something the matter with me.
1008
01:05:07,120 --> 01:05:09,118
"I'm not crying. I should cry.
1009
01:05:09,120 --> 01:05:10,960
"Everybody else is crying."
1010
01:05:12,160 --> 01:05:15,078
But... But there wasn't that...
1011
01:05:15,080 --> 01:05:16,638
..that need to.
1012
01:05:16,640 --> 01:05:20,360
MUSIC: Recharge & Revolt
by The Raveonettes
1013
01:05:58,440 --> 01:06:00,918
CROWD SHOUTING
1014
01:06:00,920 --> 01:06:02,440
MUSIC CONTINUES
1015
01:06:39,920 --> 01:06:42,638
# With a hole in my head
1016
01:06:42,640 --> 01:06:44,880
# I looked for you
1017
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:49,598
# Through the trenches of war
1018
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,000
# The whole world through
1019
01:06:54,120 --> 01:06:59,040
# My desire to leave with you
I just can't constrain
1020
01:07:01,240 --> 01:07:05,920
# I regret everything
I've done so far
1021
01:07:07,920 --> 01:07:13,160
# When the pillars of love
are blown apart
1022
01:07:15,480 --> 01:07:20,040
# I stumble through the rubble
and decay
1023
01:07:22,080 --> 01:07:26,518
# When I'm terrified,
I close my eyes... #
1024
01:07:26,520 --> 01:07:28,678
My old man died for this country!
1025
01:07:28,680 --> 01:07:30,760
Don't you dare say that to me!
1026
01:07:33,880 --> 01:07:37,520
Michael de Freitas decided that he
was going to become a revolutionary.
1027
01:07:38,520 --> 01:07:43,158
He was going to challenge and expose
the corrupt old structures of power
1028
01:07:43,160 --> 01:07:45,798
that he believed still
haunted and controlled
1029
01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:50,160
the minds of the English people,
even though their empire was gone.
1030
01:07:51,480 --> 01:07:53,438
I can't live in this system.
1031
01:07:53,440 --> 01:07:55,958
I don't like it, I don't want it.
1032
01:07:55,960 --> 01:08:00,240
I want to destroy everything
down to the ground, the lot, ashes.
1033
01:08:01,760 --> 01:08:03,400
That's what I want.
1034
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:12,400
MUSIC: Overture (For Other Halfs)
by Brian McBride
1035
01:08:50,960 --> 01:08:52,118
All three -
1036
01:08:52,120 --> 01:08:56,038
Jiang Qing, Michael de Freitas
and Kerry Thornley -
1037
01:08:56,040 --> 01:08:58,558
knew that their struggle
was with the forces
1038
01:08:58,560 --> 01:09:00,878
from the old power of the past
1039
01:09:00,880 --> 01:09:03,720
that they believed were still lodged
in people's minds.
1040
01:09:04,960 --> 01:09:09,878
But at the same time, quietly
rising up was a new system
1041
01:09:09,880 --> 01:09:13,598
that seemed as if it would never
have to face that struggle -
1042
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:16,920
because it would be completely free
of the past.
1043
01:09:18,360 --> 01:09:21,958
The laws of human thought
that George Boole had created
1044
01:09:21,960 --> 01:09:27,678
had become the central structure of
all thinking machines, computers,
1045
01:09:27,680 --> 01:09:31,118
because it fitted perfectly with
the binary switching system
1046
01:09:31,120 --> 01:09:34,878
inside them - either zero or one -
1047
01:09:34,880 --> 01:09:39,238
and it was used by the machines
to create endless branching pathways
1048
01:09:39,240 --> 01:09:42,120
of binary logic called algorithms.
1049
01:09:43,280 --> 01:09:47,598
Out of that was going to come the
dream of artificial intelligence,
1050
01:09:47,600 --> 01:09:50,958
machines that could
think independently,
1051
01:09:50,960 --> 01:09:54,998
that could then order and manage
the world as a rational system,
1052
01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:58,240
not driven by the dangerous
ideologies of the past.
1053
01:10:01,560 --> 01:10:03,438
But back in the 1960s,
1054
01:10:03,440 --> 01:10:07,638
as the engineers began to build
the first neural networks,
1055
01:10:07,640 --> 01:10:10,878
what they had forgotten was that
the system of thought
1056
01:10:10,880 --> 01:10:16,278
they were creating inside the
machines did have its own history,
1057
01:10:16,280 --> 01:10:18,518
that it had been born out of a time
1058
01:10:18,520 --> 01:10:21,958
when science had become
deeply involved in questions
1059
01:10:21,960 --> 01:10:25,200
of power and control
in the British Empire...
1060
01:10:27,600 --> 01:10:30,558
..that what lay behind
the computer logic
1061
01:10:30,560 --> 01:10:34,678
was the aim of simplifying
human thought,
1062
01:10:34,680 --> 01:10:39,398
which would finally allow you
to colonise the last free outpost -
1063
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:40,600
the human mind.
1064
01:10:42,200 --> 01:10:45,438
But unlike the old empires,
where power was visible,
1065
01:10:45,440 --> 01:10:50,480
this power would be hidden
in remote places, in the servers.
1066
01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:01,598
But something else from the past
1067
01:11:01,600 --> 01:11:04,400
would also find its way
into those servers.
1068
01:11:05,800 --> 01:11:09,078
In the political and economic chaos
of the early 1970s,
1069
01:11:09,080 --> 01:11:12,478
conspiracy theories were going to
spread like wildfire
1070
01:11:12,480 --> 01:11:14,000
through the counterculture.
1071
01:11:15,040 --> 01:11:17,638
As they did, the fake conspiracies
1072
01:11:17,640 --> 01:11:21,118
about the Illuminati and
the secret rulers of the world
1073
01:11:21,120 --> 01:11:24,598
that Kerry Thornley thought that
no-one could ever believe
1074
01:11:24,600 --> 01:11:29,280
began to get mixed up with
the true conspiracies like MKUltra.
1075
01:11:31,240 --> 01:11:33,078
And more and more people
began to follow
1076
01:11:33,080 --> 01:11:36,998
Jim Garrison's theory
of time and propinquity,
1077
01:11:37,000 --> 01:11:40,598
looking for patterns of
a hidden power in America,
1078
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:42,760
not for logic or meaning any longer.
1079
01:11:44,960 --> 01:11:48,518
And when the internet was created,
almost immediately,
1080
01:11:48,520 --> 01:11:52,278
those patterns of suspicion
would move into the data
1081
01:11:52,280 --> 01:11:54,800
and multiply endlessly
across the system.
1082
01:11:57,320 --> 01:12:01,398
And that dark paranoia,
that 200 years before
1083
01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:04,238
had spread across the prairies
and the mountains
1084
01:12:04,240 --> 01:12:06,518
among isolated settlers,
1085
01:12:06,520 --> 01:12:09,478
now spread across the virtual world,
1086
01:12:09,480 --> 01:12:13,720
among isolated individuals sitting
alone in front of their screens...
1087
01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:20,438
..and suspicion and distrust
crept back into what was going to be
1088
01:12:20,440 --> 01:12:22,000
the new system of power.
1089
01:12:24,600 --> 01:12:27,440
MUSIC: Who Killed Bambi?
by Sex Pistols
1090
01:12:36,120 --> 01:12:37,998
# Gentle pretty thing
1091
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:40,118
# Who only had one spring
1092
01:12:40,120 --> 01:12:42,158
# You bravely faced the world
1093
01:12:42,160 --> 01:12:44,078
# Ready for anything
1094
01:12:44,080 --> 01:12:46,118
# I'm happy that you lived
1095
01:12:46,120 --> 01:12:48,118
# For your life is mine
1096
01:12:48,120 --> 01:12:50,038
# What have I except to cry?
1097
01:12:50,040 --> 01:12:51,998
# Spirit never die!
1098
01:12:52,000 --> 01:12:53,958
# Birds of the air
1099
01:12:53,960 --> 01:12:55,800
# Beasts of the earth
1100
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:00,078
# Overjoyed at Bambi's birth
1101
01:13:00,080 --> 01:13:03,160
# They gambolled in the glade
1102
01:13:04,520 --> 01:13:06,398
# Who killed Bambi?
1103
01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:08,398
# Who killed Bambi?
1104
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:10,398
# Who killed Bambi?
1105
01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:12,358
# Who killed Bambi?
1106
01:13:12,360 --> 01:13:14,398
# Who killed Bambi?
1107
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:16,318
# Who killed Bambi?
1108
01:13:16,320 --> 01:13:18,800
# Who killed Bambi?
1109
01:13:19,840 --> 01:13:22,320
# Who killed Bambi?
1110
01:13:23,840 --> 01:13:26,080
# Who killed Bambi?
1111
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:29,318
# Murder, murder, murder
1112
01:13:29,320 --> 01:13:31,358
# Someone should be angry
1113
01:13:31,360 --> 01:13:33,398
# The crime of the century
1114
01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:35,438
# Who shot little Bambi?
1115
01:13:35,440 --> 01:13:37,438
# Never trust a hippy
1116
01:13:37,440 --> 01:13:39,438
# I love punky Bambi
1117
01:13:39,440 --> 01:13:41,198
# I'll kill to find the killer
1118
01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:43,398
# In the rotten roll army
1119
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:45,278
# All the spikey punkers
1120
01:13:45,280 --> 01:13:47,318
# Believers in the ruins
1121
01:13:47,320 --> 01:13:49,558
# With one big shout,
they all cry out
1122
01:13:49,560 --> 01:13:52,358
# Who killed Bambi? #
1123
01:13:52,360 --> 01:13:54,960
SHOUTING, GLASS SMASHING
1123
01:13:55,305 --> 01:14:55,874
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