Original subtitles

The Earth is in danger.

Future cosmic events are going to blast

burn or rip us to shreds.

The universe is incredibly violent there are huge events going on all time

one day life on Earth will become impossible

there will be disasters in the future and one of them

will destroy us

to save mankind we'll have to find other places

to call home it really has to be our destiny to move off the earth

if we are going to survive it's as simple as that

we need an insurance policy. We must do it and we must get started now

we'll need a lifeboat and new homes amongst the stars

and this is how we could do it

Our Voyage to the Stars

the earth as far as we know it's the only home

to life in the universe

Earth is such an ideal environment for life

everything about our bodies our biology or chemistry evolved here on earth

literally we are on the perfect space ship

but our perfect space ship is careening through a cosmic minefield

Every 30 million years or so

unnatural or cosmic disaster it's the earth so hard

that millions of creatures go extinct

extinction events tend to kill off the dominant species

and right now that's us

it's certainly true that in an extinction event

it's the large and powerful that get wiped out

They go so you know that if there's an extension on earth

we humans are vulnerable were in a category at large and powerful

the only way for humankind to survive global extinction

used to spread our genes to more than one planet

we have no choice

the law evolution geology and physics the alternative

is death an extension will have to build

a giant space craft capable of crossing interstellar space

and colonizing distant worlds around other stars

duly sensually me

a new dole's hard but is going to be a space market has the

in cab SLE all other divers the Abarth inside this one ship

the space arc will have to be huge big enough to house the thousands of people

needed to create a healthy gene pool on the new plans

too massive to construct on earth the giant Kraft will have to be built in

space

far from the pool hurts gravity

but building a shipyard in the sky

was no small challenge

nasa is tackling it head on

generation Eddie with rockets copy SLs

ICDs alas as a capability that's going to allow us to put an industrial base

between the earth in the moon after we do that

and we're out there routinely working in space that's when we'll assemble the

craft it'll take us to the stars

yo bus johnson's job is to plan the future of space exploration

today he's observing test-firing mobile one

20 scale model SLs

real deal takes all

the SLS will become the most powerful rocket

ever launched the SLs

is be it's going to give us the capability to take lots of stuff up

Beachwalk and it can be big for you and you could potentially

launch three of these big rockets versus perhaps fifteen or twenty

at the other rockets we have available today to get the same amount of material

out in space lesson visions

SLs rockets taking prefabricated units beyond rumors were

where space engineers will assemble them into a colossal

industrial workshop

miners will then fly out to different bodies in the solar system

to collect the ball materials needed to build the space arc

will have factories on the moon

perhaps even beyond that on China rocks

inside the asteroid belt

asteroids have a fraction Earth's gravity here

it will be much easier to build massive sections

lift them to the arc as it begins to take shape

the inner solar system will provide all we need to make the giant superstructure

the space arc but there's something missing

colonizing a distant world will require a propulsion system

faster than anything we've ever built spaces huge our solar system issued

I even get to Mars would take almost a year but

its that's nothing compared to exploring the distance between start

near stars for our on are several light years away

even light the fastest thing in the universe take several years to get there

the Suns closest neighbor is a triple star system

called out the Suntory

a spaceship burning conventional

take tens of thousands of years to get there

the crew would die of old age long before the ship arrived

sold what fuel to use

Wed

science fiction appears to have the solution but it sounds too good to be

true

0 every chechyan their heart of hearts knows that is

anti-matter anti-matter is the fuel for an interstellar chip

anti-matter Israel

we create a few Adams anti-matter every year and high-energy particle colliders

it's the mirror image have all the matter that we see around us

it has an explosive property it would make it

the most efficient rocket fuel ever created

here's a cool thing about anti-matter with anti-matter and matter

meet very a highly charms

that means that the matter

ceases to exist

they convert into pure energy

its own 100 percent efficient process scientists have calculated that a rocket

powered by anti-matter could reach 15 percent

speed of light that's fast enough to get to the moon

in 8 1/2 seconds I'll we will have almost

unlimited power we could travel anywhere in the universe we want

%uh our space arc

could reach office and Tori in just over 28 years

on well within the lifetime a bitumen payload

now this sounds like a great idea right let's get together a lot anti-matter

let's create some anti-matter

and this combined with regular battery we have this outstanding energy source

by anti-matter every while

and that is exactly was advantages witness matter

is going on I like bakery energy fill a conventional fuel tank

with a single pounded anti-matter and you'll get an explosion

more powerful than thousand Hiroshima bombs

0 anti-matter

is just too hot to handle we need

a reliable energy source back in power are starship for years at a time

and there are only a few Canada's that can do this among them

fusion power harnessing the power of the Sun

itself

in the Suns hot day in school hydrogen atoms collide

smashing into each other with such force the fuse

releasing enormous amounts of energy

this is nuclear fusion

what we want to do in space travel is miniaturize it

and put it in a spacecraft and use that as your power system

and as your proportion system for deep space exploration

perfusion rocket is still two-thirds the speed of one powered by anti-matter

a vessel wall its fuel hydrogen gas

can be found in past clouds in the space between stars

it would simply automatically fire in our space using interstellar gas

and principled it would never require refueling

our fusion powered space are heads for its first target alpha centauri

at 10 percent the speed of light

it will take forty two years to complete the journey and its precious load a few

min pioneers

must be delivered safe and well but the crossing

may be deadly are violent cosmos as a million ways to kill

on

on

a giant space arc fires its fusion rockets

inside the ship are thousands have human volunteers

there on a one-way mission to colonize

a distant planet I

one day we will have to make this journey

it's inevitable that we go off planet I think we're gonna have to do it to

survive as a species

York's first target is the closest star system to the Sun

alpha centauri and the journey will be long

around forty years

keeping the crew fit healthy severity

but it won't be easy lot of things happen to the human body when you go

into space

the moment you become weightless usually get camp

full headed feeling of you get dizzy

back and make you feel nauseous where OJ I'll spend six months

on the International Space Station long enough to experience

the damaging effects in zero gravity and

your bones are feeling any impact to your body decides it doesn't need bones

anymore

and it'll begin to demilitarize your bones and then your muscles through

tissues

or still naturally actually very quickly on

the human body evolved to live with Earth's gravity way without it

bones lose two percent of their mass for every month spent in space

when the cardiovascular system suffers to

body fluids cooled

heart rates blood pressure rise

resistance training helps reduce the symptoms

were scheduled for two hours of exercise them space station's to keep our

cardiovascular system fair to keep our muscles and bones fed

exercising can hold of the dangers wasting process

but a forty two-year journey to office and Tori without gravity

would be fatal obviously we need a permanent solution to wait list

there's nothing to prevent us in the near future

from creating artificial gravity

the answer is centrifugal force

it's the force thats text daredevil bikers to vertical walls

it keeps thrill seekers glued to their seats and theme parks

rotation produces this out workforce and creating it

the spaceship would be relatively simple

by rotating a space capsule it means at the Azana

inside will experience artificial gravity

spinning the living quarters just the right speed will hold of bone and muscle

wasting

but as they journey deep into space low gravity

is the least have the dangers are pioneers face

radiation is probably the biggest challenge

we're gonna be exposed to much harsher levels much higher levels of radiation

the sun's surface shoots out a constant stream

dangerous charged particles I'll

protons and electrons traveling a close to a million miles an hour

these teams will break your DNA bill cause cancer

any will kill you

the Earth's magnetosphere

the atmosphere above our heads

for taxes from the worst this radiation but far from the earth

the Pioneers will face radiation head on

that really is the biggest technical barrier to mankind sending

people out farther and deeper into space it's not propulsion is that computers

are navigation

it how we keep people healthy could be on the boundary of our solar system

the radiation threats gets worse

large particles comment you even fast

in some cases there are single protons the actual pack as much about punch

as a hundred mile-an-hour fastball these cosmic rays were joined by an even

deadlier force

gamma rays blasted out like violence

cosmic events no the cosmic phenomena

from stars exploding

two black holes eating up large parts gallon

Bruce radiation and particles that are incredibly energetic

you've never seen the sparkle before your body's not adapted to them

can't they come at you all the time and their

very high energy

galactic cosmic radiation

ripped through the cells in our human cargo

liquefying their bodies

the only hope is to somehow shield spacecraft

in science fiction starships create a protective magnetic bubble

similar to the magnetic field to protect your but a deflector shield

to take a huge amount of energy to sustain and like any electrical device

it would be prone to failure the safest option

is to go low-tech coating the ship with a thick layer

a physical shield chilling is not a simple problems not just a matter of

bringing a bunch letter anything like that in fact

what you find is a need to do something like that I it absorbs the radiation and

then it redeem its in in a more dangerous form

on

medals won't work but scientists have come up

the brilliant alternative you

this won the Best shield cosmic breeze something simple

water

and it actually something you need to bring with you as you venture into

interstellar space

the hydrogen atoms in water absorb high-energy particles

getting sufficient volume water can also block tamarins

the living quarters at the park will have the Vic outer skin

filled with the ship's water

and outside that a second skin filled with the ship's

hydrogen supply transfusion engines

our astronauts are now safe from radiation sickness and with artificial

gravity

their bodies will stay strong the deadliest right now

each other

I'm

good

a cosmic catastrophe Monday light bus

from the face of the earth

to save mankind will need to escape to the stars in a giant space arc

search other new home

its precious human cargo will be kept in top physical condition

with artificial gravity and hydrogen rich shielding

but what about their mental health

one of the biggest challenges for people in space or the people taking people

putting them in a tin can

incredibly dangerous environment having to get along with each other for months

or years

and stay alive through the journey is going to be

an enormous challenge we know when

people going submarines that they have to be very carefully tested and those

submarines

are go out for missions that there are done certainly no last year's

we can start a new civilization with the crew

ravaged by cosmic boredom infighting

and mental illness

it would be better if the entire crew were unconscious

one possibility which course again is a possibility in science fiction

is to have people be asleep during most of it

could you put people into an induced coma and then we come up in time to go

do their science mission it might be easier thing to do than to say

well now you sit still for the next ten years

reaped the closest we come to suspended animation in today's world

is storing human embryos in liquid nitrogen them

but could be really save the human race

with test-tube babies because of the enormous hurdles facing space travel

some people have advanced the idea well why do we have to send humans into outer

space

wanna send embryos or sperm and egg cells

in theory we could transport frozen embryos

across vast distances space sidestepping the need for food

were complicated life-support systems they could withstand the rigors of space

travel and weightlessness

but how will they be socialized

you put a baby in a hit single place along the Montgomery they wouldn't

survive in fact we're

very dependent we are social beings we would have to develop

intelligent robots to hatch the embryos

and then teach them what it means to be human

is conceivable that perhaps a hundred years into the future

we will have brought by nannies that can incorporate the laws of social

interaction

a robot really raise child or in our rush to save humanity

will we wind up for getting what it means to be human

raising human embryos

maybe too much a damn good sold could we freeze

adults instead without affecting their health it's a much bigger challenge

but nature has almost solved

a lot of animals on earth will go into suspended animation or hibernation

when conditions get bad is some cases they can stay that way for a long time

the alaskan wood frog survives cold winters

frozen nice

at sub-zero temperatures its metabolism slows

effectively shuts down

when the ice falls the frogs reanimate

Harbaugh as though nothing happened could humans

ever do the same thing

when you freeze somebody alive they have are

ice crystals which one which begin to expand rupturing the cells

and try and sells in too much

so how the frog survive the deep freeze

the answer is they have an antifreeze in their plight and that is

glucose so even though their surrounding environment is

solid ice inside theirselves

are liquid the problem with humans is

that amount if any freeze would kill us

deep freezing humans isn't going to work

but to hibernate

we may not have to chill that loan

Pittsburgh surgeons developed a groundbreaking technique

using chilled saline solution

to rapidly lower their patient's body temperature to just a few degrees above

freezing

at this temperature cellular activity

stocks

just like the wood frogs

patients are effectively in suspended animation

weekend in operating rooms we can call people down and put them in artificial

common for a while so it sounds good

and like everything else is with exploring

whether through freezing embryos were putting adults into a cold

deep sleep suspended animation may be the best bet

for keeping our precious human cargo alive on the long trip

alpha centauri the new but what if they get there

and find there's no place like home

be good

a spaceship filled with human volunteers approaches the triple star system

alpha centauri up

the crew hopes to find the first

many new worlds for mankind to call but which

if any of these stars will have the right kind of planets

we want to buy to hold that a similar or as we can possibly

because we're fine too for this plan which 52

for the surface gravity provide time for the atmosphere

this radiation environment the stars

build the space craft displays and soon

the outline of planets will be visible

0 the brightest in the trio

is alpha centauri okay 0 it slightly bigger

and slightly brighter than our signed

throwing more heat into the space around

well

its smaller cooler neighbor Alpha Centauri B

live so close gravity pulls the two stars into a wide

slow binary forbid

rotating once every eighty years on

that's bad news for pioneers

planets rarely form stable orbits around

wide binary systems so there's little chance of finding a place to settle you

but the third star the trio offers hope

Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf 4 a.m.

work start too small and doomed to be seen from earth with the naked eye

yet astronomers have found earth-like planets around this type of star

throughout the Milky Way galaxy

for finding that red dwarfs are ideal number a

ways in particular just they seem to be absolutely teeming with their sites

planets

astronomers have already discovered one

earth-sized planet around Proxima Centauri it forbids too close to the

stars

sustain human life but there's a good chance

it may have sister planets that can

if we were to look up into the night sky and look at the nearest

into work stars say Proxima Centauri I would expect to see

a system 326 very small planets

an extremely compact or its meaning orbital period of only a few days

Proxima Centauri may well be home to a rocky planets

ideal for life by with a thick atmosphere

warm liquid oceans and a strong magnetosphere to protect it

the perfect refuge for mankind set up our first

new home

but what if we find the planet

that's a little less than perfect

too cold perhaps with too much gravity

or maybe the wrong kind of atmosphere

we are genetically programmed to thrive on the planet Earth

with a specific amount of oxygen a specific amount of carbon dioxide in a

certain weight

however once we land on a distant planet

we're gonna have to change our bodies so that we can thrive in different

environments

we're gonna have to be able to engineer our sales we're gonna have to be able to

evolve our cells

rap that may mean taking genes from other life forms

to give ourselves some property that we need that might just be the best

solution

scientists have searched high and low

find people to the jeans for survival in space

and they may have found them in a creature no bigger

the grain have said

right now at nasa we're doing experiments on untangle animals called

target greens

card a greater tough they can survive a range of temperatures

from freezing to boiling point they can live without food or water

for a decade or more and crucially whether DNA

gets damaged by radiation it repairs itself

title microscopic thing can survive more radiation

them kill her developed somehow the DNA no

to repair itself we're trying to figure out how we could modify human DNA

to do the same thing one day

DNA from these tiny creatures may allow us to set foot on the planet

battered by radiation from its parent star

genetic tinkering may hold the key too much more

allowing us to colonize a multitude apostol

alien worlds

if the plan has a larger gravitational field we may have to increase the

strength of our bones is trying to my muscles

so we don't collapse every time we walk under surface are the large

planet

we could you can adapt different atmospheres

who were you on my one planet different oxygen level different carbon dioxide

level

we may have to alter our metabolism rate

we are beginning to take control of our own evolution we are designing

gene therapies we're finding ways to modifier biology

is a wonderful chance here to really take control over

own destiny and drive ourselves to the stars

who knows what the future astronaut will look like but I strongly suspect

that they will look like you for me well

if we find habitable worlds around proxima Suntory

a shuttle fall genetically-altered pioneers

will be dispatched to the surface in order to start

a new human civilization

but this is just the first stage a much bigger plan we must continue to search

out

more world's traveling ever deeper and faster

into the Milky Way

I'll on

one day a cosmic event is going to get beer so hard it will wipe out

every human on the planet

live on a deadly into the future he would be is gonna have to leave player

are only hope

build the space arc that will take us to new whirls

around distant stars

my is fragile and that's why I believe we should be at least

a to plant species

the first target was by far the easiest

it took forty two years for our space arc to reach Proxima Centauri

using fusion powered engines but now

the arc must move on to find even more distant worlds

the crew can be held in suspended animation

but they'll still deteriorate with each passing year

need to go Baxter closer to the speed of light

but there's a small problem the laws of physics

me what albert Einstein figured out is that if you start traveling near the

speed of light

things get a little bizarre you get near the speed of light U-mass

increases me that he had to have more energy to keep you going

by the time you getting near the speed of light all the field turns into

increasing the mass so all the fuel that before would increase the speed a lot

does increase the speed all it just increases the mass eventually

you don't speed up at all you just get heavier and heavier has issued a

propeller

physics allows travel through space at the kind of speed

but there's a loophole that may allow us to cut through hyperspace

reach distant planets a whole lot faster

the next thing showed us that space itself

expand faster than the speed of light space and time

is not nothing there's a substance to it fabric

if you will and you can stretch it and you could be ended

and science fiction galactic travelers manipulate the fabric of space-time

using work drives crossing the cosmos

in minutes not pull any no imagine your room under the carpet and you get to the

other side a room

one thing you can do is you can take the carpet and

folded up and bring all up close to you didn't stop over DePaul

carpet in the lead on ball behind you and now you've moved across the room

really quickly

it would take a colossal amount of energy to more all the space between you

and your destination

far more than we could ever hope to generate but modern physics

says the warp drive is possible if you only work the space

surrounding the ship so we know that space expands

space can also contract soap you have a ship

you can track space in front view expand space behind you

hickory a walk boggle n is built directly shoulder to be moved up to ten

times

feel like

this new generation work drive creates we

in space-time the travels faster than the speed of light

carrying the ship along with it like a surfer

riding a wave

mathematicians have looked at the numbers and a new generation work drive

would work on people

now nasa wants to get it to work in the lab

is an impossible or is a plausible

I think we're in that category are starting to to think about we've got

some possibilities here

are let's go see if we can't to do some scientific efforts and see validation up

the math and physics

tara White is planning a future experiment

to see if he can workspace on a microscopic scale

he hopes to concentrate energy into a single point in space

and then measure the progress have laser light

crossing if the light completes the journey faster than normal

he'll have succeeded working space time

their body always asks me about when's this going to be ready to bolt on two

spacecraft and

there's a lot of sites we need to do first not only just now starting to look

into this

we don't know if it's going to work or not we might as well figured out if it

does

bomb and if it doesn't well we've learned something interesting about math

and science in the way the universe works

warp drive would fire us to Proxima Centauri

in just five months and to the 50 stars be on

just a few years but that's still just our galactic backyard

work trip to the far side of the Milky Way

would take 10,000

the trip beyond it to the closest galaxies hundreds

thousands of years

on the scale of the universe even work drive

seems pathetically slow

but there is one last time

another way to go faster than the speed of light

is to drill a hole in the fabric of space and time

this is called a wormhole

wormhole is a theoretical tunnel

rip through the fabric of space-time connecting to distant points

it's created by huge concentrations mass

warping space-time ok

think about is looking glass you put your hand to the looking glass

in your hand winds up on the other side of the gals

if our spacecraft could enter this hospital shortcut we could jump

thousands years and instant you were trouble

strong numbers have never seen one and attempting

to create one on would be fatal on

to bend space it either mother the warm all to make a tunnel

give to produce huge amounts amass but mass is attractive and we can prove

that normal masses all you have that either

end up the were more will collapse to form a black hole

in time skill shorter then we take you to go through the wormhole

I don't think more moles were ever gonna work that way transportation

but you know what typically goals people who say that something could happen in

size

turned out to be wrong so I take that back things are likely

but it may happen what drives

wormholes

distant dreams for now fusion is the likely fuel to take us to the stars

but it may take millions who years

for a giant space arc to colonize enough planets to guarantee our survival the

only way to go faster with Fusion is to make our space arc

much smaller so small in fact there'd be no room for people inside

so is this really game over for

could be saved humanity without humans

and

not so long ago

astronomers weren't sure if the stars they saw on the night sky

at planets orbiting them 0 perhaps the Sun was unique

the earth along in the Milky Way ok

but over the last twenty years we've revealed

mind-blowing truth 0 it seems that

a large fraction of stars in the galaxy have planets

and in fact many of those stars have multiple planets

these XO planets range in size from

gas giant planets bigger than Jupiter on

to rocky worlds like the earth

there everywhere we look our planet Earth

is not unique it's not even rarer their art

tons hordes flocks if you will

above other earth-like planets out there fluttering around the other stars

some stars probably have multiple hurts orbiting them that's how common

earth-like planets are I'll

look into the night sky top 5 stars

one of those stars hasn't earth-size planet around maybe our next home

apply what we found to the rest of the Milky Way and the results

are staggering

around sun-like stars up to 11

billion warm

wet hurts around red dwarf stars

another 22 billion

and gas giant XO planets may be home to tens of billions more potential

Earth's in the form up habitable X owns

there are many earth-like planets that we're gonna have as options

places to go almost for the menus spring up from the bus clearly

finding new Earth's is not the problem the problem is getting

the universe is actually kinda tantalizing us

earth-like planets are common to all over the place but they're so far away

that the current technology can't imagine how to get there

a giant space arc powered by fusion

engines and filled with thousands of human volunteers

should allow us to colonize habitable worlds near our son

but to go beyond that to the far reaches the Milky Way

we need plan be

one radical solution would be to send miniature robots

to distant planets instead humans

one think about how much we're learning about the human brain and how it works

and there's still a long way to go

it does seem to be fairly inevitable that someday we'll be able to put on

hold ourselves

into a robot the name it. that's so sad because we want to get humans on those

plans

well one if you really wanna think science fiction why not

%uh ultimately pic machine adult human gether and

home plants

spread their genes by selling huge numbers of tiny

mobile seeds into the whim

many seats will be lost to the elements but those that find warm

Wed earth come to life

imagine firing tiny now

months into space like seeds with human genomes

burned onto their hard drives

if they fall through the atmosphere

a wet one planet suitable for humans

the spring into action

the land and make shelters from the materials they find

plan and somehow bill also make the humans

that live inside

maybe wolf and thousands of these man was shipped as their car maybe millions

in them like

seeds to a nearby star hoping that just

a few other a few with them actually reach their destination

the technology to create a human from scratch is clearly a long way off

but it does raise intriguing philosophical questions

fight should really save humans 3.7

million species on Earth we the only ones

worth saving

well and we can send the full gamut of life on Earth

why not simply send bacteria to distant worlds

and let evolution do the rest

and who knows maybe an alien species is already done that

on the earth may be in your backyard there's another ship

from my distance star system and you would

never know

wherever we wind up and whatever we ultimately become

the time to start planning for our survival

is right now

the human imagination is taking us in some truly amazing paths

and the main lead us to find a way for interstellar travel could really work

our feet is in many ways

were not dinosaurs we have a space program

were smart

if we have colonies on other planets the earth can be wiped out

and humanity won't be

in that sense our future our long-term future

that in our own

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