All language subtitles for JFK.Revisited.Through.The.Looking.Glass.2021.720p.Web.x264.AAC.2ch.ESub.S420

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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 0 00:00:40,500 --> 00:00:45,500 {\an7}Improved Captions by Sailor420 0 00:00:40,500 --> 00:00:45,500 {\an3}!!! Hope you enjoy the show !!! 1 00:00:52,095 --> 00:00:55,973 I have therefore chosen this time and place  2 00:00:56,015 --> 00:01:00,269 to discuss a topic on which ignorance too often abounds 3 00:01:00,311 --> 00:01:03,439 and the truth too rarely perceived, 4 00:01:03,481 --> 00:01:07,360 and that is the most important topic on earth, peace. 5 00:01:08,361 --> 00:01:09,779 What kind of a peace do I mean 6 00:01:09,821 --> 00:01:12,865 and what kind of a peace do we seek?  7 00:01:12,907 --> 00:01:17,620 Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world 8 00:01:17,662 --> 00:01:20,331 by American weapons of war.  9 00:01:20,373 --> 00:01:21,791 Not the peace of the grave  10 00:01:23,042 --> 00:01:24,544 or the security of the slave. 11 00:01:25,711 --> 00:01:29,006 I am talking about genuine peace, 12 00:01:29,048 --> 00:01:33,136 the kind of peace that makes  life on earth worth living. 13 00:01:33,177 --> 00:01:36,139 The kind that enables men and nations to grow 14 00:01:36,180 --> 00:01:37,598 and to hope 15 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:40,643 and build a better life for their children, 16 00:01:40,685 --> 00:01:46,440 not merely peace for Americans but peace for all men and women.  17 00:01:46,482 --> 00:01:50,862 Not merely peace in our time,  but peace in all time. 18 00:01:50,903 --> 00:01:53,614 (tranquil music playing) 19 00:02:06,252 --> 00:02:08,963 (woman) That straight, sleek  look that it should have, 20 00:02:09,005 --> 00:02:10,381 and very often you'll find  21 00:02:10,423 --> 00:02:14,552 a zipper hidden in the, uh, arm and-- 22 00:02:16,762 --> 00:02:18,055 Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. 23 00:02:18,097 --> 00:02:19,891 You'll excuse the fact that I'm out of breath, 24 00:02:19,932 --> 00:02:22,518 but about 10 or 15 minutes ago, 25 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:25,188 a tragic thing, from all indications at this point, 26 00:02:25,229 --> 00:02:26,480 has happened in the city of Dallas. 27 00:02:27,940 --> 00:02:29,942 This is Walter Cronkite in our newsroom. 28 00:02:29,984 --> 00:02:33,279 Here's a, uh, piece of copy that was rushed to-- to me 29 00:02:33,321 --> 00:02:35,323 and was torn off from the United Press. 30 00:02:35,364 --> 00:02:36,782 President Kennedy has been shot in Dallas. 31 00:02:36,824 --> 00:02:39,285 Along with Governor Connally of Texas. 32 00:02:39,327 --> 00:02:41,495 They've been taken  to Parkland Hospital there, 33 00:02:41,537 --> 00:02:44,207 where their condition is, as yet, unknown. 34 00:02:44,248 --> 00:02:46,959 (reporter 1) And just now we've  received reports here at Parkland 35 00:02:47,001 --> 00:02:49,921 that Governor Connally was  shot in the upper left chest, 36 00:02:49,962 --> 00:02:52,256 and the first unconfirmed reports 37 00:02:52,298 --> 00:02:54,425 say the President  was hit in the head. 38 00:02:54,467 --> 00:02:55,885 That's an unconfirmed report 39 00:02:55,927 --> 00:02:57,762 that the President was hit in the head. 40 00:02:57,803 --> 00:02:59,096 (reporter 2) Police began  chasing 41 00:02:59,138 --> 00:03:02,433 an unknown gunman  across the railroad tracks.  42 00:03:02,475 --> 00:03:04,393 Would you see if they need some coffee or something? 43 00:03:04,435 --> 00:03:05,686 These people are awfully shaken up. 44 00:03:05,728 --> 00:03:07,063 They were in the line of fire. 45 00:03:07,104 --> 00:03:08,731 (man) The President's car was some 50 feet  46 00:03:08,773 --> 00:03:10,441 when we heard the first shot. 47 00:03:10,483 --> 00:03:12,944 And then as the car  got directly in front of us,  48 00:03:12,985 --> 00:03:14,779 a gunshot from the top of the hill 49 00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,281 hit the President's side-- side of the temple.  50 00:03:17,323 --> 00:03:18,908 (reporter over phone) Where  did the shots come from?  51 00:03:18,950 --> 00:03:21,619 (woman over phone) The shots  came from the hill. 52 00:03:21,661 --> 00:03:22,954 (reporter 3) Excuse me just a moment, John. 53 00:03:22,995 --> 00:03:24,622 Uh, there was just word from the hospital  54 00:03:24,664 --> 00:03:27,416 that they have dispatched a call for a neurosurgeon.  55 00:03:27,458 --> 00:03:29,418 All we can do now is pray for him, 56 00:03:29,460 --> 00:03:31,295 and that's about all we can do. 57 00:03:34,298 --> 00:03:36,217 (reporter 4) President's wife, Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt. 58 00:03:36,259 --> 00:03:39,178 She walked into the hospital. A priest has been ordered.  59 00:03:39,220 --> 00:03:40,554 Emergency supplies of blood  60 00:03:40,596 --> 00:03:42,265 also being rushed  to the hospital.  61 00:03:42,306 --> 00:03:44,642 (reporter 5) Just a moment. We have a bulletin coming in. 62 00:03:44,684 --> 00:03:46,644 We'll now put you directly  through Parkland Hospital 63 00:03:46,686 --> 00:03:48,980 and KBLX news director, Bill Hamdon. 64 00:03:49,021 --> 00:03:50,898 (reporter 6) Two priests,  who were with  65 00:03:50,940 --> 00:03:53,192 President Kennedy, say he is dead. 66 00:03:53,234 --> 00:03:54,318 (woman gasps) 67 00:03:55,820 --> 00:03:57,989 - Just two priests announced it? - (man) Yes. 68 00:03:58,030 --> 00:03:59,657 But it's not the truth, is it? 69 00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:06,706 WALTER CRONKITE: The flash,  apparently official, 70 00:04:07,623 --> 00:04:10,001 President Kennedy died 71 00:04:10,042 --> 00:04:12,503 at 1:00 p.m. Central Standard Time, 72 00:04:14,297 --> 00:04:16,340 some 38 minutes ago. 73 00:04:19,218 --> 00:04:21,137 (boy) I just can't see why anybody would want 74 00:04:21,178 --> 00:04:24,974 to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all the things he's done for us. 75 00:04:25,016 --> 00:04:27,768 He tried to keep us from getting into war and everything.  76 00:04:27,810 --> 00:04:34,984 It's a simple matter of a bullet  right through the head. 77 00:04:35,026 --> 00:04:37,194 (officer) All the information  that we have received 78 00:04:37,236 --> 00:04:39,196 now indicates that it did come  79 00:04:39,238 --> 00:04:42,241 from about the fifth or fourth  floor of that building. 80 00:04:43,367 --> 00:04:45,328 We're checking it out now.  81 00:04:45,369 --> 00:04:46,704 10-4 now, and 112. 82 00:04:48,456 --> 00:04:50,708 We found empty rifle hulls,  83 00:04:50,750 --> 00:04:54,045 and it looked like the man  had been there for some time. 84 00:04:54,086 --> 00:04:57,048 (reporter 7) Police made a  systematic search of the building. 85 00:04:57,089 --> 00:04:58,632 They found no weapon. 86 00:04:58,674 --> 00:04:59,884 (reporter 8) We just got the word. 87 00:04:59,925 --> 00:05:01,802 Lyndon B. Johnson  has been sworn in  88 00:05:01,844 --> 00:05:04,638 as the President  of the United States 89 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:09,226 just prior to a takeoff to return to Washington. 90 00:05:09,268 --> 00:05:13,731 (reporter 9) Behind the casket is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.  91 00:05:13,773 --> 00:05:15,399 They are helping her down.  92 00:05:16,776 --> 00:05:20,404 Now, new President, Lyndon Baines Johnson. 93 00:05:20,446 --> 00:05:24,408 We have suffered a loss that cannot be weighed. 94 00:05:24,450 --> 00:05:26,035 (reporter 10) At Bethesda  Naval Hospital,  95 00:05:26,077 --> 00:05:28,162 the autopsy team  has completed work. 96 00:05:28,204 --> 00:05:31,040 Now the body of the slain President and his widow 97 00:05:31,082 --> 00:05:34,168 are at last brought home to the White House. 98 00:05:34,210 --> 00:05:36,003 (reporter 11) Who do you think would do something like this? 99 00:05:37,838 --> 00:05:40,633 Probably some segregationist  crackpot or something. 100 00:05:40,674 --> 00:05:43,010 Just... They had it all planned out.  101 00:05:43,052 --> 00:05:45,888 I really believe that his blood will be on their hands. 102 00:05:48,307 --> 00:05:50,142 (reporter 12) Here is the suspect. Can we roll it please? 103 00:05:50,184 --> 00:05:51,602 LEE HARVEY OSWALD: People  have given me a hearing 104 00:05:51,644 --> 00:05:53,896 without legal representation  or anything. 105 00:05:53,938 --> 00:05:55,981 - Did you shoot the President?  - I didn't shoot anybody. 106 00:05:56,023 --> 00:05:58,234 I emphatically deny these charges.  107 00:05:58,275 --> 00:06:01,112 (reporter 13) This is 24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.  108 00:06:01,153 --> 00:06:02,905 He answers the description  of a young man 109 00:06:02,947 --> 00:06:05,282 sighted at the Book Depository Building. 110 00:06:05,324 --> 00:06:07,493 (reporter 14) Police chased Oswald into a movie theater. 111 00:06:07,535 --> 00:06:11,122 Police said he fired at them, killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.  112 00:06:11,163 --> 00:06:13,958 A rifle was found in a building where he worked.  113 00:06:13,999 --> 00:06:15,960 (reporter 15) Police refused  to say whether they have 114 00:06:16,001 --> 00:06:18,254 any fingerprints  from that weapon as yet. 115 00:06:18,295 --> 00:06:21,757 The man obviously was an excellent shot or very lucky, 116 00:06:21,799 --> 00:06:24,552 in that witnesses said three shots were fired,  117 00:06:24,593 --> 00:06:26,595 at least two of them found their marks.  118 00:06:26,637 --> 00:06:27,972 (reporter 16) At the  Capitol Rotunda, 119 00:06:28,013 --> 00:06:30,433 there will be three short speeches 120 00:06:30,474 --> 00:06:33,310 before the public is allowed to start viewing the body.  121 00:06:33,352 --> 00:06:36,397 Chief, do you have any concern for the safety of your prisoner?  122 00:06:36,439 --> 00:06:38,149 (officer) No,  but because necessary 123 00:06:38,190 --> 00:06:39,942 precautions will be taken, of course. 124 00:06:39,984 --> 00:06:41,402 (reporter 17) Is there any doubt in your mind, Chief,  125 00:06:41,444 --> 00:06:43,195 that Oswald is the man who killed the President? 126 00:06:43,237 --> 00:06:44,947 (officer) I think this is the  man who killed the President. 127 00:06:44,989 --> 00:06:47,032 I'm just a patsy. 128 00:06:47,074 --> 00:06:49,785 (reporter 18) So great is the crush outside the Capitol,  129 00:06:49,827 --> 00:06:53,330 that people who have not been in line can't possibly. 130 00:06:53,372 --> 00:06:54,790 We are now switching to Dallas 131 00:06:54,832 --> 00:06:57,418 where they are about to move Lee Oswald and whether-- 132 00:06:57,460 --> 00:06:58,461 (gunshot)  133 00:06:58,502 --> 00:07:00,171 (reporter 19) He's been shot.  134 00:07:00,212 --> 00:07:02,506 (indistinct) 135 00:07:02,548 --> 00:07:03,966 (reporter 20) There's a  man with a gun. 136 00:07:04,008 --> 00:07:05,926 CRONKITE: Lee Harvey Oswald, 137 00:07:05,968 --> 00:07:09,430 the man who Dallas police say killed President Kennedy, 138 00:07:09,472 --> 00:07:11,098 himself is dead.  139 00:07:11,140 --> 00:07:14,185 The man Dallas police seized at the scene, 140 00:07:14,226 --> 00:07:17,480 and are holding, has been identified as Jack Ruby.  141 00:07:17,521 --> 00:07:21,525 He is being held by the Dallas police. Now, back to Washington.  142 00:07:23,152 --> 00:07:24,695 (reporter 21) Fifty-three  countries 143 00:07:24,737 --> 00:07:27,198 are represented in all today. 144 00:07:27,239 --> 00:07:30,701 There are a dozen members of ruling royal families, 145 00:07:30,743 --> 00:07:33,537 30 foreign ministers. 146 00:07:33,579 --> 00:07:36,207 (reporter 22) Things should be  all right in the few months ahead. 147 00:07:36,248 --> 00:07:38,626 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER: I'm sure the, uh,  148 00:07:38,667 --> 00:07:40,961 entire citizenry of the nation  149 00:07:41,003 --> 00:07:45,549 will stand faithfully behind the government. 150 00:07:45,591 --> 00:07:49,762 This bizarre sequence of double killings raise great questions. 151 00:07:49,803 --> 00:07:52,640 Who actually fired the shots that killed Kennedy? 152 00:07:52,681 --> 00:07:54,558 Was there a conspiracy? 153 00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:58,687 The first wound described is  a wound in the back of the head 154 00:07:58,729 --> 00:08:01,023 and would seem to indicate a shot from behind.  155 00:08:01,065 --> 00:08:02,733 But the doctors also said there was  156 00:08:02,775 --> 00:08:04,443 a wound in the throat at the front, 157 00:08:04,485 --> 00:08:07,071 which seemed to indicate a shot from the other direction. 158 00:08:07,112 --> 00:08:09,031 CRONKITE: The new President,  Lyndon Johnson, 159 00:08:09,073 --> 00:08:11,158 appointed a commission of seven prominent Americans 160 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:13,494 to investigate the whole affair.  161 00:08:13,536 --> 00:08:16,330 Earl Warren, Chief Justice  of the United States. 162 00:08:16,372 --> 00:08:19,083 Richard B. Russell, senator from Georgia. 163 00:08:19,124 --> 00:08:22,002 John Sherman Cooper, senator from Kentucky. 164 00:08:22,044 --> 00:08:25,047 Hale Boggs, representative from Louisiana.  165 00:08:25,089 --> 00:08:28,092 Gerald R. Ford, representative from Michigan. 166 00:08:28,133 --> 00:08:30,928 John J. McCloy, presidential adviser. 167 00:08:30,970 --> 00:08:34,598 Allen W. Dulles,  ex-head of the CIA. 168 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:37,393 Are you convinced that he was shot from the School Book Depository? 169 00:08:37,434 --> 00:08:40,145 Well, I think we better leave  all that, you know.  170 00:08:40,187 --> 00:08:43,607 The evidence report  will cover all-- all of that.  171 00:09:00,666 --> 00:09:03,335 (reporter 23) The Warren Commission makes these major findings.  172 00:09:03,377 --> 00:09:06,088 Lee Harvey Oswald  assassinated President Kennedy. 173 00:09:06,130 --> 00:09:07,840 He did it alone.  174 00:09:07,881 --> 00:09:09,550 He was not a part  of any conspiracy, 175 00:09:09,592 --> 00:09:11,010 either domestic or foreign.  176 00:09:11,051 --> 00:09:12,386 (reporter 24) Some other details 177 00:09:12,428 --> 00:09:14,680 will be of interest mainly to historians 178 00:09:14,722 --> 00:09:16,390 and others having some special interest. 179 00:09:16,432 --> 00:09:18,809 (reporter 25) But there was one further piece of evidence 180 00:09:18,851 --> 00:09:20,936 that the public cannot see.  181 00:09:20,978 --> 00:09:24,106 Abraham Zapruder's film of the actual assassination. 182 00:09:24,148 --> 00:09:26,775 This murder now is the most thoroughly 183 00:09:26,817 --> 00:09:28,986 documented crime in American history. 184 00:09:29,028 --> 00:09:30,988 And for those who care to pursue it 185 00:09:31,030 --> 00:09:33,657 down to the last detail, it's all there. 186 00:09:45,753 --> 00:09:48,672 OLIVER STONE: This is  Dealey Plaza. 187 00:09:48,714 --> 00:09:52,217 To this day, it remains a crime scene. 188 00:09:52,259 --> 00:09:54,803 In the years since the Warren Report, 189 00:09:54,845 --> 00:09:57,181 many significant  re-investigations were made  190 00:09:57,222 --> 00:09:59,600 into the murder of President Kennedy. 191 00:10:00,976 --> 00:10:03,604 Each one revealed  new facts and evidence 192 00:10:03,646 --> 00:10:06,940 that shed more light on what really happened here that day.  193 00:10:09,109 --> 00:10:12,655 Starting in 1975,  after the Watergate scandal, 194 00:10:12,696 --> 00:10:15,366 Senator Frank Church conducted an investigation 195 00:10:15,407 --> 00:10:19,536 into the abuses and crimes of the FBI and CIA.  196 00:10:19,578 --> 00:10:22,706 During that time, the public learned of the CIA plots 197 00:10:22,748 --> 00:10:24,500 to assassinate foreign leaders  198 00:10:24,541 --> 00:10:27,378 like Patrice Lumumba of the Republic of Congo 199 00:10:27,419 --> 00:10:30,172 and Fidel Castro of Cuba. 200 00:10:30,214 --> 00:10:34,134 Plots orchestrated under Director Allen Dulles.  201 00:10:34,176 --> 00:10:36,387 But the Church committee didn't stop there. 202 00:10:36,428 --> 00:10:39,181 Senators Richard Schweiker  and Gary Hart 203 00:10:39,223 --> 00:10:42,726 were tasked to reexamine the roles of the CIA and FBI 204 00:10:42,768 --> 00:10:46,563 as the chief investigators  for the Warren Commission,  205 00:10:46,605 --> 00:10:49,650 and look for signs of conflicts or cover-ups.  206 00:10:50,609 --> 00:10:52,069 J. Edgar Hoover writes, 207 00:10:52,111 --> 00:10:54,405 "Yes, we did have  a relationship with Mr. Ruby 208 00:10:54,446 --> 00:10:57,074 and he acted as our informant." 209 00:10:57,116 --> 00:10:59,993 Now, who said that at the time of the Warren Commission report?  210 00:11:00,035 --> 00:11:03,872 Did anybody ever imply that-- that Jack Ruby 211 00:11:03,914 --> 00:11:06,500 was a confidential informant for the FBI? 212 00:11:06,542 --> 00:11:10,003 Nobody breathed that. That was classified. 213 00:11:10,045 --> 00:11:12,214 STONE: Faith in what the American public was told 214 00:11:12,256 --> 00:11:15,426 by the Warren Commission was starting to unravel. 215 00:11:15,467 --> 00:11:18,429 The intelligence agencies did all the wrong things 216 00:11:18,470 --> 00:11:21,098 if they really were looking for conspiracy 217 00:11:21,140 --> 00:11:23,434 or to find out who killed John Kennedy. 218 00:11:23,475 --> 00:11:27,146 STONE: The search for real answers gained momentum. 219 00:11:27,187 --> 00:11:29,440 Then, 12 years after the assassination, 220 00:11:29,481 --> 00:11:32,401 the most iconic piece of evidence was leaked 221 00:11:32,443 --> 00:11:34,653 and finally shown to the public. 222 00:11:34,695 --> 00:11:36,739 It's the film shot by the Dallas  223 00:11:36,780 --> 00:11:40,200 dress manufacturer,  Abraham Zapruder. 224 00:11:40,242 --> 00:11:43,579 And it's the execution of President Kennedy, 225 00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:45,372 and, uh, Bob and Dick, 226 00:11:45,414 --> 00:11:46,874 would you please narrate 227 00:11:46,915 --> 00:11:49,042 what we're seeing as we show this film? 228 00:11:49,084 --> 00:11:50,753 ROBERT GRODEN: Now, before he goes behind the sign, 229 00:11:50,794 --> 00:11:52,463 the President is waving to the crowd. 230 00:11:52,504 --> 00:11:54,214 When he comes out from behind the sign, he is shot. 231 00:11:54,256 --> 00:11:55,924 Then Governor Connally is shot. 232 00:11:55,966 --> 00:11:57,134 GERALDO RIVERA: He's already  been hit. 233 00:11:57,176 --> 00:11:58,552 GRODEN:  He's already been hit. 234 00:11:58,594 --> 00:12:00,304 RIVERA: And now? 235 00:12:00,345 --> 00:12:02,973 GRODEN: At the bottom of the screen, the head shot.  236 00:12:03,015 --> 00:12:05,476 RIVERA: That's the shot that blew off his head. 237 00:12:05,517 --> 00:12:07,728 That's the most upsetting thing I've ever seen. 238 00:12:07,770 --> 00:12:08,979 We'll talk about it in a minute.  239 00:12:09,021 --> 00:12:10,981 STONE: Seeing the shock and  brutality  240 00:12:11,023 --> 00:12:13,317 of the actual assassination  241 00:12:13,358 --> 00:12:14,818 caused a public outcry. 242 00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:16,487 The government formed 243 00:12:16,528 --> 00:12:21,784 the House Select Committee  on Assassinations, the HSCA. 244 00:12:21,825 --> 00:12:24,036 The committee will come to order.  245 00:12:24,077 --> 00:12:26,622 STONE: The HSCA re-interviewed witnesses 246 00:12:26,663 --> 00:12:28,165 and took new testimonies 247 00:12:28,207 --> 00:12:30,000 that exposed massive inconsistencies 248 00:12:30,042 --> 00:12:32,294 with the original  Warren Report. 249 00:12:32,336 --> 00:12:34,671 Has any other scientist to date 250 00:12:34,713 --> 00:12:39,676 linked the so-called pristine  bullet to the injuries? 251 00:12:39,718 --> 00:12:41,512 Not that I'm aware of. No. 252 00:12:41,553 --> 00:12:47,768 The Pentagon has destroyed its Kennedy assassination file, 253 00:12:47,810 --> 00:12:51,021 and we don't know why that was done.  254 00:12:51,063 --> 00:12:53,023 STONE: But at the end  of that investigation,  255 00:12:53,065 --> 00:12:55,818 what the HSCA learned was considered 256 00:12:55,859 --> 00:12:58,195 too damaging to be made public. 257 00:12:58,237 --> 00:13:00,489 And close to a half-million records 258 00:13:00,531 --> 00:13:04,034 were to remain sealed until 2029, 259 00:13:04,076 --> 00:13:06,537 a fact that we made clear 260 00:13:06,578 --> 00:13:09,373 at the conclusion  to our 1991 film, JFK. 261 00:13:10,874 --> 00:13:12,459 The media controversy that accompanied  262 00:13:12,501 --> 00:13:15,379 the film forced Congress to do something about 263 00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:19,508 the secrecy that still surrounded these classified files. 264 00:13:19,550 --> 00:13:21,802 Hearings were held on Capitol Hill.  265 00:13:21,844 --> 00:13:23,303 Most Americans did not 266 00:13:23,345 --> 00:13:25,264 believe or support the verdict 267 00:13:25,305 --> 00:13:27,683 of the Warren Commission initially. 268 00:13:27,724 --> 00:13:30,435 And now more than three in four,  269 00:13:30,477 --> 00:13:33,522 according to all recent samplings of public opinion,  270 00:13:33,564 --> 00:13:36,984 think some conspiracy was involved. 271 00:13:37,025 --> 00:13:39,194 And in 1992, the John F. Kennedy 272 00:13:39,236 --> 00:13:41,905 Records Collection Act was passed. 273 00:13:41,947 --> 00:13:43,282 Clerk will report the title.  274 00:13:43,323 --> 00:13:45,117 Senate 3006, an act to provide 275 00:13:45,158 --> 00:13:47,286 for the expeditious  disclosure of records 276 00:13:47,327 --> 00:13:50,330 relevant to the assassination  of President John F. Kennedy.  277 00:13:50,372 --> 00:13:52,165 STONE: This act provided funding 278 00:13:52,207 --> 00:13:55,294 and formed the Assassination Records Review Board, 279 00:13:55,335 --> 00:13:57,379 the ARRB. 280 00:13:57,421 --> 00:14:00,757 The public wasn't going to have to wait until 2029.  281 00:14:00,799 --> 00:14:03,927 Declassification  was to begin now.  282 00:14:03,969 --> 00:14:05,554 The board was given a budget 283 00:14:05,596 --> 00:14:07,890 and timeline of four years to declassify  284 00:14:07,931 --> 00:14:10,058 and make public as many documents  285 00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:12,728 and records as possible. 286 00:14:12,769 --> 00:14:15,105 They managed to collect over two million pages 287 00:14:15,147 --> 00:14:18,567 of declassified records and artifacts. 288 00:14:18,609 --> 00:14:22,112 They are all housed at the  National Archives in Maryland,  289 00:14:22,154 --> 00:14:24,281 and since then, the public has been free 290 00:14:24,323 --> 00:14:28,285 to view, study, and investigate.  291 00:14:28,327 --> 00:14:30,954 There is now so much more that we know, 292 00:14:30,996 --> 00:14:33,123 and with those facts in hand, 293 00:14:33,165 --> 00:14:35,334 we will go back and piece together 294 00:14:35,375 --> 00:14:37,210 what really happened that day,  295 00:14:37,252 --> 00:14:40,297 and discover the reasons why. 296 00:14:42,049 --> 00:14:43,133 Let's begin. 297 00:14:44,843 --> 00:14:46,386 (reporter) Something has  happened in the motorcade.  298 00:14:46,428 --> 00:14:47,471 Standby, please.  299 00:14:47,512 --> 00:14:49,014 WHOOPI GOLDBERG: The JFK case 300 00:14:49,056 --> 00:14:51,433 was such a mass of confusion. 301 00:14:51,475 --> 00:14:53,852 For example, the Warren Commission 302 00:14:53,894 --> 00:14:56,772 was limited to only three shots, 303 00:14:56,813 --> 00:15:00,067 because three shells were found on the sixth floor 304 00:15:00,108 --> 00:15:02,194 of the School Book Depository.  305 00:15:02,235 --> 00:15:04,363 J. EDGAR HOOVER: On that floor, 306 00:15:04,404 --> 00:15:06,990 we found the three empty  shells that had been fired,  307 00:15:07,032 --> 00:15:08,951 but they had characteristics on them 308 00:15:08,992 --> 00:15:10,911 so that our ballistics expert 309 00:15:10,953 --> 00:15:14,081 was able to prove that they were fired by this gun. 310 00:15:14,122 --> 00:15:15,499 LYNDON JOHNSON: Any of them  fired at me? 311 00:15:15,540 --> 00:15:17,000 HOOVER: No,  there was never any...  312 00:15:17,042 --> 00:15:18,669 JOHNSON: All three at  the President?  313 00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:21,088 HOOVER: All three at the  President, and we have them.  314 00:15:21,129 --> 00:15:22,506 GOLDBERG: The FBI  concluded that 315 00:15:22,547 --> 00:15:24,424 all three bullets  struck inside the car. 316 00:15:24,466 --> 00:15:26,426 HOOVER: He was hit  by the first and the third.  317 00:15:26,468 --> 00:15:28,261 The second shot hit the governor.  318 00:15:28,303 --> 00:15:29,972 The third shot tore a large part  319 00:15:30,013 --> 00:15:32,766 of the President's head off. 320 00:15:32,808 --> 00:15:35,811 The Warren Commission put itself in a straitjacket.  321 00:15:35,852 --> 00:15:39,106 They could not possibly allow  more than three shots, 322 00:15:39,147 --> 00:15:41,066 because four shots or more 323 00:15:41,108 --> 00:15:43,110 would have clearly  indicated conspiracy. 324 00:15:43,151 --> 00:15:44,903 And they were not going there. 325 00:15:44,945 --> 00:15:47,030 (James Tague speaking) 326 00:15:53,245 --> 00:15:54,413 scratched my face 327 00:15:54,788 --> 00:15:56,957 GOLDBERG: Records show  the first shot  328 00:15:56,999 --> 00:15:59,292 had missed its target completely, 329 00:15:59,334 --> 00:16:02,504 and the final shot hit Kennedy in the head. 330 00:16:02,546 --> 00:16:06,341 So, how does one account for one bullet hitting two victims, 331 00:16:06,383 --> 00:16:08,760 and doing all this damage?  332 00:16:08,802 --> 00:16:11,638 Arlen Specter was  a Yale Law School graduate  333 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:14,725 working in the Philadelphia  district attorney's office,  334 00:16:14,766 --> 00:16:18,061 when he was asked to serve  on the Warren Commission. 335 00:16:18,103 --> 00:16:22,232 Aha! What if one bullet made all seven wounds? 336 00:16:22,274 --> 00:16:23,900 Arlen Specter, he is the one 337 00:16:23,942 --> 00:16:26,319 that gave birth to the single-bullet theory. 338 00:16:26,361 --> 00:16:28,739 What if one bullet went into Kennedy's back 339 00:16:28,780 --> 00:16:31,408 and came out his neck, 340 00:16:31,450 --> 00:16:34,578 and then went into Connally's back, piercing the lung, 341 00:16:34,619 --> 00:16:37,164 destroying four inches of the right fifth rib, 342 00:16:37,205 --> 00:16:39,207 exiting from the front of his chest, 343 00:16:39,249 --> 00:16:40,792 going into the back of the wrist, 344 00:16:40,834 --> 00:16:42,836 shattering the distal end of the radius. 345 00:16:42,878 --> 00:16:44,421 In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,  346 00:16:44,463 --> 00:16:47,007 that's a big heavy bone comminuted fracture. 347 00:16:47,049 --> 00:16:48,759 Exits from the front of the wrist, 348 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:50,969 goes into his left thigh. 349 00:16:51,011 --> 00:16:53,305 Whatever you want,  whatever you need,  350 00:16:53,346 --> 00:16:56,308 this bullet happily  and readily obliges you. 351 00:16:56,349 --> 00:16:58,435 It is indeed a magic bullet.  352 00:16:59,770 --> 00:17:02,689 CE-399 was the magic bullet,  353 00:17:02,731 --> 00:17:05,734 and all government investigations so far 354 00:17:05,776 --> 00:17:08,320 have treated that bullet 355 00:17:08,361 --> 00:17:11,323 as absolutely foundational to this case.  356 00:17:11,364 --> 00:17:13,033 How important is chain of custody  357 00:17:13,075 --> 00:17:15,118 in a legal proceeding? 358 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:17,037 Chain of custody basically refers to  359 00:17:17,079 --> 00:17:18,580 the integrity of evidence. 360 00:17:18,622 --> 00:17:20,624 If I, uh, pick up a piece of evidence  361 00:17:20,665 --> 00:17:22,959 and I transfer it to somebody else 362 00:17:23,001 --> 00:17:24,753 for holding or processing, 363 00:17:24,795 --> 00:17:27,255 my name is the first name on this list. 364 00:17:27,297 --> 00:17:28,799 The second person  who touches this  365 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:30,717 and takes possession of it is next. 366 00:17:30,759 --> 00:17:33,470 And if you don't do that, there's no way to prove 367 00:17:33,512 --> 00:17:35,430 that the evidence you collected on day one 368 00:17:35,472 --> 00:17:38,308 is the same one you get on day 25 when you go to court.  369 00:17:38,350 --> 00:17:40,060 Can you walk us through 370 00:17:40,102 --> 00:17:42,562 the magic bullet's  chain of custody 371 00:17:42,604 --> 00:17:47,776 from the Parkland employees to the Secret Service to the FBI? 372 00:17:47,818 --> 00:17:51,029 Well, the magic bullet was supposedly found on a stretcher 373 00:17:51,071 --> 00:17:52,489 at Parkland Hospital, 374 00:17:52,531 --> 00:17:54,533 and went through several hands  375 00:17:54,574 --> 00:17:57,786 before it got to the Secret Service. 376 00:17:57,828 --> 00:18:00,622 Richard Johnsen was the first  Secret Service agent 377 00:18:00,664 --> 00:18:04,459 to handle it, and he carried it back to Washington, D.C. 378 00:18:04,501 --> 00:18:06,920 When he got back  to Washington, D.C., 379 00:18:06,962 --> 00:18:09,214 he gave it to the chief of the Secret Service,  380 00:18:09,256 --> 00:18:11,216 who was James Rowley. 381 00:18:12,759 --> 00:18:15,303 And at the White House, James Rowley 382 00:18:15,345 --> 00:18:18,473 gave it to Elmer Lee Todd, 383 00:18:18,515 --> 00:18:20,433 and Todd then took it to the FBI lab 384 00:18:20,475 --> 00:18:23,520 and gave it to Robert Frazier. 385 00:18:23,562 --> 00:18:27,524 We have interesting information produced by John Hunt, 386 00:18:27,566 --> 00:18:29,943 a private citizen who went to the archives 387 00:18:29,985 --> 00:18:31,820 on four or five occasions 388 00:18:31,862 --> 00:18:35,532 to track down the story about the magic bullet, 389 00:18:35,574 --> 00:18:37,993 and what he found was truly astounding. 390 00:18:38,034 --> 00:18:40,370 He practically moved into 391 00:18:40,412 --> 00:18:42,956 the National Archives in Washington, D.C.  392 00:18:42,998 --> 00:18:45,083 They allowed him  to set up a desk  393 00:18:45,125 --> 00:18:48,295 with a computer and his own scanner. 394 00:18:48,336 --> 00:18:51,673 And he also, uh, did something different. 395 00:18:51,715 --> 00:18:55,093 He didn't interview policemen and FBI people, 396 00:18:55,135 --> 00:18:58,096 and he wasn't swayed by their excuses. 397 00:18:58,138 --> 00:18:59,890 He went straight to, 398 00:18:59,931 --> 00:19:03,685 "This is what you told and you signed your name." 399 00:19:03,727 --> 00:19:05,520 GOLDBERG: Working with the FBI 400 00:19:05,562 --> 00:19:07,314 and Warren Commission documents, 401 00:19:07,355 --> 00:19:10,442 John Hunt asked the most basic question. 402 00:19:10,483 --> 00:19:13,862 "Was CE-399 in evidence 403 00:19:13,904 --> 00:19:17,115 the same bullet that was found  on the stretcher?" 404 00:19:18,158 --> 00:19:20,243 At 7:30 at night, 405 00:19:20,285 --> 00:19:22,078 this is the day of the assassination, 406 00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:24,539 November 22nd, 1963, 407 00:19:24,581 --> 00:19:27,500 a bullet appears in the record, 408 00:19:27,542 --> 00:19:31,504 and it's signed for  by Robert Frazier,  409 00:19:31,546 --> 00:19:34,466 who is the main investigator  at the FBI lab. 410 00:19:35,717 --> 00:19:37,594 And it's not just one document. 411 00:19:37,636 --> 00:19:40,013 There are multiple documents  that indicate 412 00:19:40,055 --> 00:19:45,727 that Frazier signed for a bullet at 7:30 that night.  413 00:19:45,769 --> 00:19:48,063 Now, here's where things get interesting. 414 00:19:48,104 --> 00:19:51,983 Elmer Lee Todd received the bullet at the White House 415 00:19:52,025 --> 00:19:56,863 from chief of the Secret Service, James Rowley. 416 00:19:56,905 --> 00:20:01,159 And Todd documents,  very clearly in writing, 417 00:20:01,201 --> 00:20:05,830 that he got this bullet at 8:50 p.m. 418 00:20:05,872 --> 00:20:07,040 How is that possible? 419 00:20:07,082 --> 00:20:09,501 How can Robert Frazier receive the bullet  420 00:20:09,542 --> 00:20:13,505 in the lab at 7:30 from Elmer Lee Todd, 421 00:20:13,546 --> 00:20:16,758 when Todd didn't get the bullet until 8:50? 422 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,595 You would think that they would have handled it, uh, you know, 423 00:20:20,637 --> 00:20:22,973 like it would have been gold  going to the bank.  424 00:20:23,014 --> 00:20:24,683 There it is in the record,  425 00:20:24,724 --> 00:20:28,186 someone is lying about when they got the bullet. 426 00:20:28,228 --> 00:20:29,229 DAVID MANTIK: It gets worse,  though. 427 00:20:29,271 --> 00:20:30,981 Todd initialed that bullet,  428 00:20:31,022 --> 00:20:35,277 the one that he got at 8:50,  429 00:20:35,318 --> 00:20:37,529 and everyone else who touched the bullet 430 00:20:37,570 --> 00:20:39,572 after that initialed it too,  431 00:20:39,614 --> 00:20:40,991 including Robert Frazier. 432 00:20:41,032 --> 00:20:43,618 I went to the archives to look at this bullet. 433 00:20:43,660 --> 00:20:45,954 And specifically, what we want to know is, 434 00:20:45,996 --> 00:20:49,124 do we see Todd's initials on this bullet? 435 00:20:49,165 --> 00:20:51,459 He said he initialed the bullet.  436 00:20:51,501 --> 00:20:53,670 It is not there.  437 00:20:53,712 --> 00:20:56,840 Todd's initials are not on the magic bullet. 438 00:20:58,675 --> 00:21:01,344 I was very interested in finding  out what the Review Board 439 00:21:01,386 --> 00:21:02,929 would show us about this. 440 00:21:02,971 --> 00:21:06,016 So, we began scouring their evidence, 441 00:21:06,057 --> 00:21:08,184 and we found out something very interesting. 442 00:21:08,226 --> 00:21:10,103 We found out that the Warren Report 443 00:21:10,145 --> 00:21:11,855 had from an FBI report 444 00:21:11,896 --> 00:21:13,732 saying that the guys that found the bullet 445 00:21:13,773 --> 00:21:16,067 later identified that as the bullet they'd seen. 446 00:21:16,109 --> 00:21:17,819 The internal record didn't show that at all. 447 00:21:17,861 --> 00:21:19,696 The internal records said this bullet  448 00:21:19,738 --> 00:21:21,531 didn't look like  that bullet at all. 449 00:21:21,573 --> 00:21:23,992 But the FBI had reported to the Warren Commission that it did.  450 00:21:24,034 --> 00:21:24,909 They'd lied. 451 00:21:24,951 --> 00:21:26,703 We then talk to the FBI agent 452 00:21:26,745 --> 00:21:28,830 that was supposed to have carried that bullet around. 453 00:21:28,872 --> 00:21:30,540 His name was Bardwell Odum.  454 00:21:30,582 --> 00:21:32,542 I got Bardwell Odum on the phone. 455 00:21:32,584 --> 00:21:35,587 I sent him the documents that said that he had done this.  456 00:21:35,628 --> 00:21:37,380 He said, "I never had that bullet. 457 00:21:37,422 --> 00:21:39,049 I never showed any bullet to anyone. 458 00:21:39,090 --> 00:21:41,009 "If I'd had the bullet, there'd be a 302. 459 00:21:41,051 --> 00:21:42,927 "I would have filed a report,  particularly in that area. 460 00:21:42,969 --> 00:21:45,513 Everybody was very uptight about getting everything right."  461 00:21:45,555 --> 00:21:47,640 So, we scoured for 302 reports. 462 00:21:47,682 --> 00:21:49,559 His name appears nowhere in the record. 463 00:21:49,601 --> 00:21:51,519 This is just something that the FBI invented. 464 00:21:51,561 --> 00:21:54,397 It's conceivable that some mysterious bullet 465 00:21:54,439 --> 00:21:55,940 showed up from who knows where. 466 00:21:57,067 --> 00:21:58,693 Todd did not initial it, 467 00:21:58,735 --> 00:22:02,822 and it ended up in  the FBI lab as the magic bullet.  468 00:22:02,864 --> 00:22:05,992 One can only surmise that, somewhere in the FBI, 469 00:22:06,034 --> 00:22:08,745 they realized they had to close the loop on Oswald's guilt. 470 00:22:08,787 --> 00:22:10,538 And so they just switched it out. 471 00:22:10,580 --> 00:22:13,583 Because none of the four people, 472 00:22:13,625 --> 00:22:15,418 either the guys at Parkland, 473 00:22:15,460 --> 00:22:16,586 or the two Secret Service agents, 474 00:22:16,628 --> 00:22:18,213 could identify the bullet.  475 00:22:18,254 --> 00:22:20,090 The guy who is supposed to have gotten confirmation that 476 00:22:20,131 --> 00:22:23,385 they did identify the bullet said he never did it. 477 00:22:23,426 --> 00:22:24,886 And the record supports that.  478 00:22:24,928 --> 00:22:27,097 So, there's-- there's good reason to be 479 00:22:27,138 --> 00:22:29,808 very suspicious about the magic bullet. 480 00:22:29,849 --> 00:22:35,230 The chain of custody doesn't  start from the laboratory. 481 00:22:35,271 --> 00:22:37,899 It starts from the crime scene. 482 00:22:37,941 --> 00:22:40,568 Each piece of evidence should be photographed, 483 00:22:40,610 --> 00:22:44,781 documented, and  preserved properly. 484 00:22:45,782 --> 00:22:47,700 From the scene, 485 00:22:47,742 --> 00:22:51,371 evidence is collected, sent to the laboratory. 486 00:22:51,413 --> 00:22:54,207 We have to keep the chain of custody 487 00:22:54,249 --> 00:22:55,542 when they enter the lab. 488 00:22:55,583 --> 00:22:57,001 Who examined? 489 00:22:58,420 --> 00:23:00,755 Who did the further analysis?  490 00:23:00,797 --> 00:23:04,551 And each step have to maintain 491 00:23:04,592 --> 00:23:07,095 until you submit to the court. 492 00:23:07,137 --> 00:23:08,721 If this chain broke, 493 00:23:10,014 --> 00:23:13,017 then my evidence becomes inadmissible. 494 00:23:14,853 --> 00:23:16,438 GOLDBERG: The other problem  495 00:23:16,479 --> 00:23:18,314 is the lack of damage to the bullet 496 00:23:18,356 --> 00:23:22,110 after going through two men, smashing two bones, 497 00:23:22,152 --> 00:23:24,112 and making seven wounds. 498 00:23:24,154 --> 00:23:25,989 Dr. Joseph Dolce  499 00:23:26,030 --> 00:23:30,201 was a much-honored battlefield  surgeon during World War II. 500 00:23:30,243 --> 00:23:32,495 He worked for the  Warren Commission.  501 00:23:32,537 --> 00:23:36,749 And so they gave us the original  rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano, 502 00:23:36,791 --> 00:23:40,628 plus 100 bullets, 6.5 millimeters. 503 00:23:40,670 --> 00:23:44,048 And we went and we shot  the cadaver wrists, 504 00:23:44,090 --> 00:23:46,885 and in every instance, 505 00:23:46,926 --> 00:23:50,722 the front or the tip of the bullet was smashed.  506 00:23:50,763 --> 00:23:52,765 Under no circumstances, 507 00:23:52,807 --> 00:23:55,310 do I feel that this bullet could hit the wrist, 508 00:23:55,351 --> 00:23:56,853 and still not be deformed.  509 00:23:56,895 --> 00:23:58,646 GOLDBERG: Dolce came to believe 510 00:23:58,688 --> 00:24:01,357 that two bullets  had struck Connally. 511 00:24:01,399 --> 00:24:03,693 Since Arlen Specter pre-screened 512 00:24:03,735 --> 00:24:05,820 the medical witnesses for the commission, 513 00:24:05,862 --> 00:24:08,656 Dolce's name is not in the Warren Report, 514 00:24:08,698 --> 00:24:11,868 and his testimony  is not in the volumes. 515 00:24:11,910 --> 00:24:14,370 And even Connally  refused to accept  516 00:24:14,412 --> 00:24:16,039 the single-bullet theory. 517 00:24:19,083 --> 00:24:21,336 (reporter) Former Senator John Sherman Cooper 518 00:24:21,377 --> 00:24:23,505 is the first member of the Warren Commission 519 00:24:23,546 --> 00:24:25,381 to agree to talk on television  520 00:24:25,423 --> 00:24:28,843 about what went on inside the deliberations. 521 00:24:28,885 --> 00:24:30,720 Yes, there were disagreements. 522 00:24:30,762 --> 00:24:33,431 I think the most serious one  523 00:24:33,473 --> 00:24:36,935 that comes to me the most vividly, 524 00:24:36,976 --> 00:24:40,730 of course, is the question of whether or not the first shot  525 00:24:40,772 --> 00:24:42,649 went through President Kennedy  526 00:24:42,690 --> 00:24:45,068 and then through  Governor Connally. 527 00:24:45,109 --> 00:24:46,736 GOLDBERG: Although it  never specified  528 00:24:46,778 --> 00:24:48,905 the order of the shots, 529 00:24:48,947 --> 00:24:51,741 the Warren Report  had one bullet 530 00:24:51,783 --> 00:24:54,494 going through Kennedy and Governor Connally, 531 00:24:54,536 --> 00:24:56,204 another missing the car, 532 00:24:56,246 --> 00:24:59,874 hitting a bystander on Commerce Street, James Tague, 533 00:24:59,916 --> 00:25:02,710 and the final shot hitting Kennedy in the head. 534 00:25:03,628 --> 00:25:05,964 I could not convince myself 535 00:25:06,005 --> 00:25:09,259 that the same bullet struck both of them, although...  536 00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:12,428 (reporter) You mean  that you yourself didn't-- 537 00:25:12,470 --> 00:25:14,347 Weren't convinced about the single-bullet theory, which... 538 00:25:14,389 --> 00:25:17,016 No, I wasn't convinced by it.  Neither was Senator Russell.  539 00:25:17,058 --> 00:25:19,102 GOLDBERG: Senator  Richard Russell of Georgia  540 00:25:19,143 --> 00:25:21,938 did not want to serve on the commission.  541 00:25:21,980 --> 00:25:24,065 After he attended  the first meeting, 542 00:25:24,107 --> 00:25:27,235 he quickly became disenchanted  with the proceedings. 543 00:25:27,277 --> 00:25:30,280 Particularly the roles of J. Edgar Hoover 544 00:25:30,321 --> 00:25:34,200 and acting attorney general  Nicholas Katzenbach. 545 00:25:34,242 --> 00:25:37,328 His personal papers at the  University of Georgia Library 546 00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:38,955 contain a memo 547 00:25:38,997 --> 00:25:42,792 written after the initial December 5th, 1963, 548 00:25:42,834 --> 00:25:44,877 executive session. 549 00:25:44,919 --> 00:25:47,297 "Something strange is happening. 550 00:25:47,338 --> 00:25:50,425 "Warren and Katzenbach know  all about the FBI  551 00:25:50,466 --> 00:25:53,386 "and are apparently planning to show Oswald 552 00:25:53,428 --> 00:25:55,555 "as the only one considered. 553 00:25:55,597 --> 00:25:59,517 This to me is an  an untenable position." 554 00:25:59,559 --> 00:26:02,645 His papers revealed that he  wrote a dissenting opinion  555 00:26:02,687 --> 00:26:04,897 for the presentation at the final 556 00:26:04,939 --> 00:26:07,734 commission meeting of September 18th. 557 00:26:07,775 --> 00:26:10,403 On that day, he shared his concerns 558 00:26:10,445 --> 00:26:11,988 with President Johnson. 559 00:26:50,735 --> 00:26:54,489 GOLDBERG: He also thought that Oswald did not act alone.  560 00:26:54,530 --> 00:26:57,450 Russell was strongly influenced by the Zapruder film 561 00:26:57,492 --> 00:27:00,453 and by the testimony of Governor Connally. 562 00:27:00,495 --> 00:27:02,246 I understand there's some, uh, 563 00:27:02,288 --> 00:27:04,666 some question in the minds of the experts 564 00:27:04,707 --> 00:27:06,834 about, uh, whether or not 565 00:27:06,876 --> 00:27:09,337 we could both have been hit by the same bullet,  566 00:27:09,379 --> 00:27:10,880 and that was the first bullet. 567 00:27:10,922 --> 00:27:13,591 Uh, I just don't happen to believe that. 568 00:27:13,633 --> 00:27:15,551 I don't believe that I will believe it. 569 00:27:15,593 --> 00:27:17,428 GOLDBERG: This forced the other commissioners 570 00:27:17,470 --> 00:27:20,223 to include Connally's dissent in the report. 571 00:27:20,264 --> 00:27:23,643 And as a result,  they could not absolutely deny  572 00:27:23,685 --> 00:27:27,188 the possibility of a conspiracy.  573 00:27:27,230 --> 00:27:29,190 Russell became the first commissioner 574 00:27:29,232 --> 00:27:32,193 to criticize the Warren Report in public. 575 00:27:32,235 --> 00:27:34,070 He was followed by commission members 576 00:27:34,112 --> 00:27:38,241 John Sherman Cooper and Hale Boggs. 577 00:27:38,282 --> 00:27:41,661 But then Walter Cronkite interviewed John McCloy 578 00:27:41,703 --> 00:27:45,748 during a four-night special, co-hosted by Dan Rather. 579 00:27:45,790 --> 00:27:48,543 Are you satisfied that as much effort  580 00:27:48,584 --> 00:27:53,089 was put into challenging that  case as into establishing it?  581 00:27:53,131 --> 00:27:54,340 I'll answer that in just a moment. 582 00:27:54,382 --> 00:27:56,300 If I may just say one thing,  I would--  583 00:27:56,342 --> 00:27:57,510 I'd like to say in the first place,  584 00:27:57,552 --> 00:27:59,095 I had some questions 585 00:27:59,137 --> 00:28:01,305 as to the propriety  of my appearing here 586 00:28:01,347 --> 00:28:03,474 as a former member  of the commission 587 00:28:03,516 --> 00:28:05,727 to comment on the evidence of the commission. 588 00:28:05,768 --> 00:28:09,230 GOLDBERG: McCloy never answered Cronkite's question. 589 00:28:09,272 --> 00:28:12,734 But even worse, CBS employee Roger Feinman 590 00:28:12,775 --> 00:28:15,111 later discovered internal documents  591 00:28:15,153 --> 00:28:17,238 showing McCoy consulted extensively 592 00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:19,782 on the series through his daughter, Ellen, 593 00:28:19,824 --> 00:28:24,620 an administrative assistant to  CBS President Richard Salant. 594 00:28:24,662 --> 00:28:28,124 In 1992, reporter Jerry Policoff 595 00:28:28,166 --> 00:28:31,210 confronted Salant  and Ellen McCoy 596 00:28:31,252 --> 00:28:34,589 with the documents revealing John McCloy's instructions  597 00:28:34,630 --> 00:28:36,674 for the content of the show. 598 00:28:36,716 --> 00:28:40,720 Only then did Salant admit to their concealment.  599 00:28:40,762 --> 00:28:43,473 CBS, NBC, and The New York Times 600 00:28:43,514 --> 00:28:46,392 continued to support the commission's finding 601 00:28:46,434 --> 00:28:48,186 and never publicly reviewed  602 00:28:48,227 --> 00:28:52,648 the 26 volumes of supplemental evidence. 603 00:28:52,690 --> 00:28:55,443 Mr. Dulles, let me put some of the criticisms to you. 604 00:28:55,485 --> 00:28:56,819 Surely. 605 00:28:56,861 --> 00:28:58,696 Some of the papers  and some of the documents 606 00:28:58,738 --> 00:29:01,240 that are in the archives are-- are there 607 00:29:01,282 --> 00:29:04,744 but are withheld from public  view by the FBI, the CIA, 608 00:29:04,786 --> 00:29:07,455 an organization with which you have some experience. 609 00:29:07,497 --> 00:29:10,291 Is there anything in those which years from now 610 00:29:10,333 --> 00:29:12,543 when they may be released will upset applecarts? 611 00:29:12,585 --> 00:29:14,045 Oh, no, I don't think so. 612 00:29:14,086 --> 00:29:17,089 No, I think everything that really is-- is vital 613 00:29:17,131 --> 00:29:19,133 insofar as forming  a judgment as to what 614 00:29:19,175 --> 00:29:21,969 really happened has been made available. 615 00:29:24,806 --> 00:29:27,725 GOLDBERG: The Warren Commission was aware of something else 616 00:29:27,767 --> 00:29:29,393 that was wrong with their evidence. 617 00:29:29,435 --> 00:29:32,522 All kinds of ballistic tests  show that the bullets, in fact, 618 00:29:32,563 --> 00:29:35,024 came from that rifle. That was his rifle.  619 00:29:35,066 --> 00:29:37,026 You took  a picture of him with it. 620 00:29:37,068 --> 00:29:38,820 - No, no.  - His home prints and fingerprints 621 00:29:38,861 --> 00:29:41,030 are all over the School Book Depository. 622 00:29:41,072 --> 00:29:42,782 MARINA PORTER: You have  been misinformed.  623 00:29:42,824 --> 00:29:47,286 The ballistics tests did not prove anything at all.  624 00:29:47,328 --> 00:29:49,413 (reporter) This is  the weapon that was used. 625 00:29:49,455 --> 00:29:53,167 A rather well-worn military rifle. 626 00:29:53,209 --> 00:29:57,797 We know that Oswald  had possession of that rifle  627 00:29:57,839 --> 00:29:59,507 because we have him  photographed with it. 628 00:29:59,549 --> 00:30:03,469 And we have his wife saying that it was, quote, 629 00:30:03,511 --> 00:30:05,888 "Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald." 630 00:30:07,265 --> 00:30:09,433 STONE: Is the rifle in  evidence today  631 00:30:09,475 --> 00:30:11,102 the same rifle the commission said  632 00:30:11,143 --> 00:30:13,062 Oswald ordered through the mail? 633 00:30:13,104 --> 00:30:15,231 The rifle that Lee Oswald 634 00:30:15,273 --> 00:30:18,901 allegedly ordered under an alias of Alex Hidell, 635 00:30:18,943 --> 00:30:21,487 was obtained through Klein's  Sporting Goods store in Chicago.  636 00:30:21,529 --> 00:30:25,241 it was a mail-order, got it out of American Rifleman magazine.  637 00:30:25,283 --> 00:30:27,535 He wrote on the coupon he wanted 638 00:30:27,577 --> 00:30:29,912 a 36-inch model,  Mannlicher-Carcano, 639 00:30:29,954 --> 00:30:34,208 6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.  640 00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:36,460 Robert Frazier was one of the examiners 641 00:30:36,502 --> 00:30:38,588 and he was a firearms expert for the FBI.  642 00:30:38,629 --> 00:30:41,007 And he testified  that he did measure it, 643 00:30:41,048 --> 00:30:42,008 and the measurement 644 00:30:42,049 --> 00:30:44,093 was 40.2 inches in length,  645 00:30:44,135 --> 00:30:45,761 from barrel to stock. 646 00:30:45,803 --> 00:30:48,264 There's a 4.2-inch difference in the one he ordered, 647 00:30:48,306 --> 00:30:51,434 versus what they found in the Book Depository. 648 00:30:51,475 --> 00:30:54,103 GOLDBERG: Klein's  may have indeed delivered 649 00:30:54,145 --> 00:30:57,440 a different Mannlicher-Carcano  model to Oswald,  650 00:30:57,481 --> 00:31:00,693 but there are other anomalies to the story. 651 00:31:00,735 --> 00:31:02,904 The model that Oswald ordered 652 00:31:02,945 --> 00:31:05,281 showed these strap attachment points 653 00:31:05,323 --> 00:31:07,783 on the bottom of the barrel and stock. 654 00:31:07,825 --> 00:31:10,119 BRIAN EDWARDS: In the photograph  is Lieutenant Carl Day, 655 00:31:10,161 --> 00:31:11,454 with the Dallas Police Department 656 00:31:11,495 --> 00:31:13,956 bringing a rifle out of the Book Depository. 657 00:31:13,998 --> 00:31:17,418 One of the straps at the back of the gun is on the left side  658 00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:20,463 of the stock embedded in the stock. 659 00:31:20,504 --> 00:31:22,506 That's clearly not the rifle that was ordered,  660 00:31:22,548 --> 00:31:25,676 or at least appears in the  Klein's Sporting Goods store.  661 00:31:25,718 --> 00:31:28,763 GOLDBERG: The straps shown in the so-called backyard photos 662 00:31:28,804 --> 00:31:32,808 are on the bottom and not on the side of the stock. 663 00:31:32,850 --> 00:31:37,063 Marina Oswald took backyard photographs of Lee Oswald 664 00:31:37,104 --> 00:31:40,316 holding a rifle and a pistol on his hip. 665 00:31:40,358 --> 00:31:43,903 And in that first photograph,  that she took three of, 666 00:31:43,945 --> 00:31:49,575 Commission Exhibit 133A and 133B 667 00:31:49,617 --> 00:31:54,747 show a ring on the ring finger  of the right hand. 668 00:31:54,789 --> 00:31:59,168 133C, the ring appears on the left hand.  669 00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:01,671 In fact, the Dallas Police  showed Lee Oswald  670 00:32:01,712 --> 00:32:04,173 one of the pictures while he was still in custody.  671 00:32:04,215 --> 00:32:06,008 He said, "That's my face, but I don't remember 672 00:32:06,050 --> 00:32:08,844 ever having that  picture taken of me." 673 00:32:08,886 --> 00:32:11,263 GOLDBERG: But after all these questions are asked,  674 00:32:11,305 --> 00:32:13,975 the underlying mystery remains. 675 00:32:14,016 --> 00:32:18,020 Why would anyone use a rifle in an assassination, 676 00:32:18,062 --> 00:32:20,147 knowing there was a paper trail 677 00:32:20,189 --> 00:32:23,526 that would lead right back to them? 678 00:32:23,567 --> 00:32:26,570 Was there a palm print found on the rifle?  679 00:32:26,612 --> 00:32:31,200 The foremost fingerprint expert the FBI had, Sebastian Latona, 680 00:32:31,242 --> 00:32:34,704 took that rifle and attempted  to lift prints off of the rifle,  681 00:32:34,745 --> 00:32:36,539 the stock and/or the barrel. 682 00:32:36,580 --> 00:32:38,416 Uh, he testified  to the Warren Commission 683 00:32:38,457 --> 00:32:41,168 that he found no usable prints 684 00:32:41,210 --> 00:32:45,047 anywhere on that rifle, on the metal or the stock. 685 00:32:45,089 --> 00:32:47,883 But yet, Lieutenant Day in Dallas 686 00:32:47,925 --> 00:32:51,095 before the rifle went to Washington, said he found 687 00:32:51,137 --> 00:32:53,723 a partial palm print on the  trigger guard on the left side  688 00:32:53,764 --> 00:32:57,852 and a partial print underneath  the stock on the barrel. 689 00:32:57,893 --> 00:33:00,062 But Sebastian Latona said there was no evidence 690 00:33:00,104 --> 00:33:01,480 that a lift had even been attempted. 691 00:33:01,522 --> 00:33:03,190 STONE: No partials at all?  692 00:33:03,232 --> 00:33:04,817 Nothing that he could use in court. 693 00:33:04,859 --> 00:33:07,319 There has to be eight points  of identification.  694 00:33:07,361 --> 00:33:10,364 He found nothing that would match that. 695 00:33:10,406 --> 00:33:14,035 (woman on recorder)  J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192. 696 00:33:14,076 --> 00:33:14,785 JOHNSON: Yes? 697 00:33:14,827 --> 00:33:18,581 HOOVER: I've seen the reports on this investigation. 698 00:33:18,622 --> 00:33:22,001 This man, Oswald,  he had fired three shots. 699 00:33:22,043 --> 00:33:24,045 He then threw the gun aside, 700 00:33:24,086 --> 00:33:30,551 and, uh, he apparently had come down the five flights of steps. 701 00:33:30,593 --> 00:33:33,220 A stairway from the fifth floor. 702 00:33:33,262 --> 00:33:34,889 JOHNSON: You can prove that? 703 00:33:34,930 --> 00:33:37,224 HOOVER: Oh, yes. Oh, yes, we can prove that.  704 00:33:37,266 --> 00:33:40,227 JOHNSON: Did anybody hear, anybody see him?  705 00:33:40,269 --> 00:33:43,105 HOOVER: Most of the employees were down on a lower floor, but 706 00:33:43,147 --> 00:33:46,901 he was stopped at the second floor by a police officer.  707 00:33:46,942 --> 00:33:49,779 And some workers,  some manager in the building 708 00:33:49,820 --> 00:33:51,906 told the police officer, "Well, he's all right, he works here.  709 00:33:51,947 --> 00:33:53,449 You needn't hold him." 710 00:33:53,491 --> 00:33:55,868 So they let him go. That's how he got out. 711 00:33:55,910 --> 00:33:58,162 MARRION BAKER: At the time that I heard those shots, 712 00:33:58,204 --> 00:34:02,083 I ran into that building and  made it up to the second floor. 713 00:34:02,124 --> 00:34:05,461 It was approximately a minute  and a half to two minutes. 714 00:34:05,503 --> 00:34:07,963 CRONKITE: In possibly less than two minutes, 715 00:34:08,005 --> 00:34:10,549 investigators came to the School Book Building  716 00:34:10,591 --> 00:34:12,927 with stopwatches  and critical eyes. 717 00:34:12,968 --> 00:34:15,888 Not only police and government  agents traced that route, 718 00:34:15,930 --> 00:34:18,390 Chief Justice Warren and some other commission members 719 00:34:18,432 --> 00:34:19,809 did it for themselves. 720 00:34:21,435 --> 00:34:23,479 I was interested in finding  721 00:34:23,521 --> 00:34:26,315 a specific witness  to the assassination, 722 00:34:26,357 --> 00:34:28,317 which was Victoria Adams. 723 00:34:29,944 --> 00:34:31,654 She worked on the fourth floor  724 00:34:31,695 --> 00:34:33,989 of the Texas School Book Depository,  725 00:34:34,031 --> 00:34:36,367 and she knew Oswald. 726 00:34:36,408 --> 00:34:38,619 I went to the National Archives 727 00:34:38,661 --> 00:34:42,873 searching for her original testimony. 728 00:34:42,915 --> 00:34:44,667 I was told that the tape 729 00:34:44,708 --> 00:34:47,503 containing her testimony was missing. 730 00:34:47,545 --> 00:34:50,005 And later I learned that that tape 731 00:34:50,047 --> 00:34:53,300 had been destroyed by the Warren Commission. 732 00:34:53,342 --> 00:34:55,553 And so I finally ended up finding her 733 00:34:55,594 --> 00:34:58,681 and getting her side of the story. 734 00:34:58,722 --> 00:35:02,268 Vicki Adams was 22 at the time of the assassination,  735 00:35:02,309 --> 00:35:04,228 and she testified that immediately 736 00:35:04,270 --> 00:35:07,064 after the assassination, 737 00:35:07,106 --> 00:35:09,316 she ran down the back stairs 738 00:35:09,358 --> 00:35:11,360 to get outside  to see what was going on. 739 00:35:12,153 --> 00:35:13,696 If that were true,  740 00:35:13,737 --> 00:35:17,950 she would have seen Oswald  on the back stairs. 741 00:35:17,992 --> 00:35:20,703 But she testified that she saw and heard no one. 742 00:35:22,037 --> 00:35:24,373 She had realized  that something was wrong, 743 00:35:24,415 --> 00:35:26,458 because no one was believing her.  744 00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,962 So she asked David Belin, who was questioning her, 745 00:35:30,004 --> 00:35:31,881 "Interview Sandra Styles, 746 00:35:31,922 --> 00:35:35,384 a coworker who went down the stairs with me." 747 00:35:35,426 --> 00:35:37,803 This became a rather serious problem 748 00:35:37,845 --> 00:35:39,597 for the Warren Commission,  749 00:35:39,638 --> 00:35:45,227 because discrediting one woman  was easy to do. 750 00:35:45,269 --> 00:35:48,314 But discrediting  a corroborating witness, 751 00:35:48,355 --> 00:35:50,733 that may have been a little bit tougher. 752 00:35:50,774 --> 00:35:54,528 So Belin said, "We don't need Sandra Styles,  753 00:35:54,570 --> 00:35:55,446 we have you." 754 00:35:56,614 --> 00:35:57,865 (man) We've had Mr.  Belin here 755 00:35:57,907 --> 00:35:59,408 with us too, one of our counselors 756 00:35:59,450 --> 00:36:01,327 who's been here several times, and... 757 00:36:01,368 --> 00:36:05,247 He knows this city now as very few people do. 758 00:36:05,289 --> 00:36:09,001 BARRY ERNEST: According to  Vicki's original FBI testimony, 759 00:36:09,043 --> 00:36:11,587 she left the window on the fourth floor 760 00:36:11,629 --> 00:36:15,090 within 15 to 30 seconds of the assassination. 761 00:36:15,132 --> 00:36:18,427 The Warren Commission elevated  that time to one minute. 762 00:36:18,469 --> 00:36:21,263 She said she arrived on the first floor  763 00:36:21,305 --> 00:36:24,099 within 60 seconds of the assassination. 764 00:36:24,141 --> 00:36:28,229 The Warren Commission elevated that time to several minutes.  765 00:36:28,270 --> 00:36:30,689 So what the Warren Commission did 766 00:36:30,731 --> 00:36:33,025 was successfully  deceive the public 767 00:36:33,067 --> 00:36:36,946 into thinking that Vicki was  just another confused witness. 768 00:36:36,987 --> 00:36:37,988 Case closed. 769 00:36:38,030 --> 00:36:39,448 Reenactments prove,  770 00:36:39,490 --> 00:36:42,076 the report says, that Oswald did have time, 771 00:36:42,117 --> 00:36:45,287 just enough time to fire the shots, secret the rifle,  772 00:36:45,329 --> 00:36:47,706 and get down to the second floor  cafeteria. 773 00:36:49,583 --> 00:36:55,381 But in 1999, I found a document in the National Archives 774 00:36:55,422 --> 00:36:59,301 that had been suppressed for 35 years. 775 00:36:59,343 --> 00:37:01,679 It was a letter written 776 00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:05,557 by Assistant US Attorney Martha Jo Stroud.  777 00:37:05,599 --> 00:37:08,727 It was a transmittal letter  forwarding 778 00:37:08,769 --> 00:37:12,022 Vicki's signed testimony to J. Lee Rankin,  779 00:37:12,064 --> 00:37:14,441 the head honcho of the Warren Commission's  780 00:37:14,483 --> 00:37:16,902 investigation at that point. 781 00:37:16,944 --> 00:37:19,238 In the last paragraph of that letter, 782 00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:21,282 almost as an afterthought, 783 00:37:21,323 --> 00:37:25,744 we're introduced to a woman  by the name of Dorothy Garner.  784 00:37:25,786 --> 00:37:29,790 Garner was Vicki's immediate supervisor 785 00:37:29,832 --> 00:37:32,835 who had stood at the window with Vicki. 786 00:37:32,876 --> 00:37:36,130 The letter quotes Garner as saying that she saw 787 00:37:36,171 --> 00:37:38,090 Vicki go down the stairs 788 00:37:38,132 --> 00:37:44,013 before she saw Officer Baker and Roy Truly come up. 789 00:37:44,054 --> 00:37:47,391 When I found and interviewed  Dorothy Garner, 790 00:37:47,433 --> 00:37:49,268 she confirmed everything. 791 00:37:49,310 --> 00:37:52,062 She said that she had been  at the window with Vicki, 792 00:37:52,104 --> 00:37:55,774 that Vicki had left the window immediately, 793 00:37:55,816 --> 00:37:59,945 that she actually followed  Vicki outside the office 794 00:37:59,987 --> 00:38:03,907 and to a point where she could  see her going down the stairs.  795 00:38:03,949 --> 00:38:07,286 And during that whole time, she never saw Oswald. 796 00:38:07,328 --> 00:38:11,040 So the Stroud letter became  a very dangerous document 797 00:38:11,081 --> 00:38:14,001 for the Warren Commission.  798 00:38:14,043 --> 00:38:17,338 GOLDBERG: Without the Review Board's  declassification process, 799 00:38:17,379 --> 00:38:21,091 we would never have learned  of the corroborating testimony  800 00:38:21,133 --> 00:38:24,928 of three witnesses that provide powerful evidence  801 00:38:24,970 --> 00:38:27,431 that Oswald was not on the sixth floor 802 00:38:27,473 --> 00:38:29,850 at the time of the shooting. 803 00:38:41,320 --> 00:38:45,699 Legally speaking, the autopsy  should have been done in Dallas,  804 00:38:45,741 --> 00:38:48,744 and there was a forensic pathologist, Earl Rose. 805 00:38:48,786 --> 00:38:51,121 He was there to assume jurisdiction 806 00:38:51,163 --> 00:38:53,332 and to do the autopsy. 807 00:38:53,374 --> 00:38:55,501 He was pushed up against the wall  808 00:38:55,542 --> 00:38:57,711 and threatened, hands on guns, 809 00:38:57,753 --> 00:38:59,630 a lot of expletives and so on.  810 00:38:59,671 --> 00:39:01,465 He followed them out of the driveway, 811 00:39:01,507 --> 00:39:04,760 and they took the body illegally out of Dallas 812 00:39:04,802 --> 00:39:07,596 in violation of the laws in the state of Texas. 813 00:39:08,889 --> 00:39:10,516 GOLDBERG: After Air Force One 814 00:39:10,557 --> 00:39:12,226 left Dallas for Washington,  815 00:39:12,267 --> 00:39:15,521 two of the key doctors who had  tried to save Kennedy's life 816 00:39:15,562 --> 00:39:18,690 at Parkland Hospital, held a press conference. 817 00:39:18,732 --> 00:39:22,611 They were Dr. Malcolm Perry  and Dr. Kemp Clark. 818 00:39:22,653 --> 00:39:25,072 When were the two major points of evidence 819 00:39:25,114 --> 00:39:26,532 revealed by Kemp Clark and Malcolm Perry 820 00:39:26,573 --> 00:39:28,367 at the press conference? 821 00:39:28,409 --> 00:39:30,452 Dr. Perry performed  the tracheotomy 822 00:39:30,494 --> 00:39:32,871 to help Kennedy breathe, 823 00:39:32,913 --> 00:39:35,040 and at a press conference right after 824 00:39:35,082 --> 00:39:38,001 the failed resuscitation efforts in Dallas, 825 00:39:38,043 --> 00:39:39,628 he was asked, "Well, where was the bullet?" 826 00:39:39,670 --> 00:39:41,422 He said, "The bullet looked like  it was coming at him. 827 00:39:41,463 --> 00:39:43,298 He had an entrance wound in the throat." 828 00:39:44,383 --> 00:39:45,717 DOUGLAS HORNE: Kemp Clarke 829 00:39:45,759 --> 00:39:47,094 was the head of  neurosurgery at Parkland. 830 00:39:47,136 --> 00:39:50,347 He said that the President  had a gaping wound 831 00:39:50,389 --> 00:39:51,974 in the occipital-parietal area. 832 00:39:52,015 --> 00:39:54,351 That's, you know,  the right rear of the head.  833 00:39:54,393 --> 00:39:56,437 And so the description he gave of that 834 00:39:56,478 --> 00:39:59,523 was entirely consistent with an exit wound.  835 00:39:59,565 --> 00:40:00,858 We have a transcript today  836 00:40:00,899 --> 00:40:02,443 of what they said  at the press conference. 837 00:40:02,484 --> 00:40:05,696 So it's White House transcript  1327C.  838 00:40:05,737 --> 00:40:07,281 That's a very important historical document, 839 00:40:07,322 --> 00:40:10,451 because the Secret Service  confiscated the videotapes  840 00:40:10,492 --> 00:40:12,286 from the local TV stations.  841 00:40:12,327 --> 00:40:16,206 GOLDBERG: There is, however,  a surviving clip of Dr. Perry 842 00:40:16,248 --> 00:40:19,126 recorded not long  after the press conference.  843 00:40:32,514 --> 00:40:35,267 GOLDBERG: What Clark and Perry both revealed that day 844 00:40:35,309 --> 00:40:39,104 would indicate an assassin from the front.  845 00:40:39,146 --> 00:40:41,356 And Assistant White House Press Secretary  846 00:40:41,398 --> 00:40:43,692 Malcolm Kilduff's statement  847 00:40:43,734 --> 00:40:47,196 seems to support  this conclusion.  848 00:40:47,237 --> 00:40:53,619 It's a simple matter of a bullet  right through the head. 849 00:40:55,746 --> 00:40:57,122 GOLDBERG: The day after  the shooting,  850 00:40:57,164 --> 00:41:00,042 Dr. Perry was seen by Nurse Audrey Bell, 851 00:41:00,083 --> 00:41:02,377 who had been with him in the operating room. 852 00:41:02,419 --> 00:41:05,130 AUDREY BELL: Saturday morning, when I got over there, 853 00:41:05,172 --> 00:41:07,382 Dr. Perry came up to the office. 854 00:41:07,424 --> 00:41:08,884 I said, "You look awful. 855 00:41:08,926 --> 00:41:11,220 Did you get any sleep last night?" 856 00:41:11,261 --> 00:41:13,472 He said, "Well, not too much, 857 00:41:13,514 --> 00:41:17,392 between the calls from Bethesda that came in during the night." 858 00:41:17,434 --> 00:41:18,894 I said, "What about?" 859 00:41:18,936 --> 00:41:21,939 He said, "Oh, whether that was an entrance wound  860 00:41:21,980 --> 00:41:23,899 or an exit wound  in the throat." 861 00:41:23,941 --> 00:41:25,817 He said, "They were wanting me  to change my mind." 862 00:41:26,944 --> 00:41:28,904 In his Warren Commission testimony, 863 00:41:28,946 --> 00:41:31,573 he basically retracted what he had said 864 00:41:31,615 --> 00:41:33,867 and they forced him to back down 865 00:41:33,909 --> 00:41:36,286 and intimidated him on the witness stand. 866 00:41:36,328 --> 00:41:39,039 It was really quite embarrassing for me as a physician 867 00:41:39,081 --> 00:41:41,667 to see how someone else who was telling the truth 868 00:41:41,708 --> 00:41:44,253 was basically forced to recant his own opinion. 869 00:41:44,294 --> 00:41:46,964 Did it occur to you at the time or did you think, 870 00:41:47,005 --> 00:41:51,218 "Was this an entry wound or was this an exit wound?" 871 00:41:51,260 --> 00:41:53,762 Actually, I didn't really give it much thought 872 00:41:53,804 --> 00:41:55,556 and I realized that perhaps 873 00:41:55,597 --> 00:41:57,558 it would have been  better had I done so. 874 00:41:57,599 --> 00:42:00,561 But I actually applied my energies, 875 00:42:00,602 --> 00:42:02,563 and those of us there all did, 876 00:42:02,604 --> 00:42:04,356 to the problem at hand. 877 00:42:04,398 --> 00:42:06,358 And I didn't really  concern myself too much 878 00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,735 with how it happened or why.  879 00:42:08,777 --> 00:42:13,282 In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me  880 00:42:13,323 --> 00:42:16,535 on the faculty at the University of Washington 881 00:42:16,577 --> 00:42:18,537 in the cardiac surgery division.  882 00:42:18,579 --> 00:42:22,624 So I got to know Malcolm when I joined the faculty.  883 00:42:22,666 --> 00:42:24,918 We developed a professional relationship,  884 00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:28,589 and we would operate together  on complex cases. 885 00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:34,595 I was particularly interested  in, uh, Dr. Perry's position  886 00:42:34,636 --> 00:42:36,346 with the JFK assassination 887 00:42:36,388 --> 00:42:40,434 because he did the tracheotomy on him after he was shot. 888 00:42:40,475 --> 00:42:44,521 The problem is that Malcolm categorically refused 889 00:42:44,563 --> 00:42:48,191 to ever discuss the assassination,  890 00:42:48,233 --> 00:42:51,153 uh, and he wouldn't  answer my questions  about that neck wound. 891 00:42:51,194 --> 00:42:53,905 And then one night  after we had operated together 892 00:42:53,947 --> 00:42:57,075 for many hours on a complex case,  893 00:42:57,117 --> 00:42:59,161 we were sitting in  the surgeons' lounge alone, 894 00:42:59,202 --> 00:43:01,163 drinking coffee, 895 00:43:01,204 --> 00:43:04,916 and I once again asked him about that neck wound. 896 00:43:04,958 --> 00:43:10,797 And this time, he said it was an entrance wound, 897 00:43:10,839 --> 00:43:14,801 unquestionably an entrance wound.  898 00:43:14,843 --> 00:43:19,097 One of the-- the main reasons  Dr. Perry changed his testimony 899 00:43:19,139 --> 00:43:22,017 and publicly agreed  it was an exit wound 900 00:43:22,059 --> 00:43:26,021 is a Secret Service agent, uh, put the pressure on him, 901 00:43:26,063 --> 00:43:28,857 and that person was Elmer Moore.  902 00:43:30,025 --> 00:43:32,486 In 1970, Elmer Moore was the head 903 00:43:32,527 --> 00:43:35,364 of the Secret Service office in Seattle 904 00:43:35,405 --> 00:43:38,742 and a graduate student named Jim Gochenaur  905 00:43:38,784 --> 00:43:40,702 became friends with him, 906 00:43:40,744 --> 00:43:43,455 and he admitted to Gochenaur that he regretted 907 00:43:43,497 --> 00:43:46,833 putting pressure on Dr. Perry.  908 00:43:46,875 --> 00:43:48,960 So I asked him directly. 909 00:43:49,002 --> 00:43:54,591 I said, "Mr. Moore,  did you pressure Dr. Perry?"  910 00:43:54,633 --> 00:43:55,967 He stopped for a minute. 911 00:43:56,009 --> 00:43:58,387 He says, "Well, I was ordered to do that." 912 00:43:58,428 --> 00:43:59,846 He expanded on it. 913 00:43:59,888 --> 00:44:01,306 And he said that Inspector Kelley 914 00:44:01,348 --> 00:44:04,851 had ordered him to talk with Perry 915 00:44:04,893 --> 00:44:06,812 and, uh, convince him that it could be 916 00:44:06,853 --> 00:44:09,564 either an exit or an entry wound,  917 00:44:09,606 --> 00:44:12,067 not an entry wound.  918 00:44:12,109 --> 00:44:15,570 And I thought it was pretty interesting 919 00:44:15,612 --> 00:44:20,242 that he would admit to something  that's pretty close to a felony.  920 00:44:20,283 --> 00:44:23,036 DONALD MILLER: Elmer Moore was also in charge  921 00:44:23,078 --> 00:44:24,746 of getting the doctors  at Parkland 922 00:44:24,788 --> 00:44:27,040 to change their testimony,  923 00:44:27,082 --> 00:44:28,875 and agree that there was  no big hole 924 00:44:28,917 --> 00:44:32,087 in the back of Kennedy's head.  925 00:44:32,129 --> 00:44:35,006 GOLDBERG: Charles Crenshaw,  a third year resident, 926 00:44:35,048 --> 00:44:38,301 was in the emergency room at Parkland that day. 927 00:44:38,343 --> 00:44:41,847 He later said in public that he felt the wounds in Kennedy 928 00:44:41,888 --> 00:44:44,349 originated from the front.  929 00:44:44,391 --> 00:44:46,852 From here, through.  930 00:44:46,893 --> 00:44:49,062 GARY AGUILAR: Charles Crenshaw  wrote a book,  931 00:44:49,104 --> 00:44:51,565 Conspiracy of Silence, in the wake of the film JFK,  932 00:44:51,606 --> 00:44:53,775 saying, "Look, I was at Parkland Hospital.  933 00:44:53,817 --> 00:44:56,737 "I saw Kennedy, I was involved in the treatment,  934 00:44:56,778 --> 00:44:58,447 "and Kennedy's wounds were not consistent  935 00:44:58,488 --> 00:45:00,532 "with a shot from above and behind because  936 00:45:00,574 --> 00:45:03,285 he had a defect involving the right rear of his head."  937 00:45:05,495 --> 00:45:07,038 (man over recorder)  Using the most precise 938 00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:08,540 medical terminology that you can use.  939 00:45:08,582 --> 00:45:09,958 (Audrey Bell over recorder) Okay, let's see,  940 00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,295 it was on the right rear 941 00:45:13,336 --> 00:45:17,299 and he shifted the head, a little bit, to the left,  942 00:45:17,340 --> 00:45:21,636 lifted up the, well, kind of the matted area, the flap.  943 00:45:21,678 --> 00:45:25,599 And you could see  the, uh, hole, 944 00:45:25,640 --> 00:45:27,976 and there was, uh, 945 00:45:28,018 --> 00:45:32,314 brain and spinal fluid dripping down out of it. 946 00:45:32,355 --> 00:45:35,150 Then I noticed it was dripping, you know, down into a bucket. 947 00:45:37,611 --> 00:45:39,362 STONE: As early as 1981,  948 00:45:39,404 --> 00:45:41,948 copies of the autopsy photos were leaked 949 00:45:41,990 --> 00:45:45,118 and distributed among JFK researchers. 950 00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:46,787 The image of Kennedy's head wound 951 00:45:46,828 --> 00:45:51,458 contradicted what was witnessed by the Parkland doctors. 952 00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:56,296 I recall the injury being right along in this area. 953 00:45:59,466 --> 00:46:02,886 MANTIK: It's as if the autopsy materials were designed 954 00:46:02,928 --> 00:46:05,347 to hide what was really happening, 955 00:46:05,388 --> 00:46:07,766 as opposed to what  they should usually do. 956 00:46:07,808 --> 00:46:12,395 They're supposed to reveal the full extent of things. 957 00:46:12,437 --> 00:46:14,481 GOLDBERG: The evening of the assassination, 958 00:46:14,523 --> 00:46:18,276 the body of President Kennedy was returned to Washington.  959 00:46:18,318 --> 00:46:21,696 The autopsy was performed at Bethesda Medical Center,  960 00:46:21,738 --> 00:46:23,782 a naval institution. 961 00:46:23,824 --> 00:46:25,659 All of the top forensic pathologists 962 00:46:25,700 --> 00:46:27,202 in the United States 963 00:46:27,244 --> 00:46:30,831 were within one-hour drive or flying time from D.C. 964 00:46:30,872 --> 00:46:32,874 Not one of them was called upon.  965 00:46:32,916 --> 00:46:34,876 There were two Navy pathologists,  966 00:46:34,918 --> 00:46:36,461 Commander James Humes 967 00:46:36,503 --> 00:46:38,547 and his associate, J. Thornton Boswell. 968 00:46:38,588 --> 00:46:42,300 These two military pathologists who had never done  969 00:46:42,342 --> 00:46:45,846 a single gunshot-wound autopsy in their entire careers. 970 00:46:45,887 --> 00:46:47,430 This is something that really  971 00:46:47,472 --> 00:46:49,432 has to be emphasized to every American.  972 00:46:49,474 --> 00:46:51,601 I don't care, Democrat, Republican, liberal, conservative. 973 00:46:51,643 --> 00:46:53,061 This is your president, 974 00:46:53,103 --> 00:46:55,313 and you've got multiple gunshot wounds 975 00:46:55,355 --> 00:46:58,567 to determine angles, trajectory,  range, sequence. 976 00:46:58,608 --> 00:46:59,985 And then you've got to correlate  977 00:47:00,026 --> 00:47:01,611 with the multiple gunshot wounds in Connally. 978 00:47:01,653 --> 00:47:04,197 This is a formidable task that would have required 979 00:47:04,239 --> 00:47:08,326 two or three major forensic pathologists to-- to undertake. 980 00:47:08,368 --> 00:47:10,537 So they called Humes and Boswell.  981 00:47:10,579 --> 00:47:11,913 They realized they were over their head. 982 00:47:11,955 --> 00:47:13,290 They called in an expert 983 00:47:13,331 --> 00:47:15,083 from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 984 00:47:15,125 --> 00:47:16,668 a guy named Pierre Finck. 985 00:47:16,710 --> 00:47:19,212 Dr. Humes and Boswell started the autopsy 986 00:47:19,254 --> 00:47:21,590 before their forensics consultant even got there,  987 00:47:21,631 --> 00:47:23,592 but they realized they were in over their head.  988 00:47:23,633 --> 00:47:26,761 So they asked to have a medical examiner  because Dr. Finck,  989 00:47:26,803 --> 00:47:29,931 who is a forensic pathologist,  wasn't doing autopsies. 990 00:47:29,973 --> 00:47:31,600 He hadn't done one in more than two years. 991 00:47:31,641 --> 00:47:33,602 So they asked for permission  to bring in somebody 992 00:47:33,643 --> 00:47:37,522 who knew what they were doing. Permission was denied. 993 00:47:37,564 --> 00:47:40,066 AGUILAR: There were a lot of  people at the Bethesda morgue. 994 00:47:40,108 --> 00:47:41,359 The latest count  by all the researchers 995 00:47:41,401 --> 00:47:43,945 that I know of is  about 33 people.  996 00:47:43,987 --> 00:47:46,239 There was a gallery, bleachers. 997 00:47:46,281 --> 00:47:49,284 Apparently, all three rows  were filled with people. 998 00:47:49,326 --> 00:47:52,370 These three autopsy pathologists were given a body, 999 00:47:52,412 --> 00:47:53,580 told, "Here's the body, 1000 00:47:53,622 --> 00:47:55,332 he was shot from behind, he fell forward," 1001 00:47:55,373 --> 00:47:57,334 which they wrote in their autopsy report, 1002 00:47:57,375 --> 00:47:58,501 figure out how the wounds fit  1003 00:47:58,543 --> 00:48:00,503 the known circumstances of the shooting. 1004 00:48:00,545 --> 00:48:04,049 But what this really speaks to is the fact that the autopsy  1005 00:48:04,090 --> 00:48:05,508 was not in the control of the surgeons 1006 00:48:05,550 --> 00:48:07,594 that were charged  with doing it. 1007 00:48:07,636 --> 00:48:09,721 It was in the control of people who were there, 1008 00:48:09,763 --> 00:48:12,933 who were telling them what they could do and what they couldn't do.  1009 00:48:12,974 --> 00:48:15,644 (reporter) Let's talk about those two wounds, Captain. 1010 00:48:15,685 --> 00:48:18,146 You examined this whole area of the back. 1011 00:48:18,188 --> 00:48:19,397 JAMES J. HUMES: Yes, sir. 1012 00:48:19,439 --> 00:48:21,107 WECHT: So on the night  of the autopsy, 1013 00:48:21,149 --> 00:48:23,151 Humes and Boswell said, 1014 00:48:23,193 --> 00:48:25,236 "Hey, we got a bullet hole in the President's back," 1015 00:48:25,278 --> 00:48:28,156 which they examined with the finger, 1016 00:48:28,198 --> 00:48:29,616 then with an instrument, then took x-rays, 1017 00:48:29,658 --> 00:48:31,409 then took out the lungs. 1018 00:48:31,451 --> 00:48:32,661 And no bullets. 1019 00:48:32,702 --> 00:48:34,162 In a murder case,  1020 00:48:34,204 --> 00:48:36,831 that is a very serious problem for them.  1021 00:48:36,873 --> 00:48:38,375 So where did that bullet go? 1022 00:48:38,416 --> 00:48:41,127 It was just, like you say, a work of fiction.  1023 00:48:41,169 --> 00:48:43,463 A call came in from the FBI in Dallas. 1024 00:48:43,505 --> 00:48:45,048 A bullet was found.  1025 00:48:45,090 --> 00:48:46,633 Darrell Tomlinson, a maintenance man  1026 00:48:46,675 --> 00:48:48,343 at Parkland Hospital, 1027 00:48:48,385 --> 00:48:51,179 trying to get to the men's room,  passing by the ER,  1028 00:48:51,221 --> 00:48:52,931 found the stretchers blocking the way,  1029 00:48:52,973 --> 00:48:55,058 bent down, moved the stretcher, 1030 00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:56,810 and there was a bullet. 1031 00:48:56,851 --> 00:48:58,186 How did that bullet get there?  1032 00:48:58,228 --> 00:48:59,896 Humes and Boswell came up 1033 00:48:59,938 --> 00:49:02,190 with this totally  absurd conclusion  1034 00:49:02,232 --> 00:49:04,234 that when the President lay 1035 00:49:04,275 --> 00:49:07,320 on the stretcher, supine position, 1036 00:49:07,362 --> 00:49:09,280 and pressure was applied to his chest 1037 00:49:09,322 --> 00:49:11,700 for cardiopulmonary  resuscitation, 1038 00:49:11,741 --> 00:49:15,286 that pressure, applied anteriorly, forced the bullet,  1039 00:49:15,328 --> 00:49:17,414 which had gone deeply into the tissues, 1040 00:49:17,455 --> 00:49:19,082 back out through like a tunnel. 1041 00:49:19,124 --> 00:49:21,376 In and out, a car in reverse. 1042 00:49:21,418 --> 00:49:24,254 And what's very important to note is 1043 00:49:24,295 --> 00:49:26,881 bullets don't go in and out like that. 1044 00:49:26,923 --> 00:49:30,552 The bullet becomes encased. But that was their conclusion. 1045 00:49:30,593 --> 00:49:34,055 Keep in mind, they did not know that there was a bullet hole 1046 00:49:34,097 --> 00:49:35,890 in the front of the President's neck. 1047 00:49:35,932 --> 00:49:38,268 Commander. Now, Captain Humes,  1048 00:49:38,309 --> 00:49:40,395 how many autopsies  have you performed?  1049 00:49:40,437 --> 00:49:42,397 HUMES: Approximately 1,000.  1050 00:49:42,439 --> 00:49:47,068 It wasn't until the next morning  when Humes decided,  1051 00:49:47,110 --> 00:49:48,486 "Hey, maybe we outta talk with 1052 00:49:48,528 --> 00:49:50,947 the surgeons at Parkland Hospital." 1053 00:49:50,989 --> 00:49:53,783 Earlier that day, the doctors at Parkland Hospital 1054 00:49:53,825 --> 00:49:55,618 had determined that the bullet  1055 00:49:55,660 --> 00:49:57,537 had fortuitously  ripped through the trachea.  1056 00:49:57,579 --> 00:50:00,582 So they enlarged  that bullet hole.  1057 00:50:00,623 --> 00:50:02,834 And now they learned, for the first time, 1058 00:50:02,876 --> 00:50:04,878 that there was a tracheostomy  1059 00:50:04,919 --> 00:50:07,130 superimposed upon a bullet wound. 1060 00:50:07,172 --> 00:50:09,924 "Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.  1061 00:50:09,966 --> 00:50:11,426 "Now we know!" 1062 00:50:11,468 --> 00:50:14,179 The shot fired from the rear, entered the back,  1063 00:50:14,220 --> 00:50:16,639 moving around 2,000 feet per second, 1064 00:50:16,681 --> 00:50:19,517 comes out, then stops, sees the starched white collar, 1065 00:50:19,559 --> 00:50:22,103 gets frightened to death, plops into the front of his clothing. 1066 00:50:22,145 --> 00:50:23,772 And that's where  the bullet came from, 1067 00:50:23,813 --> 00:50:25,774 found by Tomlinson on the stretcher.  1068 00:50:25,815 --> 00:50:27,317 Four or five months later, 1069 00:50:27,358 --> 00:50:29,903 under Arlen Specter's single-bullet theory, 1070 00:50:29,944 --> 00:50:32,614 that bullet has been rejuvenated, it's been revitalized. 1071 00:50:32,655 --> 00:50:33,990 That bullet has now gone through  1072 00:50:34,032 --> 00:50:35,784 Kennedy, through Connally,  1073 00:50:35,825 --> 00:50:39,996 and now, as of April of 1964,  the Stretcher Bullet, 1074 00:50:40,038 --> 00:50:41,873 Commission Exhibit #399, 1075 00:50:41,915 --> 00:50:43,625 the hero of the Warren Commission report, 1076 00:50:43,666 --> 00:50:46,711 is now from Connally's left thigh. 1077 00:50:46,753 --> 00:50:48,922 How is that possible? 1078 00:50:48,963 --> 00:50:50,924 It's unbelievable! 1079 00:50:50,965 --> 00:50:53,802 ...which is scientific evidence 1080 00:50:53,843 --> 00:51:00,308 that the wound was made from behind and passed forward. 1081 00:51:00,350 --> 00:51:03,895 AGUILAR: Dr. Humes destroyed  his original autopsy notes.  1082 00:51:03,937 --> 00:51:05,772 Now, Dr. Humes, the chief autopsy pathologist, 1083 00:51:05,814 --> 00:51:07,732 and what we all know as doctors, 1084 00:51:07,774 --> 00:51:09,651 notes taken while  you're doing something 1085 00:51:09,692 --> 00:51:11,152 are much more important, 1086 00:51:11,194 --> 00:51:12,987 and are likely to be closer to the truth 1087 00:51:13,029 --> 00:51:15,573 than anything you write later. 1088 00:51:15,615 --> 00:51:18,118 And he admitted that he'd destroyed autopsy notes. 1089 00:51:18,159 --> 00:51:20,161 You destroyed your original notes  1090 00:51:20,203 --> 00:51:21,830 in a medical legal autopsy? 1091 00:51:21,871 --> 00:51:25,333 And remember, that night Oswald is still alive. 1092 00:51:25,375 --> 00:51:26,835 You're going to be asked, doctor, 1093 00:51:26,876 --> 00:51:31,548 at some point in time under oath  to give sworn testimony. 1094 00:51:31,589 --> 00:51:33,800 Why did you destroy those notes, doctor?  1095 00:51:33,842 --> 00:51:36,803 Doesn't a pathologist keep his notes? 1096 00:51:36,845 --> 00:51:39,514 And he said, "Well,  I destroyed my own autopsy notes  1097 00:51:39,556 --> 00:51:41,933 "because they were splattered  with the President's blood 1098 00:51:41,975 --> 00:51:44,811 and I didn't want them to become  objects of morbid curiosity."  1099 00:51:44,853 --> 00:51:46,354 The third doctor, Dr. Finck, 1100 00:51:46,396 --> 00:51:48,314 who was there, also wrote some notes 1101 00:51:48,356 --> 00:51:49,899 and complained bitterly about the fact 1102 00:51:49,941 --> 00:51:51,484 that his notes disappeared too. 1103 00:51:51,526 --> 00:51:53,611 He was so upset because he had to go home 1104 00:51:53,653 --> 00:51:56,072 and reconstruct all of his notes from memory.  1105 00:51:58,074 --> 00:51:59,993 The two FBI agents at the autopsy, 1106 00:52:00,034 --> 00:52:02,662 Frank O'Neill and James Sibert, 1107 00:52:02,704 --> 00:52:05,623 they reported what they heard during the autopsy, 1108 00:52:05,665 --> 00:52:08,376 what they heard the pathologists say, 1109 00:52:08,418 --> 00:52:10,461 specifically Dr. Humes. 1110 00:52:10,503 --> 00:52:15,049 They were interviewed by Arlen Specter in early 1964. 1111 00:52:15,091 --> 00:52:19,220 He proceeded to write very unfavorable comments 1112 00:52:19,262 --> 00:52:21,973 about them in a summary memo  for the record. 1113 00:52:22,015 --> 00:52:23,391 We know with confidence 1114 00:52:23,433 --> 00:52:25,268 why he didn't like  what they had to say, 1115 00:52:25,310 --> 00:52:27,395 because they were providing evidence  1116 00:52:27,437 --> 00:52:29,564 that the single-bullet theory  could not be true.  1117 00:52:29,606 --> 00:52:31,900 GOLDBERG: Neither Sibert  nor O'Neill  1118 00:52:31,941 --> 00:52:34,611 were asked to testify for the Warren Commission,  1119 00:52:34,652 --> 00:52:37,197 and their written notes became classified. 1120 00:52:37,238 --> 00:52:39,741 In 1997, their depositions  were taken 1121 00:52:39,782 --> 00:52:42,869 by the Assassination Records Review Board. 1122 00:52:42,911 --> 00:52:45,121 DOUGLAS HORNE: Both  Sibert and O'Neill 1123 00:52:45,163 --> 00:52:48,333 were shown the photographs  of the back of JFK's head,  1124 00:52:48,374 --> 00:52:51,544 the autopsy photographs that are the most controversial.  1125 00:52:51,586 --> 00:52:53,171 And they both said  that they didn't 1126 00:52:53,213 --> 00:52:55,215 see anything like that at the autopsy. 1127 00:52:55,256 --> 00:52:57,508 O'Neill had said, "It looks  like it's been doctored. 1128 00:52:57,550 --> 00:52:59,052 "I don't mean the photo has been doctored. 1129 00:52:59,093 --> 00:53:01,095 It looks like the head has been put back together," 1130 00:53:01,137 --> 00:53:02,680 you know, by embalmers and then photographed." 1131 00:53:02,722 --> 00:53:04,265 That was what he said under oath. 1132 00:53:04,307 --> 00:53:06,601 Sibert did not remember 1133 00:53:06,643 --> 00:53:09,395 drawing a diagram of the wound for the House committee. 1134 00:53:09,437 --> 00:53:11,522 So he drew a new one for the Review Board. 1135 00:53:11,564 --> 00:53:13,566 And it's one of our most important wound diagrams.  1136 00:53:13,608 --> 00:53:16,027 And it shows what  could only be an exit defect 1137 00:53:16,069 --> 00:53:17,445 in the right rear of the skull. 1138 00:53:24,452 --> 00:53:26,788 GOLDBERG: This new evidence,  combined with 1139 00:53:26,829 --> 00:53:29,958 the Review Board's declassification  of 40 witnesses 1140 00:53:29,999 --> 00:53:32,794 who saw a hole in the back  of Kennedy's head, 1141 00:53:32,835 --> 00:53:37,257 constitutes powerful evidence of a shot from the front. 1142 00:53:38,174 --> 00:53:39,634 (gunshot)  1143 00:53:42,470 --> 00:53:44,180 Who was the autopsy photographer? 1144 00:53:44,222 --> 00:53:46,557 John Stringer. 1145 00:53:46,599 --> 00:53:49,143 He was a Navy civilian. He was widely respected. 1146 00:53:49,185 --> 00:53:50,353 He had written a textbook 1147 00:53:50,395 --> 00:53:52,272 on medical photography for the Navy. 1148 00:53:52,313 --> 00:53:53,731 So he was the photographer of record.  1149 00:53:53,773 --> 00:53:55,984 He photographed the autopsy itself 1150 00:53:56,025 --> 00:53:59,529 and also photographed the President's brain. 1151 00:53:59,570 --> 00:54:01,739 STONE: The autopsy photos of the President's brain 1152 00:54:01,781 --> 00:54:03,992 are housed at the National Archives. 1153 00:54:04,033 --> 00:54:07,078 These photos cannot be scanned  or reproduced, 1154 00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:09,998 but are only available to be viewed on site 1155 00:54:10,039 --> 00:54:13,835 by researchers authorized by the Kennedy family. 1156 00:54:13,876 --> 00:54:15,837 HORNE: Half of the brain photos are taken  1157 00:54:15,878 --> 00:54:18,464 of a brain from above, superior views, 1158 00:54:18,506 --> 00:54:21,801 which is what Stringer said  he shot of the complete organ.  1159 00:54:21,843 --> 00:54:24,429 But the other half of the brain photos in the archives 1160 00:54:24,470 --> 00:54:27,849 are taken of the bottom, called basilar views. 1161 00:54:27,890 --> 00:54:30,810 Now, we were very careful to question Mr. Stringer 1162 00:54:30,852 --> 00:54:32,854 about all the photographs he took, 1163 00:54:32,895 --> 00:54:35,982 and ask him what kind of film  he used for black and white,  1164 00:54:36,024 --> 00:54:37,650 what kind of film he used for color.  1165 00:54:37,692 --> 00:54:39,569 Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer  1166 00:54:39,610 --> 00:54:43,573 the color positive transparencies of the brain, 1167 00:54:43,614 --> 00:54:45,158 and Stringer immediately noted, 1168 00:54:45,199 --> 00:54:47,744 "Well, these aren't Kodak.  These might be Ansco." 1169 00:54:47,785 --> 00:54:50,288 He said, "I don't see the name of the manufacturer on here,  1170 00:54:50,330 --> 00:54:53,207 but these don't have the right notches in the corner." 1171 00:54:53,249 --> 00:54:54,959 So Jeremy Gunn said, 1172 00:54:55,001 --> 00:54:57,086 "Did you use this film with these notches in it?"  1173 00:54:57,128 --> 00:54:58,796 Stringer said, "No." 1174 00:54:58,838 --> 00:55:00,923 "Did you take basilar views  when you shot the brain?" 1175 00:55:00,965 --> 00:55:03,634 And he says, "Not as far as I know." 1176 00:55:03,676 --> 00:55:06,179 GOLDBERG: Doesn't  this all lead to the question 1177 00:55:06,220 --> 00:55:09,849 if Stringer did not take these  photographs, then who did? 1178 00:55:11,726 --> 00:55:14,896 Robert Knudsen was a Navy photographer 1179 00:55:14,937 --> 00:55:18,024 who was detailed  to the White House in 1958.  1180 00:55:18,066 --> 00:55:21,235 If you read his obituaries in The New York Times  1181 00:55:21,277 --> 00:55:22,528 and The Washington Post,  1182 00:55:22,570 --> 00:55:24,822 you will see that he is credited 1183 00:55:24,864 --> 00:55:27,408 with photographing Kennedy's autopsy, 1184 00:55:27,450 --> 00:55:30,828 except officially he was not. 1185 00:55:30,870 --> 00:55:34,999 HORNE: Robert Knudsen was not interviewed by the Warren Commission. 1186 00:55:35,041 --> 00:55:39,045 So they finally found Robert Knudsen in 1978. 1187 00:55:39,087 --> 00:55:41,214 And to its credit,  the House Select Committee 1188 00:55:41,255 --> 00:55:42,799 did a deposition of him. 1189 00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:45,426 To their discredit, they never published it. 1190 00:55:45,468 --> 00:55:49,806 They buried it for 50 years and it got released in 1993.  1191 00:55:49,847 --> 00:55:51,682 And I know why they buried it, 1192 00:55:51,724 --> 00:55:54,602 because everything he told them about autopsy photography 1193 00:55:54,644 --> 00:55:56,187 contradicted what  they thought they knew 1194 00:55:56,229 --> 00:55:57,563 in the official record. 1195 00:55:57,605 --> 00:56:00,316 MANTIK: After his death in 1989, 1196 00:56:00,358 --> 00:56:02,026 his wife was interviewed by  1197 00:56:02,068 --> 00:56:04,445 the Assassination  Records Review Board. 1198 00:56:16,499 --> 00:56:19,752 He told her that one photograph in particular, 1199 00:56:19,794 --> 00:56:21,295 presumably the back of the head, 1200 00:56:21,337 --> 00:56:23,798 had been severely altered.  1201 00:56:23,840 --> 00:56:25,800 JEREMY GUNN: Where was  the wound covered? 1202 00:56:31,347 --> 00:56:34,058 JEREMY GUNN: In one sense, uh, probably worth saying 1203 00:56:34,100 --> 00:56:35,643 that what you're saying is very different  1204 00:56:35,685 --> 00:56:37,770 from what the United States government 1205 00:56:37,812 --> 00:56:40,022 has said for a long time. 1206 00:56:40,064 --> 00:56:43,609 And why didn't he say something to somebody? 1207 00:57:04,630 --> 00:57:06,466 HORNE: John Stringer is still 1208 00:57:06,507 --> 00:57:08,092 the autopsy photographer  of record, 1209 00:57:08,134 --> 00:57:09,886 I think they both took pictures and I personally think 1210 00:57:09,927 --> 00:57:12,722 that many of John Stringer's pictures 1211 00:57:12,763 --> 00:57:14,557 never made it into the official collection. 1212 00:57:14,599 --> 00:57:15,850 And a lot of the ones we're looking at 1213 00:57:15,892 --> 00:57:17,685 are Robert Knudsen's pictures.  1214 00:57:21,230 --> 00:57:24,525 MANTIK: Saundra Spencer worked at the Anacostia Facility,  1215 00:57:24,567 --> 00:57:26,611 a Naval Photographic Center, 1216 00:57:26,652 --> 00:57:29,030 which was quite separate from the Bethesda lab. 1217 00:57:29,071 --> 00:57:32,366 That weekend, she received film. 1218 00:57:32,408 --> 00:57:35,036 HORNE: The photographs that Saundra Spencer developed, 1219 00:57:35,077 --> 00:57:37,205 which never made it into the official record. 1220 00:57:37,246 --> 00:57:39,874 The only evidence we have of them is her testimony. 1221 00:57:41,709 --> 00:57:43,878 Saundra Spencer was visibly upset  1222 00:57:43,920 --> 00:57:46,380 when she looked at the official autopsy photographs  1223 00:57:46,422 --> 00:57:49,967 because she said, "I developed pictures of him and his family 1224 00:57:50,009 --> 00:57:52,720 for almost three years and he never looked like this." 1225 00:57:52,762 --> 00:57:54,972 She said, "He looks terrible  in these photographs." 1226 00:57:59,477 --> 00:58:02,021 - She started to cry. - STONE: In front of the Review Board?  1227 00:58:02,063 --> 00:58:04,398 HORNE: Yes, she started to cry in front of Jeremy and I 1228 00:58:04,440 --> 00:58:06,275 and the person from the archives,  1229 00:58:06,317 --> 00:58:08,819 and she said, "He did not look this bad 1230 00:58:08,861 --> 00:58:10,905 in the photographs I developed on Sunday." 1231 00:58:10,947 --> 00:58:13,991 He was very cleaned up. It was very respectful. 1232 00:58:14,033 --> 00:58:16,077 And in one of the photographs she developed, 1233 00:58:16,118 --> 00:58:17,870 there was a brain,  an intact brain, 1234 00:58:17,912 --> 00:58:19,664 sitting next to the body, 1235 00:58:19,705 --> 00:58:21,123 the nude body of the President. 1236 00:58:21,165 --> 00:58:22,917 Strange, first of all, that it's intact 1237 00:58:22,959 --> 00:58:26,295 because FBI agent Frank O'Neill told the Review Board 1238 00:58:26,337 --> 00:58:29,131 that over half of the mass of the brain was missing. 1239 00:58:31,968 --> 00:58:34,512 MANTIK: So the brain autopsy  or autopsies, 1240 00:58:34,554 --> 00:58:37,098 there were probably  two such events, 1241 00:58:37,139 --> 00:58:41,894 uh, occurred later and were not done on November 22nd. 1242 00:58:41,936 --> 00:58:43,646 AGUILAR: Anybody that's seen the Zapruder film 1243 00:58:43,688 --> 00:58:45,022 can see Kennedy's  head explodes 1244 00:58:45,064 --> 00:58:46,566 and debris flies all over the place.  1245 00:58:46,607 --> 00:58:47,900 Jackie Kennedy climbed out  1246 00:58:47,942 --> 00:58:49,652 onto the trunk of the limousine,  1247 00:58:49,694 --> 00:58:52,822 picked up  a chunk of the President's brain, had it with her, 1248 00:58:52,863 --> 00:58:54,574 took it in and gave it to, uh, 1249 00:58:54,615 --> 00:58:56,617 one of the doctors  at Parkland Hospital. 1250 00:58:56,659 --> 00:58:58,911 When you look at the autopsy photographs of the brain, 1251 00:58:58,953 --> 00:59:00,288 which I've seen the originals of,  1252 00:59:00,329 --> 00:59:02,248 you can just see  that the brain is disrupted, 1253 00:59:02,290 --> 00:59:04,250 but very little of the tissue is missing. 1254 00:59:04,292 --> 00:59:07,086 Then we look at the autopsy report of the brain, 1255 00:59:07,128 --> 00:59:09,213 what they call the  supplemental brain examination. 1256 00:59:09,255 --> 00:59:10,798 The brain in evidence that's weighed there 1257 00:59:10,840 --> 00:59:12,883 weighs 1,500 grams. 1258 00:59:12,925 --> 00:59:16,304 1500 grams is-- is above average weight 1259 00:59:16,345 --> 00:59:17,888 of an adult male brain. 1260 00:59:17,930 --> 00:59:20,975 There was one report of 8,000 autopsies  1261 00:59:21,017 --> 00:59:23,686 and the average weight of an adult male brain  1262 00:59:23,728 --> 00:59:25,813 was 1,336 grams. 1263 00:59:25,855 --> 00:59:29,567 So they're saying that President Kennedy's brain 1264 00:59:29,609 --> 00:59:31,193 was well above the average weight.  1265 00:59:31,235 --> 00:59:33,237 Where did all that brain tissue disappear to? 1266 00:59:33,279 --> 00:59:37,033 That flies around Dealey Plaza that Jackie has in her hand,  1267 00:59:37,074 --> 00:59:38,743 that everybody is picking off  of their clothes? 1268 00:59:41,579 --> 00:59:44,332 CHESSER: There are two photographs of the brain at the archives.  1269 00:59:44,373 --> 00:59:46,792 I viewed those in 2015. 1270 00:59:46,834 --> 00:59:49,170 The brain looked to me to be distorted.  1271 00:59:49,211 --> 00:59:51,005 My first thought was that the brain had been sitting 1272 00:59:51,047 --> 00:59:53,049 in a jar of formaldehyde for a long time. 1273 00:59:53,090 --> 00:59:56,177 The Review Board had a consultant. 1274 00:59:56,218 --> 00:59:59,055 A renowned forensic pathologist. 1275 00:59:59,096 --> 01:00:01,766 He looked at the brain photographs and he said, 1276 01:00:01,807 --> 01:00:04,518 "This is a very well-fixed brain. 1277 01:00:04,560 --> 01:00:07,313 It's all gray. It's not pink at all. 1278 01:00:07,355 --> 01:00:10,524 "It's been fixed for two or three weeks in formaldehyde. 1279 01:00:10,566 --> 01:00:11,901 It's been fixed at least two weeks,  1280 01:00:11,942 --> 01:00:13,402 maybe as long as three weeks." 1281 01:00:13,444 --> 01:00:15,821 I looked at Jeremy Gunn and he looked at me 1282 01:00:15,863 --> 01:00:17,114 and the hair stood up on the back of my neck, 1283 01:00:17,156 --> 01:00:21,661 because I knew that JFK's brain was examined... 1284 01:00:21,702 --> 01:00:24,038 less than three days after he was killed. 1285 01:00:24,080 --> 01:00:25,790 One can only imagine that they wanted 1286 01:00:25,831 --> 01:00:27,667 the-- the damage to the brain  1287 01:00:27,708 --> 01:00:29,794 to be consistent with the hypothesis  1288 01:00:29,835 --> 01:00:32,171 that Oswald had done the shooting. 1289 01:00:32,213 --> 01:00:34,674 So if you had a defect going all the way to the back of the head, 1290 01:00:34,715 --> 01:00:36,967 like so many witnesses testified to it, 1291 01:00:37,009 --> 01:00:41,389 it might raise questions about whether that huge defect 1292 01:00:41,430 --> 01:00:44,100 could've cau-- been caused by a single shot to the head  1293 01:00:44,141 --> 01:00:46,644 as Oswald is supposed to have done. 1294 01:00:46,686 --> 01:00:47,895 CHESSER: At a  teaching hospital, 1295 01:00:47,937 --> 01:00:50,815 there was no shortage of brains. 1296 01:00:50,856 --> 01:00:52,149 Autopsies were very frequent.  1297 01:00:52,191 --> 01:00:53,734 Frequently, the brain was saved 1298 01:00:53,776 --> 01:00:56,237 for teaching medical students, 1299 01:00:56,278 --> 01:00:57,905 so it would not have been difficult 1300 01:00:57,947 --> 01:01:00,408 to find a brain for replacement.  1301 01:01:00,449 --> 01:01:01,826 This is just one more reason  1302 01:01:01,867 --> 01:01:04,495 why this cannot be  President Kennedy's brain 1303 01:01:04,537 --> 01:01:08,416 in the photographs that we have stored at the archives. 1304 01:01:08,457 --> 01:01:14,088 What we have here... is evidence  that impugns the authenticity  1305 01:01:14,130 --> 01:01:16,757 of the brain photographs in the National Archives. 1306 01:01:16,799 --> 01:01:18,551 If there was a trial today, 1307 01:01:18,592 --> 01:01:21,762 these brain photographs would  not be admissible as evidence. 1308 01:01:23,764 --> 01:01:25,766 I'd hate to be in your shoes today. 1309 01:01:26,767 --> 01:01:27,810 You have a lot to think about. 1310 01:01:27,852 --> 01:01:29,103 You've seen much hidden evidence 1311 01:01:29,145 --> 01:01:30,980 the American public  has never seen. 1312 01:01:32,523 --> 01:01:35,943 You know, going back to when we were children, 1313 01:01:35,985 --> 01:01:37,987 I think that most of us in this courtroom thought 1314 01:01:38,028 --> 01:01:40,740 that justice came into being automatically. 1315 01:01:41,741 --> 01:01:43,242 That virtue was its own reward, 1316 01:01:43,284 --> 01:01:45,327 that-- that good would triumph over evil. 1317 01:01:47,037 --> 01:01:50,833 But as we get older, we know this just isn't true.  1318 01:01:50,875 --> 01:01:53,544 Individual human beings have to create justice 1319 01:01:53,586 --> 01:01:54,795 and this is not easy, 1320 01:01:56,338 --> 01:01:59,800 because the truth often poses a threat to power, 1321 01:01:59,842 --> 01:02:03,929 and one often has to fight power  at great risk to themselves.  1322 01:02:03,971 --> 01:02:05,473 GOLDBERG: The one physician  present 1323 01:02:05,514 --> 01:02:08,642 at both Parkland Hospital and the Bethesda morgue 1324 01:02:08,684 --> 01:02:09,977 was George Burkley, 1325 01:02:10,019 --> 01:02:12,646 Kennedy's personal doctor.  1326 01:02:12,688 --> 01:02:15,983 Arlen Specter did not depose George Burkley, 1327 01:02:16,025 --> 01:02:20,070 but Burkley did an interview with the JFK Library in 1967, 1328 01:02:20,112 --> 01:02:22,490 and was asked this question. 1329 01:02:22,531 --> 01:02:23,824 (interviewer speaking) 1330 01:02:31,499 --> 01:02:32,833 (interviewer) I see. 1331 01:02:32,875 --> 01:02:35,211 MILLER: The reason  he didn't say anything was,  1332 01:02:35,252 --> 01:02:38,714 he was intimately involved in the coverup. 1333 01:02:38,756 --> 01:02:41,383 GOLDBERG: Burkley signed the autopsy descriptive sheet 1334 01:02:41,425 --> 01:02:45,429 with a bullet in the back at the level of T3. 1335 01:02:45,471 --> 01:02:48,015 And he also signed Kennedy's death certificate, 1336 01:02:48,057 --> 01:02:50,726 which also placed  that wound in the back. 1337 01:02:50,768 --> 01:02:52,728 That death certificate is not in 1338 01:02:52,770 --> 01:02:55,189 the Warren Commission volumes,  1339 01:02:55,231 --> 01:02:58,400 and the descriptive sheet in the Commission volumes 1340 01:02:58,442 --> 01:03:00,694 does not have Burkley's signature. 1341 01:03:02,154 --> 01:03:04,198 In 1977, through his lawyer, 1342 01:03:04,240 --> 01:03:06,534 he wrote a letter  to Richard Sprague, 1343 01:03:06,575 --> 01:03:08,202 Chief Counsel of the House  1344 01:03:08,244 --> 01:03:10,830 Select Committee  on Assassinations. 1345 01:03:10,871 --> 01:03:13,207 He said he had information indicating 1346 01:03:13,249 --> 01:03:15,459 that others besides Oswald  1347 01:03:15,501 --> 01:03:18,504 must've participated in the assassination. 1348 01:03:18,546 --> 01:03:22,049 He was willing to talk about it at this time.  1349 01:03:22,091 --> 01:03:24,385 Sprague, who made clear his intention 1350 01:03:24,426 --> 01:03:27,054 to fully investigate the CIA's involvement, 1351 01:03:27,096 --> 01:03:29,139 was forced out two weeks later. 1352 01:03:29,181 --> 01:03:31,016 Dr. Burkley submitted a written statement 1353 01:03:31,058 --> 01:03:33,227 to the House Select Committee,  1354 01:03:33,269 --> 01:03:35,104 but there is no official record 1355 01:03:35,145 --> 01:03:38,399 of him being deposed as a witness. 1356 01:03:38,440 --> 01:03:42,319 In 1982, he told JFK researcher Henry Hurt, 1357 01:03:42,361 --> 01:03:43,779 "I know there was  more than one gunman," 1358 01:03:43,821 --> 01:03:45,197 and when Henry Hurt  1359 01:03:45,239 --> 01:03:47,241 tried to recontact  Burkley for more details, 1360 01:03:47,283 --> 01:03:48,659 Burkley cut him off at the knees. 1361 01:03:48,701 --> 01:03:50,202 "I don't want to talk about it anymore." 1362 01:03:50,244 --> 01:03:51,579 The very next year,  Burkley talked 1363 01:03:51,620 --> 01:03:54,290 to Michael Kurtz, another JFK researcher, 1364 01:03:54,331 --> 01:03:55,875 told him that he knew there was 1365 01:03:55,916 --> 01:03:57,376 a conspiracy to kill the President 1366 01:03:57,418 --> 01:03:58,919 and that he recalled an exit wound 1367 01:03:58,961 --> 01:04:01,088 in the back of President Kennedy's head. 1368 01:04:01,130 --> 01:04:02,965 Now, that's a very significant statement.  1369 01:04:03,007 --> 01:04:05,050 That the only doctor we know of 1370 01:04:05,092 --> 01:04:07,928 who was present at both Parkland for treatment, 1371 01:04:07,970 --> 01:04:09,597 and at Bethesda during the autopsy, 1372 01:04:09,638 --> 01:04:11,891 told Michael Kurtz in 1983 1373 01:04:11,932 --> 01:04:14,268 that Kennedy had an exit wound  in the back of his head. 1374 01:04:14,310 --> 01:04:15,603 When Kurtz tried  to recontact Burkley, 1375 01:04:15,644 --> 01:04:18,105 Burkley cut him off at the knees. 1376 01:04:18,147 --> 01:04:19,857 "I don't want to talk about this anymore." 1377 01:04:19,899 --> 01:04:21,233 Dr. Burkley was deceased by the time 1378 01:04:21,275 --> 01:04:23,110 the Review Board was impaneled. 1379 01:04:23,152 --> 01:04:25,446 So then Jeremy decided, well,  1380 01:04:25,487 --> 01:04:28,699 we can ask the executor of his estate, 1381 01:04:28,741 --> 01:04:30,576 his daughter, to sign a waiver  1382 01:04:30,618 --> 01:04:33,078 so that we could  go to the law firm 1383 01:04:33,120 --> 01:04:34,747 that Mr. Illig used to work for,  1384 01:04:34,788 --> 01:04:35,956 because he was deceased also, 1385 01:04:35,998 --> 01:04:37,291 and see if there were 1386 01:04:37,333 --> 01:04:39,043 any records in the file of Mr. Illig 1387 01:04:39,084 --> 01:04:41,128 that would have revealed what it was 1388 01:04:41,170 --> 01:04:43,172 he wanted to tell  the HSCA in detail, 1389 01:04:43,213 --> 01:04:45,132 and she said she would do that. 1390 01:04:45,174 --> 01:04:46,550 And then Jeremy called her on the phone, 1391 01:04:46,592 --> 01:04:48,886 she had completely changed her mind  1392 01:04:48,928 --> 01:04:50,220 and adamantly refused to sign it 1393 01:04:50,262 --> 01:04:52,431 and terminated the phone call.  1394 01:04:57,895 --> 01:04:59,897 The face sheet for the autopsy, 1395 01:04:59,939 --> 01:05:02,816 where it shows the front and back silhouette of the body,  1396 01:05:02,858 --> 01:05:05,861 where you mark scars and bullet wounds and things, 1397 01:05:05,903 --> 01:05:08,322 the face sheet showed the bullet wound 1398 01:05:08,364 --> 01:05:13,327 in the back at the level of thoracic vertebra T3, 1399 01:05:13,369 --> 01:05:16,330 which is five and a half to six inches below. 1400 01:05:16,372 --> 01:05:18,290 GOLDBERG: That location  coincided with 1401 01:05:18,332 --> 01:05:21,835 what Sibert and O'Neill wrote in their report. 1402 01:05:21,877 --> 01:05:25,464 And in order to make the facts  fit the single-bullet theory, 1403 01:05:25,506 --> 01:05:27,591 one bullet doing all this damage, 1404 01:05:27,633 --> 01:05:31,345 the doctors needed an exit  point for the back wound. 1405 01:05:31,387 --> 01:05:34,807 The Warren Commission raised the wound in the back 1406 01:05:34,848 --> 01:05:37,977 so that it would align with the alleged exit wound  1407 01:05:38,018 --> 01:05:39,979 in the front of Kennedy's neck. 1408 01:05:40,020 --> 01:05:41,647 Commissioner Gerald Ford 1409 01:05:41,689 --> 01:05:44,149 did this simply via the stroke of a pen, 1410 01:05:44,191 --> 01:05:46,735 changing the description in their report 1411 01:05:46,777 --> 01:05:49,655 from back, to back of the neck. 1412 01:05:49,697 --> 01:05:51,824 As I recall, they said about Gerald Ford 1413 01:05:51,865 --> 01:05:54,451 that he could not chew gum and walk at the same time. 1414 01:05:54,493 --> 01:05:57,287 Now, all of a sudden, he becomes a forensic pathologist, 1415 01:05:57,329 --> 01:05:59,999 and a photographer, and a criminalist, and an expert,  1416 01:06:00,040 --> 01:06:02,751 and he knows where the bullet  hole was and he moved it up.  1417 01:06:02,793 --> 01:06:04,920 GOLDBERG: But then in 1979,  1418 01:06:04,962 --> 01:06:08,340 the House Select Committee  moved it lower in the back  1419 01:06:08,382 --> 01:06:11,010 because they had pictures from the autopsy.  1420 01:06:11,051 --> 01:06:12,803 It is conceivable that, at the time, 1421 01:06:12,845 --> 01:06:14,763 the Warren Commission thought 1422 01:06:14,805 --> 01:06:18,183 no one would ever  see the autopsy photos. 1423 01:06:18,225 --> 01:06:20,394 When the Review Board declassified 1424 01:06:20,436 --> 01:06:22,521 the notation showing what Ford had done, 1425 01:06:22,563 --> 01:06:25,399 the former commissioner replied that it had nothing to do 1426 01:06:25,441 --> 01:06:27,693 with a conspiracy theory. 1427 01:06:27,735 --> 01:06:30,738 He was only trying to be more precise. 1428 01:06:30,779 --> 01:06:34,366 This is directly contradicted by a conversation Ford had  1429 01:06:34,408 --> 01:06:38,537 with French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. 1430 01:06:38,579 --> 01:06:40,164 Ford told him the assassination  1431 01:06:40,205 --> 01:06:42,916 was not the work of one person. 1432 01:06:42,958 --> 01:06:45,085 It was something set up. 1433 01:06:45,127 --> 01:06:47,337 "We were sure it was set up, 1434 01:06:47,379 --> 01:06:50,340 but we were not able to discover by whom." 1435 01:06:52,801 --> 01:06:54,178 STONE: With all the documents 1436 01:06:54,219 --> 01:06:56,305 declassified by the Review Board, 1437 01:06:56,346 --> 01:06:59,308 we can see this scene  in a new light.  1438 01:06:59,349 --> 01:07:02,436 In regards to the JFK assassination, 1439 01:07:02,478 --> 01:07:06,273 conspiracy theories are now conspiracy facts. 1440 01:07:07,357 --> 01:07:09,151 The forensics show evidence  1441 01:07:09,193 --> 01:07:10,736 of multiple shooters with Oswald, 1442 01:07:10,778 --> 01:07:12,404 not even at the sixth floor window 1443 01:07:12,446 --> 01:07:15,074 at the time of the assassination. 1444 01:07:15,115 --> 01:07:20,537 And his fingerprints not found  on the supposed murder weapon.  1445 01:07:20,579 --> 01:07:24,291 Still, there was no trial for Lee Harvey Oswald. 1446 01:07:24,333 --> 01:07:25,584 These people have given me a hearing 1447 01:07:25,626 --> 01:07:27,795 without legal representation  or anything. 1448 01:07:27,836 --> 01:07:29,088 (reporter) Did you shoot  the President?  1449 01:07:29,129 --> 01:07:31,465 I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.  1450 01:07:31,507 --> 01:07:35,427 STONE: Attorney Mark Lane tried to  represent Oswald in the proceedings, 1451 01:07:35,469 --> 01:07:37,387 but was denied by the Warren Commission. 1452 01:08:05,541 --> 01:08:08,377 Did the accused man  get a fair trial? 1453 01:08:08,418 --> 01:08:09,795 I can tell you from my experiences  1454 01:08:09,837 --> 01:08:12,631 having tried several hundred cases to verdict, 1455 01:08:12,673 --> 01:08:14,842 and being responsible for thousands of cases 1456 01:08:14,883 --> 01:08:16,093 as head of the criminal courts  1457 01:08:16,135 --> 01:08:17,636 and running the homicide bureau, 1458 01:08:17,678 --> 01:08:20,264 that I don't believe there's any courtroom in America 1459 01:08:20,305 --> 01:08:22,099 where Oswald would've been convicted 1460 01:08:22,141 --> 01:08:23,517 on the evidence that was presented 1461 01:08:23,559 --> 01:08:25,769 before the Warren Commission. 1462 01:08:25,811 --> 01:08:29,481 STONE: Instead of a jury of 12 American citizens, 1463 01:08:29,523 --> 01:08:32,234 judgment was passed by a panel of seven 1464 01:08:32,276 --> 01:08:35,654 appointed wise men and career statesmen. 1465 01:08:35,696 --> 01:08:40,075 A judgment perpetuated by the media at that time.  1466 01:08:40,117 --> 01:08:42,619 Looking at the declassified documents, 1467 01:08:42,661 --> 01:08:44,163 we see there's even more mystery  1468 01:08:44,204 --> 01:08:47,249 behind Oswald to uncover. 1469 01:08:47,291 --> 01:08:51,086 A man who was, in his own words, a patsy.  1470 01:08:51,128 --> 01:08:54,298 Murdered on live television. 1471 01:08:54,339 --> 01:08:57,676 (reporter 1) This was the dreary  funeral of Lee Harvey Oswald, 1472 01:08:57,718 --> 01:09:01,430 alleged murderer  of President Kennedy. 1473 01:09:01,471 --> 01:09:03,891 Burial was in an otherwise empty plot 1474 01:09:03,932 --> 01:09:07,060 in Rose Hill Cemetery outside Fort Worth. 1475 01:09:07,102 --> 01:09:09,146 A plot that we were told was bought 1476 01:09:09,188 --> 01:09:11,398 long ago by Oswald's mother. 1477 01:09:11,440 --> 01:09:14,318 No one was on hand for the funeral as mourners, 1478 01:09:14,359 --> 01:09:17,821 except the family  of the dead man.  1479 01:09:17,863 --> 01:09:21,116 (reporter 2) Oswald spent his early years in an orphanage.  1480 01:09:21,158 --> 01:09:25,078 At the age of 17,  he joined the US Marine Corps.  1481 01:09:25,120 --> 01:09:26,830 A year later, he was sent 1482 01:09:26,872 --> 01:09:29,833 to one of the most secret US bases in the world, 1483 01:09:29,875 --> 01:09:31,668 Atsugi in Japan.  1484 01:09:31,710 --> 01:09:34,129 From here, the CIA operated spy flights 1485 01:09:34,171 --> 01:09:35,839 over communist China 1486 01:09:35,881 --> 01:09:38,300 using U-2 reconnaissance planes. 1487 01:09:40,135 --> 01:09:43,889 GOLDBERG: During the 1975 Church Committee investigation  1488 01:09:43,931 --> 01:09:46,391 of US intelligence activities,  1489 01:09:46,433 --> 01:09:48,268 Committee member  Richard Schweiker  1490 01:09:48,310 --> 01:09:50,687 remarked about Oswald, 1491 01:09:50,729 --> 01:09:53,357 that everywhere you looked with him, 1492 01:09:53,398 --> 01:09:56,944 there are fingerprints of intelligence.  1493 01:09:56,985 --> 01:10:00,322 (man) Many people said he was a  forthright, upstanding American 1494 01:10:00,364 --> 01:10:01,907 as a young person, 1495 01:10:01,949 --> 01:10:05,452 and yet they later depicted him as a Castro-loving,  1496 01:10:05,494 --> 01:10:08,664 Cuban-loving, Russian-loving person. 1497 01:10:08,705 --> 01:10:10,332 JEFFERSON MORLEY: In the  spring of 1963, 1498 01:10:10,374 --> 01:10:12,626 Oswald started handing out pamphlets 1499 01:10:12,668 --> 01:10:14,795 for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee,  1500 01:10:14,836 --> 01:10:17,631 a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban Revolution group  1501 01:10:17,673 --> 01:10:20,425 that was popular  on college campuses. 1502 01:10:20,467 --> 01:10:23,845 And some of them, he stamped "544 Camp Street,"  1503 01:10:23,887 --> 01:10:27,599 which was an office in downtown, uh, New Orleans 1504 01:10:27,641 --> 01:10:30,060 near where the CIA's offices were, 1505 01:10:30,102 --> 01:10:31,979 right across the street, in fact. 1506 01:10:32,020 --> 01:10:35,065 There was also the home of the Cuban Revolutionary Council,  1507 01:10:35,107 --> 01:10:37,818 which was the leading  anti-Castro group.  1508 01:10:37,859 --> 01:10:42,072 Why would a pro-Castro activist put his headquarters 1509 01:10:42,114 --> 01:10:43,949 in the same headquarters 1510 01:10:43,991 --> 01:10:46,535 as the leading anti-Castro group in the country? 1511 01:10:48,203 --> 01:10:50,163 'Cause he was a provocateur.  1512 01:10:50,205 --> 01:10:52,749 This gets back to being an agent or a double agent, 1513 01:10:52,791 --> 01:10:54,793 because he played both roles.  1514 01:10:54,835 --> 01:10:58,839 Here was Oswald who had two associations. 1515 01:10:58,880 --> 01:11:01,008 One, he has a group of anti-Castro Cubans. 1516 01:11:01,049 --> 01:11:03,343 At the same time, he was handing out leaflets 1517 01:11:03,385 --> 01:11:04,511 for the Fair Play  for Cuba committee, 1518 01:11:04,553 --> 01:11:06,513 uh, with the other side of the fence. 1519 01:11:06,555 --> 01:11:09,516 So the two groups that had the most motivation  1520 01:11:09,558 --> 01:11:12,686 to assassinate the President,  he was dealing with. 1521 01:11:13,895 --> 01:11:15,939 GOLDBERG: And not surprisingly, 1522 01:11:15,981 --> 01:11:19,359 many of these groups were known and, in some cases 1523 01:11:19,401 --> 01:11:21,695 supported, by the US government. 1524 01:11:22,571 --> 01:11:24,990 In the spring of 1963, 1525 01:11:25,032 --> 01:11:29,369 Oswald began associating with men who, it would be revealed,  1526 01:11:29,411 --> 01:11:33,332 had clear connections with these government efforts.  1527 01:11:33,373 --> 01:11:35,375 One of these men, David Ferrie, 1528 01:11:35,417 --> 01:11:40,589 had been with Oswald in the  Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,  1529 01:11:40,630 --> 01:11:43,884 and was known as an extreme anti-Communist.  1530 01:11:43,925 --> 01:11:47,679 He was also a trainer and a pilot for the CIA 1531 01:11:47,721 --> 01:11:50,640 in its secret war against Cuba. 1532 01:11:50,682 --> 01:11:52,184 Oswald was involved with these  1533 01:11:52,225 --> 01:11:55,604 Cuban exile training activities with Ferrie. 1534 01:11:56,772 --> 01:11:58,899 I do know  that I saw him one time 1535 01:11:58,940 --> 01:12:02,527 with a man by the name of Guy Banister.  1536 01:12:02,569 --> 01:12:05,530 And, uh, what Guy's role was  1537 01:12:05,572 --> 01:12:09,326 in all of this, I-- I really don't know. 1538 01:12:09,368 --> 01:12:12,162 GOLDBERG: Banister  was an extreme right-winger  1539 01:12:12,204 --> 01:12:14,331 who was close to the FBI, 1540 01:12:14,373 --> 01:12:17,834 the CIA, and the American Nazi Party. 1541 01:12:17,876 --> 01:12:23,882 Banister gave Oswald his own office at 544 Camp Street.  1542 01:12:23,924 --> 01:12:26,760 Oswald now began  to use his office  1543 01:12:26,802 --> 01:12:31,098 to print up and stamp pro-Castro literature. 1544 01:12:31,139 --> 01:12:35,227 After the assassination, when the FBI questioned Banister, 1545 01:12:35,268 --> 01:12:37,938 a former FBI agent himself,  1546 01:12:37,979 --> 01:12:42,025 they did not ask him about Oswald. 1547 01:12:42,067 --> 01:12:45,904 At some point, the FBI, I think probably after the assassination  1548 01:12:45,946 --> 01:12:48,448 decided they didn't-- they wanted to disconnect 1549 01:12:48,490 --> 01:12:50,534 Oswald from the FBI, 1550 01:12:50,575 --> 01:12:53,703 and-- and of course, Banister, who's associated with the FBI, 1551 01:12:53,745 --> 01:12:56,164 would have to be disconnected as well. 1552 01:12:56,206 --> 01:12:57,290 The problem with that, 1553 01:12:57,332 --> 01:12:59,334 many of those handbills had  1554 01:12:59,376 --> 01:13:02,254 the 544 Camp Street address on them.  1555 01:13:02,295 --> 01:13:05,882 There was a message  from New Orleans to the Bureau 1556 01:13:05,924 --> 01:13:08,760 written by Special Agent Maynor,  1557 01:13:08,802 --> 01:13:11,596 uh, who actually  mentioned pamphlets 1558 01:13:11,638 --> 01:13:14,433 that had the 544  Camp Street address on it.  1559 01:13:14,474 --> 01:13:17,561 And before that message was sent, it was scratched out. 1560 01:13:19,187 --> 01:13:21,565 GOLDBERG: The Warren Commission pushed the idea  1561 01:13:21,606 --> 01:13:23,942 that Oswald was a staunch communist, 1562 01:13:23,984 --> 01:13:26,153 citing evidence of his defection  1563 01:13:26,194 --> 01:13:29,656 to the Soviet Union in 1959. 1564 01:13:29,698 --> 01:13:32,576 His trip to Russia raised a number of questions 1565 01:13:32,617 --> 01:13:34,244 that we wanted to get into. 1566 01:13:34,286 --> 01:13:41,001 For example, when any American went to Russia 1567 01:13:41,042 --> 01:13:43,628 and renounced his American citizenship, 1568 01:13:43,670 --> 01:13:46,006 and subsequently  changed his mind  1569 01:13:46,047 --> 01:13:49,468 and wanted to come back to this country.  1570 01:13:49,509 --> 01:13:51,553 Upon returning to this country, 1571 01:13:51,595 --> 01:13:53,972 there was a thorough debriefing 1572 01:13:54,598 --> 01:13:57,476 by the CIA, 1573 01:13:57,517 --> 01:14:01,521 with one exception, as far as we can ascertain, Oswald.  1574 01:14:03,106 --> 01:14:06,067 Now, that smacks of an intelligence relationship.  1575 01:14:06,109 --> 01:14:07,402 (reporter) Did you  kill the President? 1576 01:14:07,444 --> 01:14:08,945 No, they're taking me in 1577 01:14:08,987 --> 01:14:11,448 because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union.  1578 01:14:13,366 --> 01:14:17,287 GOLDBERG: State Department  Intelligence Officer Otto Otepka 1579 01:14:17,329 --> 01:14:20,707 had noted the marked increase in the number of Americans  1580 01:14:20,749 --> 01:14:23,168 defecting to Russia at the time. 1581 01:14:23,210 --> 01:14:27,047 He also noted that some of them came from the military. 1582 01:14:27,088 --> 01:14:30,217 He, therefore, suspected that some of these men 1583 01:14:30,258 --> 01:14:32,177 were fake defectors. 1584 01:14:32,219 --> 01:14:34,221 They had been assigned by the CIA 1585 01:14:34,262 --> 01:14:38,225 to garner intelligence behind the Iron Curtain. 1586 01:14:38,266 --> 01:14:42,687 He sent a letter to the CIA  asking which ones were real  1587 01:14:42,729 --> 01:14:45,440 and which were their agents. 1588 01:14:45,482 --> 01:14:49,819 Oswald was one of the names  on Otepka's list.  1589 01:14:49,861 --> 01:14:53,281 Otepka's request was forwarded  to James Angleton, 1590 01:14:53,323 --> 01:14:55,283 Chief of Counterintelligence. 1591 01:14:55,325 --> 01:14:59,037 He instructed that there be  no research done on Oswald,  1592 01:14:59,079 --> 01:15:03,291 but Otepka continued to work on the Oswald case. 1593 01:15:03,333 --> 01:15:05,168 The thing of significance 1594 01:15:05,210 --> 01:15:07,629 was that he was really interested in Lee Harvey Oswald 1595 01:15:07,671 --> 01:15:10,131 before the assassination, 1596 01:15:10,173 --> 01:15:14,844 and he actually had a study of these defectors in his safe. 1597 01:15:14,886 --> 01:15:18,098 Well, things got worse. His office was not only bugged, 1598 01:15:18,139 --> 01:15:20,725 they planted people in his office to spy on him. 1599 01:15:20,767 --> 01:15:24,604 They started putting confidential  documents in his burn bag, 1600 01:15:24,646 --> 01:15:26,189 and then tried to blame him in saying 1601 01:15:26,231 --> 01:15:27,941 he's burning confidential documents. 1602 01:15:27,983 --> 01:15:30,277 The guy has gone, you know, wacko. 1603 01:15:30,318 --> 01:15:32,070 GOLDBERG: As a result, 1604 01:15:32,112 --> 01:15:34,781 he was formally removed from the State Department 1605 01:15:34,823 --> 01:15:37,951 on November 5th, 1963, 1606 01:15:37,993 --> 01:15:41,162 just 17 days before the assassination. 1607 01:15:41,204 --> 01:15:44,874 So you will not see Otepka's name in the Warren Report.  1608 01:15:44,916 --> 01:15:48,503 And he was not called as a witness before that body.  1609 01:15:48,545 --> 01:15:50,839 In fact, Angleton, the man  1610 01:15:50,880 --> 01:15:55,093 who had access to all the Oswald files at the CIA, 1611 01:15:55,135 --> 01:15:57,220 coordinated the agency's response 1612 01:15:57,262 --> 01:16:00,807 to the Warren Commission's  requests. 1613 01:16:00,849 --> 01:16:04,603 (reporter) The CIA Deputy Director of Plans, Richard Helms,  1614 01:16:04,644 --> 01:16:06,313 swore to the Warren Commission  1615 01:16:06,354 --> 01:16:08,148 that the agency never had 1616 01:16:08,189 --> 01:16:11,443 or contemplated any contact with Oswald. 1617 01:16:11,484 --> 01:16:14,446 The line that the CIA fed the Warren Commission, 1618 01:16:14,487 --> 01:16:17,032 that they really didn't know  anything about this guy. 1619 01:16:17,073 --> 01:16:20,160 We now know that that was complete nonsense. 1620 01:16:20,201 --> 01:16:23,788 Oswald was a figure of intense interest 1621 01:16:23,830 --> 01:16:26,499 for four years before the assassination. 1622 01:16:26,541 --> 01:16:30,337 And a dozen senior CIA officers 1623 01:16:30,378 --> 01:16:32,172 were very well acquainted with him. 1624 01:16:32,213 --> 01:16:34,841 Everything he did,  where he went, 1625 01:16:34,883 --> 01:16:37,344 what his politics were, his family life. 1626 01:16:37,385 --> 01:16:41,056 I mean, remember, they were reading his mother's mail. 1627 01:16:41,097 --> 01:16:43,141 That's how closely  they were watching him 1628 01:16:43,183 --> 01:16:45,935 right up until Kennedy was killed.  1629 01:16:45,977 --> 01:16:48,730 And then Kennedy was killed,  Oswald's arrested,  1630 01:16:48,772 --> 01:16:52,275 and they say, "Oh,  we know nothing about this man."  1631 01:16:52,317 --> 01:16:56,154 GOLDBERG: In fact,  ARRB records show  1632 01:16:56,196 --> 01:17:00,367 that Angleton and the CIA were  receiving reports on Oswald  1633 01:17:00,408 --> 01:17:04,245 up until one week  before the assassination. 1634 01:17:04,287 --> 01:17:06,039 So, you know, the whole investigation 1635 01:17:06,081 --> 01:17:09,084 would have been totally different 1636 01:17:09,125 --> 01:17:12,337 if-- if the public and the investigators had known 1637 01:17:12,379 --> 01:17:16,091 just how much the CIA knew about the alleged lone nut. 1638 01:17:18,677 --> 01:17:22,097 GOLDBERG: One of the places  Oswald leafleted in front of  1639 01:17:22,138 --> 01:17:25,475 was Clay Shaw's International Trade Mart. 1640 01:17:25,517 --> 01:17:30,021 Shaw, who was arrested by New Orleans DA Jim Garrison  1641 01:17:30,063 --> 01:17:32,565 on charges that he was part of the conspiracy  1642 01:17:32,607 --> 01:17:34,401 to kill President Kennedy,  1643 01:17:34,442 --> 01:17:38,571 always denied he was associated with the CIA. 1644 01:17:38,613 --> 01:17:40,532 (interviewer) You have never  yourself had any CIA connection?  1645 01:17:40,573 --> 01:17:41,825 None whatsoever. 1646 01:17:41,866 --> 01:17:43,118 Any association with the organization? 1647 01:17:43,159 --> 01:17:44,285 Not a one. 1648 01:17:44,327 --> 01:17:45,995 GOLDBERG: The Review Board  has shown  1649 01:17:46,037 --> 01:17:48,456 these denials to be false.  1650 01:17:48,498 --> 01:17:52,001 Shaw was both a highly valued contract agent  1651 01:17:52,043 --> 01:17:54,629 and had  a covert security clearance  1652 01:17:54,671 --> 01:17:58,591 for a project code named QKENCHANT.  1653 01:18:00,677 --> 01:18:02,762 New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews 1654 01:18:02,804 --> 01:18:05,390 had worked with Oswald in May of '63 1655 01:18:05,432 --> 01:18:08,810 in an attempt to upgrade his military discharge 1656 01:18:08,852 --> 01:18:11,438 from its "undesirable" status.  1657 01:18:11,479 --> 01:18:16,109 After the assassination, a man  calling himself Clay Bertrand 1658 01:18:16,151 --> 01:18:19,738 phoned Andrews and asked him to consider going to Dallas  1659 01:18:19,779 --> 01:18:22,240 to defend Oswald.  1660 01:18:22,282 --> 01:18:26,202 Under oath, Clay Shaw denied that he was Clay Bertrand,  1661 01:18:26,244 --> 01:18:28,121 and Andrews claimed that because 1662 01:18:28,163 --> 01:18:30,749 of the medication he was on, 1663 01:18:30,790 --> 01:18:33,209 he had only imagined the phone call. 1664 01:18:33,251 --> 01:18:35,628 But today, because of the work  1665 01:18:35,670 --> 01:18:38,131 of the Assassination Records Review Board, 1666 01:18:38,173 --> 01:18:41,342 we now have evidence and 12 people who confirmed  1667 01:18:41,384 --> 01:18:44,220 that Shaw used this name as an alias.  1668 01:18:44,262 --> 01:18:47,515 Andrews later admitted that Shaw was Bertrand 1669 01:18:47,557 --> 01:18:49,476 to author Harold Weisberg,  1670 01:18:49,517 --> 01:18:51,936 but made him promise not to reveal this 1671 01:18:51,978 --> 01:18:54,230 until after Andrews' death.  1672 01:18:57,567 --> 01:18:59,319 JOHN NEWMAN: In the FBI, 1673 01:18:59,360 --> 01:19:04,032 uh, a stop or flash was placed  on Oswald's files, 1674 01:19:04,073 --> 01:19:07,410 which meant that no one 1675 01:19:07,452 --> 01:19:10,497 could ask for a document in those files, 1676 01:19:10,538 --> 01:19:14,083 or no one could even add a document to those files 1677 01:19:14,125 --> 01:19:18,087 without going through the FBI's espionage division.  1678 01:19:18,129 --> 01:19:21,049 And that lasted for four years. 1679 01:19:21,090 --> 01:19:24,052 It was essentially  a blinking red light 1680 01:19:24,093 --> 01:19:26,346 on Oswald's files at FBI. 1681 01:19:27,889 --> 01:19:31,434 On 8 October, 1963,  1682 01:19:31,476 --> 01:19:34,896 an FBI agent whose name was Marvin Gheesling 1683 01:19:34,938 --> 01:19:37,816 took that status  off of Oswald's files. 1684 01:19:39,818 --> 01:19:42,195 What that action did was to lower 1685 01:19:42,237 --> 01:19:46,449 Oswald's threat profile at the FBI 1686 01:19:46,491 --> 01:19:50,161 just weeks before the Kennedy assassination. 1687 01:19:50,203 --> 01:19:53,039 And what that would mean is there was no reason 1688 01:19:53,081 --> 01:19:56,292 to put Oswald's name on the security index. 1689 01:19:56,334 --> 01:19:58,503 One thing about the security index 1690 01:19:58,545 --> 01:20:00,964 is when you have  a Presidential motorcade 1691 01:20:01,005 --> 01:20:03,508 going through a particular route, 1692 01:20:03,550 --> 01:20:04,968 anybody who's on that index  1693 01:20:05,009 --> 01:20:06,803 has to be removed  from where they are. 1694 01:20:06,845 --> 01:20:08,721 They cannot be on the parade route. 1695 01:20:08,763 --> 01:20:10,598 And, of course, that exposes 1696 01:20:10,640 --> 01:20:13,059 the President to a dangerous situation 1697 01:20:13,101 --> 01:20:14,644 that he shouldn't have been in. 1698 01:20:14,686 --> 01:20:18,189 That action at the FBI didn't happen in isolation. 1699 01:20:18,231 --> 01:20:23,194 The same thing happened at CIA at exactly the same time. 1700 01:20:23,236 --> 01:20:26,239 STONE: Who was the CIA's  liaison they chose to work 1701 01:20:26,281 --> 01:20:29,617 with the House Select Committee in 1978? 1702 01:20:29,659 --> 01:20:30,702 George Joannides. 1703 01:20:30,743 --> 01:20:32,579 He was the case officer 1704 01:20:32,620 --> 01:20:34,497 for the Cuban students 1705 01:20:34,539 --> 01:20:37,083 who had a series of encounters  with Oswald 1706 01:20:37,125 --> 01:20:38,793 before the assassination. 1707 01:20:38,835 --> 01:20:41,212 And then, 13 years later, 1708 01:20:41,254 --> 01:20:44,048 when Congress reopens the investigation, 1709 01:20:44,090 --> 01:20:46,843 the CIA calls Joannides out of retirement, 1710 01:20:46,885 --> 01:20:49,053 and make him the point person 1711 01:20:49,095 --> 01:20:51,264 to deal with the Congressional investigators 1712 01:20:51,306 --> 01:20:53,057 who are looking into the CIA's  1713 01:20:53,099 --> 01:20:55,894 possible role in the assassination. 1714 01:20:55,935 --> 01:20:58,104 The HSCA knew nothing about this, 1715 01:20:58,146 --> 01:20:59,939 and I went to Bob Blakey, 1716 01:20:59,981 --> 01:21:02,567 the head of the HSCA investigation, 1717 01:21:02,609 --> 01:21:04,903 and I said, "Bob, did you ever know this guy, Joannides?" 1718 01:21:04,944 --> 01:21:06,905 And he said, "Yeah, you know,  we dealt with him a lot. 1719 01:21:06,946 --> 01:21:08,573 He was the liaison." 1720 01:21:08,615 --> 01:21:11,284 And I said, "Did you know what he was doing in 1963?" 1721 01:21:11,326 --> 01:21:13,536 And he said, "He wasn't doing anything in 1963. 1722 01:21:13,578 --> 01:21:15,079 "We had  an agreement with the CIA 1723 01:21:15,121 --> 01:21:16,414 "that nobody who was operational 1724 01:21:16,456 --> 01:21:18,249 "at the time of the assassination 1725 01:21:18,291 --> 01:21:20,418 would be involved in the investigation." 1726 01:21:20,460 --> 01:21:24,088 And I said, "Bob, Joannides was running those Cubans 1727 01:21:24,130 --> 01:21:26,591 "who were in touch with Oswald. He was running the Cubans 1728 01:21:26,633 --> 01:21:28,801 "who were blaming Castro for the assassination. 1729 01:21:28,843 --> 01:21:32,513 "He was Dick Helms' hand-picked man in Miami, 1730 01:21:32,555 --> 01:21:35,600 "controlling the group that had the most to do with Oswald 1731 01:21:35,642 --> 01:21:37,518 "before and after the assassination.  1732 01:21:37,560 --> 01:21:39,896 And then he came along and he stonewalled you." 1733 01:21:39,938 --> 01:21:42,398 The reason why they brought  Joannides in to do it 1734 01:21:42,440 --> 01:21:45,568 was to hide the connection to Oswald. 1735 01:21:45,610 --> 01:21:47,987 He was definitely shocked because  1736 01:21:48,029 --> 01:21:50,531 he saw just how clever they had been. 1737 01:21:50,573 --> 01:21:53,493 They had gone right to the heart of his investigation, 1738 01:21:53,534 --> 01:21:55,328 and figured out how to paralyze it.  1739 01:21:55,370 --> 01:21:57,246 I remember that he said, you know, 1740 01:21:57,288 --> 01:22:00,500 "I'll never believe anything the CIA tells me again." 1741 01:22:02,710 --> 01:22:05,129 GOLDBERG: Even the Assassination  Records Review Board 1742 01:22:05,171 --> 01:22:09,133 had trouble getting documents from government agencies. 1743 01:22:09,175 --> 01:22:12,512 What were some of your difficulties working with the CIA? 1744 01:22:12,553 --> 01:22:16,599 One of the censors at the CIA  was at a meeting with us, 1745 01:22:16,641 --> 01:22:20,186 and there was a document that we put up on the screen  1746 01:22:20,228 --> 01:22:22,021 and said,  "We are prepared to release it."  1747 01:22:22,897 --> 01:22:24,315 And I asked him, you know, 1748 01:22:24,357 --> 01:22:26,651 "Tell us why we shouldn't release this record?" 1749 01:22:26,693 --> 01:22:29,320 And it was silence  for about two minutes. 1750 01:22:29,362 --> 01:22:32,365 And he finally said, "I know there is a reason, 1751 01:22:32,407 --> 01:22:34,951 I just can't think  of what it is." 1752 01:22:36,202 --> 01:22:37,870 GOLDBERG: In late 1992, 1753 01:22:37,912 --> 01:22:41,124 a month after the Records Act was passed,  1754 01:22:41,165 --> 01:22:44,627 the Secret Service began its compliance plan. 1755 01:22:44,669 --> 01:22:47,672 But by January of 1995, 1756 01:22:47,714 --> 01:22:51,801 it had begun destroying important documents. 1757 01:22:51,843 --> 01:22:54,637 The destruction of records is actually referenced 1758 01:22:54,679 --> 01:22:59,434 in the Assassination Records  Review Board final, uh, report. 1759 01:22:59,475 --> 01:23:02,562 Very, um, very disappointing. 1760 01:23:02,603 --> 01:23:04,731 Uh, they were records that related to trips 1761 01:23:04,772 --> 01:23:09,485 that President Kennedy had taken, uh, in the fall of 1963 1762 01:23:09,527 --> 01:23:12,155 prior to him going to Dallas. 1763 01:23:12,196 --> 01:23:13,741 JOHN R. TUNHEIM: There were  many threats made to  1764 01:23:13,782 --> 01:23:16,909 President Kennedy's life  during the year 1963. 1765 01:23:16,951 --> 01:23:18,536 They're called threat sheets.  1766 01:23:18,578 --> 01:23:20,329 And the Secret Service fought us 1767 01:23:20,371 --> 01:23:22,582 on release of those records. 1768 01:23:22,623 --> 01:23:24,042 They even enlisted 1769 01:23:24,083 --> 01:23:26,586 Vice President Gore's wife to help them,  1770 01:23:26,627 --> 01:23:29,213 because she had a very legitimate concern 1771 01:23:29,255 --> 01:23:31,090 for mental health records. 1772 01:23:31,132 --> 01:23:34,343 And the idea was that this might  disclose the names of people  1773 01:23:34,385 --> 01:23:36,304 who had mental health problems. 1774 01:23:36,345 --> 01:23:39,432 In the end, when we required  agencies to disclose, 1775 01:23:39,474 --> 01:23:41,392 to swear under oath  that they had 1776 01:23:41,434 --> 01:23:43,603 located all assassination records, 1777 01:23:43,644 --> 01:23:45,730 had turned everything over to us, 1778 01:23:45,772 --> 01:23:49,984 the Secret Service refused to sign the document under oath.  1779 01:23:50,026 --> 01:23:51,277 I think that was telling. 1780 01:23:53,154 --> 01:23:55,865 GOLDBERG: Few people knew that there had been at least 1781 01:23:55,907 --> 01:24:00,453 two prior plots to kill President Kennedy in 1963.  1782 01:24:00,495 --> 01:24:03,289 One was in Chicago on November 2nd.  1783 01:24:03,331 --> 01:24:07,085 The second was in Tampa on November 18th.  1784 01:24:07,126 --> 01:24:09,796 Kennedy ended up not going to Chicago. 1785 01:24:09,837 --> 01:24:11,464 Tell us about that plot. 1786 01:24:11,506 --> 01:24:14,967 An informant, on October 31st, 1787 01:24:15,009 --> 01:24:19,263 an informant named Lee gave a warning to the FBI 1788 01:24:19,305 --> 01:24:22,308 stating that four Cubans 1789 01:24:22,350 --> 01:24:24,811 were headed to Chicago to shoot Kennedy.  1790 01:24:24,852 --> 01:24:28,564 The following day, a landlady  reported to the Chicago police 1791 01:24:28,606 --> 01:24:31,275 that she had rented a room to four people 1792 01:24:31,317 --> 01:24:33,319 that had rifles with telescopic sights 1793 01:24:33,361 --> 01:24:35,446 and a sketch of the motorcade. 1794 01:24:35,488 --> 01:24:38,616 The FBI passed that on to the Secret Service,  1795 01:24:38,658 --> 01:24:41,911 and the Secret Service botched the surveillance 1796 01:24:41,953 --> 01:24:43,329 of these four individuals. 1797 01:24:43,371 --> 01:24:44,914 Two of them escaped, 1798 01:24:44,956 --> 01:24:47,208 but they actually picked up two of the snipers,  1799 01:24:47,250 --> 01:24:48,543 and they detained them. 1800 01:24:48,584 --> 01:24:50,670 They were stonewalled by the snipers. 1801 01:24:50,711 --> 01:24:52,505 They didn't get any information out of them.  1802 01:24:52,547 --> 01:24:56,134 While this was going on, there was another threat coming in  1803 01:24:56,175 --> 01:25:01,097 from another alternate patsy  named Thomas Arthur Vallee, 1804 01:25:01,139 --> 01:25:02,640 who was making open and loud threats 1805 01:25:02,682 --> 01:25:04,976 that he would assassinate Kennedy. 1806 01:25:05,017 --> 01:25:08,813 They only picked him up when Kennedy canceled his trip, 1807 01:25:08,855 --> 01:25:12,441 on November 2nd at 10:00 in the morning. 1808 01:25:12,483 --> 01:25:16,696 What you found in Vallee and the whole Chicago plot 1809 01:25:16,737 --> 01:25:20,783 is so many similarities to what eventually happened in Dallas  1810 01:25:20,825 --> 01:25:23,536 that it can't be considered coincidental. 1811 01:25:23,578 --> 01:25:28,124 Vallee, if we compare him to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.  1812 01:25:28,166 --> 01:25:30,960 He had been posted, like Oswald, in the Far East 1813 01:25:31,002 --> 01:25:34,172 on a station that was linked to the CIA  1814 01:25:34,213 --> 01:25:37,216 because there were U-2 surveillance planes on it.  1815 01:25:37,258 --> 01:25:41,220 It was easy to portray him as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,  1816 01:25:41,262 --> 01:25:43,014 a loner, armed. 1817 01:25:43,055 --> 01:25:45,766 Uh, he had another intelligence link 1818 01:25:45,808 --> 01:25:48,394 that he shared with Oswald. 1819 01:25:48,436 --> 01:25:51,105 He trained Cuban exiles for combat, 1820 01:25:51,147 --> 01:25:53,900 which was a CIA responsibility. 1821 01:25:53,941 --> 01:25:56,944 And Oswald, we know, at least offered to do that. 1822 01:25:56,986 --> 01:26:01,115 He most likely did train Cuban exiles, but we know he tried to.  1823 01:26:01,157 --> 01:26:03,618 Oswald, as we know, was moved 1824 01:26:03,659 --> 01:26:07,205 from New Orleans  to Dallas in October 1825 01:26:07,246 --> 01:26:08,873 to be there just  at the right time... 1826 01:26:09,749 --> 01:26:11,292 for the motorcade.  1827 01:26:11,334 --> 01:26:14,378 And he's placed in a tall building,  where he gets a job. 1828 01:26:14,420 --> 01:26:17,632 He's adjacent to the perfect kill zone. 1829 01:26:17,673 --> 01:26:20,551 Now, if we look at what happened to, uh, Vallee, 1830 01:26:20,593 --> 01:26:23,512 he's moved like a pawn, in August, 1831 01:26:23,554 --> 01:26:26,432 from Long Island to Chicago 1832 01:26:26,474 --> 01:26:28,267 to be there in time  for the motorcade.  1833 01:26:28,309 --> 01:26:29,894 And where does he get a job?  1834 01:26:29,936 --> 01:26:33,231 In a tall building  adjacent to the motorcade 1835 01:26:33,272 --> 01:26:35,900 with a perfect view of a kill zone. 1836 01:26:35,942 --> 01:26:38,527 It would have forced Kennedy's motorcade 1837 01:26:38,569 --> 01:26:40,780 to do a sharp turn, slow down, 1838 01:26:40,821 --> 01:26:42,240 and be in a point 1839 01:26:42,281 --> 01:26:45,076 where you could've had perfect triangulation of fire. 1840 01:26:45,117 --> 01:26:46,702 And what about the trip to Florida? 1841 01:26:46,744 --> 01:26:48,287 On November 18th, 1842 01:26:48,329 --> 01:26:50,414 Kennedy was scheduled 1843 01:26:50,456 --> 01:26:53,000 to do a 27-mile-long motorcade in Tampa.  1844 01:26:53,042 --> 01:26:57,505 Secret Service was very nervous about the Floridian Hotel 1845 01:26:57,546 --> 01:26:59,257 where the motorcade would've gone by.  1846 01:26:59,298 --> 01:27:00,800 It would have forced a sharp turn. 1847 01:27:00,841 --> 01:27:03,636 Nobody fired away at him. But in this case, 1848 01:27:03,678 --> 01:27:08,224 the patsy would've been a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.  1849 01:27:08,266 --> 01:27:09,934 He was a Cuban exile. 1850 01:27:09,976 --> 01:27:13,938 He attended Fair Play for Cuba Committee meetings. 1851 01:27:13,980 --> 01:27:16,816 And what do you think was the relevance of it? 1852 01:27:16,857 --> 01:27:19,777 PAUL BLEAU: Well, if he had  been assassinated in Tampa, 1853 01:27:19,819 --> 01:27:22,947 Lopez, he would've been the, uh, potential patsy, 1854 01:27:22,989 --> 01:27:26,158 if they had to admit to a front shot...  1855 01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:28,452 because Oswald was behind. 1856 01:27:28,494 --> 01:27:32,290 There were rumors that he had assisted Oswald 1857 01:27:32,331 --> 01:27:34,125 in the assassination in Dallas. 1858 01:27:34,166 --> 01:27:37,253 Had anyone-- anyone tried to speak to the Warren Commission 1859 01:27:37,295 --> 01:27:38,921 about these incidents? 1860 01:27:38,963 --> 01:27:40,756 BLEAU: Abraham Bolden 1861 01:27:40,798 --> 01:27:43,384 was the firstBlack Secret Service agent 1862 01:27:43,426 --> 01:27:45,428 assigned to the White House detail, 1863 01:27:45,469 --> 01:27:47,471 and he was hand-picked by Kennedy. 1864 01:27:47,513 --> 01:27:50,182 He was in Chicago, uh, when this plot went down. 1865 01:27:50,224 --> 01:27:53,853 So he was there when the Secret Service was briefed 1866 01:27:53,894 --> 01:27:55,604 about the four snipers. 1867 01:27:55,646 --> 01:27:57,815 And he witnessed how much 1868 01:27:57,857 --> 01:28:00,985 the security was lax for Chicago. 1869 01:28:01,027 --> 01:28:04,322 And he also witnessed, after the assassination, 1870 01:28:04,363 --> 01:28:06,574 the steps  that were taken to keep 1871 01:28:06,615 --> 01:28:09,285 the Chicago plot completely secret.  1872 01:28:09,327 --> 01:28:11,537 No paper trail, compartmentalized, 1873 01:28:11,579 --> 01:28:14,290 agents ordered to keep silent about it. 1874 01:28:14,332 --> 01:28:17,251 This information did not make its way 1875 01:28:17,293 --> 01:28:19,462 to Secret Service agents 1876 01:28:19,503 --> 01:28:21,547 that were protecting Kennedy  1877 01:28:21,589 --> 01:28:24,008 for future motorcades, including Dallas. 1878 01:28:24,050 --> 01:28:26,093 GOLDBERG: Secret Service Agent Elmer Moore  1879 01:28:26,135 --> 01:28:30,765 was aware of Agent Bolden and the Chicago plot. 1880 01:28:30,806 --> 01:28:33,809 I met with Elmer three times face-to-face, 1881 01:28:33,851 --> 01:28:37,063 several phone calls, very short, one very long one. 1882 01:28:37,104 --> 01:28:40,941 I first asked him,  "Did you ever interview 1883 01:28:40,983 --> 01:28:42,651 Thomas Arthur Vallee?" 1884 01:28:42,693 --> 01:28:44,612 And he says, "Oh, Washington 1885 01:28:44,653 --> 01:28:46,739 wouldn't let me see the files on that." 1886 01:28:46,781 --> 01:28:49,325 I said, "Oh, well,  what about a man, 1887 01:28:49,367 --> 01:28:51,994 a Secret Service agent by the name of Abraham Bolden?"  1888 01:28:53,454 --> 01:28:55,873 His demeanor completely changed.  1889 01:28:55,915 --> 01:28:59,710 He stood up from his chair, he pulled out his revolver, 1890 01:28:59,752 --> 01:29:02,880 and he put it on the table right in front of me. 1891 01:29:02,922 --> 01:29:05,549 He leaned over the table and he says, 1892 01:29:05,591 --> 01:29:08,761 "Jim, tell me right now, who are you working for?" 1893 01:29:11,430 --> 01:29:14,392 I said, "I'm an independent researcher."  1894 01:29:15,017 --> 01:29:16,060 He told me... 1895 01:29:18,562 --> 01:29:19,980 in a very loud voice... 1896 01:29:21,774 --> 01:29:24,527 and with a very stern look on his face, 1897 01:29:24,568 --> 01:29:27,405 "We finally got him." 1898 01:29:27,446 --> 01:29:29,240 BLEAU: Abraham Bolden  was one person 1899 01:29:29,281 --> 01:29:31,117 who did try to say what he knew 1900 01:29:31,158 --> 01:29:34,203 to the Warren Commission, but they blocked him. 1901 01:29:34,245 --> 01:29:35,746 He was blocked from talking 1902 01:29:35,788 --> 01:29:39,458 and eventually railroaded into some phony crime 1903 01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:41,502 and put into jail  for a number of years. 1904 01:29:45,965 --> 01:29:48,801 STONE: The National Archives  is home to forensic evidence 1905 01:29:48,843 --> 01:29:51,053 of Kennedy's assassination,  1906 01:29:51,095 --> 01:29:54,432 and government files regarding Lee Harvey Oswald. 1907 01:29:54,473 --> 01:29:56,892 But the Review Board also declassified  1908 01:29:56,934 --> 01:29:59,228 many documents regarding Kennedy's plans 1909 01:29:59,270 --> 01:30:01,105 for withdrawal from Vietnam, 1910 01:30:01,147 --> 01:30:03,524 and how he planned to shape his progressive, 1911 01:30:03,566 --> 01:30:06,527 new American foreign policy. 1912 01:30:06,569 --> 01:30:08,946 A policy that, if put in motion,  1913 01:30:08,988 --> 01:30:12,450 would completely derail plans secretly already set up 1914 01:30:12,491 --> 01:30:14,493 by the Pentagon and the CIA. 1915 01:30:19,665 --> 01:30:22,960 I never realized Kennedy was so dangerous to the establishment. 1916 01:30:24,378 --> 01:30:26,464 Is that why? 1917 01:30:26,505 --> 01:30:27,965 That's the real question, isn't it?  1918 01:30:28,007 --> 01:30:29,425 "Why?" 1919 01:30:29,467 --> 01:30:33,721 The "how" and the "who" is just scenery for the public. 1920 01:30:33,762 --> 01:30:37,099 Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia, 1921 01:30:37,141 --> 01:30:39,185 keeps 'em guessing  like some kind of parlor game. 1922 01:30:39,226 --> 01:30:42,605 Prevents 'em from asking the  most important question: "Why?" 1923 01:30:42,646 --> 01:30:45,858 Why was Kennedy killed? Who benefited? 1924 01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:47,526 Who has the power to cover it up? 1925 01:30:48,235 --> 01:30:49,153 Who? 1926 01:30:51,739 --> 01:30:53,365 DONALD SUTHERLAND:  His first year in office, 1927 01:30:53,407 --> 01:30:56,994 Kennedy must shape his own policy as President, 1928 01:30:57,036 --> 01:31:00,498 sometimes in conflict with what his predecessors have done,  1929 01:31:00,539 --> 01:31:03,542 especially in foreign policy. 1930 01:31:03,584 --> 01:31:09,006 And by the fall of 1963, Kennedy had made many enemies.  1931 01:31:09,048 --> 01:31:12,885 He was working on an American withdrawal from Vietnam. 1932 01:31:12,927 --> 01:31:16,222 An upcoming State visit to Indonesia in '64. 1933 01:31:16,263 --> 01:31:20,476 An independent, unified democracy in the Congo. 1934 01:31:20,518 --> 01:31:24,104 Through Nasser, a balanced  policy in the Middle East.  1935 01:31:24,146 --> 01:31:27,358 Normalization of relations  with Cuba. 1936 01:31:27,399 --> 01:31:30,361 And a détente with Russia. 1937 01:31:30,402 --> 01:31:33,572 Even going so far  as to offer them  a joint mission to the moon. 1938 01:31:34,740 --> 01:31:37,868 But back in April of 1961,  1939 01:31:37,910 --> 01:31:41,205 the first stain on his administration asserted itself. 1940 01:31:43,249 --> 01:31:46,252 Kennedy, who had campaigned  as a strong anti-Communist,  1941 01:31:46,293 --> 01:31:49,171 signed off on the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.  1942 01:31:49,213 --> 01:31:50,756 His approval of the plan 1943 01:31:50,798 --> 01:31:53,133 contained two distinct limitations. 1944 01:31:53,175 --> 01:31:55,928 America would supply arms and equipment, 1945 01:31:55,970 --> 01:31:59,098 but there would be no Americans in the landing force. 1946 01:31:59,139 --> 01:32:01,600 Second,  after preliminary air strikes 1947 01:32:01,642 --> 01:32:03,686 by Cuban exile pilots, 1948 01:32:03,727 --> 01:32:05,771 there would only be further strikes 1949 01:32:05,813 --> 01:32:08,107 after the invasion secured an airfield. 1950 01:32:09,775 --> 01:32:11,610 Dulles believed that Kennedy would, 1951 01:32:11,652 --> 01:32:13,779 like Eisenhower,  support the operation 1952 01:32:13,821 --> 01:32:17,449 with direct US military intervention if needed, 1953 01:32:17,491 --> 01:32:20,869 all the while assuring him  it would not be necessary.  1954 01:32:21,996 --> 01:32:23,956 Well, first, I want to say that 1955 01:32:23,998 --> 01:32:26,625 there will not be,  under any conditions, 1956 01:32:26,667 --> 01:32:29,628 be an intervention in Cuba by United States armed forces. 1957 01:32:46,895 --> 01:32:49,231 SUTHERLAND: The invasion  was a disaster. 1958 01:32:49,273 --> 01:32:52,484 Victory has 100 fathers and defeat is an orphan. 1959 01:32:52,526 --> 01:32:54,445 Further statements, uh... 1960 01:32:54,486 --> 01:32:56,655 detailed, uh, discussions, 1961 01:32:58,115 --> 01:33:01,493 are not to, uh, conceal responsibility 1962 01:33:01,535 --> 01:33:04,330 because I'm the responsible officer of the Government. 1963 01:33:04,371 --> 01:33:07,666 SUTHERLAND: In public, Kennedy accepted the blame.  1964 01:33:07,708 --> 01:33:09,627 In private, he and his brother suspected 1965 01:33:09,668 --> 01:33:12,421 they had been lied to by the CIA. 1966 01:33:12,463 --> 01:33:16,842 Allen Dulles confessed that the mission was bound to fail  1967 01:33:16,884 --> 01:33:18,802 as it was planned by the CIA,  1968 01:33:18,844 --> 01:33:21,180 without US military support.  1969 01:33:21,221 --> 01:33:23,515 He confessed this while, uh, preparing 1970 01:33:23,557 --> 01:33:25,684 an article for Harper's Magazine 1971 01:33:25,726 --> 01:33:27,770 with the young editor, Willie Morris, 1972 01:33:27,811 --> 01:33:31,649 that he couldn't have done this with his small group of exiles, 1973 01:33:31,690 --> 01:33:33,108 his Cuban brigade. 1974 01:33:33,150 --> 01:33:36,153 He needed the Marines and the Air Force to go in, 1975 01:33:36,195 --> 01:33:39,031 and he thought Kennedy was going to be young and pliable, 1976 01:33:39,073 --> 01:33:41,617 and that in the 11th hour, Kennedy would be forced 1977 01:33:41,659 --> 01:33:45,204 to send in, uh, the full might of the US military.  1978 01:33:45,245 --> 01:33:48,624 SUTHERLAND: While drafting the article in 1965, 1979 01:33:48,666 --> 01:33:50,459 Dulles told his editor, 1980 01:33:50,501 --> 01:33:54,213 "That Kennedy-- He thought he was a God." 1981 01:33:54,254 --> 01:33:56,465 DAVID TALBOT: Jack Kennedy  did stand firm. 1982 01:33:56,507 --> 01:33:58,258 He did not send in the military.  1983 01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:01,261 He did not make it  an even bigger global crisis  1984 01:34:01,303 --> 01:34:02,554 than it already was. 1985 01:34:02,596 --> 01:34:04,932 Kennedy is just furious. 1986 01:34:04,973 --> 01:34:06,517 He knows he's been lied to, 1987 01:34:06,558 --> 01:34:10,771 deceived by his senior military and intelligence advisers. 1988 01:34:10,813 --> 01:34:15,192 He announces that the agency, uh, is going to be downsized. 1989 01:34:15,234 --> 01:34:18,362 And he vows famously, he tells friends 1990 01:34:18,404 --> 01:34:21,407 he's going to shatter the CIA into a thousand pieces 1991 01:34:21,448 --> 01:34:23,909 and scatter it to the winds.  1992 01:34:23,951 --> 01:34:27,663 It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs  that angered President Kennedy  1993 01:34:27,705 --> 01:34:29,331 when it came to the CIA. 1994 01:34:29,373 --> 01:34:33,085 In that same month,  in April of 1961, 1995 01:34:33,127 --> 01:34:37,089 he was also being lied to about a coup in France, 1996 01:34:37,131 --> 01:34:38,757 a military coup that was aimed at 1997 01:34:38,799 --> 01:34:41,427 overthrowing President Charles de Gaulle, 1998 01:34:41,468 --> 01:34:43,929 one of our strongest allies. 1999 01:34:43,971 --> 01:34:45,848 SUTHERLAND: Allen Dulles, who had a long history 2000 01:34:45,889 --> 01:34:48,392 of antagonism with de Gaulle, 2001 01:34:48,434 --> 01:34:49,852 falsely reported to Kennedy  2002 01:34:49,893 --> 01:34:52,438 that the vast majority of the French military 2003 01:34:52,479 --> 01:34:55,107 was staunchly opposed to de Gaulle's support 2004 01:34:55,149 --> 01:34:58,527 of Algerian self-determination. 2005 01:34:58,569 --> 01:35:03,031 What he didn't tell him was that as far back as 1959, 2006 01:35:03,073 --> 01:35:06,243 the CIA had discussed his overthrow. 2007 01:35:06,285 --> 01:35:10,038 This coup attempt, orchestrated by four French generals, 2008 01:35:10,080 --> 01:35:11,707 was quickly put down. 2009 01:35:11,749 --> 01:35:15,711 And several news reports pointed to Allen Dulles' hand 2010 01:35:15,753 --> 01:35:18,130 in supporting the episode.  2011 01:35:18,172 --> 01:35:20,466 JFK assures the French ambassador, 2012 01:35:20,507 --> 01:35:22,301 "I have nothing to do with this.  2013 01:35:22,342 --> 01:35:25,471 I stand in full support of President de Gaulle." 2014 01:35:25,512 --> 01:35:27,973 But he says something very, very alarming. 2015 01:35:28,015 --> 01:35:31,435 He tells the French ambassador, President Kennedy,  2016 01:35:31,477 --> 01:35:35,105 that "I'm not in full control, though, of my entire government.  2017 01:35:35,147 --> 01:35:37,316 "I'm not in control of the CIA 2018 01:35:37,357 --> 01:35:39,777 and I can't speak for what's happening there." 2019 01:35:39,818 --> 01:35:43,405 That's a stunning admission  for a US President to make.  2020 01:35:45,032 --> 01:35:46,867 SUTHERLAND: In 1960, 2021 01:35:46,909 --> 01:35:49,787 the Congo had been granted its independence  2022 01:35:49,828 --> 01:35:51,497 from Belgian colonial rule  2023 01:35:51,538 --> 01:35:54,792 and carried out a democratic election. 2024 01:35:54,833 --> 01:35:57,169 In the disorder of the transition, 2025 01:35:57,211 --> 01:36:00,088 the Belgians, backed by England and France, 2026 01:36:00,130 --> 01:36:02,883 sought to eliminate its charismatic Prime Minister, 2027 01:36:02,925 --> 01:36:05,093 Patrice Lumumba.  2028 01:36:05,135 --> 01:36:08,388 Eisenhower and CIA Director Allen Dulles 2029 01:36:08,430 --> 01:36:12,893 favored the European nation  in this colonial conflict.  2030 01:36:12,935 --> 01:36:17,356 Eisenhower gave the go-ahead  to have Lumumba assassinated.  2031 01:36:18,440 --> 01:36:19,691 Kennedy never knew this. 2032 01:36:19,733 --> 01:36:24,488 He gets elected the following November of 1960, 2033 01:36:24,530 --> 01:36:27,866 and he heads in the opposite direction. 2034 01:36:27,908 --> 01:36:29,785 To those new states  whom we welcome 2035 01:36:29,827 --> 01:36:32,621 to the ranks of the free, 2036 01:36:32,663 --> 01:36:38,627 we pledge our word that one form of colonial control  2037 01:36:38,669 --> 01:36:41,463 shall not have passed away 2038 01:36:41,505 --> 01:36:46,343 merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. 2039 01:36:46,385 --> 01:36:48,679 SUTHERLAND: But events are already in motion. 2040 01:36:48,720 --> 01:36:52,182 With the backing of British  and US intelligence and arms, 2041 01:36:52,224 --> 01:36:56,103 Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces  captured President Lumumba  2042 01:36:56,144 --> 01:36:59,398 at the beginning  of December 1960.  2043 01:36:59,439 --> 01:37:01,066 RICHARD MAHONEY: Dag Hammarskjold,  2044 01:37:01,108 --> 01:37:04,194 the UN Secretary General, calls JFK, 2045 01:37:04,236 --> 01:37:06,488 uh, who's the President-elect  at this point, 2046 01:37:06,530 --> 01:37:08,282 and asked him to intercede 2047 01:37:08,323 --> 01:37:11,159 to get Lumumba released from prison. 2048 01:37:11,201 --> 01:37:15,247 When Kennedy intervenes to save Lumumba, 2049 01:37:15,289 --> 01:37:18,542 that's a signal directly to the CIA  2050 01:37:18,584 --> 01:37:21,753 that they have to  dispatch this guy immediately.  2051 01:37:21,795 --> 01:37:26,216 And so 48 hours before Kennedy  takes the oath of office, 2052 01:37:26,258 --> 01:37:29,428 Lumumba is delivered into the hands of his enemies.  2053 01:37:29,469 --> 01:37:31,680 He's taken out and shot in the head. 2054 01:37:31,722 --> 01:37:34,683 Kennedy doesn't know this until months later. 2055 01:37:34,725 --> 01:37:36,059 Who finally tells him? 2056 01:37:36,101 --> 01:37:38,729 The CIA?  No, they still keep it a secret.  2057 01:37:38,770 --> 01:37:42,482 He's informed by his UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson. 2058 01:37:42,524 --> 01:37:45,110 His face crumples, he's holding his hand, 2059 01:37:45,152 --> 01:37:47,154 he's grimacing in anguish,  2060 01:37:47,195 --> 01:37:51,199 hearing about the assassination of Patrice Lumumba. 2061 01:37:51,241 --> 01:37:52,451 SUTHERLAND: Within a very short 2062 01:37:52,492 --> 01:37:54,786 period of time after the assassination, 2063 01:37:54,828 --> 01:37:58,999 Hammarskjold died  in a mysterious plane crash. 2064 01:37:59,041 --> 01:38:00,834 The photographs show his body 2065 01:38:00,876 --> 01:38:03,670 as the only one not burned or charred, 2066 01:38:03,712 --> 01:38:07,925 and he had a playing card,  reportedly the ace of spades, 2067 01:38:07,966 --> 01:38:11,929 stuffed into his shirt collar above the knot of the tie.  2068 01:38:11,970 --> 01:38:13,972 There are controversial documents 2069 01:38:14,014 --> 01:38:16,016 that indicate Allen Dulles  2070 01:38:16,058 --> 01:38:18,143 was involved in the sabotage of the plane. 2071 01:38:20,646 --> 01:38:22,564 LISA PEASE: John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles,  2072 01:38:22,606 --> 01:38:25,067 they felt, you know, what they had to say 2073 01:38:25,108 --> 01:38:27,319 was good enough for the rest of the world,  2074 01:38:27,361 --> 01:38:29,112 that they knew more than the President. 2075 01:38:29,154 --> 01:38:31,198 There were things they didn't tell Eisenhower 2076 01:38:31,239 --> 01:38:34,076 that they were doing under his administration. 2077 01:38:34,117 --> 01:38:36,203 TALBOT: And actually,  Jack Kennedy  2078 01:38:36,244 --> 01:38:39,581 does move to decapitate the top of the CIA. 2079 01:38:39,623 --> 01:38:41,833 He lets it be known  that Allen Dulles,  2080 01:38:41,875 --> 01:38:44,002 as well as his two top advisers,  2081 01:38:44,044 --> 01:38:45,504 Richard Bissell,  2082 01:38:45,545 --> 01:38:47,965 who is also very involved with the Bay of Pigs, 2083 01:38:48,006 --> 01:38:49,716 and General Cabell, 2084 01:38:49,758 --> 01:38:52,427 who was, uh, the right-hand man to Allen Dulles.  2085 01:38:52,469 --> 01:38:54,596 So the top three people in the CIA, 2086 01:38:54,638 --> 01:38:58,475 Kennedy forces them out before the end of the year.  2087 01:38:58,517 --> 01:39:01,353 Have you ever committed any act of violence in your life?  2088 01:39:04,439 --> 01:39:05,440 No. 2089 01:39:07,484 --> 01:39:09,152 SUTHERLAND: The existence  of communism  2090 01:39:09,194 --> 01:39:10,946 so close to American shores  2091 01:39:10,988 --> 01:39:13,949 kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate. 2092 01:39:13,991 --> 01:39:17,035 And the Joint Chiefs of Staff presented a plan to Kennedy  2093 01:39:17,077 --> 01:39:19,204 called Operation Northwoods, 2094 01:39:19,246 --> 01:39:21,665 whereby the CIA would secretly perform 2095 01:39:21,707 --> 01:39:24,167 terrorist acts in the United States 2096 01:39:24,209 --> 01:39:26,169 and blame them on Castro 2097 01:39:26,211 --> 01:39:29,381 to justify bombings and an invasion of Cuba. 2098 01:39:29,423 --> 01:39:31,383 And you see all these plans 2099 01:39:31,425 --> 01:39:33,969 being sent to McNamara and to Kennedy.  2100 01:39:34,011 --> 01:39:35,345 HORNE: "Fake an attack by Cubans 2101 01:39:35,387 --> 01:39:37,139 against the Guantanamo Bay sentries. 2102 01:39:37,180 --> 01:39:39,641 Sink a US ship in Guantanamo Bay  2103 01:39:39,683 --> 01:39:41,059 and blame it on Cuba." 2104 01:39:41,101 --> 01:39:45,564 The one that scares me the most was very sophisticated. 2105 01:39:45,605 --> 01:39:49,609 Uh, take an airliner and fly it as a drone over Cuba 2106 01:39:49,651 --> 01:39:51,028 without any people in it, 2107 01:39:51,069 --> 01:39:52,362 with a tape-recording that would play,  2108 01:39:52,404 --> 01:39:54,072 "We're under attack  by Cuban aircraft!  2109 01:39:54,114 --> 01:39:55,991 'Oh, my God, they're going to kill us!" 2110 01:39:56,033 --> 01:39:57,242 Blow up the airplane! 2111 01:39:57,284 --> 01:39:58,994 Blow up this huge drone 2112 01:39:59,036 --> 01:40:02,581 and use that to start a war.  2113 01:40:02,622 --> 01:40:05,083 SUTHERLAND: The President declined the recommendation. 2114 01:40:06,376 --> 01:40:08,211 The Northwoods plan was our big find  2115 01:40:08,253 --> 01:40:09,921 in the way of military records. 2116 01:40:09,963 --> 01:40:11,173 They are universally recognized today  2117 01:40:11,214 --> 01:40:12,716 for their importance. 2118 01:40:12,758 --> 01:40:15,010 It's one of those releases that the Review Board members, 2119 01:40:15,052 --> 01:40:18,180 the board members themselves  were justifiably proud of 2120 01:40:18,221 --> 01:40:20,182 that came out of  the JFK Records Act. 2121 01:40:22,309 --> 01:40:24,728 STONE: In addition to the problems with the CIA,  2122 01:40:24,770 --> 01:40:27,981 Kennedy's own military advisers started pressuring him 2123 01:40:28,023 --> 01:40:29,649 to send troops to Vietnam.  2124 01:40:29,691 --> 01:40:31,526 A country that Kennedy had visited 2125 01:40:31,568 --> 01:40:33,695 10 years earlier  as a Congressman,  2126 01:40:33,737 --> 01:40:36,281 and witnessed firsthand how the French 2127 01:40:36,323 --> 01:40:37,908 were losing their war 2128 01:40:37,949 --> 01:40:41,286 against the Viet Minh in the fight for independence.  2129 01:40:41,328 --> 01:40:42,621 Once he became President, 2130 01:40:42,662 --> 01:40:46,166 Kennedy wanted to avoid the same trap. 2131 01:40:46,208 --> 01:40:49,544 The Vietnam decision is finally arrived at, 2132 01:40:49,586 --> 01:40:51,213 which is NSAM 111, 2133 01:40:51,254 --> 01:40:54,049 where Kennedy says no combat troops 2134 01:40:54,091 --> 01:40:55,967 but will increase the advisers. 2135 01:40:56,009 --> 01:40:58,970 And that was his decision,  in the Kennedy presidency.  2136 01:40:59,012 --> 01:41:01,556 never to cross that line. 2137 01:41:03,517 --> 01:41:05,977 SUTHERLAND: Near the end of his first year in office, 2138 01:41:06,019 --> 01:41:07,604 Kennedy received a report 2139 01:41:07,646 --> 01:41:10,315 from Walt Rostow  and General Maxwell Taylor,  2140 01:41:10,357 --> 01:41:12,442 his foreign policy and military advisers, 2141 01:41:12,484 --> 01:41:13,985 that called for increased training 2142 01:41:14,027 --> 01:41:16,113 of South Vietnamese troops,  2143 01:41:16,154 --> 01:41:17,989 increased bombings of the North, 2144 01:41:18,031 --> 01:41:21,159 and the use of US combat troops. 2145 01:41:21,201 --> 01:41:22,828 The influence on Kennedy's reluctance 2146 01:41:22,869 --> 01:41:24,830 to committing ground troops  2147 01:41:24,871 --> 01:41:28,834 was his ambassador to India, John Kenneth Galbraith. 2148 01:41:28,875 --> 01:41:31,878 JAMES K. GALBRAITH: My father went to see, uh, Walt Rostow. 2149 01:41:31,920 --> 01:41:33,505 He went in to talk to him.  2150 01:41:33,547 --> 01:41:37,342 Rostow gestured on his desk to the, uh, pile of papers. 2151 01:41:37,384 --> 01:41:40,637 The Rostow Taylor report was plainly visible. 2152 01:41:40,679 --> 01:41:42,639 Uh, my father asked to see it. 2153 01:41:42,681 --> 01:41:44,516 Walt said that his security classification 2154 01:41:44,558 --> 01:41:46,560 wasn't sufficiently high. 2155 01:41:46,601 --> 01:41:48,270 My father did not think that 2156 01:41:48,311 --> 01:41:51,731 Walt Rostow's security classification was higher than his. 2157 01:41:51,773 --> 01:41:54,609 Uh, and at the given moment,  uh, the phone rang.  2158 01:41:54,651 --> 01:41:56,653 Walt turned to-- to answer the phone  2159 01:41:56,695 --> 01:41:58,822 and-- and Dad picked up the report 2160 01:41:58,864 --> 01:42:01,867 and walked out of the office and read it.  2161 01:42:01,908 --> 01:42:04,035 SUTHERLAND: Kennedy sent Galbraith to Saigon 2162 01:42:04,077 --> 01:42:07,122 to write a report that would differ in its recommendations 2163 01:42:07,164 --> 01:42:11,168 from what Taylor and Rostow  had given to him.  2164 01:42:11,209 --> 01:42:12,794 Kennedy knew what he wanted  2165 01:42:12,836 --> 01:42:14,462 and he knew what my father would deliver, which he did,  2166 01:42:14,504 --> 01:42:17,132 which is a very detailed and skeptical report 2167 01:42:17,174 --> 01:42:19,885 about the efficiency of the  South Vietnamese government, 2168 01:42:19,926 --> 01:42:23,221 about the capacity of any military force 2169 01:42:23,263 --> 01:42:25,724 to prevail in the security situation 2170 01:42:25,765 --> 01:42:28,560 that was in existence in South Vietnam at that time.  2171 01:42:28,602 --> 01:42:30,228 SUTHERLAND: Kennedy  told Galbraith 2172 01:42:30,270 --> 01:42:33,732 to deliver his report to Defense Secretary McNamara,  2173 01:42:33,773 --> 01:42:35,901 and he,  in turn, gave instructions  2174 01:42:35,942 --> 01:42:39,070 to begin the withdrawal to General Harkins, 2175 01:42:39,112 --> 01:42:42,657 the commanding General of all forces in Vietnam. 2176 01:42:42,699 --> 01:42:45,827 The Pentagon dragged its feet on formulating plans, 2177 01:42:45,869 --> 01:42:50,749 and McNamara called for a meeting in May of 1963. 2178 01:42:50,790 --> 01:42:53,835 One of the most important finds of the Review Board 2179 01:42:53,877 --> 01:42:56,338 are the notes from this meeting. 2180 01:42:56,379 --> 01:42:58,340 HORNE: McNamara said, "It's not fast enough. 2181 01:42:58,381 --> 01:42:59,758 I want you to accelerate it." 2182 01:42:59,799 --> 01:43:02,135 He says,  "I want to pull out 1,000 men, 2183 01:43:02,177 --> 01:43:04,346 uh, in December by the end of the year. 2184 01:43:04,387 --> 01:43:06,431 "And I want you to pull out  2185 01:43:06,473 --> 01:43:08,516 complete units, not just individuals." 2186 01:43:08,558 --> 01:43:10,936 He wanted units to come out. 2187 01:43:10,977 --> 01:43:13,605 SUTHERLAND: After the  withdrawal plan was approved, 2188 01:43:13,647 --> 01:43:16,066 Kennedy sent Secretary of Defense McNamara 2189 01:43:16,107 --> 01:43:20,612 and General Taylor to Saigon in September of '63.  2190 01:43:20,654 --> 01:43:23,448 He planned on using their report as the basis 2191 01:43:23,490 --> 01:43:26,576 to formally order  the withdrawal to begin. 2192 01:43:26,618 --> 01:43:28,453 Kennedy controlled the report,  2193 01:43:28,495 --> 01:43:30,080 since it was actually being written 2194 01:43:30,121 --> 01:43:33,291 under the supervision of Bobby Kennedy.  2195 01:43:33,333 --> 01:43:34,960 NEWMAN: Three days later,  2196 01:43:35,001 --> 01:43:36,544 that leaks out into the newspapers. 2197 01:43:36,586 --> 01:43:39,130 Then his opponents find out. 2198 01:43:39,172 --> 01:43:40,924 And McGeorge Bundy says to Kennedy, "Hey, look, 2199 01:43:40,966 --> 01:43:42,467 "if they're talking about it in the newspapers, 2200 01:43:42,509 --> 01:43:43,843 we might as well  put it on paper."  2201 01:43:43,885 --> 01:43:46,096 And they put it,  and it was NSAM 263. 2202 01:43:46,137 --> 01:43:49,349 And that's how it was actually written and why. 2203 01:43:49,391 --> 01:43:51,309 Well, here's one of the things  2204 01:43:51,351 --> 01:43:52,936 McNamara said in the secret debrief. 2205 01:43:52,978 --> 01:43:56,481 He said, "We had agreed, the President and I, 2206 01:43:56,523 --> 01:43:58,358 "that we had trained them,  2207 01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:00,193 "we had given them everything we could. 2208 01:44:00,235 --> 01:44:02,821 "And if they couldn't win,  too bad. 2209 01:44:02,862 --> 01:44:06,866 We had to get out even if they were going to be defeated."  2210 01:44:06,908 --> 01:44:10,412 So McNamara and Kennedy had  decided that they were willing  2211 01:44:10,453 --> 01:44:13,498 to pull out of Vietnam in a losing scenario. 2212 01:44:13,540 --> 01:44:14,666 That's very important. 2213 01:44:16,001 --> 01:44:18,670 But later in that month, McGeorge Bundy, 2214 01:44:18,712 --> 01:44:21,298 who's the National Security Adviser,  2215 01:44:21,339 --> 01:44:23,300 puts together a memo 2216 01:44:23,341 --> 01:44:25,427 based upon the-- the truth about the war, 2217 01:44:25,468 --> 01:44:27,595 which is just going terribly.  2218 01:44:27,637 --> 01:44:30,807 And he does it in a way to try and make sure 2219 01:44:30,849 --> 01:44:32,934 that Kennedy would be able to go along with this. 2220 01:44:32,976 --> 01:44:34,519 SUTHERLAND: This is  reflected in 2221 01:44:34,561 --> 01:44:36,771 the National Security Action Memorandum: 2222 01:44:36,813 --> 01:44:39,649 NSAM 273. 2223 01:44:39,691 --> 01:44:42,902 NEWMAN: The way Bundy writes  the first draft of 273 2224 01:44:42,944 --> 01:44:44,529 is to say, "Look, we need to intensify  2225 01:44:44,571 --> 01:44:47,407 "the war effort against the communists. 2226 01:44:47,449 --> 01:44:49,326 "But the way we're going to do it 2227 01:44:49,367 --> 01:44:51,995 is to increase South Vietnamese forces." 2228 01:44:52,037 --> 01:44:54,497 There's not a word  about American forces 2229 01:44:54,539 --> 01:44:56,207 or Americanizing the war. 2230 01:44:58,877 --> 01:45:01,087 While Kennedy's body is still in the casket 2231 01:45:01,129 --> 01:45:03,631 in the rotunda over in the Capitol building, 2232 01:45:03,673 --> 01:45:08,011 is when Johnson changes NSAM 273  to a new version. 2233 01:45:08,053 --> 01:45:10,555 And when it comes to the key paragraph, 2234 01:45:10,597 --> 01:45:12,390 paragraph seven,  which just talks about 2235 01:45:12,432 --> 01:45:15,018 how we're going to intensify the war, 2236 01:45:15,060 --> 01:45:16,561 instead of changing a few words,  2237 01:45:16,603 --> 01:45:19,856 there's two big hash marks through that paragraph, 2238 01:45:19,898 --> 01:45:21,483 and it's completely rewritten.  2239 01:45:21,524 --> 01:45:22,901 And I said-- I asked Bundy in an interview,  2240 01:45:22,942 --> 01:45:24,694 I said,  "Who told you to do that?"  2241 01:45:24,736 --> 01:45:26,404 He said, "Johnson did." 2242 01:45:26,446 --> 01:45:27,989 SUTHERLAND: These changes  allowed the US 2243 01:45:28,031 --> 01:45:31,076 to unilaterally engage in combat in Vietnam 2244 01:45:31,117 --> 01:45:33,370 rather than simply supporting and advising 2245 01:45:33,411 --> 01:45:34,913 South Vietnamese troops. 2246 01:45:35,872 --> 01:45:37,665 And within days, 2247 01:45:37,707 --> 01:45:40,835 we're talking about  sending out the DESOTO missions.  2248 01:45:40,877 --> 01:45:43,505 These-- These naval excursions  2249 01:45:43,546 --> 01:45:46,508 along the coastline of North Vietnam  2250 01:45:46,549 --> 01:45:49,219 that ends up with The Maddox  2251 01:45:49,260 --> 01:45:51,721 and the, and the so-called  Tonkin Gulf attacks. 2252 01:45:51,763 --> 01:45:53,765 And then  the resolution in Congress 2253 01:45:53,807 --> 01:45:56,851 opening the door to intervention in Vietnam. 2254 01:45:56,893 --> 01:45:59,521 SUTHERLAND: In the Review Board's declassifications,  2255 01:45:59,562 --> 01:46:01,815 there's evidence  that Johnson was fully aware 2256 01:46:01,856 --> 01:46:04,192 of Kennedy's Vietnam withdrawal plans, 2257 01:46:04,234 --> 01:46:05,860 disagreed with them, 2258 01:46:05,902 --> 01:46:08,780 and worked on Robert McNamara to make him renounce them.  2259 01:46:09,739 --> 01:46:11,574 (Lyndon B. Johnson speaking)  2260 01:46:20,750 --> 01:46:23,169 In retaliation for this unprovoked  2261 01:46:23,211 --> 01:46:25,672 attack on the high seas, 2262 01:46:25,713 --> 01:46:27,882 our forces have struck the bases 2263 01:46:27,924 --> 01:46:31,928 used by the North Vietnamese  patrol craft. 2264 01:46:31,970 --> 01:46:34,222 SUTHERLAND: And as declassified memos have revealed, 2265 01:46:34,264 --> 01:46:35,932 by autumn of 1964, 2266 01:46:35,974 --> 01:46:38,643 during his campaign against Barry Goldwater, 2267 01:46:38,685 --> 01:46:40,770 Johnson had already decided  2268 01:46:40,812 --> 01:46:43,815 that he was going  to escalate the Vietnam War. 2269 01:46:43,857 --> 01:46:45,442 In fact, the directive that would become  2270 01:46:45,483 --> 01:46:47,235 the Tonkin Gulf Resolution  2271 01:46:47,277 --> 01:46:51,531 had been written before the  Tonkin Gulf Incident itself. 2272 01:46:51,573 --> 01:46:53,324 Three months before the election, 2273 01:46:53,366 --> 01:46:56,953 Johnson had already planned  for an extensive air war. 2274 01:46:56,995 --> 01:46:59,789 It was to begin after his inauguration. 2275 01:47:01,416 --> 01:47:05,628 JOHNSON: We intend  to convince the communists  2276 01:47:05,670 --> 01:47:10,592 that we cannot be defeated  by force of arms  2277 01:47:10,633 --> 01:47:12,677 or by superior power. 2278 01:47:17,557 --> 01:47:19,601 PEASE: When news came of Kennedy's death, 2279 01:47:19,642 --> 01:47:22,020 all over the planet, people were mourning 2280 01:47:22,061 --> 01:47:24,856 and crying and going to embassies. 2281 01:47:24,898 --> 01:47:27,192 In Latin America,  the people just lit candles  2282 01:47:27,233 --> 01:47:29,611 because they didn't even have electrical power, 2283 01:47:29,652 --> 01:47:31,154 but they wanted to honor his killing. 2284 01:47:31,196 --> 01:47:32,947 In the Yucatan Peninsula, 2285 01:47:32,989 --> 01:47:36,826 peasants cleared an area and planted a peace garden. 2286 01:47:36,868 --> 01:47:38,495 PHILIP MUEHLENBECK: Nasser learned of Kennedy's death  2287 01:47:38,536 --> 01:47:40,955 in the middle of the night.  He got up, dressed, 2288 01:47:40,997 --> 01:47:43,583 went down to his office, and then realized,  2289 01:47:43,625 --> 01:47:45,668 "Well, there's nothing I can do about this." 2290 01:47:45,710 --> 01:47:48,213 According to his son, Nasser went to a-- 2291 01:47:48,254 --> 01:47:51,341 a great state of depression  after Kennedy's death. 2292 01:47:51,382 --> 01:47:54,802 Uh, relations with Egypt gradually deteriorated, 2293 01:47:54,844 --> 01:47:57,722 and they increasingly shifted their allegiance  2294 01:47:57,764 --> 01:47:59,516 towards the Soviet Union as well. 2295 01:47:59,557 --> 01:48:03,269 A mass was held in the leading Catholic Church in Cairo, 2296 01:48:03,311 --> 01:48:05,438 which has a capacity of 600.  2297 01:48:05,480 --> 01:48:09,108 They somehow fit 4,000 people into that church.  2298 01:48:09,150 --> 01:48:11,778 Algeria, which had special feeling for Kennedy, 2299 01:48:11,819 --> 01:48:13,988 declared a state  of mourning for a week. 2300 01:48:14,030 --> 01:48:17,408 Flags were flown, uh, at half mast. 2301 01:48:17,450 --> 01:48:20,078 The US ambassador to Egypt said 2302 01:48:20,119 --> 01:48:22,956 that he thought the Egyptians had seen in Kennedy 2303 01:48:22,997 --> 01:48:24,874 the best of what  they saw in Americans. 2304 01:48:24,916 --> 01:48:28,127 That Kennedy had represented  a kind of ideal of America 2305 01:48:28,169 --> 01:48:30,255 to ordinary Egyptians. 2306 01:48:30,296 --> 01:48:32,215 SUTHERLAND: Castro got the news of Kennedy's death  2307 01:48:32,257 --> 01:48:34,008 while discussing détente 2308 01:48:34,050 --> 01:48:36,636 with the French journalist Jean Daniel. 2309 01:48:36,678 --> 01:48:40,014 He then exclaimed, "This is bad news. 2310 01:48:40,056 --> 01:48:42,016 Everything is now  going to change."  2311 01:48:44,435 --> 01:48:47,188 When Khrushchev paid his respects to President Kennedy 2312 01:48:47,230 --> 01:48:49,774 at the American embassy, 2313 01:48:49,816 --> 01:48:52,527 he was reportedly  holding back tears. 2314 01:48:54,112 --> 01:48:57,031 Robert Kennedy knew that after his brother's death, 2315 01:48:57,073 --> 01:49:01,494 relations with the Soviet Union hung in the balance. 2316 01:49:01,536 --> 01:49:07,458 My father, he wanted to convey a message to Premier Khrushchev 2317 01:49:07,500 --> 01:49:09,210 saying that our family knew  2318 01:49:09,252 --> 01:49:13,006 that the Soviets were not involved in the assassination.  2319 01:49:13,047 --> 01:49:17,427 That it was a right-wing plot  from our own country. 2320 01:49:17,468 --> 01:49:19,596 In other words, the CIA, 2321 01:49:19,637 --> 01:49:21,931 or forces aligned with the CIA. 2322 01:49:21,973 --> 01:49:24,809 ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.: The day that his brother died,  2323 01:49:24,851 --> 01:49:27,895 my father's first phone call 2324 01:49:27,937 --> 01:49:33,026 was to the CIA desk officer at Langley 2325 01:49:33,067 --> 01:49:38,990 and he asked them, "Did your  people conduct this horror?"  2326 01:49:41,117 --> 01:49:43,745 TALBOT: We know from how  Bobby operated 2327 01:49:43,786 --> 01:49:47,582 that terrible day, November 22nd, 1963, 2328 01:49:47,624 --> 01:49:50,376 at his home in, uh, McLean, Virginia, 2329 01:49:50,418 --> 01:49:55,298 that he immediately suspected  there was not a lone gunman.  2330 01:49:55,340 --> 01:49:56,924 Why do we know this? 2331 01:49:56,966 --> 01:49:59,969 Because he was being told by his closest aides, 2332 01:50:00,011 --> 01:50:02,513 people like Kenny O'Donnell  and Dave Powers,  2333 01:50:02,555 --> 01:50:04,015 who were in the limousine 2334 01:50:04,057 --> 01:50:06,726 immediately behind President Kennedy's limousine.  2335 01:50:06,768 --> 01:50:08,603 They were both World War II veterans. 2336 01:50:08,645 --> 01:50:11,189 They knew what gunfire sounded like.  2337 01:50:11,230 --> 01:50:13,232 They reported it to him that gunfire 2338 01:50:13,274 --> 01:50:15,526 had not just come from the-- the rear. 2339 01:50:15,568 --> 01:50:17,403 It had come from different sides. 2340 01:50:17,445 --> 01:50:19,822 There was gunfire  from the front as well. 2341 01:50:19,864 --> 01:50:22,283 It was a crossfire. 2342 01:50:22,325 --> 01:50:25,161 KENNEDY JR.: I was in the  East Room, 2343 01:50:25,203 --> 01:50:29,499 with my dad and with Jackie and a couple of my siblings,  2344 01:50:29,540 --> 01:50:31,834 and Lyndon Johnson came in,  2345 01:50:31,876 --> 01:50:34,796 and told the adults in the room 2346 01:50:34,837 --> 01:50:37,674 that Lee Harvey Oswald had been killed, 2347 01:50:37,715 --> 01:50:41,135 and that a man had shot him. 2348 01:50:41,177 --> 01:50:44,681 And I said to my dad and mom at that time, 2349 01:50:44,722 --> 01:50:46,140 "Why did he shoot him? 2350 01:50:46,182 --> 01:50:48,685 Did he--  Did he love our family?" 2351 01:50:48,726 --> 01:50:50,311 And the way that they acted  2352 01:50:50,353 --> 01:50:53,022 was that this only compounded the tragedy. 2353 01:50:54,607 --> 01:50:55,983 SUTHERLAND: Many people at home 2354 01:50:56,025 --> 01:50:57,735 felt that after Kennedy's death,  2355 01:50:57,777 --> 01:51:01,906 a period of depression and  cynicism overtook the country,  2356 01:51:01,948 --> 01:51:05,576 and that America  was somehow changed forever. 2357 01:51:05,618 --> 01:51:07,245 Our overwhelming disbelief  2358 01:51:07,286 --> 01:51:08,996 in the Warren Commission's findings 2359 01:51:09,038 --> 01:51:11,582 contributed to increased skepticism 2360 01:51:11,624 --> 01:51:14,252 of all our foundational beliefs about government.  2361 01:51:17,046 --> 01:51:20,174 But I think Allen Dulles' appointment to the Warren Commission 2362 01:51:20,216 --> 01:51:23,344 is one of the great frauds  of American history. 2363 01:51:23,386 --> 01:51:26,264 I don't think that even if you had 10 more commissions,  2364 01:51:26,305 --> 01:51:27,807 you'd never get away from the idea 2365 01:51:27,849 --> 01:51:29,392 that maybe there was a plot.  2366 01:51:29,434 --> 01:51:31,769 We just didn't find any traces of it. 2367 01:51:31,811 --> 01:51:34,272 What really happened with Allen Dulles was 2368 01:51:34,313 --> 01:51:37,400 the CIA lobbied to have him put on the Commission, 2369 01:51:37,442 --> 01:51:40,111 'cause they needed to have one  of their own on the Commission  2370 01:51:40,153 --> 01:51:44,240 to make sure that  certain doors remained closed.  2371 01:51:44,282 --> 01:51:49,996 I think there's a direct thread between the events of 1963 2372 01:51:50,037 --> 01:51:52,248 and the kind of horror show 2373 01:51:52,290 --> 01:51:56,335 that America is having to endure right now. 2374 01:51:56,377 --> 01:51:59,213 And I think once  you kill a President 2375 01:51:59,255 --> 01:52:01,090 in broad daylight on the streets of an American city, 2376 01:52:01,132 --> 01:52:03,760 and everyone knows that powerful forces did it, 2377 01:52:03,801 --> 01:52:07,638 that sends a signal not only to the American people, 2378 01:52:07,680 --> 01:52:11,392 but to the American media,  to the American future leaders. 2379 01:52:11,434 --> 01:52:14,395 And if America really wants a democratic society, 2380 01:52:14,437 --> 01:52:17,899 then we should get to the bottom  of this traumatic crime 2381 01:52:17,940 --> 01:52:21,319 that continues to reverberate  throughout American history.  2382 01:52:21,360 --> 01:52:24,739 They poll historians, they poll the American people, 2383 01:52:24,781 --> 01:52:27,617 and they say, "Who were the most popular Presidents?"  2384 01:52:27,658 --> 01:52:29,494 Well, one metric that you can use 2385 01:52:29,535 --> 01:52:33,915 to objectively-- at least judge the foreign policy, 2386 01:52:33,956 --> 01:52:36,334 is how many boulevards are named  2387 01:52:36,375 --> 01:52:38,836 after that President in foreign countries? 2388 01:52:38,878 --> 01:52:42,590 How many hospitals, how many colleges, how many schools? 2389 01:52:42,632 --> 01:52:47,094 How many statues are-- are standing of that President  2390 01:52:47,136 --> 01:52:49,013 in capitals all over the world? 2391 01:52:49,055 --> 01:52:51,098 And in that sense,  President Kennedy 2392 01:52:51,140 --> 01:52:53,810 beats every other President,  hands down. 2393 01:52:56,854 --> 01:52:58,481 STONE: Although many of Kennedy's  2394 01:52:58,523 --> 01:53:00,691 progressive and  unprecedented goals 2395 01:53:00,733 --> 01:53:05,905 and changes in policy were  undone after his assassination, 2396 01:53:05,947 --> 01:53:09,534 a few powerful ones remain.  2397 01:53:09,575 --> 01:53:11,327 I think Mr. Kennedy has done  2398 01:53:11,369 --> 01:53:13,996 some significant things in civil rights, 2399 01:53:14,038 --> 01:53:16,541 and I would include the Attorney General. 2400 01:53:16,582 --> 01:53:21,504 I think both of these men are men of genuine goodwill. 2401 01:53:21,546 --> 01:53:24,382 And, uh, I think there is a necessity now 2402 01:53:24,423 --> 01:53:26,968 to see the urgency  of the moment. 2403 01:53:29,554 --> 01:53:32,473 I'm asking from you  an unequivocal assurance 2404 01:53:32,515 --> 01:53:35,476 that you will not bar entry  to these students, 2405 01:53:35,518 --> 01:53:37,645 and that you will  step aside peacefully, 2406 01:53:37,687 --> 01:53:40,231 do your constitutional duty. 2407 01:53:40,273 --> 01:53:42,900 STONE: In showdowns using federal troops, 2408 01:53:42,942 --> 01:53:46,195 the Kennedy administration won  admission of Black students  2409 01:53:46,237 --> 01:53:49,574 to the last public colleges  in the south. 2410 01:53:49,615 --> 01:53:52,618 George Wallace made it clear that this fight was not over. 2411 01:53:52,660 --> 01:53:56,372 And the-- the South  this year-- next year 2412 01:53:56,414 --> 01:53:58,791 will decide who the next President is, 2413 01:53:58,833 --> 01:54:01,210 whoever the South votes for will be the President. 2414 01:54:01,252 --> 01:54:03,170 And you're gonna see that the South 2415 01:54:03,212 --> 01:54:06,090 is going to be against some folks.  2416 01:54:06,132 --> 01:54:08,342 STONE: That night,  Kennedy addressed the nation 2417 01:54:08,384 --> 01:54:10,428 in what many consider the finest 2418 01:54:10,469 --> 01:54:12,763 Presidential speech on civil rights 2419 01:54:12,805 --> 01:54:14,515 since Abraham Lincoln. 2420 01:54:14,557 --> 01:54:17,518 ...and that the rights of every man are diminished 2421 01:54:17,560 --> 01:54:20,605 when the rights of one man are threatened. 2422 01:54:20,646 --> 01:54:24,275 If an American, because his skin is dark... 2423 01:54:24,317 --> 01:54:29,447 cannot enjoy the full and free  life which all of us want,  2424 01:54:29,488 --> 01:54:31,699 then who among us  would be content  2425 01:54:31,741 --> 01:54:35,036 to have the color  of his skin changed? 2426 01:54:35,077 --> 01:54:37,914 One hundred years of delay have passed 2427 01:54:37,955 --> 01:54:41,208 since President Lincoln freed the slaves, 2428 01:54:41,250 --> 01:54:45,504 yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. 2429 01:54:45,546 --> 01:54:50,593 And this nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts,  2430 01:54:50,635 --> 01:54:54,764 will not be fully free until all its citizens are free.  2431 01:54:54,805 --> 01:54:56,223 We face, therefore, 2432 01:54:56,265 --> 01:54:58,517 a moral crisis as a country and a people,  2433 01:54:58,559 --> 01:55:00,519 and this is a matter which concerns 2434 01:55:00,561 --> 01:55:03,022 this country and what it stands for. 2435 01:55:03,064 --> 01:55:06,525 And in meeting it, I ask the  support of all of our citizens. 2436 01:55:06,567 --> 01:55:08,694 Thank you very much. 2437 01:55:08,736 --> 01:55:11,822 (somber music playing) 218125

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