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{\an7}Improved Captions by Sailor420
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{\an3}!!! Hope you enjoy the show !!!
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I have therefore chosen
this time and place
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to discuss a topic on which
ignorance too often abounds
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and the truth
too rarely perceived,
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00:01:03,481 --> 00:01:07,360
and that is the most important
topic on earth, peace.
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What kind of a peace do I mean
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and what kind of
a peace do we seek?
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Not a Pax Americana
enforced on the world
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by American weapons of war.
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Not the peace of the grave
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or the security of the slave.
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I am talking about
genuine peace,
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the kind of peace that makes
life on earth worth living.
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The kind that enables men
and nations to grow
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and to hope
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00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:40,643
and build a better life
for their children,
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00:01:40,685 --> 00:01:46,440
not merely peace for Americans
but peace for all men and women.
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Not merely peace in our time,
but peace in all time.
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(tranquil music playing)
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(woman) That straight, sleek
look that it should have,
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and very often you'll find
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a zipper hidden
in the, uh, arm and--
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Good afternoon,
ladies and gentlemen.
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You'll excuse the fact
that I'm out of breath,
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but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,
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a tragic thing, from
all indications at this point,
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00:02:25,229 --> 00:02:26,480
has happened
in the city of Dallas.
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This is Walter Cronkite
in our newsroom.
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Here's a, uh, piece of copy
that was rushed to-- to me
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and was torn off
from the United Press.
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President Kennedy
has been shot in Dallas.
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Along with
Governor Connally of Texas.
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They've been taken
to Parkland Hospital there,
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where their condition is,
as yet, unknown.
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(reporter 1) And just now we've
received reports here at Parkland
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that Governor Connally was
shot in the upper left chest,
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00:02:49,962 --> 00:02:52,256
and the first
unconfirmed reports
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00:02:52,298 --> 00:02:54,425
say the President
was hit in the head.
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00:02:54,467 --> 00:02:55,885
That's an unconfirmed report
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00:02:55,927 --> 00:02:57,762
that the President
was hit in the head.
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00:02:57,803 --> 00:02:59,096
(reporter 2) Police began
chasing
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00:02:59,138 --> 00:03:02,433
an unknown gunman
across the railroad tracks.
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00:03:02,475 --> 00:03:04,393
Would you see if they need
some coffee or something?
43
00:03:04,435 --> 00:03:05,686
These people
are awfully shaken up.
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00:03:05,728 --> 00:03:07,063
They were in the line of fire.
45
00:03:07,104 --> 00:03:08,731
(man) The President's car
was some 50 feet
46
00:03:08,773 --> 00:03:10,441
when we heard the first shot.
47
00:03:10,483 --> 00:03:12,944
And then as the car
got directly in front of us,
48
00:03:12,985 --> 00:03:14,779
a gunshot from
the top of the hill
49
00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,281
hit the President's side--
side of the temple.
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00:03:17,323 --> 00:03:18,908
(reporter over phone) Where
did the shots come from?
51
00:03:18,950 --> 00:03:21,619
(woman over phone) The shots
came from the hill.
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(reporter 3) Excuse me
just a moment, John.
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Uh, there was just word
from the hospital
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that they have dispatched
a call for a neurosurgeon.
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All we can do now
is pray for him,
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00:03:29,460 --> 00:03:31,295
and that's about all we can do.
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(reporter 4) President's wife,
Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.
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She walked into the hospital.
A priest has been ordered.
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Emergency supplies of blood
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00:03:40,596 --> 00:03:42,265
also being rushed
to the hospital.
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(reporter 5) Just a moment.
We have a bulletin coming in.
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00:03:44,684 --> 00:03:46,644
We'll now put you directly
through Parkland Hospital
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00:03:46,686 --> 00:03:48,980
and KBLX news director,
Bill Hamdon.
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(reporter 6) Two priests,
who were with
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00:03:50,940 --> 00:03:53,192
President Kennedy,
say he is dead.
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(woman gasps)
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00:03:55,820 --> 00:03:57,989
- Just two priests announced it?
- (man) Yes.
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00:03:58,030 --> 00:03:59,657
But it's not the truth, is it?
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00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:06,706
WALTER CRONKITE: The flash,
apparently official,
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00:04:07,623 --> 00:04:10,001
President Kennedy died
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00:04:10,042 --> 00:04:12,503
at 1:00 p.m.
Central Standard Time,
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00:04:14,297 --> 00:04:16,340
some 38 minutes ago.
73
00:04:19,218 --> 00:04:21,137
(boy) I just can't see
why anybody would want
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00:04:21,178 --> 00:04:24,974
to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all
the things he's done for us.
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He tried to keep us from
getting into war and everything.
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00:04:27,810 --> 00:04:34,984
It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.
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00:04:35,026 --> 00:04:37,194
(officer) All the information
that we have received
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now indicates that it did come
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from about the fifth or fourth
floor of that building.
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We're checking it out now.
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00:04:45,369 --> 00:04:46,704
10-4 now, and 112.
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00:04:48,456 --> 00:04:50,708
We found empty rifle hulls,
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00:04:50,750 --> 00:04:54,045
and it looked like the man
had been there for some time.
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00:04:54,086 --> 00:04:57,048
(reporter 7) Police made a
systematic search of the building.
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00:04:57,089 --> 00:04:58,632
They found no weapon.
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(reporter 8) We just got the word.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
has been sworn in
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00:05:01,844 --> 00:05:04,638
as the President
of the United States
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just prior to a takeoff
to return to Washington.
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00:05:09,268 --> 00:05:13,731
(reporter 9) Behind the casket
is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.
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They are helping her down.
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Now, new President,
Lyndon Baines Johnson.
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We have suffered a loss
that cannot be weighed.
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(reporter 10) At Bethesda
Naval Hospital,
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00:05:26,077 --> 00:05:28,162
the autopsy team
has completed work.
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00:05:28,204 --> 00:05:31,040
Now the body of the slain
President and his widow
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are at last brought home
to the White House.
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(reporter 11) Who do you think
would do something like this?
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Probably some segregationist
crackpot or something.
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Just...
They had it all planned out.
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I really believe that his blood
will be on their hands.
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(reporter 12) Here is the suspect.
Can we roll it please?
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LEE HARVEY OSWALD: People
have given me a hearing
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without legal representation
or anything.
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- Did you shoot the President?
- I didn't shoot anybody.
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00:05:56,023 --> 00:05:58,234
I emphatically
deny these charges.
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00:05:58,275 --> 00:06:01,112
(reporter 13) This is
24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.
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00:06:01,153 --> 00:06:02,905
He answers the description
of a young man
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00:06:02,947 --> 00:06:05,282
sighted at the
Book Depository Building.
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(reporter 14) Police chased
Oswald into a movie theater.
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00:06:07,535 --> 00:06:11,122
Police said he fired at them,
killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.
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00:06:11,163 --> 00:06:13,958
A rifle was found in a building
where he worked.
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00:06:13,999 --> 00:06:15,960
(reporter 15) Police refused
to say whether they have
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00:06:16,001 --> 00:06:18,254
any fingerprints
from that weapon as yet.
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00:06:18,295 --> 00:06:21,757
The man obviously was an
excellent shot or very lucky,
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00:06:21,799 --> 00:06:24,552
in that witnesses
said three shots were fired,
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00:06:24,593 --> 00:06:26,595
at least two of them
found their marks.
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00:06:26,637 --> 00:06:27,972
(reporter 16) At the
Capitol Rotunda,
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there will be
three short speeches
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before the public is allowed
to start viewing the body.
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Chief, do you have any concern
for the safety of your prisoner?
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00:06:36,439 --> 00:06:38,149
(officer) No,
but because necessary
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00:06:38,190 --> 00:06:39,942
precautions
will be taken, of course.
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00:06:39,984 --> 00:06:41,402
(reporter 17) Is there
any doubt in your mind, Chief,
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00:06:41,444 --> 00:06:43,195
that Oswald is the man
who killed the President?
126
00:06:43,237 --> 00:06:44,947
(officer) I think this is the
man who killed the President.
127
00:06:44,989 --> 00:06:47,032
I'm just a patsy.
128
00:06:47,074 --> 00:06:49,785
(reporter 18) So great is
the crush outside the Capitol,
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00:06:49,827 --> 00:06:53,330
that people who have not
been in line can't possibly.
130
00:06:53,372 --> 00:06:54,790
We are now switching to Dallas
131
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where they are about to move
Lee Oswald and whether--
132
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(gunshot)
133
00:06:58,502 --> 00:07:00,171
(reporter 19) He's been shot.
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00:07:00,212 --> 00:07:02,506
(indistinct)
135
00:07:02,548 --> 00:07:03,966
(reporter 20) There's a
man with a gun.
136
00:07:04,008 --> 00:07:05,926
CRONKITE: Lee Harvey Oswald,
137
00:07:05,968 --> 00:07:09,430
the man who Dallas police say
killed President Kennedy,
138
00:07:09,472 --> 00:07:11,098
himself is dead.
139
00:07:11,140 --> 00:07:14,185
The man Dallas police
seized at the scene,
140
00:07:14,226 --> 00:07:17,480
and are holding, has been
identified as Jack Ruby.
141
00:07:17,521 --> 00:07:21,525
He is being held by the Dallas
police. Now, back to Washington.
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00:07:23,152 --> 00:07:24,695
(reporter 21) Fifty-three
countries
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00:07:24,737 --> 00:07:27,198
are represented in all today.
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00:07:27,239 --> 00:07:30,701
There are a dozen members
of ruling royal families,
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00:07:30,743 --> 00:07:33,537
30 foreign ministers.
146
00:07:33,579 --> 00:07:36,207
(reporter 22) Things should be
all right in the few months ahead.
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00:07:36,248 --> 00:07:38,626
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER:
I'm sure the, uh,
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00:07:38,667 --> 00:07:40,961
entire citizenry of the nation
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will stand faithfully
behind the government.
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00:07:45,591 --> 00:07:49,762
This bizarre sequence of double
killings raise great questions.
151
00:07:49,803 --> 00:07:52,640
Who actually fired the shots
that killed Kennedy?
152
00:07:52,681 --> 00:07:54,558
Was there a conspiracy?
153
00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:58,687
The first wound described is
a wound in the back of the head
154
00:07:58,729 --> 00:08:01,023
and would seem to indicate
a shot from behind.
155
00:08:01,065 --> 00:08:02,733
But the doctors
also said there was
156
00:08:02,775 --> 00:08:04,443
a wound in the throat
at the front,
157
00:08:04,485 --> 00:08:07,071
which seemed to indicate a shot
from the other direction.
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00:08:07,112 --> 00:08:09,031
CRONKITE: The new President,
Lyndon Johnson,
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00:08:09,073 --> 00:08:11,158
appointed a commission
of seven prominent Americans
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00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:13,494
to investigate
the whole affair.
161
00:08:13,536 --> 00:08:16,330
Earl Warren, Chief Justice
of the United States.
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00:08:16,372 --> 00:08:19,083
Richard B. Russell,
senator from Georgia.
163
00:08:19,124 --> 00:08:22,002
John Sherman Cooper,
senator from Kentucky.
164
00:08:22,044 --> 00:08:25,047
Hale Boggs,
representative from Louisiana.
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00:08:25,089 --> 00:08:28,092
Gerald R. Ford,
representative from Michigan.
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00:08:28,133 --> 00:08:30,928
John J. McCloy,
presidential adviser.
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00:08:30,970 --> 00:08:34,598
Allen W. Dulles,
ex-head of the CIA.
168
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Are you convinced
that he was shot from
the School Book Depository?
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00:08:37,434 --> 00:08:40,145
Well, I think we better leave
all that, you know.
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00:08:40,187 --> 00:08:43,607
The evidence report
will cover all-- all of that.
171
00:09:00,666 --> 00:09:03,335
(reporter 23) The Warren Commission
makes these major findings.
172
00:09:03,377 --> 00:09:06,088
Lee Harvey Oswald
assassinated President Kennedy.
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00:09:06,130 --> 00:09:07,840
He did it alone.
174
00:09:07,881 --> 00:09:09,550
He was not a part
of any conspiracy,
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00:09:09,592 --> 00:09:11,010
either domestic or foreign.
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00:09:11,051 --> 00:09:12,386
(reporter 24) Some other details
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00:09:12,428 --> 00:09:14,680
will be of interest
mainly to historians
178
00:09:14,722 --> 00:09:16,390
and others having
some special interest.
179
00:09:16,432 --> 00:09:18,809
(reporter 25) But there was one
further piece of evidence
180
00:09:18,851 --> 00:09:20,936
that the public cannot see.
181
00:09:20,978 --> 00:09:24,106
Abraham Zapruder's film
of the actual assassination.
182
00:09:24,148 --> 00:09:26,775
This murder now
is the most thoroughly
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00:09:26,817 --> 00:09:28,986
documented crime
in American history.
184
00:09:29,028 --> 00:09:30,988
And for those
who care to pursue it
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00:09:31,030 --> 00:09:33,657
down to the last detail,
it's all there.
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00:09:45,753 --> 00:09:48,672
OLIVER STONE: This is
Dealey Plaza.
187
00:09:48,714 --> 00:09:52,217
To this day,
it remains a crime scene.
188
00:09:52,259 --> 00:09:54,803
In the years
since the Warren Report,
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00:09:54,845 --> 00:09:57,181
many significant
re-investigations were made
190
00:09:57,222 --> 00:09:59,600
into the murder
of President Kennedy.
191
00:10:00,976 --> 00:10:03,604
Each one revealed
new facts and evidence
192
00:10:03,646 --> 00:10:06,940
that shed more light on what
really happened here that day.
193
00:10:09,109 --> 00:10:12,655
Starting in 1975,
after the Watergate scandal,
194
00:10:12,696 --> 00:10:15,366
Senator Frank Church
conducted an investigation
195
00:10:15,407 --> 00:10:19,536
into the abuses
and crimes of the FBI and CIA.
196
00:10:19,578 --> 00:10:22,706
During that time, the public
learned of the CIA plots
197
00:10:22,748 --> 00:10:24,500
to assassinate foreign leaders
198
00:10:24,541 --> 00:10:27,378
like Patrice Lumumba
of the Republic of Congo
199
00:10:27,419 --> 00:10:30,172
and Fidel Castro of Cuba.
200
00:10:30,214 --> 00:10:34,134
Plots orchestrated
under Director Allen Dulles.
201
00:10:34,176 --> 00:10:36,387
But the Church committee
didn't stop there.
202
00:10:36,428 --> 00:10:39,181
Senators Richard Schweiker
and Gary Hart
203
00:10:39,223 --> 00:10:42,726
were tasked to reexamine
the roles of the CIA and FBI
204
00:10:42,768 --> 00:10:46,563
as the chief investigators
for the Warren Commission,
205
00:10:46,605 --> 00:10:49,650
and look for signs
of conflicts or cover-ups.
206
00:10:50,609 --> 00:10:52,069
J. Edgar Hoover writes,
207
00:10:52,111 --> 00:10:54,405
"Yes, we did have
a relationship with Mr. Ruby
208
00:10:54,446 --> 00:10:57,074
and he acted as our informant."
209
00:10:57,116 --> 00:10:59,993
Now, who said that at the time
of the Warren Commission report?
210
00:11:00,035 --> 00:11:03,872
Did anybody ever imply
that-- that Jack Ruby
211
00:11:03,914 --> 00:11:06,500
was a confidential informant
for the FBI?
212
00:11:06,542 --> 00:11:10,003
Nobody breathed that.
That was classified.
213
00:11:10,045 --> 00:11:12,214
STONE: Faith in what
the American public was told
214
00:11:12,256 --> 00:11:15,426
by the Warren Commission
was starting to unravel.
215
00:11:15,467 --> 00:11:18,429
The intelligence agencies
did all the wrong things
216
00:11:18,470 --> 00:11:21,098
if they really
were looking for conspiracy
217
00:11:21,140 --> 00:11:23,434
or to find out
who killed John Kennedy.
218
00:11:23,475 --> 00:11:27,146
STONE: The search for real
answers gained momentum.
219
00:11:27,187 --> 00:11:29,440
Then, 12 years
after the assassination,
220
00:11:29,481 --> 00:11:32,401
the most iconic piece
of evidence was leaked
221
00:11:32,443 --> 00:11:34,653
and finally
shown to the public.
222
00:11:34,695 --> 00:11:36,739
It's the film shot by the Dallas
223
00:11:36,780 --> 00:11:40,200
dress manufacturer,
Abraham Zapruder.
224
00:11:40,242 --> 00:11:43,579
And it's the execution
of President Kennedy,
225
00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:45,372
and, uh, Bob and Dick,
226
00:11:45,414 --> 00:11:46,874
would you please narrate
227
00:11:46,915 --> 00:11:49,042
what we're seeing
as we show this film?
228
00:11:49,084 --> 00:11:50,753
ROBERT GRODEN: Now, before
he goes behind the sign,
229
00:11:50,794 --> 00:11:52,463
the President
is waving to the crowd.
230
00:11:52,504 --> 00:11:54,214
When he comes out from
behind the sign, he is shot.
231
00:11:54,256 --> 00:11:55,924
Then Governor Connally is shot.
232
00:11:55,966 --> 00:11:57,134
GERALDO RIVERA: He's already
been hit.
233
00:11:57,176 --> 00:11:58,552
GRODEN: He's already been hit.
234
00:11:58,594 --> 00:12:00,304
RIVERA: And now?
235
00:12:00,345 --> 00:12:02,973
GRODEN: At the bottom of
the screen, the head shot.
236
00:12:03,015 --> 00:12:05,476
RIVERA: That's the shot
that blew off his head.
237
00:12:05,517 --> 00:12:07,728
That's the most upsetting thing
I've ever seen.
238
00:12:07,770 --> 00:12:08,979
We'll talk about it in a minute.
239
00:12:09,021 --> 00:12:10,981
STONE: Seeing the shock and
brutality
240
00:12:11,023 --> 00:12:13,317
of the actual assassination
241
00:12:13,358 --> 00:12:14,818
caused a public outcry.
242
00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:16,487
The government formed
243
00:12:16,528 --> 00:12:21,784
the House Select Committee
on Assassinations, the HSCA.
244
00:12:21,825 --> 00:12:24,036
The committee
will come to order.
245
00:12:24,077 --> 00:12:26,622
STONE: The HSCA
re-interviewed witnesses
246
00:12:26,663 --> 00:12:28,165
and took new testimonies
247
00:12:28,207 --> 00:12:30,000
that exposed
massive inconsistencies
248
00:12:30,042 --> 00:12:32,294
with the original
Warren Report.
249
00:12:32,336 --> 00:12:34,671
Has any other scientist to date
250
00:12:34,713 --> 00:12:39,676
linked the so-called pristine
bullet to the injuries?
251
00:12:39,718 --> 00:12:41,512
Not that I'm aware of. No.
252
00:12:41,553 --> 00:12:47,768
The Pentagon has destroyed
its Kennedy assassination file,
253
00:12:47,810 --> 00:12:51,021
and we don't know
why that was done.
254
00:12:51,063 --> 00:12:53,023
STONE: But at the end
of that investigation,
255
00:12:53,065 --> 00:12:55,818
what the HSCA
learned was considered
256
00:12:55,859 --> 00:12:58,195
too damaging to be made public.
257
00:12:58,237 --> 00:13:00,489
And close to
a half-million records
258
00:13:00,531 --> 00:13:04,034
were to remain
sealed until 2029,
259
00:13:04,076 --> 00:13:06,537
a fact that we made clear
260
00:13:06,578 --> 00:13:09,373
at the conclusion
to our 1991 film, JFK.
261
00:13:10,874 --> 00:13:12,459
The media controversy
that accompanied
262
00:13:12,501 --> 00:13:15,379
the film forced Congress
to do something about
263
00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:19,508
the secrecy that still surrounded
these classified files.
264
00:13:19,550 --> 00:13:21,802
Hearings were held
on Capitol Hill.
265
00:13:21,844 --> 00:13:23,303
Most Americans did not
266
00:13:23,345 --> 00:13:25,264
believe or support the verdict
267
00:13:25,305 --> 00:13:27,683
of the Warren Commission
initially.
268
00:13:27,724 --> 00:13:30,435
And now more than three in four,
269
00:13:30,477 --> 00:13:33,522
according to all recent
samplings of public opinion,
270
00:13:33,564 --> 00:13:36,984
think some conspiracy
was involved.
271
00:13:37,025 --> 00:13:39,194
And in 1992,
the John F. Kennedy
272
00:13:39,236 --> 00:13:41,905
Records Collection Act
was passed.
273
00:13:41,947 --> 00:13:43,282
Clerk will report the title.
274
00:13:43,323 --> 00:13:45,117
Senate 3006, an act to provide
275
00:13:45,158 --> 00:13:47,286
for the expeditious
disclosure of records
276
00:13:47,327 --> 00:13:50,330
relevant to the assassination
of President John F. Kennedy.
277
00:13:50,372 --> 00:13:52,165
STONE: This act provided funding
278
00:13:52,207 --> 00:13:55,294
and formed the Assassination
Records Review Board,
279
00:13:55,335 --> 00:13:57,379
the ARRB.
280
00:13:57,421 --> 00:14:00,757
The public wasn't going
to have to wait until 2029.
281
00:14:00,799 --> 00:14:03,927
Declassification
was to begin now.
282
00:14:03,969 --> 00:14:05,554
The board was given a budget
283
00:14:05,596 --> 00:14:07,890
and timeline
of four years to declassify
284
00:14:07,931 --> 00:14:10,058
and make public
as many documents
285
00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:12,728
and records as possible.
286
00:14:12,769 --> 00:14:15,105
They managed to collect
over two million pages
287
00:14:15,147 --> 00:14:18,567
of declassified records
and artifacts.
288
00:14:18,609 --> 00:14:22,112
They are all housed at the
National Archives in Maryland,
289
00:14:22,154 --> 00:14:24,281
and since then,
the public has been free
290
00:14:24,323 --> 00:14:28,285
to view, study,
and investigate.
291
00:14:28,327 --> 00:14:30,954
There is now so much more
that we know,
292
00:14:30,996 --> 00:14:33,123
and with those facts in hand,
293
00:14:33,165 --> 00:14:35,334
we will go back
and piece together
294
00:14:35,375 --> 00:14:37,210
what really happened that day,
295
00:14:37,252 --> 00:14:40,297
and discover the reasons why.
296
00:14:42,049 --> 00:14:43,133
Let's begin.
297
00:14:44,843 --> 00:14:46,386
(reporter) Something has
happened in the motorcade.
298
00:14:46,428 --> 00:14:47,471
Standby, please.
299
00:14:47,512 --> 00:14:49,014
WHOOPI GOLDBERG: The JFK case
300
00:14:49,056 --> 00:14:51,433
was such a mass of confusion.
301
00:14:51,475 --> 00:14:53,852
For example,
the Warren Commission
302
00:14:53,894 --> 00:14:56,772
was limited
to only three shots,
303
00:14:56,813 --> 00:15:00,067
because three shells
were found on the sixth floor
304
00:15:00,108 --> 00:15:02,194
of the School Book Depository.
305
00:15:02,235 --> 00:15:04,363
J. EDGAR HOOVER: On that floor,
306
00:15:04,404 --> 00:15:06,990
we found the three empty
shells that had been fired,
307
00:15:07,032 --> 00:15:08,951
but they had
characteristics on them
308
00:15:08,992 --> 00:15:10,911
so that our ballistics expert
309
00:15:10,953 --> 00:15:14,081
was able to prove that
they were fired by this gun.
310
00:15:14,122 --> 00:15:15,499
LYNDON JOHNSON: Any of them
fired at me?
311
00:15:15,540 --> 00:15:17,000
HOOVER: No,
there was never any...
312
00:15:17,042 --> 00:15:18,669
JOHNSON: All three at
the President?
313
00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:21,088
HOOVER: All three at the
President, and we have them.
314
00:15:21,129 --> 00:15:22,506
GOLDBERG: The FBI
concluded that
315
00:15:22,547 --> 00:15:24,424
all three bullets
struck inside the car.
316
00:15:24,466 --> 00:15:26,426
HOOVER: He was hit
by the first and the third.
317
00:15:26,468 --> 00:15:28,261
The second shot
hit the governor.
318
00:15:28,303 --> 00:15:29,972
The third shot
tore a large part
319
00:15:30,013 --> 00:15:32,766
of the President's head off.
320
00:15:32,808 --> 00:15:35,811
The Warren Commission
put itself in a straitjacket.
321
00:15:35,852 --> 00:15:39,106
They could not possibly allow
more than three shots,
322
00:15:39,147 --> 00:15:41,066
because four shots or more
323
00:15:41,108 --> 00:15:43,110
would have clearly
indicated conspiracy.
324
00:15:43,151 --> 00:15:44,903
And they were not going there.
325
00:15:44,945 --> 00:15:47,030
(James Tague speaking)
326
00:15:53,245 --> 00:15:54,413
scratched my face
327
00:15:54,788 --> 00:15:56,957
GOLDBERG: Records show
the first shot
328
00:15:56,999 --> 00:15:59,292
had missed
its target completely,
329
00:15:59,334 --> 00:16:02,504
and the final shot
hit Kennedy in the head.
330
00:16:02,546 --> 00:16:06,341
So, how does one account for
one bullet hitting two victims,
331
00:16:06,383 --> 00:16:08,760
and doing all this damage?
332
00:16:08,802 --> 00:16:11,638
Arlen Specter was
a Yale Law School graduate
333
00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:14,725
working in the Philadelphia
district attorney's office,
334
00:16:14,766 --> 00:16:18,061
when he was asked to serve
on the Warren Commission.
335
00:16:18,103 --> 00:16:22,232
Aha! What if one bullet
made all seven wounds?
336
00:16:22,274 --> 00:16:23,900
Arlen Specter, he is the one
337
00:16:23,942 --> 00:16:26,319
that gave birth to
the single-bullet theory.
338
00:16:26,361 --> 00:16:28,739
What if one bullet went into
Kennedy's back
339
00:16:28,780 --> 00:16:31,408
and came out his neck,
340
00:16:31,450 --> 00:16:34,578
and then went into Connally's
back, piercing the lung,
341
00:16:34,619 --> 00:16:37,164
destroying four inches
of the right fifth rib,
342
00:16:37,205 --> 00:16:39,207
exiting from
the front of his chest,
343
00:16:39,249 --> 00:16:40,792
going into
the back of the wrist,
344
00:16:40,834 --> 00:16:42,836
shattering the distal end
of the radius.
345
00:16:42,878 --> 00:16:44,421
In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,
346
00:16:44,463 --> 00:16:47,007
that's a big heavy bone
comminuted fracture.
347
00:16:47,049 --> 00:16:48,759
Exits from
the front of the wrist,
348
00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:50,969
goes into his left thigh.
349
00:16:51,011 --> 00:16:53,305
Whatever you want,
whatever you need,
350
00:16:53,346 --> 00:16:56,308
this bullet happily
and readily obliges you.
351
00:16:56,349 --> 00:16:58,435
It is indeed a magic bullet.
352
00:16:59,770 --> 00:17:02,689
CE-399 was the magic bullet,
353
00:17:02,731 --> 00:17:05,734
and all government
investigations so far
354
00:17:05,776 --> 00:17:08,320
have treated that bullet
355
00:17:08,361 --> 00:17:11,323
as absolutely
foundational to this case.
356
00:17:11,364 --> 00:17:13,033
How important
is chain of custody
357
00:17:13,075 --> 00:17:15,118
in a legal proceeding?
358
00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:17,037
Chain of custody
basically refers to
359
00:17:17,079 --> 00:17:18,580
the integrity of evidence.
360
00:17:18,622 --> 00:17:20,624
If I, uh, pick up
a piece of evidence
361
00:17:20,665 --> 00:17:22,959
and I transfer it
to somebody else
362
00:17:23,001 --> 00:17:24,753
for holding or processing,
363
00:17:24,795 --> 00:17:27,255
my name is the first name
on this list.
364
00:17:27,297 --> 00:17:28,799
The second person
who touches this
365
00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:30,717
and takes possession
of it is next.
366
00:17:30,759 --> 00:17:33,470
And if you don't do that,
there's no way to prove
367
00:17:33,512 --> 00:17:35,430
that the evidence
you collected on day one
368
00:17:35,472 --> 00:17:38,308
is the same one you get on
day 25 when you go to court.
369
00:17:38,350 --> 00:17:40,060
Can you walk us through
370
00:17:40,102 --> 00:17:42,562
the magic bullet's
chain of custody
371
00:17:42,604 --> 00:17:47,776
from the Parkland employees to
the Secret Service to the FBI?
372
00:17:47,818 --> 00:17:51,029
Well, the magic bullet was
supposedly found on a stretcher
373
00:17:51,071 --> 00:17:52,489
at Parkland Hospital,
374
00:17:52,531 --> 00:17:54,533
and went through several hands
375
00:17:54,574 --> 00:17:57,786
before it got
to the Secret Service.
376
00:17:57,828 --> 00:18:00,622
Richard Johnsen was the first
Secret Service agent
377
00:18:00,664 --> 00:18:04,459
to handle it, and he carried it
back to Washington, D.C.
378
00:18:04,501 --> 00:18:06,920
When he got back
to Washington, D.C.,
379
00:18:06,962 --> 00:18:09,214
he gave it to the chief of
the Secret Service,
380
00:18:09,256 --> 00:18:11,216
who was James Rowley.
381
00:18:12,759 --> 00:18:15,303
And at the White House,
James Rowley
382
00:18:15,345 --> 00:18:18,473
gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,
383
00:18:18,515 --> 00:18:20,433
and Todd then took it
to the FBI lab
384
00:18:20,475 --> 00:18:23,520
and gave it to Robert Frazier.
385
00:18:23,562 --> 00:18:27,524
We have interesting information
produced by John Hunt,
386
00:18:27,566 --> 00:18:29,943
a private citizen
who went to the archives
387
00:18:29,985 --> 00:18:31,820
on four or five occasions
388
00:18:31,862 --> 00:18:35,532
to track down the story
about the magic bullet,
389
00:18:35,574 --> 00:18:37,993
and what he found
was truly astounding.
390
00:18:38,034 --> 00:18:40,370
He practically moved into
391
00:18:40,412 --> 00:18:42,956
the National Archives
in Washington, D.C.
392
00:18:42,998 --> 00:18:45,083
They allowed him
to set up a desk
393
00:18:45,125 --> 00:18:48,295
with a computer
and his own scanner.
394
00:18:48,336 --> 00:18:51,673
And he also, uh,
did something different.
395
00:18:51,715 --> 00:18:55,093
He didn't interview policemen
and FBI people,
396
00:18:55,135 --> 00:18:58,096
and he wasn't
swayed by their excuses.
397
00:18:58,138 --> 00:18:59,890
He went straight to,
398
00:18:59,931 --> 00:19:03,685
"This is what you told
and you signed your name."
399
00:19:03,727 --> 00:19:05,520
GOLDBERG: Working with the FBI
400
00:19:05,562 --> 00:19:07,314
and Warren Commission
documents,
401
00:19:07,355 --> 00:19:10,442
John Hunt asked
the most basic question.
402
00:19:10,483 --> 00:19:13,862
"Was CE-399 in evidence
403
00:19:13,904 --> 00:19:17,115
the same bullet that was found
on the stretcher?"
404
00:19:18,158 --> 00:19:20,243
At 7:30 at night,
405
00:19:20,285 --> 00:19:22,078
this is the day
of the assassination,
406
00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:24,539
November 22nd, 1963,
407
00:19:24,581 --> 00:19:27,500
a bullet appears in the record,
408
00:19:27,542 --> 00:19:31,504
and it's signed for
by Robert Frazier,
409
00:19:31,546 --> 00:19:34,466
who is the main investigator
at the FBI lab.
410
00:19:35,717 --> 00:19:37,594
And it's not just one document.
411
00:19:37,636 --> 00:19:40,013
There are multiple documents
that indicate
412
00:19:40,055 --> 00:19:45,727
that Frazier signed for
a bullet at 7:30 that night.
413
00:19:45,769 --> 00:19:48,063
Now, here's where
things get interesting.
414
00:19:48,104 --> 00:19:51,983
Elmer Lee Todd received
the bullet at the White House
415
00:19:52,025 --> 00:19:56,863
from chief of the Secret
Service, James Rowley.
416
00:19:56,905 --> 00:20:01,159
And Todd documents,
very clearly in writing,
417
00:20:01,201 --> 00:20:05,830
that he got this bullet
at 8:50 p.m.
418
00:20:05,872 --> 00:20:07,040
How is that possible?
419
00:20:07,082 --> 00:20:09,501
How can Robert Frazier
receive the bullet
420
00:20:09,542 --> 00:20:13,505
in the lab at 7:30
from Elmer Lee Todd,
421
00:20:13,546 --> 00:20:16,758
when Todd didn't get
the bullet until 8:50?
422
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,595
You would think that they would
have handled it, uh, you know,
423
00:20:20,637 --> 00:20:22,973
like it would have been gold
going to the bank.
424
00:20:23,014 --> 00:20:24,683
There it is in the record,
425
00:20:24,724 --> 00:20:28,186
someone is lying about
when they got the bullet.
426
00:20:28,228 --> 00:20:29,229
DAVID MANTIK: It gets worse,
though.
427
00:20:29,271 --> 00:20:30,981
Todd initialed that bullet,
428
00:20:31,022 --> 00:20:35,277
the one that he got at 8:50,
429
00:20:35,318 --> 00:20:37,529
and everyone else
who touched the bullet
430
00:20:37,570 --> 00:20:39,572
after that initialed it too,
431
00:20:39,614 --> 00:20:40,991
including Robert Frazier.
432
00:20:41,032 --> 00:20:43,618
I went to the archives
to look at this bullet.
433
00:20:43,660 --> 00:20:45,954
And specifically,
what we want to know is,
434
00:20:45,996 --> 00:20:49,124
do we see Todd's initials
on this bullet?
435
00:20:49,165 --> 00:20:51,459
He said he initialed the bullet.
436
00:20:51,501 --> 00:20:53,670
It is not there.
437
00:20:53,712 --> 00:20:56,840
Todd's initials are not
on the magic bullet.
438
00:20:58,675 --> 00:21:01,344
I was very interested in finding
out what the Review Board
439
00:21:01,386 --> 00:21:02,929
would show us about this.
440
00:21:02,971 --> 00:21:06,016
So, we began scouring
their evidence,
441
00:21:06,057 --> 00:21:08,184
and we found out
something very interesting.
442
00:21:08,226 --> 00:21:10,103
We found out
that the Warren Report
443
00:21:10,145 --> 00:21:11,855
had from an FBI report
444
00:21:11,896 --> 00:21:13,732
saying that the guys
that found the bullet
445
00:21:13,773 --> 00:21:16,067
later identified that
as the bullet they'd seen.
446
00:21:16,109 --> 00:21:17,819
The internal record
didn't show that at all.
447
00:21:17,861 --> 00:21:19,696
The internal records
said this bullet
448
00:21:19,738 --> 00:21:21,531
didn't look like
that bullet at all.
449
00:21:21,573 --> 00:21:23,992
But the FBI had reported to the
Warren Commission that it did.
450
00:21:24,034 --> 00:21:24,909
They'd lied.
451
00:21:24,951 --> 00:21:26,703
We then talk to the FBI agent
452
00:21:26,745 --> 00:21:28,830
that was supposed to have
carried that bullet around.
453
00:21:28,872 --> 00:21:30,540
His name was Bardwell Odum.
454
00:21:30,582 --> 00:21:32,542
I got Bardwell Odum
on the phone.
455
00:21:32,584 --> 00:21:35,587
I sent him the documents that
said that he had done this.
456
00:21:35,628 --> 00:21:37,380
He said,
"I never had that bullet.
457
00:21:37,422 --> 00:21:39,049
I never showed any bullet
to anyone.
458
00:21:39,090 --> 00:21:41,009
"If I'd had the bullet,
there'd be a 302.
459
00:21:41,051 --> 00:21:42,927
"I would have filed a report,
particularly in that area.
460
00:21:42,969 --> 00:21:45,513
Everybody was very uptight
about getting everything right."
461
00:21:45,555 --> 00:21:47,640
So, we scoured for 302 reports.
462
00:21:47,682 --> 00:21:49,559
His name appears nowhere
in the record.
463
00:21:49,601 --> 00:21:51,519
This is just something
that the FBI invented.
464
00:21:51,561 --> 00:21:54,397
It's conceivable
that some mysterious bullet
465
00:21:54,439 --> 00:21:55,940
showed up from who knows where.
466
00:21:57,067 --> 00:21:58,693
Todd did not initial it,
467
00:21:58,735 --> 00:22:02,822
and it ended up in
the FBI lab as the magic bullet.
468
00:22:02,864 --> 00:22:05,992
One can only surmise
that, somewhere in the FBI,
469
00:22:06,034 --> 00:22:08,745
they realized they had to close
the loop on Oswald's guilt.
470
00:22:08,787 --> 00:22:10,538
And so they just
switched it out.
471
00:22:10,580 --> 00:22:13,583
Because none
of the four people,
472
00:22:13,625 --> 00:22:15,418
either the guys at Parkland,
473
00:22:15,460 --> 00:22:16,586
or the two
Secret Service agents,
474
00:22:16,628 --> 00:22:18,213
could identify the bullet.
475
00:22:18,254 --> 00:22:20,090
The guy who is supposed to have
gotten confirmation that
476
00:22:20,131 --> 00:22:23,385
they did identify the bullet
said he never did it.
477
00:22:23,426 --> 00:22:24,886
And the record supports that.
478
00:22:24,928 --> 00:22:27,097
So, there's--
there's good reason to be
479
00:22:27,138 --> 00:22:29,808
very suspicious
about the magic bullet.
480
00:22:29,849 --> 00:22:35,230
The chain of custody doesn't
start from the laboratory.
481
00:22:35,271 --> 00:22:37,899
It starts from the crime scene.
482
00:22:37,941 --> 00:22:40,568
Each piece of evidence
should be photographed,
483
00:22:40,610 --> 00:22:44,781
documented, and
preserved properly.
484
00:22:45,782 --> 00:22:47,700
From the scene,
485
00:22:47,742 --> 00:22:51,371
evidence is collected,
sent to the laboratory.
486
00:22:51,413 --> 00:22:54,207
We have to keep
the chain of custody
487
00:22:54,249 --> 00:22:55,542
when they enter the lab.
488
00:22:55,583 --> 00:22:57,001
Who examined?
489
00:22:58,420 --> 00:23:00,755
Who did the further analysis?
490
00:23:00,797 --> 00:23:04,551
And each step have to maintain
491
00:23:04,592 --> 00:23:07,095
until you submit to the court.
492
00:23:07,137 --> 00:23:08,721
If this chain broke,
493
00:23:10,014 --> 00:23:13,017
then my evidence
becomes inadmissible.
494
00:23:14,853 --> 00:23:16,438
GOLDBERG: The other problem
495
00:23:16,479 --> 00:23:18,314
is the lack of damage
to the bullet
496
00:23:18,356 --> 00:23:22,110
after going through two men,
smashing two bones,
497
00:23:22,152 --> 00:23:24,112
and making seven wounds.
498
00:23:24,154 --> 00:23:25,989
Dr. Joseph Dolce
499
00:23:26,030 --> 00:23:30,201
was a much-honored battlefield
surgeon during World War II.
500
00:23:30,243 --> 00:23:32,495
He worked for the
Warren Commission.
501
00:23:32,537 --> 00:23:36,749
And so they gave us the original
rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano,
502
00:23:36,791 --> 00:23:40,628
plus 100 bullets,
6.5 millimeters.
503
00:23:40,670 --> 00:23:44,048
And we went and we shot
the cadaver wrists,
504
00:23:44,090 --> 00:23:46,885
and in every instance,
505
00:23:46,926 --> 00:23:50,722
the front or the tip
of the bullet was smashed.
506
00:23:50,763 --> 00:23:52,765
Under no circumstances,
507
00:23:52,807 --> 00:23:55,310
do I feel that this bullet
could hit the wrist,
508
00:23:55,351 --> 00:23:56,853
and still not be deformed.
509
00:23:56,895 --> 00:23:58,646
GOLDBERG: Dolce came to believe
510
00:23:58,688 --> 00:24:01,357
that two bullets
had struck Connally.
511
00:24:01,399 --> 00:24:03,693
Since Arlen Specter
pre-screened
512
00:24:03,735 --> 00:24:05,820
the medical witnesses
for the commission,
513
00:24:05,862 --> 00:24:08,656
Dolce's name is not in
the Warren Report,
514
00:24:08,698 --> 00:24:11,868
and his testimony
is not in the volumes.
515
00:24:11,910 --> 00:24:14,370
And even Connally
refused to accept
516
00:24:14,412 --> 00:24:16,039
the single-bullet theory.
517
00:24:19,083 --> 00:24:21,336
(reporter) Former Senator
John Sherman Cooper
518
00:24:21,377 --> 00:24:23,505
is the first member
of the Warren Commission
519
00:24:23,546 --> 00:24:25,381
to agree to talk on television
520
00:24:25,423 --> 00:24:28,843
about what went on
inside the deliberations.
521
00:24:28,885 --> 00:24:30,720
Yes, there were disagreements.
522
00:24:30,762 --> 00:24:33,431
I think the most serious one
523
00:24:33,473 --> 00:24:36,935
that comes to me
the most vividly,
524
00:24:36,976 --> 00:24:40,730
of course, is the question
of whether or not the first shot
525
00:24:40,772 --> 00:24:42,649
went through President Kennedy
526
00:24:42,690 --> 00:24:45,068
and then through
Governor Connally.
527
00:24:45,109 --> 00:24:46,736
GOLDBERG: Although it
never specified
528
00:24:46,778 --> 00:24:48,905
the order of the shots,
529
00:24:48,947 --> 00:24:51,741
the Warren Report
had one bullet
530
00:24:51,783 --> 00:24:54,494
going through Kennedy
and Governor Connally,
531
00:24:54,536 --> 00:24:56,204
another missing the car,
532
00:24:56,246 --> 00:24:59,874
hitting a bystander on
Commerce Street, James Tague,
533
00:24:59,916 --> 00:25:02,710
and the final shot
hitting Kennedy in the head.
534
00:25:03,628 --> 00:25:05,964
I could not convince myself
535
00:25:06,005 --> 00:25:09,259
that the same bullet
struck both of them, although...
536
00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:12,428
(reporter) You mean
that you yourself didn't--
537
00:25:12,470 --> 00:25:14,347
Weren't convinced about the
single-bullet theory, which...
538
00:25:14,389 --> 00:25:17,016
No, I wasn't convinced by it.
Neither was Senator Russell.
539
00:25:17,058 --> 00:25:19,102
GOLDBERG: Senator
Richard Russell of Georgia
540
00:25:19,143 --> 00:25:21,938
did not want
to serve on the commission.
541
00:25:21,980 --> 00:25:24,065
After he attended
the first meeting,
542
00:25:24,107 --> 00:25:27,235
he quickly became disenchanted
with the proceedings.
543
00:25:27,277 --> 00:25:30,280
Particularly the roles
of J. Edgar Hoover
544
00:25:30,321 --> 00:25:34,200
and acting attorney general
Nicholas Katzenbach.
545
00:25:34,242 --> 00:25:37,328
His personal papers at the
University of Georgia Library
546
00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:38,955
contain a memo
547
00:25:38,997 --> 00:25:42,792
written after the initial
December 5th, 1963,
548
00:25:42,834 --> 00:25:44,877
executive session.
549
00:25:44,919 --> 00:25:47,297
"Something strange
is happening.
550
00:25:47,338 --> 00:25:50,425
"Warren and Katzenbach know
all about the FBI
551
00:25:50,466 --> 00:25:53,386
"and are apparently
planning to show Oswald
552
00:25:53,428 --> 00:25:55,555
"as the only one considered.
553
00:25:55,597 --> 00:25:59,517
This to me is an
an untenable position."
554
00:25:59,559 --> 00:26:02,645
His papers revealed that he
wrote a dissenting opinion
555
00:26:02,687 --> 00:26:04,897
for the presentation
at the final
556
00:26:04,939 --> 00:26:07,734
commission meeting
of September 18th.
557
00:26:07,775 --> 00:26:10,403
On that day,
he shared his concerns
558
00:26:10,445 --> 00:26:11,988
with President Johnson.
559
00:26:50,735 --> 00:26:54,489
GOLDBERG: He also thought
that Oswald did not act alone.
560
00:26:54,530 --> 00:26:57,450
Russell was strongly influenced
by the Zapruder film
561
00:26:57,492 --> 00:27:00,453
and by the testimony
of Governor Connally.
562
00:27:00,495 --> 00:27:02,246
I understand there's some, uh,
563
00:27:02,288 --> 00:27:04,666
some question
in the minds of the experts
564
00:27:04,707 --> 00:27:06,834
about, uh, whether or not
565
00:27:06,876 --> 00:27:09,337
we could both have been hit
by the same bullet,
566
00:27:09,379 --> 00:27:10,880
and that was the first bullet.
567
00:27:10,922 --> 00:27:13,591
Uh, I just don't happen
to believe that.
568
00:27:13,633 --> 00:27:15,551
I don't believe
that I will believe it.
569
00:27:15,593 --> 00:27:17,428
GOLDBERG: This forced
the other commissioners
570
00:27:17,470 --> 00:27:20,223
to include Connally's dissent
in the report.
571
00:27:20,264 --> 00:27:23,643
And as a result,
they could not absolutely deny
572
00:27:23,685 --> 00:27:27,188
the possibility
of a conspiracy.
573
00:27:27,230 --> 00:27:29,190
Russell became
the first commissioner
574
00:27:29,232 --> 00:27:32,193
to criticize
the Warren Report in public.
575
00:27:32,235 --> 00:27:34,070
He was followed
by commission members
576
00:27:34,112 --> 00:27:38,241
John Sherman Cooper
and Hale Boggs.
577
00:27:38,282 --> 00:27:41,661
But then Walter Cronkite
interviewed John McCloy
578
00:27:41,703 --> 00:27:45,748
during a four-night special,
co-hosted by Dan Rather.
579
00:27:45,790 --> 00:27:48,543
Are you satisfied
that as much effort
580
00:27:48,584 --> 00:27:53,089
was put into challenging that
case as into establishing it?
581
00:27:53,131 --> 00:27:54,340
I'll answer
that in just a moment.
582
00:27:54,382 --> 00:27:56,300
If I may just say one thing,
I would--
583
00:27:56,342 --> 00:27:57,510
I'd like to say
in the first place,
584
00:27:57,552 --> 00:27:59,095
I had some questions
585
00:27:59,137 --> 00:28:01,305
as to the propriety
of my appearing here
586
00:28:01,347 --> 00:28:03,474
as a former member
of the commission
587
00:28:03,516 --> 00:28:05,727
to comment on
the evidence of the commission.
588
00:28:05,768 --> 00:28:09,230
GOLDBERG: McCloy never
answered Cronkite's question.
589
00:28:09,272 --> 00:28:12,734
But even worse,
CBS employee Roger Feinman
590
00:28:12,775 --> 00:28:15,111
later discovered
internal documents
591
00:28:15,153 --> 00:28:17,238
showing McCoy
consulted extensively
592
00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:19,782
on the series
through his daughter, Ellen,
593
00:28:19,824 --> 00:28:24,620
an administrative assistant to
CBS President Richard Salant.
594
00:28:24,662 --> 00:28:28,124
In 1992,
reporter Jerry Policoff
595
00:28:28,166 --> 00:28:31,210
confronted Salant
and Ellen McCoy
596
00:28:31,252 --> 00:28:34,589
with the documents revealing
John McCloy's instructions
597
00:28:34,630 --> 00:28:36,674
for the content of the show.
598
00:28:36,716 --> 00:28:40,720
Only then did Salant
admit to their concealment.
599
00:28:40,762 --> 00:28:43,473
CBS, NBC,
and The New York Times
600
00:28:43,514 --> 00:28:46,392
continued to support
the commission's finding
601
00:28:46,434 --> 00:28:48,186
and never publicly reviewed
602
00:28:48,227 --> 00:28:52,648
the 26 volumes
of supplemental evidence.
603
00:28:52,690 --> 00:28:55,443
Mr. Dulles, let me put some
of the criticisms to you.
604
00:28:55,485 --> 00:28:56,819
Surely.
605
00:28:56,861 --> 00:28:58,696
Some of the papers
and some of the documents
606
00:28:58,738 --> 00:29:01,240
that are in the archives
are-- are there
607
00:29:01,282 --> 00:29:04,744
but are withheld from public
view by the FBI, the CIA,
608
00:29:04,786 --> 00:29:07,455
an organization with which
you have some experience.
609
00:29:07,497 --> 00:29:10,291
Is there anything in those
which years from now
610
00:29:10,333 --> 00:29:12,543
when they may be released
will upset applecarts?
611
00:29:12,585 --> 00:29:14,045
Oh, no, I don't think so.
612
00:29:14,086 --> 00:29:17,089
No, I think everything
that really is-- is vital
613
00:29:17,131 --> 00:29:19,133
insofar as forming
a judgment as to what
614
00:29:19,175 --> 00:29:21,969
really happened
has been made available.
615
00:29:24,806 --> 00:29:27,725
GOLDBERG: The Warren Commission
was aware of something else
616
00:29:27,767 --> 00:29:29,393
that was wrong
with their evidence.
617
00:29:29,435 --> 00:29:32,522
All kinds of ballistic tests
show that the bullets, in fact,
618
00:29:32,563 --> 00:29:35,024
came from that rifle.
That was his rifle.
619
00:29:35,066 --> 00:29:37,026
You took
a picture of him with it.
620
00:29:37,068 --> 00:29:38,820
- No, no.
- His home prints and fingerprints
621
00:29:38,861 --> 00:29:41,030
are all over
the School Book Depository.
622
00:29:41,072 --> 00:29:42,782
MARINA PORTER: You have
been misinformed.
623
00:29:42,824 --> 00:29:47,286
The ballistics tests
did not prove anything at all.
624
00:29:47,328 --> 00:29:49,413
(reporter) This is
the weapon that was used.
625
00:29:49,455 --> 00:29:53,167
A rather well-worn
military rifle.
626
00:29:53,209 --> 00:29:57,797
We know that Oswald
had possession of that rifle
627
00:29:57,839 --> 00:29:59,507
because we have him
photographed with it.
628
00:29:59,549 --> 00:30:03,469
And we have his wife
saying that it was, quote,
629
00:30:03,511 --> 00:30:05,888
"Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."
630
00:30:07,265 --> 00:30:09,433
STONE: Is the rifle in
evidence today
631
00:30:09,475 --> 00:30:11,102
the same rifle
the commission said
632
00:30:11,143 --> 00:30:13,062
Oswald ordered
through the mail?
633
00:30:13,104 --> 00:30:15,231
The rifle that Lee Oswald
634
00:30:15,273 --> 00:30:18,901
allegedly ordered under
an alias of Alex Hidell,
635
00:30:18,943 --> 00:30:21,487
was obtained through Klein's
Sporting Goods store in Chicago.
636
00:30:21,529 --> 00:30:25,241
it was a mail-order, got it out
of American Rifleman magazine.
637
00:30:25,283 --> 00:30:27,535
He wrote on the coupon
he wanted
638
00:30:27,577 --> 00:30:29,912
a 36-inch model,
Mannlicher-Carcano,
639
00:30:29,954 --> 00:30:34,208
6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.
640
00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:36,460
Robert Frazier
was one of the examiners
641
00:30:36,502 --> 00:30:38,588
and he was
a firearms expert for the FBI.
642
00:30:38,629 --> 00:30:41,007
And he testified
that he did measure it,
643
00:30:41,048 --> 00:30:42,008
and the measurement
644
00:30:42,049 --> 00:30:44,093
was 40.2 inches in length,
645
00:30:44,135 --> 00:30:45,761
from barrel to stock.
646
00:30:45,803 --> 00:30:48,264
There's a 4.2-inch difference
in the one he ordered,
647
00:30:48,306 --> 00:30:51,434
versus what they found
in the Book Depository.
648
00:30:51,475 --> 00:30:54,103
GOLDBERG: Klein's
may have indeed delivered
649
00:30:54,145 --> 00:30:57,440
a different Mannlicher-Carcano
model to Oswald,
650
00:30:57,481 --> 00:31:00,693
but there are other
anomalies to the story.
651
00:31:00,735 --> 00:31:02,904
The model that Oswald ordered
652
00:31:02,945 --> 00:31:05,281
showed these
strap attachment points
653
00:31:05,323 --> 00:31:07,783
on the bottom
of the barrel and stock.
654
00:31:07,825 --> 00:31:10,119
BRIAN EDWARDS: In the photograph
is Lieutenant Carl Day,
655
00:31:10,161 --> 00:31:11,454
with the Dallas Police
Department
656
00:31:11,495 --> 00:31:13,956
bringing a rifle out
of the Book Depository.
657
00:31:13,998 --> 00:31:17,418
One of the straps at the back
of the gun is on the left side
658
00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:20,463
of the stock
embedded in the stock.
659
00:31:20,504 --> 00:31:22,506
That's clearly not the rifle
that was ordered,
660
00:31:22,548 --> 00:31:25,676
or at least appears in the
Klein's Sporting Goods store.
661
00:31:25,718 --> 00:31:28,763
GOLDBERG: The straps shown in
the so-called backyard photos
662
00:31:28,804 --> 00:31:32,808
are on the bottom and
not on the side of the stock.
663
00:31:32,850 --> 00:31:37,063
Marina Oswald took backyard
photographs of Lee Oswald
664
00:31:37,104 --> 00:31:40,316
holding a rifle
and a pistol on his hip.
665
00:31:40,358 --> 00:31:43,903
And in that first photograph,
that she took three of,
666
00:31:43,945 --> 00:31:49,575
Commission Exhibit
133A and 133B
667
00:31:49,617 --> 00:31:54,747
show a ring on the ring finger
of the right hand.
668
00:31:54,789 --> 00:31:59,168
133C, the ring appears
on the left hand.
669
00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:01,671
In fact, the Dallas Police
showed Lee Oswald
670
00:32:01,712 --> 00:32:04,173
one of the pictures
while he was still in custody.
671
00:32:04,215 --> 00:32:06,008
He said, "That's my face,
but I don't remember
672
00:32:06,050 --> 00:32:08,844
ever having that
picture taken of me."
673
00:32:08,886 --> 00:32:11,263
GOLDBERG: But after
all these questions are asked,
674
00:32:11,305 --> 00:32:13,975
the underlying mystery remains.
675
00:32:14,016 --> 00:32:18,020
Why would anyone use a rifle
in an assassination,
676
00:32:18,062 --> 00:32:20,147
knowing there was a paper trail
677
00:32:20,189 --> 00:32:23,526
that would lead
right back to them?
678
00:32:23,567 --> 00:32:26,570
Was there a palm print
found on the rifle?
679
00:32:26,612 --> 00:32:31,200
The foremost fingerprint expert
the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,
680
00:32:31,242 --> 00:32:34,704
took that rifle and attempted
to lift prints off of the rifle,
681
00:32:34,745 --> 00:32:36,539
the stock and/or the barrel.
682
00:32:36,580 --> 00:32:38,416
Uh, he testified
to the Warren Commission
683
00:32:38,457 --> 00:32:41,168
that he found no usable prints
684
00:32:41,210 --> 00:32:45,047
anywhere on that rifle,
on the metal or the stock.
685
00:32:45,089 --> 00:32:47,883
But yet,
Lieutenant Day in Dallas
686
00:32:47,925 --> 00:32:51,095
before the rifle went
to Washington, said he found
687
00:32:51,137 --> 00:32:53,723
a partial palm print on the
trigger guard on the left side
688
00:32:53,764 --> 00:32:57,852
and a partial print underneath
the stock on the barrel.
689
00:32:57,893 --> 00:33:00,062
But Sebastian Latona
said there was no evidence
690
00:33:00,104 --> 00:33:01,480
that a lift had
even been attempted.
691
00:33:01,522 --> 00:33:03,190
STONE: No partials at all?
692
00:33:03,232 --> 00:33:04,817
Nothing that he could
use in court.
693
00:33:04,859 --> 00:33:07,319
There has to be eight points
of identification.
694
00:33:07,361 --> 00:33:10,364
He found nothing
that would match that.
695
00:33:10,406 --> 00:33:14,035
(woman on recorder)
J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.
696
00:33:14,076 --> 00:33:14,785
JOHNSON: Yes?
697
00:33:14,827 --> 00:33:18,581
HOOVER: I've seen the reports
on this investigation.
698
00:33:18,622 --> 00:33:22,001
This man, Oswald,
he had fired three shots.
699
00:33:22,043 --> 00:33:24,045
He then threw the gun aside,
700
00:33:24,086 --> 00:33:30,551
and, uh, he apparently had come
down the five flights of steps.
701
00:33:30,593 --> 00:33:33,220
A stairway
from the fifth floor.
702
00:33:33,262 --> 00:33:34,889
JOHNSON: You can prove that?
703
00:33:34,930 --> 00:33:37,224
HOOVER: Oh, yes.
Oh, yes, we can prove that.
704
00:33:37,266 --> 00:33:40,227
JOHNSON: Did anybody hear,
anybody see him?
705
00:33:40,269 --> 00:33:43,105
HOOVER: Most of the employees
were down on a lower floor, but
706
00:33:43,147 --> 00:33:46,901
he was stopped at the second
floor by a police officer.
707
00:33:46,942 --> 00:33:49,779
And some workers,
some manager in the building
708
00:33:49,820 --> 00:33:51,906
told the police officer, "Well,
he's all right, he works here.
709
00:33:51,947 --> 00:33:53,449
You needn't hold him."
710
00:33:53,491 --> 00:33:55,868
So they let him go.
That's how he got out.
711
00:33:55,910 --> 00:33:58,162
MARRION BAKER: At the time
that I heard those shots,
712
00:33:58,204 --> 00:34:02,083
I ran into that building and
made it up to the second floor.
713
00:34:02,124 --> 00:34:05,461
It was approximately a minute
and a half to two minutes.
714
00:34:05,503 --> 00:34:07,963
CRONKITE: In possibly
less than two minutes,
715
00:34:08,005 --> 00:34:10,549
investigators came
to the School Book Building
716
00:34:10,591 --> 00:34:12,927
with stopwatches
and critical eyes.
717
00:34:12,968 --> 00:34:15,888
Not only police and government
agents traced that route,
718
00:34:15,930 --> 00:34:18,390
Chief Justice Warren and some
other commission members
719
00:34:18,432 --> 00:34:19,809
did it for themselves.
720
00:34:21,435 --> 00:34:23,479
I was interested in finding
721
00:34:23,521 --> 00:34:26,315
a specific witness
to the assassination,
722
00:34:26,357 --> 00:34:28,317
which was Victoria Adams.
723
00:34:29,944 --> 00:34:31,654
She worked on the fourth floor
724
00:34:31,695 --> 00:34:33,989
of the Texas School
Book Depository,
725
00:34:34,031 --> 00:34:36,367
and she knew Oswald.
726
00:34:36,408 --> 00:34:38,619
I went to the National Archives
727
00:34:38,661 --> 00:34:42,873
searching for
her original testimony.
728
00:34:42,915 --> 00:34:44,667
I was told that the tape
729
00:34:44,708 --> 00:34:47,503
containing her
testimony was missing.
730
00:34:47,545 --> 00:34:50,005
And later I learned
that that tape
731
00:34:50,047 --> 00:34:53,300
had been destroyed
by the Warren Commission.
732
00:34:53,342 --> 00:34:55,553
And so I finally
ended up finding her
733
00:34:55,594 --> 00:34:58,681
and getting
her side of the story.
734
00:34:58,722 --> 00:35:02,268
Vicki Adams was 22 at
the time of the assassination,
735
00:35:02,309 --> 00:35:04,228
and she testified
that immediately
736
00:35:04,270 --> 00:35:07,064
after the assassination,
737
00:35:07,106 --> 00:35:09,316
she ran down the back stairs
738
00:35:09,358 --> 00:35:11,360
to get outside
to see what was going on.
739
00:35:12,153 --> 00:35:13,696
If that were true,
740
00:35:13,737 --> 00:35:17,950
she would have seen Oswald
on the back stairs.
741
00:35:17,992 --> 00:35:20,703
But she testified that she saw
and heard no one.
742
00:35:22,037 --> 00:35:24,373
She had realized
that something was wrong,
743
00:35:24,415 --> 00:35:26,458
because no one
was believing her.
744
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,962
So she asked David Belin,
who was questioning her,
745
00:35:30,004 --> 00:35:31,881
"Interview Sandra Styles,
746
00:35:31,922 --> 00:35:35,384
a coworker who went
down the stairs with me."
747
00:35:35,426 --> 00:35:37,803
This became
a rather serious problem
748
00:35:37,845 --> 00:35:39,597
for the Warren Commission,
749
00:35:39,638 --> 00:35:45,227
because discrediting one woman
was easy to do.
750
00:35:45,269 --> 00:35:48,314
But discrediting
a corroborating witness,
751
00:35:48,355 --> 00:35:50,733
that may have been
a little bit tougher.
752
00:35:50,774 --> 00:35:54,528
So Belin said,
"We don't need Sandra Styles,
753
00:35:54,570 --> 00:35:55,446
we have you."
754
00:35:56,614 --> 00:35:57,865
(man) We've had Mr.
Belin here
755
00:35:57,907 --> 00:35:59,408
with us too,
one of our counselors
756
00:35:59,450 --> 00:36:01,327
who's been here
several times, and...
757
00:36:01,368 --> 00:36:05,247
He knows this city now
as very few people do.
758
00:36:05,289 --> 00:36:09,001
BARRY ERNEST: According to
Vicki's original FBI testimony,
759
00:36:09,043 --> 00:36:11,587
she left the window
on the fourth floor
760
00:36:11,629 --> 00:36:15,090
within 15 to 30 seconds
of the assassination.
761
00:36:15,132 --> 00:36:18,427
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to one minute.
762
00:36:18,469 --> 00:36:21,263
She said she arrived
on the first floor
763
00:36:21,305 --> 00:36:24,099
within 60 seconds
of the assassination.
764
00:36:24,141 --> 00:36:28,229
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to several minutes.
765
00:36:28,270 --> 00:36:30,689
So what the Warren Commission did
766
00:36:30,731 --> 00:36:33,025
was successfully
deceive the public
767
00:36:33,067 --> 00:36:36,946
into thinking that Vicki was
just another confused witness.
768
00:36:36,987 --> 00:36:37,988
Case closed.
769
00:36:38,030 --> 00:36:39,448
Reenactments prove,
770
00:36:39,490 --> 00:36:42,076
the report says,
that Oswald did have time,
771
00:36:42,117 --> 00:36:45,287
just enough time to fire
the shots, secret the rifle,
772
00:36:45,329 --> 00:36:47,706
and get down to the second floor
cafeteria.
773
00:36:49,583 --> 00:36:55,381
But in 1999, I found a document
in the National Archives
774
00:36:55,422 --> 00:36:59,301
that had been suppressed
for 35 years.
775
00:36:59,343 --> 00:37:01,679
It was a letter written
776
00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:05,557
by Assistant US Attorney
Martha Jo Stroud.
777
00:37:05,599 --> 00:37:08,727
It was a transmittal letter
forwarding
778
00:37:08,769 --> 00:37:12,022
Vicki's signed testimony
to J. Lee Rankin,
779
00:37:12,064 --> 00:37:14,441
the head honcho
of the Warren Commission's
780
00:37:14,483 --> 00:37:16,902
investigation at that point.
781
00:37:16,944 --> 00:37:19,238
In the last paragraph
of that letter,
782
00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:21,282
almost as an afterthought,
783
00:37:21,323 --> 00:37:25,744
we're introduced to a woman
by the name of Dorothy Garner.
784
00:37:25,786 --> 00:37:29,790
Garner was Vicki's
immediate supervisor
785
00:37:29,832 --> 00:37:32,835
who had stood
at the window with Vicki.
786
00:37:32,876 --> 00:37:36,130
The letter quotes Garner
as saying that she saw
787
00:37:36,171 --> 00:37:38,090
Vicki go down the stairs
788
00:37:38,132 --> 00:37:44,013
before she saw Officer Baker
and Roy Truly come up.
789
00:37:44,054 --> 00:37:47,391
When I found and interviewed
Dorothy Garner,
790
00:37:47,433 --> 00:37:49,268
she confirmed everything.
791
00:37:49,310 --> 00:37:52,062
She said that she had been
at the window with Vicki,
792
00:37:52,104 --> 00:37:55,774
that Vicki had left
the window immediately,
793
00:37:55,816 --> 00:37:59,945
that she actually followed
Vicki outside the office
794
00:37:59,987 --> 00:38:03,907
and to a point where she could
see her going down the stairs.
795
00:38:03,949 --> 00:38:07,286
And during that whole time,
she never saw Oswald.
796
00:38:07,328 --> 00:38:11,040
So the Stroud letter became
a very dangerous document
797
00:38:11,081 --> 00:38:14,001
for the Warren Commission.
798
00:38:14,043 --> 00:38:17,338
GOLDBERG: Without the Review Board's
declassification process,
799
00:38:17,379 --> 00:38:21,091
we would never have learned
of the corroborating testimony
800
00:38:21,133 --> 00:38:24,928
of three witnesses
that provide powerful evidence
801
00:38:24,970 --> 00:38:27,431
that Oswald was not
on the sixth floor
802
00:38:27,473 --> 00:38:29,850
at the time of the shooting.
803
00:38:41,320 --> 00:38:45,699
Legally speaking, the autopsy
should have been done in Dallas,
804
00:38:45,741 --> 00:38:48,744
and there was a forensic
pathologist, Earl Rose.
805
00:38:48,786 --> 00:38:51,121
He was there
to assume jurisdiction
806
00:38:51,163 --> 00:38:53,332
and to do the autopsy.
807
00:38:53,374 --> 00:38:55,501
He was pushed
up against the wall
808
00:38:55,542 --> 00:38:57,711
and threatened,
hands on guns,
809
00:38:57,753 --> 00:38:59,630
a lot of expletives and so on.
810
00:38:59,671 --> 00:39:01,465
He followed them
out of the driveway,
811
00:39:01,507 --> 00:39:04,760
and they took the body
illegally out of Dallas
812
00:39:04,802 --> 00:39:07,596
in violation of the laws
in the state of Texas.
813
00:39:08,889 --> 00:39:10,516
GOLDBERG: After Air Force One
814
00:39:10,557 --> 00:39:12,226
left Dallas for Washington,
815
00:39:12,267 --> 00:39:15,521
two of the key doctors who had
tried to save Kennedy's life
816
00:39:15,562 --> 00:39:18,690
at Parkland Hospital,
held a press conference.
817
00:39:18,732 --> 00:39:22,611
They were Dr. Malcolm Perry
and Dr. Kemp Clark.
818
00:39:22,653 --> 00:39:25,072
When were the two
major points of evidence
819
00:39:25,114 --> 00:39:26,532
revealed by Kemp Clark
and Malcolm Perry
820
00:39:26,573 --> 00:39:28,367
at the press conference?
821
00:39:28,409 --> 00:39:30,452
Dr. Perry performed
the tracheotomy
822
00:39:30,494 --> 00:39:32,871
to help Kennedy breathe,
823
00:39:32,913 --> 00:39:35,040
and at a press conference
right after
824
00:39:35,082 --> 00:39:38,001
the failed resuscitation
efforts in Dallas,
825
00:39:38,043 --> 00:39:39,628
he was asked,
"Well, where was the bullet?"
826
00:39:39,670 --> 00:39:41,422
He said, "The bullet looked like
it was coming at him.
827
00:39:41,463 --> 00:39:43,298
He had an entrance wound
in the throat."
828
00:39:44,383 --> 00:39:45,717
DOUGLAS HORNE: Kemp Clarke
829
00:39:45,759 --> 00:39:47,094
was the head of
neurosurgery at Parkland.
830
00:39:47,136 --> 00:39:50,347
He said that the President
had a gaping wound
831
00:39:50,389 --> 00:39:51,974
in the occipital-parietal area.
832
00:39:52,015 --> 00:39:54,351
That's, you know,
the right rear of the head.
833
00:39:54,393 --> 00:39:56,437
And so the description
he gave of that
834
00:39:56,478 --> 00:39:59,523
was entirely consistent
with an exit wound.
835
00:39:59,565 --> 00:40:00,858
We have a transcript today
836
00:40:00,899 --> 00:40:02,443
of what they said
at the press conference.
837
00:40:02,484 --> 00:40:05,696
So it's White House transcript
1327C.
838
00:40:05,737 --> 00:40:07,281
That's a very important
historical document,
839
00:40:07,322 --> 00:40:10,451
because the Secret Service
confiscated the videotapes
840
00:40:10,492 --> 00:40:12,286
from the local TV stations.
841
00:40:12,327 --> 00:40:16,206
GOLDBERG: There is, however,
a surviving clip of Dr. Perry
842
00:40:16,248 --> 00:40:19,126
recorded not long
after the press conference.
843
00:40:32,514 --> 00:40:35,267
GOLDBERG: What Clark and Perry
both revealed that day
844
00:40:35,309 --> 00:40:39,104
would indicate
an assassin from the front.
845
00:40:39,146 --> 00:40:41,356
And Assistant
White House Press Secretary
846
00:40:41,398 --> 00:40:43,692
Malcolm Kilduff's statement
847
00:40:43,734 --> 00:40:47,196
seems to support
this conclusion.
848
00:40:47,237 --> 00:40:53,619
It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.
849
00:40:55,746 --> 00:40:57,122
GOLDBERG: The day after
the shooting,
850
00:40:57,164 --> 00:41:00,042
Dr. Perry was seen
by Nurse Audrey Bell,
851
00:41:00,083 --> 00:41:02,377
who had been with him
in the operating room.
852
00:41:02,419 --> 00:41:05,130
AUDREY BELL: Saturday morning,
when I got over there,
853
00:41:05,172 --> 00:41:07,382
Dr. Perry
came up to the office.
854
00:41:07,424 --> 00:41:08,884
I said, "You look awful.
855
00:41:08,926 --> 00:41:11,220
Did you get
any sleep last night?"
856
00:41:11,261 --> 00:41:13,472
He said, "Well, not too much,
857
00:41:13,514 --> 00:41:17,392
between the calls from Bethesda
that came in during the night."
858
00:41:17,434 --> 00:41:18,894
I said, "What about?"
859
00:41:18,936 --> 00:41:21,939
He said, "Oh, whether
that was an entrance wound
860
00:41:21,980 --> 00:41:23,899
or an exit wound
in the throat."
861
00:41:23,941 --> 00:41:25,817
He said, "They were wanting me
to change my mind."
862
00:41:26,944 --> 00:41:28,904
In his Warren Commission
testimony,
863
00:41:28,946 --> 00:41:31,573
he basically retracted
what he had said
864
00:41:31,615 --> 00:41:33,867
and they forced him
to back down
865
00:41:33,909 --> 00:41:36,286
and intimidated him
on the witness stand.
866
00:41:36,328 --> 00:41:39,039
It was really quite
embarrassing for me
as a physician
867
00:41:39,081 --> 00:41:41,667
to see how someone else
who was telling the truth
868
00:41:41,708 --> 00:41:44,253
was basically forced
to recant his own opinion.
869
00:41:44,294 --> 00:41:46,964
Did it occur to you at the time
or did you think,
870
00:41:47,005 --> 00:41:51,218
"Was this an entry wound
or was this an exit wound?"
871
00:41:51,260 --> 00:41:53,762
Actually, I didn't really
give it much thought
872
00:41:53,804 --> 00:41:55,556
and I realized that perhaps
873
00:41:55,597 --> 00:41:57,558
it would have been
better had I done so.
874
00:41:57,599 --> 00:42:00,561
But I actually
applied my energies,
875
00:42:00,602 --> 00:42:02,563
and those of us there all did,
876
00:42:02,604 --> 00:42:04,356
to the problem at hand.
877
00:42:04,398 --> 00:42:06,358
And I didn't really
concern myself too much
878
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,735
with how it happened or why.
879
00:42:08,777 --> 00:42:13,282
In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me
880
00:42:13,323 --> 00:42:16,535
on the faculty
at the University of Washington
881
00:42:16,577 --> 00:42:18,537
in the cardiac
surgery division.
882
00:42:18,579 --> 00:42:22,624
So I got to know Malcolm
when I joined the faculty.
883
00:42:22,666 --> 00:42:24,918
We developed
a professional relationship,
884
00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:28,589
and we would operate together
on complex cases.
885
00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:34,595
I was particularly interested
in, uh, Dr. Perry's position
886
00:42:34,636 --> 00:42:36,346
with the JFK assassination
887
00:42:36,388 --> 00:42:40,434
because he did the tracheotomy
on him after he was shot.
888
00:42:40,475 --> 00:42:44,521
The problem is that Malcolm
categorically refused
889
00:42:44,563 --> 00:42:48,191
to ever discuss
the assassination,
890
00:42:48,233 --> 00:42:51,153
uh, and he wouldn't
answer my questions
about that neck wound.
891
00:42:51,194 --> 00:42:53,905
And then one night
after we had operated together
892
00:42:53,947 --> 00:42:57,075
for many hours
on a complex case,
893
00:42:57,117 --> 00:42:59,161
we were sitting in
the surgeons' lounge alone,
894
00:42:59,202 --> 00:43:01,163
drinking coffee,
895
00:43:01,204 --> 00:43:04,916
and I once again asked him
about that neck wound.
896
00:43:04,958 --> 00:43:10,797
And this time, he said
it was an entrance wound,
897
00:43:10,839 --> 00:43:14,801
unquestionably
an entrance wound.
898
00:43:14,843 --> 00:43:19,097
One of the-- the main reasons
Dr. Perry changed his testimony
899
00:43:19,139 --> 00:43:22,017
and publicly agreed
it was an exit wound
900
00:43:22,059 --> 00:43:26,021
is a Secret Service agent, uh,
put the pressure on him,
901
00:43:26,063 --> 00:43:28,857
and that person was Elmer Moore.
902
00:43:30,025 --> 00:43:32,486
In 1970,
Elmer Moore was the head
903
00:43:32,527 --> 00:43:35,364
of the Secret Service office
in Seattle
904
00:43:35,405 --> 00:43:38,742
and a graduate student
named Jim Gochenaur
905
00:43:38,784 --> 00:43:40,702
became friends with him,
906
00:43:40,744 --> 00:43:43,455
and he admitted
to Gochenaur that he regretted
907
00:43:43,497 --> 00:43:46,833
putting pressure on Dr. Perry.
908
00:43:46,875 --> 00:43:48,960
So I asked him directly.
909
00:43:49,002 --> 00:43:54,591
I said, "Mr. Moore,
did you pressure Dr. Perry?"
910
00:43:54,633 --> 00:43:55,967
He stopped for a minute.
911
00:43:56,009 --> 00:43:58,387
He says, "Well, I was
ordered to do that."
912
00:43:58,428 --> 00:43:59,846
He expanded on it.
913
00:43:59,888 --> 00:44:01,306
And he said
that Inspector Kelley
914
00:44:01,348 --> 00:44:04,851
had ordered him
to talk with Perry
915
00:44:04,893 --> 00:44:06,812
and, uh, convince him
that it could be
916
00:44:06,853 --> 00:44:09,564
either an exit
or an entry wound,
917
00:44:09,606 --> 00:44:12,067
not an entry wound.
918
00:44:12,109 --> 00:44:15,570
And I thought
it was pretty interesting
919
00:44:15,612 --> 00:44:20,242
that he would admit to something
that's pretty close to a felony.
920
00:44:20,283 --> 00:44:23,036
DONALD MILLER: Elmer Moore
was also in charge
921
00:44:23,078 --> 00:44:24,746
of getting the doctors
at Parkland
922
00:44:24,788 --> 00:44:27,040
to change their testimony,
923
00:44:27,082 --> 00:44:28,875
and agree that there was
no big hole
924
00:44:28,917 --> 00:44:32,087
in the back of Kennedy's head.
925
00:44:32,129 --> 00:44:35,006
GOLDBERG: Charles Crenshaw,
a third year resident,
926
00:44:35,048 --> 00:44:38,301
was in the emergency room
at Parkland that day.
927
00:44:38,343 --> 00:44:41,847
He later said in public that
he felt the wounds in Kennedy
928
00:44:41,888 --> 00:44:44,349
originated from the front.
929
00:44:44,391 --> 00:44:46,852
From here, through.
930
00:44:46,893 --> 00:44:49,062
GARY AGUILAR: Charles Crenshaw
wrote a book,
931
00:44:49,104 --> 00:44:51,565
Conspiracy of Silence,
in the wake of the film JFK,
932
00:44:51,606 --> 00:44:53,775
saying, "Look,
I was at Parkland Hospital.
933
00:44:53,817 --> 00:44:56,737
"I saw Kennedy,
I was involved in the treatment,
934
00:44:56,778 --> 00:44:58,447
"and Kennedy's wounds
were not consistent
935
00:44:58,488 --> 00:45:00,532
"with a shot from above
and behind because
936
00:45:00,574 --> 00:45:03,285
he had a defect involving
the right rear of his head."
937
00:45:05,495 --> 00:45:07,038
(man over recorder)
Using the most precise
938
00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:08,540
medical terminology
that you can use.
939
00:45:08,582 --> 00:45:09,958
(Audrey Bell over recorder)
Okay, let's see,
940
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,295
it was on the right rear
941
00:45:13,336 --> 00:45:17,299
and he shifted the head,
a little bit, to the left,
942
00:45:17,340 --> 00:45:21,636
lifted up the, well, kind of
the matted area, the flap.
943
00:45:21,678 --> 00:45:25,599
And you could see
the, uh, hole,
944
00:45:25,640 --> 00:45:27,976
and there was, uh,
945
00:45:28,018 --> 00:45:32,314
brain and spinal fluid
dripping down out of it.
946
00:45:32,355 --> 00:45:35,150
Then I noticed it was dripping,
you know, down into a bucket.
947
00:45:37,611 --> 00:45:39,362
STONE: As early as 1981,
948
00:45:39,404 --> 00:45:41,948
copies of the autopsy photos
were leaked
949
00:45:41,990 --> 00:45:45,118
and distributed
among JFK researchers.
950
00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:46,787
The image
of Kennedy's head wound
951
00:45:46,828 --> 00:45:51,458
contradicted what was witnessed
by the Parkland doctors.
952
00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:56,296
I recall the injury being
right along in this area.
953
00:45:59,466 --> 00:46:02,886
MANTIK: It's as if the autopsy
materials were designed
954
00:46:02,928 --> 00:46:05,347
to hide what
was really happening,
955
00:46:05,388 --> 00:46:07,766
as opposed to what
they should usually do.
956
00:46:07,808 --> 00:46:12,395
They're supposed to reveal
the full extent of things.
957
00:46:12,437 --> 00:46:14,481
GOLDBERG: The evening
of the assassination,
958
00:46:14,523 --> 00:46:18,276
the body of President Kennedy
was returned to Washington.
959
00:46:18,318 --> 00:46:21,696
The autopsy was performed
at Bethesda Medical Center,
960
00:46:21,738 --> 00:46:23,782
a naval institution.
961
00:46:23,824 --> 00:46:25,659
All of the top
forensic pathologists
962
00:46:25,700 --> 00:46:27,202
in the United States
963
00:46:27,244 --> 00:46:30,831
were within one-hour drive
or flying time from D.C.
964
00:46:30,872 --> 00:46:32,874
Not one of them was called upon.
965
00:46:32,916 --> 00:46:34,876
There were two
Navy pathologists,
966
00:46:34,918 --> 00:46:36,461
Commander James Humes
967
00:46:36,503 --> 00:46:38,547
and his associate,
J. Thornton Boswell.
968
00:46:38,588 --> 00:46:42,300
These two military pathologists
who had never done
969
00:46:42,342 --> 00:46:45,846
a single gunshot-wound autopsy
in their entire careers.
970
00:46:45,887 --> 00:46:47,430
This is something that really
971
00:46:47,472 --> 00:46:49,432
has to be emphasized
to every American.
972
00:46:49,474 --> 00:46:51,601
I don't care,
Democrat, Republican,
liberal, conservative.
973
00:46:51,643 --> 00:46:53,061
This is your president,
974
00:46:53,103 --> 00:46:55,313
and you've got
multiple gunshot wounds
975
00:46:55,355 --> 00:46:58,567
to determine angles, trajectory,
range, sequence.
976
00:46:58,608 --> 00:46:59,985
And then you've got to correlate
977
00:47:00,026 --> 00:47:01,611
with the multiple
gunshot wounds in Connally.
978
00:47:01,653 --> 00:47:04,197
This is a formidable task
that would have required
979
00:47:04,239 --> 00:47:08,326
two or three major forensic
pathologists to-- to undertake.
980
00:47:08,368 --> 00:47:10,537
So they called
Humes and Boswell.
981
00:47:10,579 --> 00:47:11,913
They realized
they were over their head.
982
00:47:11,955 --> 00:47:13,290
They called in an expert
983
00:47:13,331 --> 00:47:15,083
from the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology,
984
00:47:15,125 --> 00:47:16,668
a guy named Pierre Finck.
985
00:47:16,710 --> 00:47:19,212
Dr. Humes and Boswell
started the autopsy
986
00:47:19,254 --> 00:47:21,590
before their forensics
consultant even got there,
987
00:47:21,631 --> 00:47:23,592
but they realized
they were in over their head.
988
00:47:23,633 --> 00:47:26,761
So they asked to have
a medical examiner
because Dr. Finck,
989
00:47:26,803 --> 00:47:29,931
who is a forensic pathologist,
wasn't doing autopsies.
990
00:47:29,973 --> 00:47:31,600
He hadn't done one
in more than two years.
991
00:47:31,641 --> 00:47:33,602
So they asked for permission
to bring in somebody
992
00:47:33,643 --> 00:47:37,522
who knew what they were doing.
Permission was denied.
993
00:47:37,564 --> 00:47:40,066
AGUILAR: There were a lot of
people at the Bethesda morgue.
994
00:47:40,108 --> 00:47:41,359
The latest count
by all the researchers
995
00:47:41,401 --> 00:47:43,945
that I know of is
about 33 people.
996
00:47:43,987 --> 00:47:46,239
There was a gallery, bleachers.
997
00:47:46,281 --> 00:47:49,284
Apparently, all three rows
were filled with people.
998
00:47:49,326 --> 00:47:52,370
These three autopsy
pathologists were given a body,
999
00:47:52,412 --> 00:47:53,580
told, "Here's the body,
1000
00:47:53,622 --> 00:47:55,332
he was shot from behind,
he fell forward,"
1001
00:47:55,373 --> 00:47:57,334
which they wrote
in their autopsy report,
1002
00:47:57,375 --> 00:47:58,501
figure out how the wounds fit
1003
00:47:58,543 --> 00:48:00,503
the known circumstances
of the shooting.
1004
00:48:00,545 --> 00:48:04,049
But what this really speaks to
is the fact that the autopsy
1005
00:48:04,090 --> 00:48:05,508
was not in the control
of the surgeons
1006
00:48:05,550 --> 00:48:07,594
that were charged
with doing it.
1007
00:48:07,636 --> 00:48:09,721
It was in the control of people
who were there,
1008
00:48:09,763 --> 00:48:12,933
who were telling them
what they could do
and what they couldn't do.
1009
00:48:12,974 --> 00:48:15,644
(reporter) Let's talk about
those two wounds, Captain.
1010
00:48:15,685 --> 00:48:18,146
You examined this
whole area of the back.
1011
00:48:18,188 --> 00:48:19,397
JAMES J. HUMES: Yes, sir.
1012
00:48:19,439 --> 00:48:21,107
WECHT: So on the night
of the autopsy,
1013
00:48:21,149 --> 00:48:23,151
Humes and Boswell said,
1014
00:48:23,193 --> 00:48:25,236
"Hey, we got a bullet hole
in the President's back,"
1015
00:48:25,278 --> 00:48:28,156
which they
examined with the finger,
1016
00:48:28,198 --> 00:48:29,616
then with an instrument,
then took x-rays,
1017
00:48:29,658 --> 00:48:31,409
then took out the lungs.
1018
00:48:31,451 --> 00:48:32,661
And no bullets.
1019
00:48:32,702 --> 00:48:34,162
In a murder case,
1020
00:48:34,204 --> 00:48:36,831
that is a very serious
problem for them.
1021
00:48:36,873 --> 00:48:38,375
So where did that bullet go?
1022
00:48:38,416 --> 00:48:41,127
It was just, like you say,
a work of fiction.
1023
00:48:41,169 --> 00:48:43,463
A call came in
from the FBI in Dallas.
1024
00:48:43,505 --> 00:48:45,048
A bullet was found.
1025
00:48:45,090 --> 00:48:46,633
Darrell Tomlinson,
a maintenance man
1026
00:48:46,675 --> 00:48:48,343
at Parkland Hospital,
1027
00:48:48,385 --> 00:48:51,179
trying to get to the men's room,
passing by the ER,
1028
00:48:51,221 --> 00:48:52,931
found the stretchers
blocking the way,
1029
00:48:52,973 --> 00:48:55,058
bent down,
moved the stretcher,
1030
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:56,810
and there was a bullet.
1031
00:48:56,851 --> 00:48:58,186
How did that bullet get there?
1032
00:48:58,228 --> 00:48:59,896
Humes and Boswell came up
1033
00:48:59,938 --> 00:49:02,190
with this totally
absurd conclusion
1034
00:49:02,232 --> 00:49:04,234
that when the President lay
1035
00:49:04,275 --> 00:49:07,320
on the stretcher,
supine position,
1036
00:49:07,362 --> 00:49:09,280
and pressure
was applied to his chest
1037
00:49:09,322 --> 00:49:11,700
for cardiopulmonary
resuscitation,
1038
00:49:11,741 --> 00:49:15,286
that pressure, applied
anteriorly, forced the bullet,
1039
00:49:15,328 --> 00:49:17,414
which had gone
deeply into the tissues,
1040
00:49:17,455 --> 00:49:19,082
back out through like a tunnel.
1041
00:49:19,124 --> 00:49:21,376
In and out, a car in reverse.
1042
00:49:21,418 --> 00:49:24,254
And what's
very important to note is
1043
00:49:24,295 --> 00:49:26,881
bullets don't go
in and out like that.
1044
00:49:26,923 --> 00:49:30,552
The bullet becomes encased.
But that was their conclusion.
1045
00:49:30,593 --> 00:49:34,055
Keep in mind, they did not know
that there was a bullet hole
1046
00:49:34,097 --> 00:49:35,890
in the front of
the President's neck.
1047
00:49:35,932 --> 00:49:38,268
Commander.
Now, Captain Humes,
1048
00:49:38,309 --> 00:49:40,395
how many autopsies
have you performed?
1049
00:49:40,437 --> 00:49:42,397
HUMES: Approximately 1,000.
1050
00:49:42,439 --> 00:49:47,068
It wasn't until the next morning
when Humes decided,
1051
00:49:47,110 --> 00:49:48,486
"Hey, maybe we outta talk with
1052
00:49:48,528 --> 00:49:50,947
the surgeons
at Parkland Hospital."
1053
00:49:50,989 --> 00:49:53,783
Earlier that day, the
doctors at Parkland Hospital
1054
00:49:53,825 --> 00:49:55,618
had determined that the bullet
1055
00:49:55,660 --> 00:49:57,537
had fortuitously
ripped through the trachea.
1056
00:49:57,579 --> 00:50:00,582
So they enlarged
that bullet hole.
1057
00:50:00,623 --> 00:50:02,834
And now they learned,
for the first time,
1058
00:50:02,876 --> 00:50:04,878
that there was a tracheostomy
1059
00:50:04,919 --> 00:50:07,130
superimposed
upon a bullet wound.
1060
00:50:07,172 --> 00:50:09,924
"Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.
1061
00:50:09,966 --> 00:50:11,426
"Now we know!"
1062
00:50:11,468 --> 00:50:14,179
The shot fired from the rear,
entered the back,
1063
00:50:14,220 --> 00:50:16,639
moving around
2,000 feet per second,
1064
00:50:16,681 --> 00:50:19,517
comes out, then stops,
sees the starched white collar,
1065
00:50:19,559 --> 00:50:22,103
gets frightened to death, plops
into the front of his clothing.
1066
00:50:22,145 --> 00:50:23,772
And that's where
the bullet came from,
1067
00:50:23,813 --> 00:50:25,774
found by Tomlinson
on the stretcher.
1068
00:50:25,815 --> 00:50:27,317
Four or five months later,
1069
00:50:27,358 --> 00:50:29,903
under Arlen Specter's
single-bullet theory,
1070
00:50:29,944 --> 00:50:32,614
that bullet
has been rejuvenated,
it's been revitalized.
1071
00:50:32,655 --> 00:50:33,990
That bullet has
now gone through
1072
00:50:34,032 --> 00:50:35,784
Kennedy, through Connally,
1073
00:50:35,825 --> 00:50:39,996
and now, as of April of 1964,
the Stretcher Bullet,
1074
00:50:40,038 --> 00:50:41,873
Commission Exhibit #399,
1075
00:50:41,915 --> 00:50:43,625
the hero of the
Warren Commission report,
1076
00:50:43,666 --> 00:50:46,711
is now from
Connally's left thigh.
1077
00:50:46,753 --> 00:50:48,922
How is that possible?
1078
00:50:48,963 --> 00:50:50,924
It's unbelievable!
1079
00:50:50,965 --> 00:50:53,802
...which is scientific evidence
1080
00:50:53,843 --> 00:51:00,308
that the wound was made
from behind and passed forward.
1081
00:51:00,350 --> 00:51:03,895
AGUILAR: Dr. Humes destroyed
his original autopsy notes.
1082
00:51:03,937 --> 00:51:05,772
Now, Dr. Humes,
the chief autopsy pathologist,
1083
00:51:05,814 --> 00:51:07,732
and what we all know
as doctors,
1084
00:51:07,774 --> 00:51:09,651
notes taken while
you're doing something
1085
00:51:09,692 --> 00:51:11,152
are much more important,
1086
00:51:11,194 --> 00:51:12,987
and are likely
to be closer to the truth
1087
00:51:13,029 --> 00:51:15,573
than anything you write later.
1088
00:51:15,615 --> 00:51:18,118
And he admitted that
he'd destroyed autopsy notes.
1089
00:51:18,159 --> 00:51:20,161
You destroyed
your original notes
1090
00:51:20,203 --> 00:51:21,830
in a medical legal autopsy?
1091
00:51:21,871 --> 00:51:25,333
And remember, that night
Oswald is still alive.
1092
00:51:25,375 --> 00:51:26,835
You're going
to be asked, doctor,
1093
00:51:26,876 --> 00:51:31,548
at some point in time under oath
to give sworn testimony.
1094
00:51:31,589 --> 00:51:33,800
Why did you
destroy those notes, doctor?
1095
00:51:33,842 --> 00:51:36,803
Doesn't a pathologist
keep his notes?
1096
00:51:36,845 --> 00:51:39,514
And he said, "Well,
I destroyed my own autopsy notes
1097
00:51:39,556 --> 00:51:41,933
"because they were splattered
with the President's blood
1098
00:51:41,975 --> 00:51:44,811
and I didn't want them to become
objects of morbid curiosity."
1099
00:51:44,853 --> 00:51:46,354
The third doctor, Dr. Finck,
1100
00:51:46,396 --> 00:51:48,314
who was there,
also wrote some notes
1101
00:51:48,356 --> 00:51:49,899
and complained
bitterly about the fact
1102
00:51:49,941 --> 00:51:51,484
that his notes disappeared too.
1103
00:51:51,526 --> 00:51:53,611
He was so upset
because he had to go home
1104
00:51:53,653 --> 00:51:56,072
and reconstruct
all of his notes from memory.
1105
00:51:58,074 --> 00:51:59,993
The two FBI agents
at the autopsy,
1106
00:52:00,034 --> 00:52:02,662
Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,
1107
00:52:02,704 --> 00:52:05,623
they reported what they heard
during the autopsy,
1108
00:52:05,665 --> 00:52:08,376
what they heard
the pathologists say,
1109
00:52:08,418 --> 00:52:10,461
specifically Dr. Humes.
1110
00:52:10,503 --> 00:52:15,049
They were interviewed
by Arlen Specter in early 1964.
1111
00:52:15,091 --> 00:52:19,220
He proceeded to write
very unfavorable comments
1112
00:52:19,262 --> 00:52:21,973
about them in a summary memo
for the record.
1113
00:52:22,015 --> 00:52:23,391
We know with confidence
1114
00:52:23,433 --> 00:52:25,268
why he didn't like
what they had to say,
1115
00:52:25,310 --> 00:52:27,395
because they were
providing evidence
1116
00:52:27,437 --> 00:52:29,564
that the single-bullet theory
could not be true.
1117
00:52:29,606 --> 00:52:31,900
GOLDBERG: Neither Sibert
nor O'Neill
1118
00:52:31,941 --> 00:52:34,611
were asked to testify
for the Warren Commission,
1119
00:52:34,652 --> 00:52:37,197
and their written notes
became classified.
1120
00:52:37,238 --> 00:52:39,741
In 1997, their depositions
were taken
1121
00:52:39,782 --> 00:52:42,869
by the Assassination
Records Review Board.
1122
00:52:42,911 --> 00:52:45,121
DOUGLAS HORNE: Both
Sibert and O'Neill
1123
00:52:45,163 --> 00:52:48,333
were shown the photographs
of the back of JFK's head,
1124
00:52:48,374 --> 00:52:51,544
the autopsy photographs that
are the most controversial.
1125
00:52:51,586 --> 00:52:53,171
And they both said
that they didn't
1126
00:52:53,213 --> 00:52:55,215
see anything like that
at the autopsy.
1127
00:52:55,256 --> 00:52:57,508
O'Neill had said, "It looks
like it's been doctored.
1128
00:52:57,550 --> 00:52:59,052
"I don't mean the photo
has been doctored.
1129
00:52:59,093 --> 00:53:01,095
It looks like the head
has been put back together,"
1130
00:53:01,137 --> 00:53:02,680
you know, by embalmers
and then photographed."
1131
00:53:02,722 --> 00:53:04,265
That was what
he said under oath.
1132
00:53:04,307 --> 00:53:06,601
Sibert did not remember
1133
00:53:06,643 --> 00:53:09,395
drawing a diagram of the wound
for the House committee.
1134
00:53:09,437 --> 00:53:11,522
So he drew a new one
for the Review Board.
1135
00:53:11,564 --> 00:53:13,566
And it's one of our
most important wound diagrams.
1136
00:53:13,608 --> 00:53:16,027
And it shows what
could only be an exit defect
1137
00:53:16,069 --> 00:53:17,445
in the right rear of the skull.
1138
00:53:24,452 --> 00:53:26,788
GOLDBERG: This new evidence,
combined with
1139
00:53:26,829 --> 00:53:29,958
the Review Board's
declassification
of 40 witnesses
1140
00:53:29,999 --> 00:53:32,794
who saw a hole in the back
of Kennedy's head,
1141
00:53:32,835 --> 00:53:37,257
constitutes powerful evidence
of a shot from the front.
1142
00:53:38,174 --> 00:53:39,634
(gunshot)
1143
00:53:42,470 --> 00:53:44,180
Who was
the autopsy photographer?
1144
00:53:44,222 --> 00:53:46,557
John Stringer.
1145
00:53:46,599 --> 00:53:49,143
He was a Navy civilian.
He was widely respected.
1146
00:53:49,185 --> 00:53:50,353
He had written a textbook
1147
00:53:50,395 --> 00:53:52,272
on medical photography
for the Navy.
1148
00:53:52,313 --> 00:53:53,731
So he was
the photographer of record.
1149
00:53:53,773 --> 00:53:55,984
He photographed
the autopsy itself
1150
00:53:56,025 --> 00:53:59,529
and also photographed
the President's brain.
1151
00:53:59,570 --> 00:54:01,739
STONE: The autopsy photos
of the President's brain
1152
00:54:01,781 --> 00:54:03,992
are housed
at the National Archives.
1153
00:54:04,033 --> 00:54:07,078
These photos cannot be scanned
or reproduced,
1154
00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:09,998
but are only available
to be viewed on site
1155
00:54:10,039 --> 00:54:13,835
by researchers authorized
by the Kennedy family.
1156
00:54:13,876 --> 00:54:15,837
HORNE: Half of
the brain photos are taken
1157
00:54:15,878 --> 00:54:18,464
of a brain from above,
superior views,
1158
00:54:18,506 --> 00:54:21,801
which is what Stringer said
he shot of the complete organ.
1159
00:54:21,843 --> 00:54:24,429
But the other half of the brain
photos in the archives
1160
00:54:24,470 --> 00:54:27,849
are taken of the bottom,
called basilar views.
1161
00:54:27,890 --> 00:54:30,810
Now, we were very careful
to question Mr. Stringer
1162
00:54:30,852 --> 00:54:32,854
about all the photographs
he took,
1163
00:54:32,895 --> 00:54:35,982
and ask him what kind of film
he used for black and white,
1164
00:54:36,024 --> 00:54:37,650
what kind of film
he used for color.
1165
00:54:37,692 --> 00:54:39,569
Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer
1166
00:54:39,610 --> 00:54:43,573
the color positive
transparencies of the brain,
1167
00:54:43,614 --> 00:54:45,158
and Stringer immediately noted,
1168
00:54:45,199 --> 00:54:47,744
"Well, these aren't Kodak.
These might be Ansco."
1169
00:54:47,785 --> 00:54:50,288
He said, "I don't see the name
of the manufacturer on here,
1170
00:54:50,330 --> 00:54:53,207
but these don't have the
right notches in the corner."
1171
00:54:53,249 --> 00:54:54,959
So Jeremy Gunn said,
1172
00:54:55,001 --> 00:54:57,086
"Did you use this film
with these notches in it?"
1173
00:54:57,128 --> 00:54:58,796
Stringer said, "No."
1174
00:54:58,838 --> 00:55:00,923
"Did you take basilar views
when you shot the brain?"
1175
00:55:00,965 --> 00:55:03,634
And he says,
"Not as far as I know."
1176
00:55:03,676 --> 00:55:06,179
GOLDBERG: Doesn't
this all lead to the question
1177
00:55:06,220 --> 00:55:09,849
if Stringer did not take these
photographs, then who did?
1178
00:55:11,726 --> 00:55:14,896
Robert Knudsen
was a Navy photographer
1179
00:55:14,937 --> 00:55:18,024
who was detailed
to the White House in 1958.
1180
00:55:18,066 --> 00:55:21,235
If you read his obituaries in
The New York Times
1181
00:55:21,277 --> 00:55:22,528
and The Washington Post,
1182
00:55:22,570 --> 00:55:24,822
you will see
that he is credited
1183
00:55:24,864 --> 00:55:27,408
with photographing
Kennedy's autopsy,
1184
00:55:27,450 --> 00:55:30,828
except officially he was not.
1185
00:55:30,870 --> 00:55:34,999
HORNE: Robert Knudsen
was not interviewed by
the Warren Commission.
1186
00:55:35,041 --> 00:55:39,045
So they finally found
Robert Knudsen in 1978.
1187
00:55:39,087 --> 00:55:41,214
And to its credit,
the House Select Committee
1188
00:55:41,255 --> 00:55:42,799
did a deposition of him.
1189
00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:45,426
To their discredit,
they never published it.
1190
00:55:45,468 --> 00:55:49,806
They buried it for 50 years
and it got released in 1993.
1191
00:55:49,847 --> 00:55:51,682
And I know why they buried it,
1192
00:55:51,724 --> 00:55:54,602
because everything he told them
about autopsy photography
1193
00:55:54,644 --> 00:55:56,187
contradicted what
they thought they knew
1194
00:55:56,229 --> 00:55:57,563
in the official record.
1195
00:55:57,605 --> 00:56:00,316
MANTIK: After
his death in 1989,
1196
00:56:00,358 --> 00:56:02,026
his wife was interviewed by
1197
00:56:02,068 --> 00:56:04,445
the Assassination
Records Review Board.
1198
00:56:16,499 --> 00:56:19,752
He told her that one photograph
in particular,
1199
00:56:19,794 --> 00:56:21,295
presumably the back of the head,
1200
00:56:21,337 --> 00:56:23,798
had been severely altered.
1201
00:56:23,840 --> 00:56:25,800
JEREMY GUNN: Where was
the wound covered?
1202
00:56:31,347 --> 00:56:34,058
JEREMY GUNN: In one sense,
uh, probably worth saying
1203
00:56:34,100 --> 00:56:35,643
that what you're saying
is very different
1204
00:56:35,685 --> 00:56:37,770
from what
the United States government
1205
00:56:37,812 --> 00:56:40,022
has said for a long time.
1206
00:56:40,064 --> 00:56:43,609
And why didn't he say
something to somebody?
1207
00:57:04,630 --> 00:57:06,466
HORNE: John Stringer is still
1208
00:57:06,507 --> 00:57:08,092
the autopsy photographer
of record,
1209
00:57:08,134 --> 00:57:09,886
I think they both took pictures
and I personally think
1210
00:57:09,927 --> 00:57:12,722
that many of
John Stringer's pictures
1211
00:57:12,763 --> 00:57:14,557
never made it
into the official collection.
1212
00:57:14,599 --> 00:57:15,850
And a lot of the ones
we're looking at
1213
00:57:15,892 --> 00:57:17,685
are Robert Knudsen's pictures.
1214
00:57:21,230 --> 00:57:24,525
MANTIK: Saundra Spencer worked
at the Anacostia Facility,
1215
00:57:24,567 --> 00:57:26,611
a Naval Photographic Center,
1216
00:57:26,652 --> 00:57:29,030
which was quite separate
from the Bethesda lab.
1217
00:57:29,071 --> 00:57:32,366
That weekend,
she received film.
1218
00:57:32,408 --> 00:57:35,036
HORNE: The photographs
that Saundra Spencer developed,
1219
00:57:35,077 --> 00:57:37,205
which never made it
into the official record.
1220
00:57:37,246 --> 00:57:39,874
The only evidence we have
of them is her testimony.
1221
00:57:41,709 --> 00:57:43,878
Saundra Spencer
was visibly upset
1222
00:57:43,920 --> 00:57:46,380
when she looked at the
official autopsy photographs
1223
00:57:46,422 --> 00:57:49,967
because she said,
"I developed pictures
of him and his family
1224
00:57:50,009 --> 00:57:52,720
for almost three years
and he never looked like this."
1225
00:57:52,762 --> 00:57:54,972
She said, "He looks terrible
in these photographs."
1226
00:57:59,477 --> 00:58:02,021
- She started to cry.
- STONE: In front of the Review Board?
1227
00:58:02,063 --> 00:58:04,398
HORNE: Yes, she started to cry
in front of Jeremy and I
1228
00:58:04,440 --> 00:58:06,275
and the person
from the archives,
1229
00:58:06,317 --> 00:58:08,819
and she said,
"He did not look this bad
1230
00:58:08,861 --> 00:58:10,905
in the photographs
I developed on Sunday."
1231
00:58:10,947 --> 00:58:13,991
He was very cleaned up.
It was very respectful.
1232
00:58:14,033 --> 00:58:16,077
And in one of the photographs
she developed,
1233
00:58:16,118 --> 00:58:17,870
there was a brain,
an intact brain,
1234
00:58:17,912 --> 00:58:19,664
sitting next to the body,
1235
00:58:19,705 --> 00:58:21,123
the nude body of the President.
1236
00:58:21,165 --> 00:58:22,917
Strange, first of all,
that it's intact
1237
00:58:22,959 --> 00:58:26,295
because FBI agent Frank O'Neill
told the Review Board
1238
00:58:26,337 --> 00:58:29,131
that over half of the mass
of the brain was missing.
1239
00:58:31,968 --> 00:58:34,512
MANTIK: So the brain autopsy
or autopsies,
1240
00:58:34,554 --> 00:58:37,098
there were probably
two such events,
1241
00:58:37,139 --> 00:58:41,894
uh, occurred later and
were not done on November 22nd.
1242
00:58:41,936 --> 00:58:43,646
AGUILAR: Anybody
that's seen the Zapruder film
1243
00:58:43,688 --> 00:58:45,022
can see Kennedy's
head explodes
1244
00:58:45,064 --> 00:58:46,566
and debris flies
all over the place.
1245
00:58:46,607 --> 00:58:47,900
Jackie Kennedy climbed out
1246
00:58:47,942 --> 00:58:49,652
onto the trunk
of the limousine,
1247
00:58:49,694 --> 00:58:52,822
picked up
a chunk of the President's
brain, had it with her,
1248
00:58:52,863 --> 00:58:54,574
took it in and gave it to, uh,
1249
00:58:54,615 --> 00:58:56,617
one of the doctors
at Parkland Hospital.
1250
00:58:56,659 --> 00:58:58,911
When you look at the autopsy
photographs of the brain,
1251
00:58:58,953 --> 00:59:00,288
which I've seen
the originals of,
1252
00:59:00,329 --> 00:59:02,248
you can just see
that the brain is disrupted,
1253
00:59:02,290 --> 00:59:04,250
but very little
of the tissue is missing.
1254
00:59:04,292 --> 00:59:07,086
Then we look at the autopsy
report of the brain,
1255
00:59:07,128 --> 00:59:09,213
what they call the
supplemental brain examination.
1256
00:59:09,255 --> 00:59:10,798
The brain in evidence
that's weighed there
1257
00:59:10,840 --> 00:59:12,883
weighs 1,500 grams.
1258
00:59:12,925 --> 00:59:16,304
1500 grams is--
is above average weight
1259
00:59:16,345 --> 00:59:17,888
of an adult male brain.
1260
00:59:17,930 --> 00:59:20,975
There was one report
of 8,000 autopsies
1261
00:59:21,017 --> 00:59:23,686
and the average weight of
an adult male brain
1262
00:59:23,728 --> 00:59:25,813
was 1,336 grams.
1263
00:59:25,855 --> 00:59:29,567
So they're saying
that President Kennedy's brain
1264
00:59:29,609 --> 00:59:31,193
was well above
the average weight.
1265
00:59:31,235 --> 00:59:33,237
Where did all that brain tissue
disappear to?
1266
00:59:33,279 --> 00:59:37,033
That flies around Dealey Plaza
that Jackie has in her hand,
1267
00:59:37,074 --> 00:59:38,743
that everybody is picking off
of their clothes?
1268
00:59:41,579 --> 00:59:44,332
CHESSER: There are two photographs
of the brain at the archives.
1269
00:59:44,373 --> 00:59:46,792
I viewed those in 2015.
1270
00:59:46,834 --> 00:59:49,170
The brain looked to me
to be distorted.
1271
00:59:49,211 --> 00:59:51,005
My first thought was
that the brain had been sitting
1272
00:59:51,047 --> 00:59:53,049
in a jar of formaldehyde
for a long time.
1273
00:59:53,090 --> 00:59:56,177
The Review Board
had a consultant.
1274
00:59:56,218 --> 00:59:59,055
A renowned
forensic pathologist.
1275
00:59:59,096 --> 01:00:01,766
He looked at the brain
photographs and he said,
1276
01:00:01,807 --> 01:00:04,518
"This is a very
well-fixed brain.
1277
01:00:04,560 --> 01:00:07,313
It's all gray.
It's not pink at all.
1278
01:00:07,355 --> 01:00:10,524
"It's been fixed for two
or three weeks in formaldehyde.
1279
01:00:10,566 --> 01:00:11,901
It's been fixed
at least two weeks,
1280
01:00:11,942 --> 01:00:13,402
maybe as long as three weeks."
1281
01:00:13,444 --> 01:00:15,821
I looked at Jeremy Gunn
and he looked at me
1282
01:00:15,863 --> 01:00:17,114
and the hair stood up
on the back of my neck,
1283
01:00:17,156 --> 01:00:21,661
because I knew that JFK's brain
was examined...
1284
01:00:21,702 --> 01:00:24,038
less than three days
after he was killed.
1285
01:00:24,080 --> 01:00:25,790
One can only imagine
that they wanted
1286
01:00:25,831 --> 01:00:27,667
the-- the damage to the brain
1287
01:00:27,708 --> 01:00:29,794
to be consistent
with the hypothesis
1288
01:00:29,835 --> 01:00:32,171
that Oswald
had done the shooting.
1289
01:00:32,213 --> 01:00:34,674
So if you had a defect
going all the way
to the back of the head,
1290
01:00:34,715 --> 01:00:36,967
like so many witnesses
testified to it,
1291
01:00:37,009 --> 01:00:41,389
it might raise questions
about whether that huge defect
1292
01:00:41,430 --> 01:00:44,100
could've cau-- been caused
by a single shot to the head
1293
01:00:44,141 --> 01:00:46,644
as Oswald is supposed
to have done.
1294
01:00:46,686 --> 01:00:47,895
CHESSER: At a
teaching hospital,
1295
01:00:47,937 --> 01:00:50,815
there was
no shortage of brains.
1296
01:00:50,856 --> 01:00:52,149
Autopsies were very frequent.
1297
01:00:52,191 --> 01:00:53,734
Frequently, the brain was saved
1298
01:00:53,776 --> 01:00:56,237
for teaching medical students,
1299
01:00:56,278 --> 01:00:57,905
so it would not
have been difficult
1300
01:00:57,947 --> 01:01:00,408
to find a brain
for replacement.
1301
01:01:00,449 --> 01:01:01,826
This is just one more reason
1302
01:01:01,867 --> 01:01:04,495
why this cannot be
President Kennedy's brain
1303
01:01:04,537 --> 01:01:08,416
in the photographs that
we have stored at the archives.
1304
01:01:08,457 --> 01:01:14,088
What we have here... is evidence
that impugns the authenticity
1305
01:01:14,130 --> 01:01:16,757
of the brain photographs
in the National Archives.
1306
01:01:16,799 --> 01:01:18,551
If there was a trial today,
1307
01:01:18,592 --> 01:01:21,762
these brain photographs would
not be admissible as evidence.
1308
01:01:23,764 --> 01:01:25,766
I'd hate to be
in your shoes today.
1309
01:01:26,767 --> 01:01:27,810
You have a lot to think about.
1310
01:01:27,852 --> 01:01:29,103
You've seen
much hidden evidence
1311
01:01:29,145 --> 01:01:30,980
the American public
has never seen.
1312
01:01:32,523 --> 01:01:35,943
You know, going back
to when we were children,
1313
01:01:35,985 --> 01:01:37,987
I think that most of us
in this courtroom thought
1314
01:01:38,028 --> 01:01:40,740
that justice came
into being automatically.
1315
01:01:41,741 --> 01:01:43,242
That virtue was its own reward,
1316
01:01:43,284 --> 01:01:45,327
that-- that good
would triumph over evil.
1317
01:01:47,037 --> 01:01:50,833
But as we get older,
we know this just isn't true.
1318
01:01:50,875 --> 01:01:53,544
Individual human beings
have to create justice
1319
01:01:53,586 --> 01:01:54,795
and this is not easy,
1320
01:01:56,338 --> 01:01:59,800
because the truth
often poses a threat to power,
1321
01:01:59,842 --> 01:02:03,929
and one often has to fight power
at great risk to themselves.
1322
01:02:03,971 --> 01:02:05,473
GOLDBERG: The one physician
present
1323
01:02:05,514 --> 01:02:08,642
at both Parkland Hospital
and the Bethesda morgue
1324
01:02:08,684 --> 01:02:09,977
was George Burkley,
1325
01:02:10,019 --> 01:02:12,646
Kennedy's personal doctor.
1326
01:02:12,688 --> 01:02:15,983
Arlen Specter did not depose
George Burkley,
1327
01:02:16,025 --> 01:02:20,070
but Burkley did an interview
with the JFK Library in 1967,
1328
01:02:20,112 --> 01:02:22,490
and was asked this question.
1329
01:02:22,531 --> 01:02:23,824
(interviewer speaking)
1330
01:02:31,499 --> 01:02:32,833
(interviewer) I see.
1331
01:02:32,875 --> 01:02:35,211
MILLER: The reason
he didn't say anything was,
1332
01:02:35,252 --> 01:02:38,714
he was intimately involved
in the coverup.
1333
01:02:38,756 --> 01:02:41,383
GOLDBERG: Burkley signed
the autopsy descriptive sheet
1334
01:02:41,425 --> 01:02:45,429
with a bullet in the back
at the level of T3.
1335
01:02:45,471 --> 01:02:48,015
And he also signed
Kennedy's death certificate,
1336
01:02:48,057 --> 01:02:50,726
which also placed
that wound in the back.
1337
01:02:50,768 --> 01:02:52,728
That death certificate
is not in
1338
01:02:52,770 --> 01:02:55,189
the Warren Commission volumes,
1339
01:02:55,231 --> 01:02:58,400
and the descriptive sheet
in the Commission volumes
1340
01:02:58,442 --> 01:03:00,694
does not have
Burkley's signature.
1341
01:03:02,154 --> 01:03:04,198
In 1977, through his lawyer,
1342
01:03:04,240 --> 01:03:06,534
he wrote a letter
to Richard Sprague,
1343
01:03:06,575 --> 01:03:08,202
Chief Counsel of the House
1344
01:03:08,244 --> 01:03:10,830
Select Committee
on Assassinations.
1345
01:03:10,871 --> 01:03:13,207
He said he had
information indicating
1346
01:03:13,249 --> 01:03:15,459
that others besides Oswald
1347
01:03:15,501 --> 01:03:18,504
must've participated
in the assassination.
1348
01:03:18,546 --> 01:03:22,049
He was willing
to talk about it at this time.
1349
01:03:22,091 --> 01:03:24,385
Sprague,
who made clear his intention
1350
01:03:24,426 --> 01:03:27,054
to fully investigate
the CIA's involvement,
1351
01:03:27,096 --> 01:03:29,139
was forced out two weeks later.
1352
01:03:29,181 --> 01:03:31,016
Dr. Burkley
submitted a written statement
1353
01:03:31,058 --> 01:03:33,227
to the House Select Committee,
1354
01:03:33,269 --> 01:03:35,104
but there is no official record
1355
01:03:35,145 --> 01:03:38,399
of him being
deposed as a witness.
1356
01:03:38,440 --> 01:03:42,319
In 1982, he told
JFK researcher Henry Hurt,
1357
01:03:42,361 --> 01:03:43,779
"I know there was
more than one gunman,"
1358
01:03:43,821 --> 01:03:45,197
and when Henry Hurt
1359
01:03:45,239 --> 01:03:47,241
tried to recontact
Burkley for more details,
1360
01:03:47,283 --> 01:03:48,659
Burkley
cut him off at the knees.
1361
01:03:48,701 --> 01:03:50,202
"I don't want to talk
about it anymore."
1362
01:03:50,244 --> 01:03:51,579
The very next year,
Burkley talked
1363
01:03:51,620 --> 01:03:54,290
to Michael Kurtz,
another JFK researcher,
1364
01:03:54,331 --> 01:03:55,875
told him that he knew there was
1365
01:03:55,916 --> 01:03:57,376
a conspiracy
to kill the President
1366
01:03:57,418 --> 01:03:58,919
and that he recalled
an exit wound
1367
01:03:58,961 --> 01:04:01,088
in the back of
President Kennedy's head.
1368
01:04:01,130 --> 01:04:02,965
Now, that's
a very significant statement.
1369
01:04:03,007 --> 01:04:05,050
That the only doctor we know of
1370
01:04:05,092 --> 01:04:07,928
who was present at
both Parkland for treatment,
1371
01:04:07,970 --> 01:04:09,597
and at Bethesda
during the autopsy,
1372
01:04:09,638 --> 01:04:11,891
told Michael Kurtz in 1983
1373
01:04:11,932 --> 01:04:14,268
that Kennedy had an exit wound
in the back of his head.
1374
01:04:14,310 --> 01:04:15,603
When Kurtz tried
to recontact Burkley,
1375
01:04:15,644 --> 01:04:18,105
Burkley cut him off
at the knees.
1376
01:04:18,147 --> 01:04:19,857
"I don't want to talk
about this anymore."
1377
01:04:19,899 --> 01:04:21,233
Dr. Burkley was deceased
by the time
1378
01:04:21,275 --> 01:04:23,110
the Review Board was impaneled.
1379
01:04:23,152 --> 01:04:25,446
So then Jeremy decided, well,
1380
01:04:25,487 --> 01:04:28,699
we can ask
the executor of his estate,
1381
01:04:28,741 --> 01:04:30,576
his daughter, to sign a waiver
1382
01:04:30,618 --> 01:04:33,078
so that we could
go to the law firm
1383
01:04:33,120 --> 01:04:34,747
that Mr. Illig
used to work for,
1384
01:04:34,788 --> 01:04:35,956
because he was deceased also,
1385
01:04:35,998 --> 01:04:37,291
and see if there were
1386
01:04:37,333 --> 01:04:39,043
any records
in the file of Mr. Illig
1387
01:04:39,084 --> 01:04:41,128
that would have
revealed what it was
1388
01:04:41,170 --> 01:04:43,172
he wanted to tell
the HSCA in detail,
1389
01:04:43,213 --> 01:04:45,132
and she said she would do that.
1390
01:04:45,174 --> 01:04:46,550
And then Jeremy
called her on the phone,
1391
01:04:46,592 --> 01:04:48,886
she had completely
changed her mind
1392
01:04:48,928 --> 01:04:50,220
and adamantly
refused to sign it
1393
01:04:50,262 --> 01:04:52,431
and terminated the phone call.
1394
01:04:57,895 --> 01:04:59,897
The face sheet for the autopsy,
1395
01:04:59,939 --> 01:05:02,816
where it shows the front
and back silhouette of the body,
1396
01:05:02,858 --> 01:05:05,861
where you mark scars
and bullet wounds and things,
1397
01:05:05,903 --> 01:05:08,322
the face sheet
showed the bullet wound
1398
01:05:08,364 --> 01:05:13,327
in the back at the level
of thoracic vertebra T3,
1399
01:05:13,369 --> 01:05:16,330
which is five and a half
to six inches below.
1400
01:05:16,372 --> 01:05:18,290
GOLDBERG: That location
coincided with
1401
01:05:18,332 --> 01:05:21,835
what Sibert and O'Neill
wrote in their report.
1402
01:05:21,877 --> 01:05:25,464
And in order to make the facts
fit the single-bullet theory,
1403
01:05:25,506 --> 01:05:27,591
one bullet
doing all this damage,
1404
01:05:27,633 --> 01:05:31,345
the doctors needed an exit
point for the back wound.
1405
01:05:31,387 --> 01:05:34,807
The Warren Commission raised
the wound in the back
1406
01:05:34,848 --> 01:05:37,977
so that it would align
with the alleged exit wound
1407
01:05:38,018 --> 01:05:39,979
in the front of Kennedy's neck.
1408
01:05:40,020 --> 01:05:41,647
Commissioner Gerald Ford
1409
01:05:41,689 --> 01:05:44,149
did this simply
via the stroke of a pen,
1410
01:05:44,191 --> 01:05:46,735
changing the description
in their report
1411
01:05:46,777 --> 01:05:49,655
from back, to back of the neck.
1412
01:05:49,697 --> 01:05:51,824
As I recall,
they said about Gerald Ford
1413
01:05:51,865 --> 01:05:54,451
that he could not chew gum
and walk at the same time.
1414
01:05:54,493 --> 01:05:57,287
Now, all of a sudden, he
becomes a forensic pathologist,
1415
01:05:57,329 --> 01:05:59,999
and a photographer, and
a criminalist, and an expert,
1416
01:06:00,040 --> 01:06:02,751
and he knows where the bullet
hole was and he moved it up.
1417
01:06:02,793 --> 01:06:04,920
GOLDBERG: But then in 1979,
1418
01:06:04,962 --> 01:06:08,340
the House Select Committee
moved it lower in the back
1419
01:06:08,382 --> 01:06:11,010
because they had pictures
from the autopsy.
1420
01:06:11,051 --> 01:06:12,803
It is conceivable that,
at the time,
1421
01:06:12,845 --> 01:06:14,763
the Warren Commission thought
1422
01:06:14,805 --> 01:06:18,183
no one would ever
see the autopsy photos.
1423
01:06:18,225 --> 01:06:20,394
When the Review Board
declassified
1424
01:06:20,436 --> 01:06:22,521
the notation showing
what Ford had done,
1425
01:06:22,563 --> 01:06:25,399
the former commissioner replied
that it had nothing to do
1426
01:06:25,441 --> 01:06:27,693
with a conspiracy theory.
1427
01:06:27,735 --> 01:06:30,738
He was only trying
to be more precise.
1428
01:06:30,779 --> 01:06:34,366
This is directly contradicted
by a conversation Ford had
1429
01:06:34,408 --> 01:06:38,537
with French President
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
1430
01:06:38,579 --> 01:06:40,164
Ford told him
the assassination
1431
01:06:40,205 --> 01:06:42,916
was not the work
of one person.
1432
01:06:42,958 --> 01:06:45,085
It was something set up.
1433
01:06:45,127 --> 01:06:47,337
"We were sure it was set up,
1434
01:06:47,379 --> 01:06:50,340
but we were not able
to discover by whom."
1435
01:06:52,801 --> 01:06:54,178
STONE: With all the documents
1436
01:06:54,219 --> 01:06:56,305
declassified
by the Review Board,
1437
01:06:56,346 --> 01:06:59,308
we can see this scene
in a new light.
1438
01:06:59,349 --> 01:07:02,436
In regards
to the JFK assassination,
1439
01:07:02,478 --> 01:07:06,273
conspiracy theories
are now conspiracy facts.
1440
01:07:07,357 --> 01:07:09,151
The forensics show evidence
1441
01:07:09,193 --> 01:07:10,736
of multiple shooters
with Oswald,
1442
01:07:10,778 --> 01:07:12,404
not even at
the sixth floor window
1443
01:07:12,446 --> 01:07:15,074
at the time
of the assassination.
1444
01:07:15,115 --> 01:07:20,537
And his fingerprints not found
on the supposed murder weapon.
1445
01:07:20,579 --> 01:07:24,291
Still, there was no trial
for Lee Harvey Oswald.
1446
01:07:24,333 --> 01:07:25,584
These people
have given me a hearing
1447
01:07:25,626 --> 01:07:27,795
without legal representation
or anything.
1448
01:07:27,836 --> 01:07:29,088
(reporter) Did you shoot
the President?
1449
01:07:29,129 --> 01:07:31,465
I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.
1450
01:07:31,507 --> 01:07:35,427
STONE: Attorney Mark Lane tried to
represent Oswald in the proceedings,
1451
01:07:35,469 --> 01:07:37,387
but was denied
by the Warren Commission.
1452
01:08:05,541 --> 01:08:08,377
Did the accused man
get a fair trial?
1453
01:08:08,418 --> 01:08:09,795
I can tell you
from my experiences
1454
01:08:09,837 --> 01:08:12,631
having tried several
hundred cases to verdict,
1455
01:08:12,673 --> 01:08:14,842
and being responsible
for thousands of cases
1456
01:08:14,883 --> 01:08:16,093
as head of the criminal courts
1457
01:08:16,135 --> 01:08:17,636
and running
the homicide bureau,
1458
01:08:17,678 --> 01:08:20,264
that I don't believe there's
any courtroom in America
1459
01:08:20,305 --> 01:08:22,099
where Oswald
would've been convicted
1460
01:08:22,141 --> 01:08:23,517
on the evidence
that was presented
1461
01:08:23,559 --> 01:08:25,769
before the Warren Commission.
1462
01:08:25,811 --> 01:08:29,481
STONE: Instead of a jury
of 12 American citizens,
1463
01:08:29,523 --> 01:08:32,234
judgment was passed
by a panel of seven
1464
01:08:32,276 --> 01:08:35,654
appointed wise men
and career statesmen.
1465
01:08:35,696 --> 01:08:40,075
A judgment perpetuated
by the media at that time.
1466
01:08:40,117 --> 01:08:42,619
Looking at the
declassified documents,
1467
01:08:42,661 --> 01:08:44,163
we see there's
even more mystery
1468
01:08:44,204 --> 01:08:47,249
behind Oswald to uncover.
1469
01:08:47,291 --> 01:08:51,086
A man who was,
in his own words, a patsy.
1470
01:08:51,128 --> 01:08:54,298
Murdered on live television.
1471
01:08:54,339 --> 01:08:57,676
(reporter 1) This was the dreary
funeral of Lee Harvey Oswald,
1472
01:08:57,718 --> 01:09:01,430
alleged murderer
of President Kennedy.
1473
01:09:01,471 --> 01:09:03,891
Burial was in
an otherwise empty plot
1474
01:09:03,932 --> 01:09:07,060
in Rose Hill Cemetery
outside Fort Worth.
1475
01:09:07,102 --> 01:09:09,146
A plot that we were told
was bought
1476
01:09:09,188 --> 01:09:11,398
long ago by Oswald's mother.
1477
01:09:11,440 --> 01:09:14,318
No one was on hand
for the funeral as mourners,
1478
01:09:14,359 --> 01:09:17,821
except the family
of the dead man.
1479
01:09:17,863 --> 01:09:21,116
(reporter 2)
Oswald spent his early years
in an orphanage.
1480
01:09:21,158 --> 01:09:25,078
At the age of 17,
he joined the US Marine Corps.
1481
01:09:25,120 --> 01:09:26,830
A year later, he was sent
1482
01:09:26,872 --> 01:09:29,833
to one of the most
secret US bases in the world,
1483
01:09:29,875 --> 01:09:31,668
Atsugi in Japan.
1484
01:09:31,710 --> 01:09:34,129
From here,
the CIA operated spy flights
1485
01:09:34,171 --> 01:09:35,839
over communist China
1486
01:09:35,881 --> 01:09:38,300
using U-2
reconnaissance planes.
1487
01:09:40,135 --> 01:09:43,889
GOLDBERG: During the 1975
Church Committee investigation
1488
01:09:43,931 --> 01:09:46,391
of US intelligence activities,
1489
01:09:46,433 --> 01:09:48,268
Committee member
Richard Schweiker
1490
01:09:48,310 --> 01:09:50,687
remarked about Oswald,
1491
01:09:50,729 --> 01:09:53,357
that everywhere
you looked with him,
1492
01:09:53,398 --> 01:09:56,944
there are fingerprints
of intelligence.
1493
01:09:56,985 --> 01:10:00,322
(man) Many people said he was a
forthright, upstanding American
1494
01:10:00,364 --> 01:10:01,907
as a young person,
1495
01:10:01,949 --> 01:10:05,452
and yet they later depicted him
as a Castro-loving,
1496
01:10:05,494 --> 01:10:08,664
Cuban-loving,
Russian-loving person.
1497
01:10:08,705 --> 01:10:10,332
JEFFERSON MORLEY: In the
spring of 1963,
1498
01:10:10,374 --> 01:10:12,626
Oswald started
handing out pamphlets
1499
01:10:12,668 --> 01:10:14,795
for the Fair Play
for Cuba Committee,
1500
01:10:14,836 --> 01:10:17,631
a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban
Revolution group
1501
01:10:17,673 --> 01:10:20,425
that was popular
on college campuses.
1502
01:10:20,467 --> 01:10:23,845
And some of them,
he stamped "544 Camp Street,"
1503
01:10:23,887 --> 01:10:27,599
which was an office
in downtown, uh, New Orleans
1504
01:10:27,641 --> 01:10:30,060
near where
the CIA's offices were,
1505
01:10:30,102 --> 01:10:31,979
right across the street,
in fact.
1506
01:10:32,020 --> 01:10:35,065
There was also the home of
the Cuban Revolutionary Council,
1507
01:10:35,107 --> 01:10:37,818
which was the leading
anti-Castro group.
1508
01:10:37,859 --> 01:10:42,072
Why would a pro-Castro activist
put his headquarters
1509
01:10:42,114 --> 01:10:43,949
in the same headquarters
1510
01:10:43,991 --> 01:10:46,535
as the leading anti-Castro
group in the country?
1511
01:10:48,203 --> 01:10:50,163
'Cause he was a provocateur.
1512
01:10:50,205 --> 01:10:52,749
This gets back to being
an agent or a double agent,
1513
01:10:52,791 --> 01:10:54,793
because he played both roles.
1514
01:10:54,835 --> 01:10:58,839
Here was Oswald
who had two associations.
1515
01:10:58,880 --> 01:11:01,008
One, he has a group
of anti-Castro Cubans.
1516
01:11:01,049 --> 01:11:03,343
At the same time,
he was handing out leaflets
1517
01:11:03,385 --> 01:11:04,511
for the Fair Play
for Cuba committee,
1518
01:11:04,553 --> 01:11:06,513
uh, with the other side
of the fence.
1519
01:11:06,555 --> 01:11:09,516
So the two groups that had
the most motivation
1520
01:11:09,558 --> 01:11:12,686
to assassinate the President,
he was dealing with.
1521
01:11:13,895 --> 01:11:15,939
GOLDBERG: And not surprisingly,
1522
01:11:15,981 --> 01:11:19,359
many of these groups were
known and, in some cases
1523
01:11:19,401 --> 01:11:21,695
supported,
by the US government.
1524
01:11:22,571 --> 01:11:24,990
In the spring of 1963,
1525
01:11:25,032 --> 01:11:29,369
Oswald began associating with
men who, it would be revealed,
1526
01:11:29,411 --> 01:11:33,332
had clear connections
with these government efforts.
1527
01:11:33,373 --> 01:11:35,375
One of these men, David Ferrie,
1528
01:11:35,417 --> 01:11:40,589
had been with Oswald in the
Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,
1529
01:11:40,630 --> 01:11:43,884
and was known
as an extreme anti-Communist.
1530
01:11:43,925 --> 01:11:47,679
He was also a trainer
and a pilot for the CIA
1531
01:11:47,721 --> 01:11:50,640
in its secret war against Cuba.
1532
01:11:50,682 --> 01:11:52,184
Oswald was involved with these
1533
01:11:52,225 --> 01:11:55,604
Cuban exile training
activities with Ferrie.
1534
01:11:56,772 --> 01:11:58,899
I do know
that I saw him one time
1535
01:11:58,940 --> 01:12:02,527
with a man
by the name of Guy Banister.
1536
01:12:02,569 --> 01:12:05,530
And, uh, what Guy's role was
1537
01:12:05,572 --> 01:12:09,326
in all of this,
I-- I really don't know.
1538
01:12:09,368 --> 01:12:12,162
GOLDBERG: Banister
was an extreme right-winger
1539
01:12:12,204 --> 01:12:14,331
who was close to the FBI,
1540
01:12:14,373 --> 01:12:17,834
the CIA,
and the American Nazi Party.
1541
01:12:17,876 --> 01:12:23,882
Banister gave Oswald his own
office at 544 Camp Street.
1542
01:12:23,924 --> 01:12:26,760
Oswald now began
to use his office
1543
01:12:26,802 --> 01:12:31,098
to print up and stamp
pro-Castro literature.
1544
01:12:31,139 --> 01:12:35,227
After the assassination, when
the FBI questioned Banister,
1545
01:12:35,268 --> 01:12:37,938
a former FBI agent himself,
1546
01:12:37,979 --> 01:12:42,025
they did not ask him
about Oswald.
1547
01:12:42,067 --> 01:12:45,904
At some point, the FBI, I think
probably after the assassination
1548
01:12:45,946 --> 01:12:48,448
decided they didn't--
they wanted to disconnect
1549
01:12:48,490 --> 01:12:50,534
Oswald from the FBI,
1550
01:12:50,575 --> 01:12:53,703
and-- and of course, Banister,
who's associated with the FBI,
1551
01:12:53,745 --> 01:12:56,164
would have to be
disconnected as well.
1552
01:12:56,206 --> 01:12:57,290
The problem with that,
1553
01:12:57,332 --> 01:12:59,334
many of those handbills had
1554
01:12:59,376 --> 01:13:02,254
the 544 Camp Street
address on them.
1555
01:13:02,295 --> 01:13:05,882
There was a message
from New Orleans to the Bureau
1556
01:13:05,924 --> 01:13:08,760
written by Special Agent Maynor,
1557
01:13:08,802 --> 01:13:11,596
uh, who actually
mentioned pamphlets
1558
01:13:11,638 --> 01:13:14,433
that had the 544
Camp Street address on it.
1559
01:13:14,474 --> 01:13:17,561
And before that message was sent,
it was scratched out.
1560
01:13:19,187 --> 01:13:21,565
GOLDBERG: The Warren
Commission pushed the idea
1561
01:13:21,606 --> 01:13:23,942
that Oswald
was a staunch communist,
1562
01:13:23,984 --> 01:13:26,153
citing evidence
of his defection
1563
01:13:26,194 --> 01:13:29,656
to the Soviet Union in 1959.
1564
01:13:29,698 --> 01:13:32,576
His trip to Russia raised
a number of questions
1565
01:13:32,617 --> 01:13:34,244
that we wanted to get into.
1566
01:13:34,286 --> 01:13:41,001
For example, when
any American went to Russia
1567
01:13:41,042 --> 01:13:43,628
and renounced
his American citizenship,
1568
01:13:43,670 --> 01:13:46,006
and subsequently
changed his mind
1569
01:13:46,047 --> 01:13:49,468
and wanted to come back
to this country.
1570
01:13:49,509 --> 01:13:51,553
Upon returning to this country,
1571
01:13:51,595 --> 01:13:53,972
there was a thorough debriefing
1572
01:13:54,598 --> 01:13:57,476
by the CIA,
1573
01:13:57,517 --> 01:14:01,521
with one exception, as far
as we can ascertain, Oswald.
1574
01:14:03,106 --> 01:14:06,067
Now, that smacks
of an intelligence relationship.
1575
01:14:06,109 --> 01:14:07,402
(reporter) Did you
kill the President?
1576
01:14:07,444 --> 01:14:08,945
No, they're taking me in
1577
01:14:08,987 --> 01:14:11,448
because of the fact that
I lived in the Soviet Union.
1578
01:14:13,366 --> 01:14:17,287
GOLDBERG: State Department
Intelligence Officer Otto Otepka
1579
01:14:17,329 --> 01:14:20,707
had noted the marked increase
in the number of Americans
1580
01:14:20,749 --> 01:14:23,168
defecting to Russia
at the time.
1581
01:14:23,210 --> 01:14:27,047
He also noted that some of them
came from the military.
1582
01:14:27,088 --> 01:14:30,217
He, therefore, suspected
that some of these men
1583
01:14:30,258 --> 01:14:32,177
were fake defectors.
1584
01:14:32,219 --> 01:14:34,221
They had been assigned
by the CIA
1585
01:14:34,262 --> 01:14:38,225
to garner intelligence
behind the Iron Curtain.
1586
01:14:38,266 --> 01:14:42,687
He sent a letter to the CIA
asking which ones were real
1587
01:14:42,729 --> 01:14:45,440
and which were their agents.
1588
01:14:45,482 --> 01:14:49,819
Oswald was one of the names
on Otepka's list.
1589
01:14:49,861 --> 01:14:53,281
Otepka's request was forwarded
to James Angleton,
1590
01:14:53,323 --> 01:14:55,283
Chief of Counterintelligence.
1591
01:14:55,325 --> 01:14:59,037
He instructed that there be
no research done on Oswald,
1592
01:14:59,079 --> 01:15:03,291
but Otepka continued to work
on the Oswald case.
1593
01:15:03,333 --> 01:15:05,168
The thing of significance
1594
01:15:05,210 --> 01:15:07,629
was that he was really
interested in Lee Harvey Oswald
1595
01:15:07,671 --> 01:15:10,131
before the assassination,
1596
01:15:10,173 --> 01:15:14,844
and he actually had a study
of these defectors in his safe.
1597
01:15:14,886 --> 01:15:18,098
Well, things got worse.
His office was not only bugged,
1598
01:15:18,139 --> 01:15:20,725
they planted people in
his office to spy on him.
1599
01:15:20,767 --> 01:15:24,604
They started putting confidential
documents in his burn bag,
1600
01:15:24,646 --> 01:15:26,189
and then tried
to blame him in saying
1601
01:15:26,231 --> 01:15:27,941
he's burning
confidential documents.
1602
01:15:27,983 --> 01:15:30,277
The guy has gone,
you know, wacko.
1603
01:15:30,318 --> 01:15:32,070
GOLDBERG: As a result,
1604
01:15:32,112 --> 01:15:34,781
he was formally removed
from the State Department
1605
01:15:34,823 --> 01:15:37,951
on November 5th, 1963,
1606
01:15:37,993 --> 01:15:41,162
just 17 days
before the assassination.
1607
01:15:41,204 --> 01:15:44,874
So you will not see Otepka's
name in the Warren Report.
1608
01:15:44,916 --> 01:15:48,503
And he was not called as
a witness before that body.
1609
01:15:48,545 --> 01:15:50,839
In fact, Angleton, the man
1610
01:15:50,880 --> 01:15:55,093
who had access to all
the Oswald files at the CIA,
1611
01:15:55,135 --> 01:15:57,220
coordinated
the agency's response
1612
01:15:57,262 --> 01:16:00,807
to the Warren Commission's
requests.
1613
01:16:00,849 --> 01:16:04,603
(reporter)
The CIA Deputy Director
of Plans, Richard Helms,
1614
01:16:04,644 --> 01:16:06,313
swore to the Warren Commission
1615
01:16:06,354 --> 01:16:08,148
that the agency never had
1616
01:16:08,189 --> 01:16:11,443
or contemplated
any contact with Oswald.
1617
01:16:11,484 --> 01:16:14,446
The line that the CIA fed
the Warren Commission,
1618
01:16:14,487 --> 01:16:17,032
that they really didn't know
anything about this guy.
1619
01:16:17,073 --> 01:16:20,160
We now know that
that was complete nonsense.
1620
01:16:20,201 --> 01:16:23,788
Oswald was
a figure of intense interest
1621
01:16:23,830 --> 01:16:26,499
for four years
before the assassination.
1622
01:16:26,541 --> 01:16:30,337
And a dozen senior CIA officers
1623
01:16:30,378 --> 01:16:32,172
were very
well acquainted with him.
1624
01:16:32,213 --> 01:16:34,841
Everything he did,
where he went,
1625
01:16:34,883 --> 01:16:37,344
what his politics were,
his family life.
1626
01:16:37,385 --> 01:16:41,056
I mean, remember, they were
reading his mother's mail.
1627
01:16:41,097 --> 01:16:43,141
That's how closely
they were watching him
1628
01:16:43,183 --> 01:16:45,935
right up until
Kennedy was killed.
1629
01:16:45,977 --> 01:16:48,730
And then Kennedy was killed,
Oswald's arrested,
1630
01:16:48,772 --> 01:16:52,275
and they say, "Oh,
we know nothing about this man."
1631
01:16:52,317 --> 01:16:56,154
GOLDBERG: In fact,
ARRB records show
1632
01:16:56,196 --> 01:17:00,367
that Angleton and the CIA were
receiving reports on Oswald
1633
01:17:00,408 --> 01:17:04,245
up until one week
before the assassination.
1634
01:17:04,287 --> 01:17:06,039
So, you know,
the whole investigation
1635
01:17:06,081 --> 01:17:09,084
would have been
totally different
1636
01:17:09,125 --> 01:17:12,337
if-- if the public and
the investigators had known
1637
01:17:12,379 --> 01:17:16,091
just how much the CIA knew
about the alleged lone nut.
1638
01:17:18,677 --> 01:17:22,097
GOLDBERG: One of the places
Oswald leafleted in front of
1639
01:17:22,138 --> 01:17:25,475
was Clay Shaw's
International Trade Mart.
1640
01:17:25,517 --> 01:17:30,021
Shaw, who was arrested by
New Orleans DA Jim Garrison
1641
01:17:30,063 --> 01:17:32,565
on charges that he
was part of the conspiracy
1642
01:17:32,607 --> 01:17:34,401
to kill President Kennedy,
1643
01:17:34,442 --> 01:17:38,571
always denied he was
associated with the CIA.
1644
01:17:38,613 --> 01:17:40,532
(interviewer) You have never
yourself had any CIA connection?
1645
01:17:40,573 --> 01:17:41,825
None whatsoever.
1646
01:17:41,866 --> 01:17:43,118
Any association
with the organization?
1647
01:17:43,159 --> 01:17:44,285
Not a one.
1648
01:17:44,327 --> 01:17:45,995
GOLDBERG: The Review Board
has shown
1649
01:17:46,037 --> 01:17:48,456
these denials to be false.
1650
01:17:48,498 --> 01:17:52,001
Shaw was both
a highly valued contract agent
1651
01:17:52,043 --> 01:17:54,629
and had
a covert security clearance
1652
01:17:54,671 --> 01:17:58,591
for a project code
named QKENCHANT.
1653
01:18:00,677 --> 01:18:02,762
New Orleans attorney
Dean Andrews
1654
01:18:02,804 --> 01:18:05,390
had worked with Oswald
in May of '63
1655
01:18:05,432 --> 01:18:08,810
in an attempt to upgrade
his military discharge
1656
01:18:08,852 --> 01:18:11,438
from its "undesirable" status.
1657
01:18:11,479 --> 01:18:16,109
After the assassination, a man
calling himself Clay Bertrand
1658
01:18:16,151 --> 01:18:19,738
phoned Andrews and asked him
to consider going to Dallas
1659
01:18:19,779 --> 01:18:22,240
to defend Oswald.
1660
01:18:22,282 --> 01:18:26,202
Under oath, Clay Shaw denied
that he was Clay Bertrand,
1661
01:18:26,244 --> 01:18:28,121
and Andrews claimed
that because
1662
01:18:28,163 --> 01:18:30,749
of the medication he was on,
1663
01:18:30,790 --> 01:18:33,209
he had only imagined
the phone call.
1664
01:18:33,251 --> 01:18:35,628
But today, because of the work
1665
01:18:35,670 --> 01:18:38,131
of the Assassination
Records Review Board,
1666
01:18:38,173 --> 01:18:41,342
we now have evidence
and 12 people who confirmed
1667
01:18:41,384 --> 01:18:44,220
that Shaw
used this name as an alias.
1668
01:18:44,262 --> 01:18:47,515
Andrews later admitted
that Shaw was Bertrand
1669
01:18:47,557 --> 01:18:49,476
to author Harold Weisberg,
1670
01:18:49,517 --> 01:18:51,936
but made him promise
not to reveal this
1671
01:18:51,978 --> 01:18:54,230
until after Andrews' death.
1672
01:18:57,567 --> 01:18:59,319
JOHN NEWMAN: In the FBI,
1673
01:18:59,360 --> 01:19:04,032
uh, a stop or flash was placed
on Oswald's files,
1674
01:19:04,073 --> 01:19:07,410
which meant that no one
1675
01:19:07,452 --> 01:19:10,497
could ask for
a document in those files,
1676
01:19:10,538 --> 01:19:14,083
or no one could even add
a document to those files
1677
01:19:14,125 --> 01:19:18,087
without going through
the FBI's espionage division.
1678
01:19:18,129 --> 01:19:21,049
And that lasted for four years.
1679
01:19:21,090 --> 01:19:24,052
It was essentially
a blinking red light
1680
01:19:24,093 --> 01:19:26,346
on Oswald's files at FBI.
1681
01:19:27,889 --> 01:19:31,434
On 8 October, 1963,
1682
01:19:31,476 --> 01:19:34,896
an FBI agent whose name
was Marvin Gheesling
1683
01:19:34,938 --> 01:19:37,816
took that status
off of Oswald's files.
1684
01:19:39,818 --> 01:19:42,195
What that action did
was to lower
1685
01:19:42,237 --> 01:19:46,449
Oswald's threat profile
at the FBI
1686
01:19:46,491 --> 01:19:50,161
just weeks before
the Kennedy assassination.
1687
01:19:50,203 --> 01:19:53,039
And what that would mean
is there was no reason
1688
01:19:53,081 --> 01:19:56,292
to put Oswald's name
on the security index.
1689
01:19:56,334 --> 01:19:58,503
One thing
about the security index
1690
01:19:58,545 --> 01:20:00,964
is when you have
a Presidential motorcade
1691
01:20:01,005 --> 01:20:03,508
going through
a particular route,
1692
01:20:03,550 --> 01:20:04,968
anybody who's on that index
1693
01:20:05,009 --> 01:20:06,803
has to be removed
from where they are.
1694
01:20:06,845 --> 01:20:08,721
They cannot be
on the parade route.
1695
01:20:08,763 --> 01:20:10,598
And, of course, that exposes
1696
01:20:10,640 --> 01:20:13,059
the President
to a dangerous situation
1697
01:20:13,101 --> 01:20:14,644
that he shouldn't have been in.
1698
01:20:14,686 --> 01:20:18,189
That action at the FBI
didn't happen in isolation.
1699
01:20:18,231 --> 01:20:23,194
The same thing happened at CIA
at exactly the same time.
1700
01:20:23,236 --> 01:20:26,239
STONE: Who was the CIA's
liaison they chose to work
1701
01:20:26,281 --> 01:20:29,617
with the House Select
Committee in 1978?
1702
01:20:29,659 --> 01:20:30,702
George Joannides.
1703
01:20:30,743 --> 01:20:32,579
He was the case officer
1704
01:20:32,620 --> 01:20:34,497
for the Cuban students
1705
01:20:34,539 --> 01:20:37,083
who had a series of encounters
with Oswald
1706
01:20:37,125 --> 01:20:38,793
before the assassination.
1707
01:20:38,835 --> 01:20:41,212
And then, 13 years later,
1708
01:20:41,254 --> 01:20:44,048
when Congress
reopens the investigation,
1709
01:20:44,090 --> 01:20:46,843
the CIA calls Joannides
out of retirement,
1710
01:20:46,885 --> 01:20:49,053
and make him the point person
1711
01:20:49,095 --> 01:20:51,264
to deal with
the Congressional investigators
1712
01:20:51,306 --> 01:20:53,057
who are looking into the CIA's
1713
01:20:53,099 --> 01:20:55,894
possible role
in the assassination.
1714
01:20:55,935 --> 01:20:58,104
The HSCA
knew nothing about this,
1715
01:20:58,146 --> 01:20:59,939
and I went to Bob Blakey,
1716
01:20:59,981 --> 01:21:02,567
the head of
the HSCA investigation,
1717
01:21:02,609 --> 01:21:04,903
and I said, "Bob, did you ever
know this guy, Joannides?"
1718
01:21:04,944 --> 01:21:06,905
And he said, "Yeah, you know,
we dealt with him a lot.
1719
01:21:06,946 --> 01:21:08,573
He was the liaison."
1720
01:21:08,615 --> 01:21:11,284
And I said, "Did you know
what he was doing in 1963?"
1721
01:21:11,326 --> 01:21:13,536
And he said, "He wasn't
doing anything in 1963.
1722
01:21:13,578 --> 01:21:15,079
"We had
an agreement with the CIA
1723
01:21:15,121 --> 01:21:16,414
"that nobody
who was operational
1724
01:21:16,456 --> 01:21:18,249
"at the time
of the assassination
1725
01:21:18,291 --> 01:21:20,418
would be involved
in the investigation."
1726
01:21:20,460 --> 01:21:24,088
And I said, "Bob, Joannides
was running those Cubans
1727
01:21:24,130 --> 01:21:26,591
"who were in touch with Oswald.
He was running the Cubans
1728
01:21:26,633 --> 01:21:28,801
"who were blaming Castro
for the assassination.
1729
01:21:28,843 --> 01:21:32,513
"He was Dick Helms'
hand-picked man in Miami,
1730
01:21:32,555 --> 01:21:35,600
"controlling the group that
had the most to do with Oswald
1731
01:21:35,642 --> 01:21:37,518
"before and after
the assassination.
1732
01:21:37,560 --> 01:21:39,896
And then he came along
and he stonewalled you."
1733
01:21:39,938 --> 01:21:42,398
The reason why they brought
Joannides in to do it
1734
01:21:42,440 --> 01:21:45,568
was to hide
the connection to Oswald.
1735
01:21:45,610 --> 01:21:47,987
He was definitely shocked
because
1736
01:21:48,029 --> 01:21:50,531
he saw just how clever
they had been.
1737
01:21:50,573 --> 01:21:53,493
They had gone right to
the heart of his investigation,
1738
01:21:53,534 --> 01:21:55,328
and figured out
how to paralyze it.
1739
01:21:55,370 --> 01:21:57,246
I remember that he said,
you know,
1740
01:21:57,288 --> 01:22:00,500
"I'll never believe anything
the CIA tells me again."
1741
01:22:02,710 --> 01:22:05,129
GOLDBERG: Even the Assassination
Records Review Board
1742
01:22:05,171 --> 01:22:09,133
had trouble getting documents
from government agencies.
1743
01:22:09,175 --> 01:22:12,512
What were some
of your difficulties
working with the CIA?
1744
01:22:12,553 --> 01:22:16,599
One of the censors at the CIA
was at a meeting with us,
1745
01:22:16,641 --> 01:22:20,186
and there was a document
that we put up on the screen
1746
01:22:20,228 --> 01:22:22,021
and said,
"We are prepared to release it."
1747
01:22:22,897 --> 01:22:24,315
And I asked him, you know,
1748
01:22:24,357 --> 01:22:26,651
"Tell us why we shouldn't
release this record?"
1749
01:22:26,693 --> 01:22:29,320
And it was silence
for about two minutes.
1750
01:22:29,362 --> 01:22:32,365
And he finally said,
"I know there is a reason,
1751
01:22:32,407 --> 01:22:34,951
I just can't think
of what it is."
1752
01:22:36,202 --> 01:22:37,870
GOLDBERG: In late 1992,
1753
01:22:37,912 --> 01:22:41,124
a month after
the Records Act was passed,
1754
01:22:41,165 --> 01:22:44,627
the Secret Service began
its compliance plan.
1755
01:22:44,669 --> 01:22:47,672
But by January of 1995,
1756
01:22:47,714 --> 01:22:51,801
it had begun destroying
important documents.
1757
01:22:51,843 --> 01:22:54,637
The destruction of records
is actually referenced
1758
01:22:54,679 --> 01:22:59,434
in the Assassination Records
Review Board final, uh, report.
1759
01:22:59,475 --> 01:23:02,562
Very, um, very disappointing.
1760
01:23:02,603 --> 01:23:04,731
Uh, they were records
that related to trips
1761
01:23:04,772 --> 01:23:09,485
that President Kennedy had
taken, uh, in the fall of 1963
1762
01:23:09,527 --> 01:23:12,155
prior to him going to Dallas.
1763
01:23:12,196 --> 01:23:13,741
JOHN R. TUNHEIM: There were
many threats made to
1764
01:23:13,782 --> 01:23:16,909
President Kennedy's life
during the year 1963.
1765
01:23:16,951 --> 01:23:18,536
They're called threat sheets.
1766
01:23:18,578 --> 01:23:20,329
And the Secret Service
fought us
1767
01:23:20,371 --> 01:23:22,582
on release of those records.
1768
01:23:22,623 --> 01:23:24,042
They even enlisted
1769
01:23:24,083 --> 01:23:26,586
Vice President Gore's
wife to help them,
1770
01:23:26,627 --> 01:23:29,213
because she had
a very legitimate concern
1771
01:23:29,255 --> 01:23:31,090
for mental health records.
1772
01:23:31,132 --> 01:23:34,343
And the idea was that this might
disclose the names of people
1773
01:23:34,385 --> 01:23:36,304
who had mental health problems.
1774
01:23:36,345 --> 01:23:39,432
In the end, when we required
agencies to disclose,
1775
01:23:39,474 --> 01:23:41,392
to swear under oath
that they had
1776
01:23:41,434 --> 01:23:43,603
located all
assassination records,
1777
01:23:43,644 --> 01:23:45,730
had turned
everything over to us,
1778
01:23:45,772 --> 01:23:49,984
the Secret Service refused
to sign the document under oath.
1779
01:23:50,026 --> 01:23:51,277
I think that was telling.
1780
01:23:53,154 --> 01:23:55,865
GOLDBERG: Few people knew
that there had been at least
1781
01:23:55,907 --> 01:24:00,453
two prior plots to kill
President Kennedy in 1963.
1782
01:24:00,495 --> 01:24:03,289
One was in Chicago
on November 2nd.
1783
01:24:03,331 --> 01:24:07,085
The second was in Tampa
on November 18th.
1784
01:24:07,126 --> 01:24:09,796
Kennedy ended up
not going to Chicago.
1785
01:24:09,837 --> 01:24:11,464
Tell us about that plot.
1786
01:24:11,506 --> 01:24:14,967
An informant, on October 31st,
1787
01:24:15,009 --> 01:24:19,263
an informant named Lee
gave a warning to the FBI
1788
01:24:19,305 --> 01:24:22,308
stating that four Cubans
1789
01:24:22,350 --> 01:24:24,811
were headed to Chicago
to shoot Kennedy.
1790
01:24:24,852 --> 01:24:28,564
The following day, a landlady
reported to the Chicago police
1791
01:24:28,606 --> 01:24:31,275
that she had rented
a room to four people
1792
01:24:31,317 --> 01:24:33,319
that had rifles
with telescopic sights
1793
01:24:33,361 --> 01:24:35,446
and a sketch of the motorcade.
1794
01:24:35,488 --> 01:24:38,616
The FBI passed that
on to the Secret Service,
1795
01:24:38,658 --> 01:24:41,911
and the Secret Service
botched the surveillance
1796
01:24:41,953 --> 01:24:43,329
of these four individuals.
1797
01:24:43,371 --> 01:24:44,914
Two of them escaped,
1798
01:24:44,956 --> 01:24:47,208
but they actually picked up
two of the snipers,
1799
01:24:47,250 --> 01:24:48,543
and they detained them.
1800
01:24:48,584 --> 01:24:50,670
They were stonewalled
by the snipers.
1801
01:24:50,711 --> 01:24:52,505
They didn't get
any information out of them.
1802
01:24:52,547 --> 01:24:56,134
While this was going on, there
was another threat coming in
1803
01:24:56,175 --> 01:25:01,097
from another alternate patsy
named Thomas Arthur Vallee,
1804
01:25:01,139 --> 01:25:02,640
who was making
open and loud threats
1805
01:25:02,682 --> 01:25:04,976
that he would
assassinate Kennedy.
1806
01:25:05,017 --> 01:25:08,813
They only picked him up
when Kennedy canceled his trip,
1807
01:25:08,855 --> 01:25:12,441
on November 2nd
at 10:00 in the morning.
1808
01:25:12,483 --> 01:25:16,696
What you found in Vallee
and the whole Chicago plot
1809
01:25:16,737 --> 01:25:20,783
is so many similarities to what
eventually happened in Dallas
1810
01:25:20,825 --> 01:25:23,536
that it can't be
considered coincidental.
1811
01:25:23,578 --> 01:25:28,124
Vallee, if we compare him
to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.
1812
01:25:28,166 --> 01:25:30,960
He had been posted,
like Oswald, in the Far East
1813
01:25:31,002 --> 01:25:34,172
on a station
that was linked to the CIA
1814
01:25:34,213 --> 01:25:37,216
because there were
U-2 surveillance planes on it.
1815
01:25:37,258 --> 01:25:41,220
It was easy to portray him
as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,
1816
01:25:41,262 --> 01:25:43,014
a loner, armed.
1817
01:25:43,055 --> 01:25:45,766
Uh, he had
another intelligence link
1818
01:25:45,808 --> 01:25:48,394
that he shared with Oswald.
1819
01:25:48,436 --> 01:25:51,105
He trained Cuban exiles
for combat,
1820
01:25:51,147 --> 01:25:53,900
which was a CIA responsibility.
1821
01:25:53,941 --> 01:25:56,944
And Oswald, we know,
at least offered to do that.
1822
01:25:56,986 --> 01:26:01,115
He most likely did train Cuban
exiles, but we know he tried to.
1823
01:26:01,157 --> 01:26:03,618
Oswald, as we know,
was moved
1824
01:26:03,659 --> 01:26:07,205
from New Orleans
to Dallas in October
1825
01:26:07,246 --> 01:26:08,873
to be there just
at the right time...
1826
01:26:09,749 --> 01:26:11,292
for the motorcade.
1827
01:26:11,334 --> 01:26:14,378
And he's placed
in a tall building,
where he gets a job.
1828
01:26:14,420 --> 01:26:17,632
He's adjacent
to the perfect kill zone.
1829
01:26:17,673 --> 01:26:20,551
Now, if we look at what
happened to, uh, Vallee,
1830
01:26:20,593 --> 01:26:23,512
he's moved like a pawn,
in August,
1831
01:26:23,554 --> 01:26:26,432
from Long Island to Chicago
1832
01:26:26,474 --> 01:26:28,267
to be there in time
for the motorcade.
1833
01:26:28,309 --> 01:26:29,894
And where does he get a job?
1834
01:26:29,936 --> 01:26:33,231
In a tall building
adjacent to the motorcade
1835
01:26:33,272 --> 01:26:35,900
with a perfect view
of a kill zone.
1836
01:26:35,942 --> 01:26:38,527
It would have
forced Kennedy's motorcade
1837
01:26:38,569 --> 01:26:40,780
to do a sharp turn, slow down,
1838
01:26:40,821 --> 01:26:42,240
and be in a point
1839
01:26:42,281 --> 01:26:45,076
where you could've had
perfect triangulation of fire.
1840
01:26:45,117 --> 01:26:46,702
And what about
the trip to Florida?
1841
01:26:46,744 --> 01:26:48,287
On November 18th,
1842
01:26:48,329 --> 01:26:50,414
Kennedy was scheduled
1843
01:26:50,456 --> 01:26:53,000
to do a 27-mile-long
motorcade in Tampa.
1844
01:26:53,042 --> 01:26:57,505
Secret Service was very nervous
about the Floridian Hotel
1845
01:26:57,546 --> 01:26:59,257
where the motorcade
would've gone by.
1846
01:26:59,298 --> 01:27:00,800
It would have
forced a sharp turn.
1847
01:27:00,841 --> 01:27:03,636
Nobody fired away at him.
But in this case,
1848
01:27:03,678 --> 01:27:08,224
the patsy would've been
a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.
1849
01:27:08,266 --> 01:27:09,934
He was a Cuban exile.
1850
01:27:09,976 --> 01:27:13,938
He attended Fair Play
for Cuba Committee meetings.
1851
01:27:13,980 --> 01:27:16,816
And what do you think
was the relevance of it?
1852
01:27:16,857 --> 01:27:19,777
PAUL BLEAU: Well, if he had
been assassinated in Tampa,
1853
01:27:19,819 --> 01:27:22,947
Lopez, he would've been
the, uh, potential patsy,
1854
01:27:22,989 --> 01:27:26,158
if they had to admit
to a front shot...
1855
01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:28,452
because Oswald was behind.
1856
01:27:28,494 --> 01:27:32,290
There were rumors
that he had assisted Oswald
1857
01:27:32,331 --> 01:27:34,125
in the assassination in Dallas.
1858
01:27:34,166 --> 01:27:37,253
Had anyone--
anyone tried to speak
to the Warren Commission
1859
01:27:37,295 --> 01:27:38,921
about these incidents?
1860
01:27:38,963 --> 01:27:40,756
BLEAU: Abraham Bolden
1861
01:27:40,798 --> 01:27:43,384
was the firstBlack
Secret Service agent
1862
01:27:43,426 --> 01:27:45,428
assigned to
the White House detail,
1863
01:27:45,469 --> 01:27:47,471
and he was
hand-picked by Kennedy.
1864
01:27:47,513 --> 01:27:50,182
He was in Chicago,
uh, when this plot went down.
1865
01:27:50,224 --> 01:27:53,853
So he was there when
the Secret Service was briefed
1866
01:27:53,894 --> 01:27:55,604
about the four snipers.
1867
01:27:55,646 --> 01:27:57,815
And he witnessed how much
1868
01:27:57,857 --> 01:28:00,985
the security
was lax for Chicago.
1869
01:28:01,027 --> 01:28:04,322
And he also witnessed,
after the assassination,
1870
01:28:04,363 --> 01:28:06,574
the steps
that were taken to keep
1871
01:28:06,615 --> 01:28:09,285
the Chicago plot
completely secret.
1872
01:28:09,327 --> 01:28:11,537
No paper trail,
compartmentalized,
1873
01:28:11,579 --> 01:28:14,290
agents ordered
to keep silent about it.
1874
01:28:14,332 --> 01:28:17,251
This information
did not make its way
1875
01:28:17,293 --> 01:28:19,462
to Secret Service agents
1876
01:28:19,503 --> 01:28:21,547
that were protecting Kennedy
1877
01:28:21,589 --> 01:28:24,008
for future motorcades,
including Dallas.
1878
01:28:24,050 --> 01:28:26,093
GOLDBERG: Secret Service
Agent Elmer Moore
1879
01:28:26,135 --> 01:28:30,765
was aware of Agent Bolden
and the Chicago plot.
1880
01:28:30,806 --> 01:28:33,809
I met with Elmer
three times face-to-face,
1881
01:28:33,851 --> 01:28:37,063
several phone calls,
very short, one very long one.
1882
01:28:37,104 --> 01:28:40,941
I first asked him,
"Did you ever interview
1883
01:28:40,983 --> 01:28:42,651
Thomas Arthur Vallee?"
1884
01:28:42,693 --> 01:28:44,612
And he says, "Oh, Washington
1885
01:28:44,653 --> 01:28:46,739
wouldn't let me
see the files on that."
1886
01:28:46,781 --> 01:28:49,325
I said, "Oh, well,
what about a man,
1887
01:28:49,367 --> 01:28:51,994
a Secret Service agent by
the name of Abraham Bolden?"
1888
01:28:53,454 --> 01:28:55,873
His demeanor completely changed.
1889
01:28:55,915 --> 01:28:59,710
He stood up from his chair,
he pulled out his revolver,
1890
01:28:59,752 --> 01:29:02,880
and he put it on the table
right in front of me.
1891
01:29:02,922 --> 01:29:05,549
He leaned over
the table and he says,
1892
01:29:05,591 --> 01:29:08,761
"Jim, tell me right now,
who are you working for?"
1893
01:29:11,430 --> 01:29:14,392
I said,
"I'm an independent researcher."
1894
01:29:15,017 --> 01:29:16,060
He told me...
1895
01:29:18,562 --> 01:29:19,980
in a very loud voice...
1896
01:29:21,774 --> 01:29:24,527
and with a very stern look
on his face,
1897
01:29:24,568 --> 01:29:27,405
"We finally got him."
1898
01:29:27,446 --> 01:29:29,240
BLEAU: Abraham Bolden
was one person
1899
01:29:29,281 --> 01:29:31,117
who did try to say what he knew
1900
01:29:31,158 --> 01:29:34,203
to the Warren Commission,
but they blocked him.
1901
01:29:34,245 --> 01:29:35,746
He was blocked from talking
1902
01:29:35,788 --> 01:29:39,458
and eventually railroaded
into some phony crime
1903
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:41,502
and put into jail
for a number of years.
1904
01:29:45,965 --> 01:29:48,801
STONE: The National Archives
is home to forensic evidence
1905
01:29:48,843 --> 01:29:51,053
of Kennedy's assassination,
1906
01:29:51,095 --> 01:29:54,432
and government files
regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.
1907
01:29:54,473 --> 01:29:56,892
But the Review Board
also declassified
1908
01:29:56,934 --> 01:29:59,228
many documents
regarding Kennedy's plans
1909
01:29:59,270 --> 01:30:01,105
for withdrawal from Vietnam,
1910
01:30:01,147 --> 01:30:03,524
and how he planned
to shape his progressive,
1911
01:30:03,566 --> 01:30:06,527
new American foreign policy.
1912
01:30:06,569 --> 01:30:08,946
A policy that,
if put in motion,
1913
01:30:08,988 --> 01:30:12,450
would completely derail plans
secretly already set up
1914
01:30:12,491 --> 01:30:14,493
by the Pentagon and the CIA.
1915
01:30:19,665 --> 01:30:22,960
I never realized
Kennedy was so dangerous
to the establishment.
1916
01:30:24,378 --> 01:30:26,464
Is that why?
1917
01:30:26,505 --> 01:30:27,965
That's the real question,
isn't it?
1918
01:30:28,007 --> 01:30:29,425
"Why?"
1919
01:30:29,467 --> 01:30:33,721
The "how" and the "who"
is just scenery for the public.
1920
01:30:33,762 --> 01:30:37,099
Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,
1921
01:30:37,141 --> 01:30:39,185
keeps 'em guessing
like some kind of parlor game.
1922
01:30:39,226 --> 01:30:42,605
Prevents 'em from asking the
most important question: "Why?"
1923
01:30:42,646 --> 01:30:45,858
Why was Kennedy killed?
Who benefited?
1924
01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:47,526
Who has the power
to cover it up?
1925
01:30:48,235 --> 01:30:49,153
Who?
1926
01:30:51,739 --> 01:30:53,365
DONALD SUTHERLAND:
His first year in office,
1927
01:30:53,407 --> 01:30:56,994
Kennedy must shape
his own policy as President,
1928
01:30:57,036 --> 01:31:00,498
sometimes in conflict with what
his predecessors have done,
1929
01:31:00,539 --> 01:31:03,542
especially in foreign policy.
1930
01:31:03,584 --> 01:31:09,006
And by the fall of 1963,
Kennedy had made many enemies.
1931
01:31:09,048 --> 01:31:12,885
He was working on an American
withdrawal from Vietnam.
1932
01:31:12,927 --> 01:31:16,222
An upcoming State visit
to Indonesia in '64.
1933
01:31:16,263 --> 01:31:20,476
An independent,
unified democracy in the Congo.
1934
01:31:20,518 --> 01:31:24,104
Through Nasser, a balanced
policy in the Middle East.
1935
01:31:24,146 --> 01:31:27,358
Normalization of relations
with Cuba.
1936
01:31:27,399 --> 01:31:30,361
And a détente with Russia.
1937
01:31:30,402 --> 01:31:33,572
Even going so far
as to offer them
a joint mission to the moon.
1938
01:31:34,740 --> 01:31:37,868
But back in April of 1961,
1939
01:31:37,910 --> 01:31:41,205
the first stain on his
administration asserted itself.
1940
01:31:43,249 --> 01:31:46,252
Kennedy, who had campaigned
as a strong anti-Communist,
1941
01:31:46,293 --> 01:31:49,171
signed off on
the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.
1942
01:31:49,213 --> 01:31:50,756
His approval of the plan
1943
01:31:50,798 --> 01:31:53,133
contained two
distinct limitations.
1944
01:31:53,175 --> 01:31:55,928
America would supply
arms and equipment,
1945
01:31:55,970 --> 01:31:59,098
but there would be no Americans
in the landing force.
1946
01:31:59,139 --> 01:32:01,600
Second,
after preliminary air strikes
1947
01:32:01,642 --> 01:32:03,686
by Cuban exile pilots,
1948
01:32:03,727 --> 01:32:05,771
there would
only be further strikes
1949
01:32:05,813 --> 01:32:08,107
after the invasion
secured an airfield.
1950
01:32:09,775 --> 01:32:11,610
Dulles believed
that Kennedy would,
1951
01:32:11,652 --> 01:32:13,779
like Eisenhower,
support the operation
1952
01:32:13,821 --> 01:32:17,449
with direct US military
intervention if needed,
1953
01:32:17,491 --> 01:32:20,869
all the while assuring him
it would not be necessary.
1954
01:32:21,996 --> 01:32:23,956
Well, first, I want to say that
1955
01:32:23,998 --> 01:32:26,625
there will not be,
under any conditions,
1956
01:32:26,667 --> 01:32:29,628
be an intervention in Cuba
by United States armed forces.
1957
01:32:46,895 --> 01:32:49,231
SUTHERLAND: The invasion
was a disaster.
1958
01:32:49,273 --> 01:32:52,484
Victory has 100 fathers
and defeat is an orphan.
1959
01:32:52,526 --> 01:32:54,445
Further statements, uh...
1960
01:32:54,486 --> 01:32:56,655
detailed, uh, discussions,
1961
01:32:58,115 --> 01:33:01,493
are not to, uh,
conceal responsibility
1962
01:33:01,535 --> 01:33:04,330
because I'm the responsible
officer of the Government.
1963
01:33:04,371 --> 01:33:07,666
SUTHERLAND: In public,
Kennedy accepted the blame.
1964
01:33:07,708 --> 01:33:09,627
In private,
he and his brother suspected
1965
01:33:09,668 --> 01:33:12,421
they had been
lied to by the CIA.
1966
01:33:12,463 --> 01:33:16,842
Allen Dulles confessed that
the mission was bound to fail
1967
01:33:16,884 --> 01:33:18,802
as it was planned by the CIA,
1968
01:33:18,844 --> 01:33:21,180
without US military support.
1969
01:33:21,221 --> 01:33:23,515
He confessed this
while, uh, preparing
1970
01:33:23,557 --> 01:33:25,684
an article
for Harper's Magazine
1971
01:33:25,726 --> 01:33:27,770
with the young editor,
Willie Morris,
1972
01:33:27,811 --> 01:33:31,649
that he couldn't have done this
with his small group of exiles,
1973
01:33:31,690 --> 01:33:33,108
his Cuban brigade.
1974
01:33:33,150 --> 01:33:36,153
He needed the Marines
and the Air Force to go in,
1975
01:33:36,195 --> 01:33:39,031
and he thought Kennedy was
going to be young and pliable,
1976
01:33:39,073 --> 01:33:41,617
and that in the 11th hour,
Kennedy would be forced
1977
01:33:41,659 --> 01:33:45,204
to send in, uh, the full
might of the US military.
1978
01:33:45,245 --> 01:33:48,624
SUTHERLAND: While drafting
the article in 1965,
1979
01:33:48,666 --> 01:33:50,459
Dulles told his editor,
1980
01:33:50,501 --> 01:33:54,213
"That Kennedy--
He thought he was a God."
1981
01:33:54,254 --> 01:33:56,465
DAVID TALBOT: Jack Kennedy
did stand firm.
1982
01:33:56,507 --> 01:33:58,258
He did not send in the military.
1983
01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:01,261
He did not make it
an even bigger global crisis
1984
01:34:01,303 --> 01:34:02,554
than it already was.
1985
01:34:02,596 --> 01:34:04,932
Kennedy is just furious.
1986
01:34:04,973 --> 01:34:06,517
He knows he's been lied to,
1987
01:34:06,558 --> 01:34:10,771
deceived by his senior military
and intelligence advisers.
1988
01:34:10,813 --> 01:34:15,192
He announces that the agency,
uh, is going to be downsized.
1989
01:34:15,234 --> 01:34:18,362
And he vows famously,
he tells friends
1990
01:34:18,404 --> 01:34:21,407
he's going to shatter the CIA
into a thousand pieces
1991
01:34:21,448 --> 01:34:23,909
and scatter it to the winds.
1992
01:34:23,951 --> 01:34:27,663
It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs
that angered President Kennedy
1993
01:34:27,705 --> 01:34:29,331
when it came to the CIA.
1994
01:34:29,373 --> 01:34:33,085
In that same month,
in April of 1961,
1995
01:34:33,127 --> 01:34:37,089
he was also being lied to
about a coup in France,
1996
01:34:37,131 --> 01:34:38,757
a military coup
that was aimed at
1997
01:34:38,799 --> 01:34:41,427
overthrowing
President Charles de Gaulle,
1998
01:34:41,468 --> 01:34:43,929
one of our strongest allies.
1999
01:34:43,971 --> 01:34:45,848
SUTHERLAND: Allen Dulles,
who had a long history
2000
01:34:45,889 --> 01:34:48,392
of antagonism with de Gaulle,
2001
01:34:48,434 --> 01:34:49,852
falsely reported to Kennedy
2002
01:34:49,893 --> 01:34:52,438
that the vast majority
of the French military
2003
01:34:52,479 --> 01:34:55,107
was staunchly opposed
to de Gaulle's support
2004
01:34:55,149 --> 01:34:58,527
of Algerian self-determination.
2005
01:34:58,569 --> 01:35:03,031
What he didn't tell him
was that as far back as 1959,
2006
01:35:03,073 --> 01:35:06,243
the CIA had
discussed his overthrow.
2007
01:35:06,285 --> 01:35:10,038
This coup attempt, orchestrated
by four French generals,
2008
01:35:10,080 --> 01:35:11,707
was quickly put down.
2009
01:35:11,749 --> 01:35:15,711
And several news reports
pointed to Allen Dulles' hand
2010
01:35:15,753 --> 01:35:18,130
in supporting the episode.
2011
01:35:18,172 --> 01:35:20,466
JFK assures
the French ambassador,
2012
01:35:20,507 --> 01:35:22,301
"I have nothing to do with this.
2013
01:35:22,342 --> 01:35:25,471
I stand in full support
of President de Gaulle."
2014
01:35:25,512 --> 01:35:27,973
But he says something
very, very alarming.
2015
01:35:28,015 --> 01:35:31,435
He tells the French ambassador,
President Kennedy,
2016
01:35:31,477 --> 01:35:35,105
that "I'm not in full control,
though, of my entire government.
2017
01:35:35,147 --> 01:35:37,316
"I'm not in control of the CIA
2018
01:35:37,357 --> 01:35:39,777
and I can't speak for
what's happening there."
2019
01:35:39,818 --> 01:35:43,405
That's a stunning admission
for a US President to make.
2020
01:35:45,032 --> 01:35:46,867
SUTHERLAND: In 1960,
2021
01:35:46,909 --> 01:35:49,787
the Congo had been
granted its independence
2022
01:35:49,828 --> 01:35:51,497
from Belgian colonial rule
2023
01:35:51,538 --> 01:35:54,792
and carried out
a democratic election.
2024
01:35:54,833 --> 01:35:57,169
In the disorder
of the transition,
2025
01:35:57,211 --> 01:36:00,088
the Belgians,
backed by England and France,
2026
01:36:00,130 --> 01:36:02,883
sought to eliminate
its charismatic Prime Minister,
2027
01:36:02,925 --> 01:36:05,093
Patrice Lumumba.
2028
01:36:05,135 --> 01:36:08,388
Eisenhower
and CIA Director Allen Dulles
2029
01:36:08,430 --> 01:36:12,893
favored the European nation
in this colonial conflict.
2030
01:36:12,935 --> 01:36:17,356
Eisenhower gave the go-ahead
to have Lumumba assassinated.
2031
01:36:18,440 --> 01:36:19,691
Kennedy never knew this.
2032
01:36:19,733 --> 01:36:24,488
He gets elected
the following November of 1960,
2033
01:36:24,530 --> 01:36:27,866
and he heads
in the opposite direction.
2034
01:36:27,908 --> 01:36:29,785
To those new states
whom we welcome
2035
01:36:29,827 --> 01:36:32,621
to the ranks of the free,
2036
01:36:32,663 --> 01:36:38,627
we pledge our word that
one form of colonial control
2037
01:36:38,669 --> 01:36:41,463
shall not have passed away
2038
01:36:41,505 --> 01:36:46,343
merely to be replaced
by a far more iron tyranny.
2039
01:36:46,385 --> 01:36:48,679
SUTHERLAND: But events
are already in motion.
2040
01:36:48,720 --> 01:36:52,182
With the backing of British
and US intelligence and arms,
2041
01:36:52,224 --> 01:36:56,103
Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces
captured President Lumumba
2042
01:36:56,144 --> 01:36:59,398
at the beginning
of December 1960.
2043
01:36:59,439 --> 01:37:01,066
RICHARD MAHONEY: Dag Hammarskjold,
2044
01:37:01,108 --> 01:37:04,194
the UN Secretary General,
calls JFK,
2045
01:37:04,236 --> 01:37:06,488
uh, who's the President-elect
at this point,
2046
01:37:06,530 --> 01:37:08,282
and asked him to intercede
2047
01:37:08,323 --> 01:37:11,159
to get Lumumba
released from prison.
2048
01:37:11,201 --> 01:37:15,247
When Kennedy
intervenes to save Lumumba,
2049
01:37:15,289 --> 01:37:18,542
that's a signal
directly to the CIA
2050
01:37:18,584 --> 01:37:21,753
that they have to
dispatch this guy immediately.
2051
01:37:21,795 --> 01:37:26,216
And so 48 hours before Kennedy
takes the oath of office,
2052
01:37:26,258 --> 01:37:29,428
Lumumba is delivered
into the hands of his enemies.
2053
01:37:29,469 --> 01:37:31,680
He's taken out
and shot in the head.
2054
01:37:31,722 --> 01:37:34,683
Kennedy doesn't know this
until months later.
2055
01:37:34,725 --> 01:37:36,059
Who finally tells him?
2056
01:37:36,101 --> 01:37:38,729
The CIA?
No, they still keep it a secret.
2057
01:37:38,770 --> 01:37:42,482
He's informed by his
UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.
2058
01:37:42,524 --> 01:37:45,110
His face crumples,
he's holding his hand,
2059
01:37:45,152 --> 01:37:47,154
he's grimacing in anguish,
2060
01:37:47,195 --> 01:37:51,199
hearing about the assassination
of Patrice Lumumba.
2061
01:37:51,241 --> 01:37:52,451
SUTHERLAND: Within a very short
2062
01:37:52,492 --> 01:37:54,786
period of time
after the assassination,
2063
01:37:54,828 --> 01:37:58,999
Hammarskjold died
in a mysterious plane crash.
2064
01:37:59,041 --> 01:38:00,834
The photographs show his body
2065
01:38:00,876 --> 01:38:03,670
as the only one
not burned or charred,
2066
01:38:03,712 --> 01:38:07,925
and he had a playing card,
reportedly the ace of spades,
2067
01:38:07,966 --> 01:38:11,929
stuffed into his shirt collar
above the knot of the tie.
2068
01:38:11,970 --> 01:38:13,972
There are
controversial documents
2069
01:38:14,014 --> 01:38:16,016
that indicate Allen Dulles
2070
01:38:16,058 --> 01:38:18,143
was involved
in the sabotage of the plane.
2071
01:38:20,646 --> 01:38:22,564
LISA PEASE: John Foster Dulles
and Allen Dulles,
2072
01:38:22,606 --> 01:38:25,067
they felt, you know,
what they had to say
2073
01:38:25,108 --> 01:38:27,319
was good enough
for the rest of the world,
2074
01:38:27,361 --> 01:38:29,112
that they knew
more than the President.
2075
01:38:29,154 --> 01:38:31,198
There were things
they didn't tell Eisenhower
2076
01:38:31,239 --> 01:38:34,076
that they were doing
under his administration.
2077
01:38:34,117 --> 01:38:36,203
TALBOT: And actually,
Jack Kennedy
2078
01:38:36,244 --> 01:38:39,581
does move to decapitate
the top of the CIA.
2079
01:38:39,623 --> 01:38:41,833
He lets it be known
that Allen Dulles,
2080
01:38:41,875 --> 01:38:44,002
as well as his two top advisers,
2081
01:38:44,044 --> 01:38:45,504
Richard Bissell,
2082
01:38:45,545 --> 01:38:47,965
who is also very involved
with the Bay of Pigs,
2083
01:38:48,006 --> 01:38:49,716
and General Cabell,
2084
01:38:49,758 --> 01:38:52,427
who was, uh, the right-hand man
to Allen Dulles.
2085
01:38:52,469 --> 01:38:54,596
So the top three people
in the CIA,
2086
01:38:54,638 --> 01:38:58,475
Kennedy forces them out
before the end of the year.
2087
01:38:58,517 --> 01:39:01,353
Have you ever committed any
act of violence in your life?
2088
01:39:04,439 --> 01:39:05,440
No.
2089
01:39:07,484 --> 01:39:09,152
SUTHERLAND: The existence
of communism
2090
01:39:09,194 --> 01:39:10,946
so close to American shores
2091
01:39:10,988 --> 01:39:13,949
kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.
2092
01:39:13,991 --> 01:39:17,035
And the Joint Chiefs of Staff
presented a plan to Kennedy
2093
01:39:17,077 --> 01:39:19,204
called Operation Northwoods,
2094
01:39:19,246 --> 01:39:21,665
whereby the CIA
would secretly perform
2095
01:39:21,707 --> 01:39:24,167
terrorist acts
in the United States
2096
01:39:24,209 --> 01:39:26,169
and blame them on Castro
2097
01:39:26,211 --> 01:39:29,381
to justify bombings
and an invasion of Cuba.
2098
01:39:29,423 --> 01:39:31,383
And you see all these plans
2099
01:39:31,425 --> 01:39:33,969
being sent
to McNamara and to Kennedy.
2100
01:39:34,011 --> 01:39:35,345
HORNE: "Fake an attack by Cubans
2101
01:39:35,387 --> 01:39:37,139
against the
Guantanamo Bay sentries.
2102
01:39:37,180 --> 01:39:39,641
Sink a US ship
in Guantanamo Bay
2103
01:39:39,683 --> 01:39:41,059
and blame it on Cuba."
2104
01:39:41,101 --> 01:39:45,564
The one that scares me the most
was very sophisticated.
2105
01:39:45,605 --> 01:39:49,609
Uh, take an airliner and fly it
as a drone over Cuba
2106
01:39:49,651 --> 01:39:51,028
without any people in it,
2107
01:39:51,069 --> 01:39:52,362
with a tape-recording
that would play,
2108
01:39:52,404 --> 01:39:54,072
"We're under attack
by Cuban aircraft!
2109
01:39:54,114 --> 01:39:55,991
'Oh, my God,
they're going to kill us!"
2110
01:39:56,033 --> 01:39:57,242
Blow up the airplane!
2111
01:39:57,284 --> 01:39:58,994
Blow up this huge drone
2112
01:39:59,036 --> 01:40:02,581
and use that to start a war.
2113
01:40:02,622 --> 01:40:05,083
SUTHERLAND: The President
declined the recommendation.
2114
01:40:06,376 --> 01:40:08,211
The Northwoods plan
was our big find
2115
01:40:08,253 --> 01:40:09,921
in the way of military records.
2116
01:40:09,963 --> 01:40:11,173
They are universally
recognized today
2117
01:40:11,214 --> 01:40:12,716
for their importance.
2118
01:40:12,758 --> 01:40:15,010
It's one of those releases
that the Review Board members,
2119
01:40:15,052 --> 01:40:18,180
the board members themselves
were justifiably proud of
2120
01:40:18,221 --> 01:40:20,182
that came out of
the JFK Records Act.
2121
01:40:22,309 --> 01:40:24,728
STONE: In addition to
the problems with the CIA,
2122
01:40:24,770 --> 01:40:27,981
Kennedy's own military advisers
started pressuring him
2123
01:40:28,023 --> 01:40:29,649
to send troops to Vietnam.
2124
01:40:29,691 --> 01:40:31,526
A country that
Kennedy had visited
2125
01:40:31,568 --> 01:40:33,695
10 years earlier
as a Congressman,
2126
01:40:33,737 --> 01:40:36,281
and witnessed firsthand
how the French
2127
01:40:36,323 --> 01:40:37,908
were losing their war
2128
01:40:37,949 --> 01:40:41,286
against the Viet Minh
in the fight for independence.
2129
01:40:41,328 --> 01:40:42,621
Once he became President,
2130
01:40:42,662 --> 01:40:46,166
Kennedy wanted
to avoid the same trap.
2131
01:40:46,208 --> 01:40:49,544
The Vietnam decision
is finally arrived at,
2132
01:40:49,586 --> 01:40:51,213
which is NSAM 111,
2133
01:40:51,254 --> 01:40:54,049
where Kennedy
says no combat troops
2134
01:40:54,091 --> 01:40:55,967
but will increase the advisers.
2135
01:40:56,009 --> 01:40:58,970
And that was his decision,
in the Kennedy presidency.
2136
01:40:59,012 --> 01:41:01,556
never to cross that line.
2137
01:41:03,517 --> 01:41:05,977
SUTHERLAND: Near the end
of his first year in office,
2138
01:41:06,019 --> 01:41:07,604
Kennedy received a report
2139
01:41:07,646 --> 01:41:10,315
from Walt Rostow
and General Maxwell Taylor,
2140
01:41:10,357 --> 01:41:12,442
his foreign policy
and military advisers,
2141
01:41:12,484 --> 01:41:13,985
that called
for increased training
2142
01:41:14,027 --> 01:41:16,113
of South Vietnamese troops,
2143
01:41:16,154 --> 01:41:17,989
increased bombings
of the North,
2144
01:41:18,031 --> 01:41:21,159
and the use
of US combat troops.
2145
01:41:21,201 --> 01:41:22,828
The influence
on Kennedy's reluctance
2146
01:41:22,869 --> 01:41:24,830
to committing ground troops
2147
01:41:24,871 --> 01:41:28,834
was his ambassador to India,
John Kenneth Galbraith.
2148
01:41:28,875 --> 01:41:31,878
JAMES K. GALBRAITH: My father
went to see, uh, Walt Rostow.
2149
01:41:31,920 --> 01:41:33,505
He went in to talk to him.
2150
01:41:33,547 --> 01:41:37,342
Rostow gestured on his desk
to the, uh, pile of papers.
2151
01:41:37,384 --> 01:41:40,637
The Rostow Taylor report
was plainly visible.
2152
01:41:40,679 --> 01:41:42,639
Uh, my father asked to see it.
2153
01:41:42,681 --> 01:41:44,516
Walt said that
his security classification
2154
01:41:44,558 --> 01:41:46,560
wasn't sufficiently high.
2155
01:41:46,601 --> 01:41:48,270
My father did not think that
2156
01:41:48,311 --> 01:41:51,731
Walt Rostow's
security classification
was higher than his.
2157
01:41:51,773 --> 01:41:54,609
Uh, and at the given moment,
uh, the phone rang.
2158
01:41:54,651 --> 01:41:56,653
Walt turned to--
to answer the phone
2159
01:41:56,695 --> 01:41:58,822
and-- and Dad
picked up the report
2160
01:41:58,864 --> 01:42:01,867
and walked out
of the office and read it.
2161
01:42:01,908 --> 01:42:04,035
SUTHERLAND: Kennedy
sent Galbraith to Saigon
2162
01:42:04,077 --> 01:42:07,122
to write a report that would
differ in its recommendations
2163
01:42:07,164 --> 01:42:11,168
from what Taylor and Rostow
had given to him.
2164
01:42:11,209 --> 01:42:12,794
Kennedy knew what he wanted
2165
01:42:12,836 --> 01:42:14,462
and he knew what my father
would deliver, which he did,
2166
01:42:14,504 --> 01:42:17,132
which is a very detailed
and skeptical report
2167
01:42:17,174 --> 01:42:19,885
about the efficiency of the
South Vietnamese government,
2168
01:42:19,926 --> 01:42:23,221
about the capacity
of any military force
2169
01:42:23,263 --> 01:42:25,724
to prevail in
the security situation
2170
01:42:25,765 --> 01:42:28,560
that was in existence
in South Vietnam at that time.
2171
01:42:28,602 --> 01:42:30,228
SUTHERLAND: Kennedy
told Galbraith
2172
01:42:30,270 --> 01:42:33,732
to deliver his report to
Defense Secretary McNamara,
2173
01:42:33,773 --> 01:42:35,901
and he,
in turn, gave instructions
2174
01:42:35,942 --> 01:42:39,070
to begin the withdrawal
to General Harkins,
2175
01:42:39,112 --> 01:42:42,657
the commanding General
of all forces in Vietnam.
2176
01:42:42,699 --> 01:42:45,827
The Pentagon dragged its feet
on formulating plans,
2177
01:42:45,869 --> 01:42:50,749
and McNamara called for
a meeting in May of 1963.
2178
01:42:50,790 --> 01:42:53,835
One of the most important finds
of the Review Board
2179
01:42:53,877 --> 01:42:56,338
are the notes
from this meeting.
2180
01:42:56,379 --> 01:42:58,340
HORNE: McNamara said,
"It's not fast enough.
2181
01:42:58,381 --> 01:42:59,758
I want you to accelerate it."
2182
01:42:59,799 --> 01:43:02,135
He says,
"I want to pull out 1,000 men,
2183
01:43:02,177 --> 01:43:04,346
uh, in December
by the end of the year.
2184
01:43:04,387 --> 01:43:06,431
"And I want you to pull out
2185
01:43:06,473 --> 01:43:08,516
complete units,
not just individuals."
2186
01:43:08,558 --> 01:43:10,936
He wanted units to come out.
2187
01:43:10,977 --> 01:43:13,605
SUTHERLAND: After the
withdrawal plan was approved,
2188
01:43:13,647 --> 01:43:16,066
Kennedy sent
Secretary of Defense McNamara
2189
01:43:16,107 --> 01:43:20,612
and General Taylor
to Saigon in September of '63.
2190
01:43:20,654 --> 01:43:23,448
He planned on using
their report as the basis
2191
01:43:23,490 --> 01:43:26,576
to formally order
the withdrawal to begin.
2192
01:43:26,618 --> 01:43:28,453
Kennedy controlled the report,
2193
01:43:28,495 --> 01:43:30,080
since it was
actually being written
2194
01:43:30,121 --> 01:43:33,291
under the supervision
of Bobby Kennedy.
2195
01:43:33,333 --> 01:43:34,960
NEWMAN: Three days later,
2196
01:43:35,001 --> 01:43:36,544
that leaks out
into the newspapers.
2197
01:43:36,586 --> 01:43:39,130
Then his opponents find out.
2198
01:43:39,172 --> 01:43:40,924
And McGeorge Bundy
says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,
2199
01:43:40,966 --> 01:43:42,467
"if they're talking about it
in the newspapers,
2200
01:43:42,509 --> 01:43:43,843
we might as well
put it on paper."
2201
01:43:43,885 --> 01:43:46,096
And they put it,
and it was NSAM 263.
2202
01:43:46,137 --> 01:43:49,349
And that's how it was
actually written and why.
2203
01:43:49,391 --> 01:43:51,309
Well, here's one of the things
2204
01:43:51,351 --> 01:43:52,936
McNamara said
in the secret debrief.
2205
01:43:52,978 --> 01:43:56,481
He said, "We had agreed,
the President and I,
2206
01:43:56,523 --> 01:43:58,358
"that we had trained them,
2207
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:00,193
"we had given them
everything we could.
2208
01:44:00,235 --> 01:44:02,821
"And if they couldn't win,
too bad.
2209
01:44:02,862 --> 01:44:06,866
We had to get out even if
they were going to be defeated."
2210
01:44:06,908 --> 01:44:10,412
So McNamara and Kennedy had
decided that they were willing
2211
01:44:10,453 --> 01:44:13,498
to pull out of Vietnam
in a losing scenario.
2212
01:44:13,540 --> 01:44:14,666
That's very important.
2213
01:44:16,001 --> 01:44:18,670
But later in that month,
McGeorge Bundy,
2214
01:44:18,712 --> 01:44:21,298
who's the National
Security Adviser,
2215
01:44:21,339 --> 01:44:23,300
puts together a memo
2216
01:44:23,341 --> 01:44:25,427
based upon the--
the truth about the war,
2217
01:44:25,468 --> 01:44:27,595
which is just going terribly.
2218
01:44:27,637 --> 01:44:30,807
And he does it in a way
to try and make sure
2219
01:44:30,849 --> 01:44:32,934
that Kennedy would be able
to go along with this.
2220
01:44:32,976 --> 01:44:34,519
SUTHERLAND: This is
reflected in
2221
01:44:34,561 --> 01:44:36,771
the National Security
Action Memorandum:
2222
01:44:36,813 --> 01:44:39,649
NSAM 273.
2223
01:44:39,691 --> 01:44:42,902
NEWMAN: The way Bundy writes
the first draft of 273
2224
01:44:42,944 --> 01:44:44,529
is to say,
"Look, we need to intensify
2225
01:44:44,571 --> 01:44:47,407
"the war effort
against the communists.
2226
01:44:47,449 --> 01:44:49,326
"But the way
we're going to do it
2227
01:44:49,367 --> 01:44:51,995
is to increase
South Vietnamese forces."
2228
01:44:52,037 --> 01:44:54,497
There's not a word
about American forces
2229
01:44:54,539 --> 01:44:56,207
or Americanizing the war.
2230
01:44:58,877 --> 01:45:01,087
While Kennedy's body
is still in the casket
2231
01:45:01,129 --> 01:45:03,631
in the rotunda
over in the Capitol building,
2232
01:45:03,673 --> 01:45:08,011
is when Johnson changes NSAM 273
to a new version.
2233
01:45:08,053 --> 01:45:10,555
And when it comes
to the key paragraph,
2234
01:45:10,597 --> 01:45:12,390
paragraph seven,
which just talks about
2235
01:45:12,432 --> 01:45:15,018
how we're going
to intensify the war,
2236
01:45:15,060 --> 01:45:16,561
instead of changing a few words,
2237
01:45:16,603 --> 01:45:19,856
there's two big hash marks
through that paragraph,
2238
01:45:19,898 --> 01:45:21,483
and it's completely rewritten.
2239
01:45:21,524 --> 01:45:22,901
And I said--
I asked Bundy in an interview,
2240
01:45:22,942 --> 01:45:24,694
I said,
"Who told you to do that?"
2241
01:45:24,736 --> 01:45:26,404
He said, "Johnson did."
2242
01:45:26,446 --> 01:45:27,989
SUTHERLAND: These changes
allowed the US
2243
01:45:28,031 --> 01:45:31,076
to unilaterally engage
in combat in Vietnam
2244
01:45:31,117 --> 01:45:33,370
rather than simply
supporting and advising
2245
01:45:33,411 --> 01:45:34,913
South Vietnamese troops.
2246
01:45:35,872 --> 01:45:37,665
And within days,
2247
01:45:37,707 --> 01:45:40,835
we're talking about
sending out the DESOTO missions.
2248
01:45:40,877 --> 01:45:43,505
These-- These naval excursions
2249
01:45:43,546 --> 01:45:46,508
along the coastline
of North Vietnam
2250
01:45:46,549 --> 01:45:49,219
that ends up with The Maddox
2251
01:45:49,260 --> 01:45:51,721
and the, and the so-called
Tonkin Gulf attacks.
2252
01:45:51,763 --> 01:45:53,765
And then
the resolution in Congress
2253
01:45:53,807 --> 01:45:56,851
opening the door
to intervention in Vietnam.
2254
01:45:56,893 --> 01:45:59,521
SUTHERLAND: In the Review
Board's declassifications,
2255
01:45:59,562 --> 01:46:01,815
there's evidence
that Johnson was fully aware
2256
01:46:01,856 --> 01:46:04,192
of Kennedy's
Vietnam withdrawal plans,
2257
01:46:04,234 --> 01:46:05,860
disagreed with them,
2258
01:46:05,902 --> 01:46:08,780
and worked on Robert McNamara
to make him renounce them.
2259
01:46:09,739 --> 01:46:11,574
(Lyndon B. Johnson speaking)
2260
01:46:20,750 --> 01:46:23,169
In retaliation
for this unprovoked
2261
01:46:23,211 --> 01:46:25,672
attack on the high seas,
2262
01:46:25,713 --> 01:46:27,882
our forces
have struck the bases
2263
01:46:27,924 --> 01:46:31,928
used by the North Vietnamese
patrol craft.
2264
01:46:31,970 --> 01:46:34,222
SUTHERLAND: And as declassified
memos have revealed,
2265
01:46:34,264 --> 01:46:35,932
by autumn of 1964,
2266
01:46:35,974 --> 01:46:38,643
during his campaign
against Barry Goldwater,
2267
01:46:38,685 --> 01:46:40,770
Johnson had already decided
2268
01:46:40,812 --> 01:46:43,815
that he was going
to escalate the Vietnam War.
2269
01:46:43,857 --> 01:46:45,442
In fact, the directive
that would become
2270
01:46:45,483 --> 01:46:47,235
the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
2271
01:46:47,277 --> 01:46:51,531
had been written before the
Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.
2272
01:46:51,573 --> 01:46:53,324
Three months
before the election,
2273
01:46:53,366 --> 01:46:56,953
Johnson had already planned
for an extensive air war.
2274
01:46:56,995 --> 01:46:59,789
It was to begin
after his inauguration.
2275
01:47:01,416 --> 01:47:05,628
JOHNSON: We intend
to convince the communists
2276
01:47:05,670 --> 01:47:10,592
that we cannot be defeated
by force of arms
2277
01:47:10,633 --> 01:47:12,677
or by superior power.
2278
01:47:17,557 --> 01:47:19,601
PEASE: When news
came of Kennedy's death,
2279
01:47:19,642 --> 01:47:22,020
all over the planet,
people were mourning
2280
01:47:22,061 --> 01:47:24,856
and crying
and going to embassies.
2281
01:47:24,898 --> 01:47:27,192
In Latin America,
the people just lit candles
2282
01:47:27,233 --> 01:47:29,611
because they didn't even
have electrical power,
2283
01:47:29,652 --> 01:47:31,154
but they wanted
to honor his killing.
2284
01:47:31,196 --> 01:47:32,947
In the Yucatan Peninsula,
2285
01:47:32,989 --> 01:47:36,826
peasants cleared an area
and planted a peace garden.
2286
01:47:36,868 --> 01:47:38,495
PHILIP MUEHLENBECK: Nasser
learned of Kennedy's death
2287
01:47:38,536 --> 01:47:40,955
in the middle of the night.
He got up, dressed,
2288
01:47:40,997 --> 01:47:43,583
went down to his office,
and then realized,
2289
01:47:43,625 --> 01:47:45,668
"Well, there's nothing
I can do about this."
2290
01:47:45,710 --> 01:47:48,213
According to his son,
Nasser went to a--
2291
01:47:48,254 --> 01:47:51,341
a great state of depression
after Kennedy's death.
2292
01:47:51,382 --> 01:47:54,802
Uh, relations with Egypt
gradually deteriorated,
2293
01:47:54,844 --> 01:47:57,722
and they increasingly shifted
their allegiance
2294
01:47:57,764 --> 01:47:59,516
towards the Soviet Union
as well.
2295
01:47:59,557 --> 01:48:03,269
A mass was held in the leading
Catholic Church in Cairo,
2296
01:48:03,311 --> 01:48:05,438
which has a capacity of 600.
2297
01:48:05,480 --> 01:48:09,108
They somehow fit 4,000 people
into that church.
2298
01:48:09,150 --> 01:48:11,778
Algeria, which had
special feeling for Kennedy,
2299
01:48:11,819 --> 01:48:13,988
declared a state
of mourning for a week.
2300
01:48:14,030 --> 01:48:17,408
Flags were flown,
uh, at half mast.
2301
01:48:17,450 --> 01:48:20,078
The US ambassador to Egypt said
2302
01:48:20,119 --> 01:48:22,956
that he thought the Egyptians
had seen in Kennedy
2303
01:48:22,997 --> 01:48:24,874
the best of what
they saw in Americans.
2304
01:48:24,916 --> 01:48:28,127
That Kennedy had represented
a kind of ideal of America
2305
01:48:28,169 --> 01:48:30,255
to ordinary Egyptians.
2306
01:48:30,296 --> 01:48:32,215
SUTHERLAND: Castro got
the news of Kennedy's death
2307
01:48:32,257 --> 01:48:34,008
while discussing détente
2308
01:48:34,050 --> 01:48:36,636
with the French journalist
Jean Daniel.
2309
01:48:36,678 --> 01:48:40,014
He then exclaimed,
"This is bad news.
2310
01:48:40,056 --> 01:48:42,016
Everything is now
going to change."
2311
01:48:44,435 --> 01:48:47,188
When Khrushchev paid his
respects to President Kennedy
2312
01:48:47,230 --> 01:48:49,774
at the American embassy,
2313
01:48:49,816 --> 01:48:52,527
he was reportedly
holding back tears.
2314
01:48:54,112 --> 01:48:57,031
Robert Kennedy knew
that after his brother's death,
2315
01:48:57,073 --> 01:49:01,494
relations with the Soviet Union
hung in the balance.
2316
01:49:01,536 --> 01:49:07,458
My father, he wanted to convey
a message to Premier Khrushchev
2317
01:49:07,500 --> 01:49:09,210
saying that our family knew
2318
01:49:09,252 --> 01:49:13,006
that the Soviets were not
involved in the assassination.
2319
01:49:13,047 --> 01:49:17,427
That it was a right-wing plot
from our own country.
2320
01:49:17,468 --> 01:49:19,596
In other words, the CIA,
2321
01:49:19,637 --> 01:49:21,931
or forces aligned with the CIA.
2322
01:49:21,973 --> 01:49:24,809
ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.:
The day that his brother died,
2323
01:49:24,851 --> 01:49:27,895
my father's first phone call
2324
01:49:27,937 --> 01:49:33,026
was to the CIA
desk officer at Langley
2325
01:49:33,067 --> 01:49:38,990
and he asked them, "Did your
people conduct this horror?"
2326
01:49:41,117 --> 01:49:43,745
TALBOT: We know from how
Bobby operated
2327
01:49:43,786 --> 01:49:47,582
that terrible day,
November 22nd, 1963,
2328
01:49:47,624 --> 01:49:50,376
at his home in,
uh, McLean, Virginia,
2329
01:49:50,418 --> 01:49:55,298
that he immediately suspected
there was not a lone gunman.
2330
01:49:55,340 --> 01:49:56,924
Why do we know this?
2331
01:49:56,966 --> 01:49:59,969
Because he was being told
by his closest aides,
2332
01:50:00,011 --> 01:50:02,513
people like Kenny O'Donnell
and Dave Powers,
2333
01:50:02,555 --> 01:50:04,015
who were in the limousine
2334
01:50:04,057 --> 01:50:06,726
immediately behind
President Kennedy's limousine.
2335
01:50:06,768 --> 01:50:08,603
They were both
World War II veterans.
2336
01:50:08,645 --> 01:50:11,189
They knew
what gunfire sounded like.
2337
01:50:11,230 --> 01:50:13,232
They reported it to him
that gunfire
2338
01:50:13,274 --> 01:50:15,526
had not just come
from the-- the rear.
2339
01:50:15,568 --> 01:50:17,403
It had come
from different sides.
2340
01:50:17,445 --> 01:50:19,822
There was gunfire
from the front as well.
2341
01:50:19,864 --> 01:50:22,283
It was a crossfire.
2342
01:50:22,325 --> 01:50:25,161
KENNEDY JR.: I was in the
East Room,
2343
01:50:25,203 --> 01:50:29,499
with my dad and with Jackie
and a couple of my siblings,
2344
01:50:29,540 --> 01:50:31,834
and Lyndon Johnson came in,
2345
01:50:31,876 --> 01:50:34,796
and told the adults in the room
2346
01:50:34,837 --> 01:50:37,674
that Lee Harvey Oswald
had been killed,
2347
01:50:37,715 --> 01:50:41,135
and that a man had shot him.
2348
01:50:41,177 --> 01:50:44,681
And I said to my dad and mom
at that time,
2349
01:50:44,722 --> 01:50:46,140
"Why did he shoot him?
2350
01:50:46,182 --> 01:50:48,685
Did he--
Did he love our family?"
2351
01:50:48,726 --> 01:50:50,311
And the way that they acted
2352
01:50:50,353 --> 01:50:53,022
was that this only
compounded the tragedy.
2353
01:50:54,607 --> 01:50:55,983
SUTHERLAND: Many people at home
2354
01:50:56,025 --> 01:50:57,735
felt that after
Kennedy's death,
2355
01:50:57,777 --> 01:51:01,906
a period of depression and
cynicism overtook the country,
2356
01:51:01,948 --> 01:51:05,576
and that America
was somehow changed forever.
2357
01:51:05,618 --> 01:51:07,245
Our overwhelming disbelief
2358
01:51:07,286 --> 01:51:08,996
in the Warren
Commission's findings
2359
01:51:09,038 --> 01:51:11,582
contributed to
increased skepticism
2360
01:51:11,624 --> 01:51:14,252
of all our foundational beliefs
about government.
2361
01:51:17,046 --> 01:51:20,174
But I think Allen Dulles'
appointment to
the Warren Commission
2362
01:51:20,216 --> 01:51:23,344
is one of the great frauds
of American history.
2363
01:51:23,386 --> 01:51:26,264
I don't think that even if
you had 10 more commissions,
2364
01:51:26,305 --> 01:51:27,807
you'd never
get away from the idea
2365
01:51:27,849 --> 01:51:29,392
that maybe there was a plot.
2366
01:51:29,434 --> 01:51:31,769
We just didn't
find any traces of it.
2367
01:51:31,811 --> 01:51:34,272
What really happened
with Allen Dulles was
2368
01:51:34,313 --> 01:51:37,400
the CIA lobbied to have
him put on the Commission,
2369
01:51:37,442 --> 01:51:40,111
'cause they needed to have one
of their own on the Commission
2370
01:51:40,153 --> 01:51:44,240
to make sure that
certain doors remained closed.
2371
01:51:44,282 --> 01:51:49,996
I think there's a direct thread
between the events of 1963
2372
01:51:50,037 --> 01:51:52,248
and the kind of horror show
2373
01:51:52,290 --> 01:51:56,335
that America is having
to endure right now.
2374
01:51:56,377 --> 01:51:59,213
And I think once
you kill a President
2375
01:51:59,255 --> 01:52:01,090
in broad daylight on the
streets of an American city,
2376
01:52:01,132 --> 01:52:03,760
and everyone knows
that powerful forces did it,
2377
01:52:03,801 --> 01:52:07,638
that sends a signal not
only to the American people,
2378
01:52:07,680 --> 01:52:11,392
but to the American media,
to the American future leaders.
2379
01:52:11,434 --> 01:52:14,395
And if America really wants
a democratic society,
2380
01:52:14,437 --> 01:52:17,899
then we should get to the bottom
of this traumatic crime
2381
01:52:17,940 --> 01:52:21,319
that continues to reverberate
throughout American history.
2382
01:52:21,360 --> 01:52:24,739
They poll historians,
they poll the American people,
2383
01:52:24,781 --> 01:52:27,617
and they say, "Who were
the most popular Presidents?"
2384
01:52:27,658 --> 01:52:29,494
Well, one metric
that you can use
2385
01:52:29,535 --> 01:52:33,915
to objectively-- at least
judge the foreign policy,
2386
01:52:33,956 --> 01:52:36,334
is how many boulevards are named
2387
01:52:36,375 --> 01:52:38,836
after that President
in foreign countries?
2388
01:52:38,878 --> 01:52:42,590
How many hospitals, how many
colleges, how many schools?
2389
01:52:42,632 --> 01:52:47,094
How many statues are--
are standing of that President
2390
01:52:47,136 --> 01:52:49,013
in capitals all over the world?
2391
01:52:49,055 --> 01:52:51,098
And in that sense,
President Kennedy
2392
01:52:51,140 --> 01:52:53,810
beats every other President,
hands down.
2393
01:52:56,854 --> 01:52:58,481
STONE: Although many of Kennedy's
2394
01:52:58,523 --> 01:53:00,691
progressive and
unprecedented goals
2395
01:53:00,733 --> 01:53:05,905
and changes in policy were
undone after his assassination,
2396
01:53:05,947 --> 01:53:09,534
a few powerful ones remain.
2397
01:53:09,575 --> 01:53:11,327
I think Mr. Kennedy has done
2398
01:53:11,369 --> 01:53:13,996
some significant things
in civil rights,
2399
01:53:14,038 --> 01:53:16,541
and I would include
the Attorney General.
2400
01:53:16,582 --> 01:53:21,504
I think both of these men
are men of genuine goodwill.
2401
01:53:21,546 --> 01:53:24,382
And, uh, I think
there is a necessity now
2402
01:53:24,423 --> 01:53:26,968
to see the urgency
of the moment.
2403
01:53:29,554 --> 01:53:32,473
I'm asking from you
an unequivocal assurance
2404
01:53:32,515 --> 01:53:35,476
that you will not bar entry
to these students,
2405
01:53:35,518 --> 01:53:37,645
and that you will
step aside peacefully,
2406
01:53:37,687 --> 01:53:40,231
do your constitutional duty.
2407
01:53:40,273 --> 01:53:42,900
STONE: In showdowns
using federal troops,
2408
01:53:42,942 --> 01:53:46,195
the Kennedy administration won
admission of Black students
2409
01:53:46,237 --> 01:53:49,574
to the last public colleges
in the south.
2410
01:53:49,615 --> 01:53:52,618
George Wallace made it clear
that this fight was not over.
2411
01:53:52,660 --> 01:53:56,372
And the-- the South
this year-- next year
2412
01:53:56,414 --> 01:53:58,791
will decide who
the next President is,
2413
01:53:58,833 --> 01:54:01,210
whoever the South votes for
will be the President.
2414
01:54:01,252 --> 01:54:03,170
And you're gonna see
that the South
2415
01:54:03,212 --> 01:54:06,090
is going to be
against some folks.
2416
01:54:06,132 --> 01:54:08,342
STONE: That night,
Kennedy addressed the nation
2417
01:54:08,384 --> 01:54:10,428
in what many
consider the finest
2418
01:54:10,469 --> 01:54:12,763
Presidential speech
on civil rights
2419
01:54:12,805 --> 01:54:14,515
since Abraham Lincoln.
2420
01:54:14,557 --> 01:54:17,518
...and that the rights of
every man are diminished
2421
01:54:17,560 --> 01:54:20,605
when the rights
of one man are threatened.
2422
01:54:20,646 --> 01:54:24,275
If an American,
because his skin is dark...
2423
01:54:24,317 --> 01:54:29,447
cannot enjoy the full and free
life which all of us want,
2424
01:54:29,488 --> 01:54:31,699
then who among us
would be content
2425
01:54:31,741 --> 01:54:35,036
to have the color
of his skin changed?
2426
01:54:35,077 --> 01:54:37,914
One hundred years of delay
have passed
2427
01:54:37,955 --> 01:54:41,208
since President Lincoln
freed the slaves,
2428
01:54:41,250 --> 01:54:45,504
yet their heirs, their
grandsons, are not fully free.
2429
01:54:45,546 --> 01:54:50,593
And this nation, for all
its hopes and all its boasts,
2430
01:54:50,635 --> 01:54:54,764
will not be fully free until
all its citizens are free.
2431
01:54:54,805 --> 01:54:56,223
We face, therefore,
2432
01:54:56,265 --> 01:54:58,517
a moral crisis
as a country and a people,
2433
01:54:58,559 --> 01:55:00,519
and this is a matter
which concerns
2434
01:55:00,561 --> 01:55:03,022
this country
and what it stands for.
2435
01:55:03,064 --> 01:55:06,525
And in meeting it, I ask the
support of all of our citizens.
2436
01:55:06,567 --> 01:55:08,694
Thank you very much.
2437
01:55:08,736 --> 01:55:11,822
(somber music playing)
218125
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