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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:10,294 --> 00:00:11,329 Movie theatres... 2 00:00:12,263 --> 00:00:13,476 I've always loved them. 3 00:00:14,765 --> 00:00:17,735 But I wasn't recognized as a movie actor until the age of 50. 4 00:00:18,970 --> 00:00:21,212 My breakout role was as 'Fast Black', 5 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:23,377 the pimp in the movie, Street Smart. 6 00:00:23,975 --> 00:00:25,230 And I'll never forget 7 00:00:25,506 --> 00:00:26,850 how I won the role. 8 00:00:28,171 --> 00:00:30,685 I had seen a pimp chastising a woman 9 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:31,862 on the streets of New York 10 00:00:31,923 --> 00:00:33,399 one night, so at the audition... 11 00:00:34,058 --> 00:00:37,061 I tried to channel the darkness I saw in him. 12 00:00:38,156 --> 00:00:39,584 As the scene crescendoed, 13 00:00:40,231 --> 00:00:41,699 I leapt across the table and 14 00:00:41,759 --> 00:00:45,148 pretended to hold a knife to the face of the casting director. 15 00:00:46,116 --> 00:00:47,898 Well, for a split second I, 16 00:00:48,452 --> 00:00:50,712 I know she thought that I embodied evil. 17 00:00:52,103 --> 00:00:53,713 I felt the power too. 18 00:00:55,206 --> 00:00:56,691 Religions around the globe have given 19 00:00:56,752 --> 00:00:59,385 many names to our darker impulses... 20 00:01:00,244 --> 00:01:03,057 Iblis, Ravana, Satan. 21 00:01:03,847 --> 00:01:04,637 I want to know 22 00:01:05,251 --> 00:01:06,519 why people believe in him; 23 00:01:07,786 --> 00:01:09,222 what purpose he serves. 24 00:01:10,414 --> 00:01:11,678 Who is the Devil? 25 00:01:17,829 --> 00:01:19,071 I'm going on a quest. 26 00:01:19,677 --> 00:01:22,101 To learn about the Devil in all his forms. 27 00:01:24,302 --> 00:01:25,676 I'll visit the desert 28 00:01:26,210 --> 00:01:29,333 where it is said Satan tempted Jesus. 29 00:01:29,679 --> 00:01:31,822 That is what it's all about. 30 00:01:32,349 --> 00:01:35,077 Having a constant battle, with the Devil, 31 00:01:35,344 --> 00:01:36,252 like Jesus... 32 00:01:37,995 --> 00:01:41,907 I'll see how Buddhist monks purge themselves of evil. 33 00:01:42,313 --> 00:01:44,590 What you're saying is, 'You just have to control yourself.' 34 00:01:44,651 --> 00:01:46,867 The worse enemies are within yourself. 35 00:01:48,585 --> 00:01:51,831 I'll meet a man who fought battles with demons. 36 00:01:53,972 --> 00:01:56,014 I said, 'I cast you out foul spirit' 37 00:01:56,075 --> 00:01:57,799 and my body went berserk. 38 00:01:59,516 --> 00:02:01,385 And I'll see how other traditions 39 00:02:01,648 --> 00:02:03,547 celebrate evil's defeat. 40 00:02:03,667 --> 00:02:06,759 On the tenth day, we congregate as a family 41 00:02:06,905 --> 00:02:09,913 celebrating the God's victory over, over the demons. 42 00:02:23,446 --> 00:02:27,193 My journey begins where the Christian story of Satan begins... 43 00:02:28,553 --> 00:02:29,956 In the Judean desert, 44 00:02:30,365 --> 00:02:33,062 outside the ancient city of Jericho. 45 00:02:38,482 --> 00:02:40,841 I've come to a 5th century monastery 46 00:02:41,633 --> 00:02:45,521 that stands as a monument to an epic spiritual battle. 47 00:02:56,333 --> 00:02:58,444 I'm meeting Yisca Hirani, 48 00:02:58,904 --> 00:03:02,318 an expert in Christian history in the holy land. 49 00:03:03,388 --> 00:03:04,278 Well now. 50 00:03:05,368 --> 00:03:07,605 This is the church of Saint Gerasimos. 51 00:03:08,083 --> 00:03:09,318 Saint Gerasimos. 52 00:03:09,379 --> 00:03:11,814 Yes, and he's lived here, died here, 53 00:03:12,243 --> 00:03:13,774 and he was a prime example 54 00:03:13,835 --> 00:03:16,012 of a Monk, going to the desert, 55 00:03:16,585 --> 00:03:18,329 fighting the Devil. 56 00:03:22,093 --> 00:03:24,304 St. Gerasimus came to this to the harsh desert 57 00:03:24,365 --> 00:03:26,285 to prove to God he was strong enough 58 00:03:26,346 --> 00:03:28,745 to resist the devil's temptations. 59 00:03:30,008 --> 00:03:32,507 Gerasimus was inspired by a tradition 60 00:03:32,568 --> 00:03:34,721 that started centuries before him. 61 00:03:35,719 --> 00:03:37,510 This specific desert, 62 00:03:37,571 --> 00:03:39,957 posed the devilish battle 63 00:03:40,746 --> 00:03:42,323 to people before his time. 64 00:03:42,686 --> 00:03:44,067 Before Saint Gerasimos, 65 00:03:44,394 --> 00:03:46,394 it was Moses in the desert, 66 00:03:46,463 --> 00:03:47,508 it was Elijah, 67 00:03:47,569 --> 00:03:48,852 John the Baptist, 68 00:03:49,399 --> 00:03:50,045 Jesus. 69 00:03:51,855 --> 00:03:56,112 You can see uh, a depiction of Jesus being tempted. 70 00:03:56,173 --> 00:04:00,477 As is recorded in three Gospels, in the New Testament. 71 00:04:03,034 --> 00:04:04,265 According to the Bible, 72 00:04:05,234 --> 00:04:08,138 Jesus came to the Judean desert to fast 73 00:04:08,199 --> 00:04:10,219 for 40 days and 40 nights. 74 00:04:11,089 --> 00:04:13,284 As his hunger and exhaustion peaked, 75 00:04:13,932 --> 00:04:16,199 the Devil revealed himself. 76 00:04:24,168 --> 00:04:25,576 The Devil says to Jesus, 77 00:04:25,782 --> 00:04:29,292 'You have the ability, command the stones to become bread'. 78 00:04:30,454 --> 00:04:32,795 Now, it's easy for Jesus to do, 79 00:04:33,670 --> 00:04:34,682 but he says, 'No... 80 00:04:35,593 --> 00:04:39,335 I'm not the creator. Only God is the creator.' 81 00:04:41,272 --> 00:04:45,145 This has deeper meaning, than just, eat or don't eat... 82 00:04:45,463 --> 00:04:46,980 He's offered to be like God... 83 00:04:48,050 --> 00:04:48,899 And he says no. 84 00:04:50,387 --> 00:04:52,182 The monks living here today, 85 00:04:52,398 --> 00:04:55,546 put themselves through the same temptation Jesus faced. 86 00:04:56,981 --> 00:04:58,626 As their own test of faith, 87 00:04:59,139 --> 00:05:01,293 they venture out to the nearby caves and 88 00:05:01,354 --> 00:05:03,722 fast for five days a week. 89 00:05:04,475 --> 00:05:05,386 Why fasting? 90 00:05:05,664 --> 00:05:08,700 Fasting is getting yourself to a point of crisis. 91 00:05:09,660 --> 00:05:11,625 Just getting yourself to a point of crisis? 92 00:05:11,686 --> 00:05:13,381 Yes, because when people are in crisis, 93 00:05:13,590 --> 00:05:15,148 that's when they're really dangerous. 94 00:05:15,898 --> 00:05:17,913 If, their belly's full, if they're happy, 95 00:05:17,974 --> 00:05:19,228 then they are not dangerous. 96 00:05:20,304 --> 00:05:22,713 But when you're weak and hungry. 97 00:05:22,773 --> 00:05:23,981 You will do many bad things. 98 00:05:26,084 --> 00:05:29,458 There is this Monk that came from far away. 99 00:05:29,581 --> 00:05:30,974 And he writes a diary, 100 00:05:31,303 --> 00:05:33,685 and he writes how difficult it is, 101 00:05:34,217 --> 00:05:36,206 he says,'I'm here in my little cell, 102 00:05:36,300 --> 00:05:38,039 and when I look through the window 103 00:05:38,100 --> 00:05:40,368 to see if the sun has already passed, 104 00:05:40,611 --> 00:05:43,360 then I know, that I am in despair, 105 00:05:43,547 --> 00:05:45,356 then I know that I am not strong, 106 00:05:45,556 --> 00:05:48,259 'if I look out the window, it means that I am weak.' 107 00:05:49,117 --> 00:05:51,791 So, he is very, very openly 108 00:05:52,341 --> 00:05:55,823 confesses the difficulty of being just with yourself. 109 00:05:56,330 --> 00:05:57,410 So where is the Devil? 110 00:05:59,018 --> 00:06:00,098 Inside you. 111 00:06:02,576 --> 00:06:05,112 There is such a thing as 'human'. 112 00:06:05,812 --> 00:06:06,731 It's human to eat, 113 00:06:07,914 --> 00:06:08,900 it's human to drink, 114 00:06:10,586 --> 00:06:11,603 it's human to want... 115 00:06:12,674 --> 00:06:15,008 You know what I'm doing I'm playing Devil's advocate here. 116 00:06:17,078 --> 00:06:19,771 Well that is what it's all about. 117 00:06:25,319 --> 00:06:27,206 Having a constant battle 118 00:06:27,685 --> 00:06:28,609 with the Devil, 119 00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:29,936 like Jesus, 120 00:06:32,182 --> 00:06:33,435 but not for 40 days, 121 00:06:33,729 --> 00:06:35,743 for the entire course of my life. 122 00:06:37,719 --> 00:06:39,774 Just as Jesus resisted the temptation 123 00:06:39,835 --> 00:06:43,167 to use divine power to turn rock in to bread, 124 00:06:43,663 --> 00:06:45,100 the monks resist the temptation 125 00:06:45,161 --> 00:06:47,803 to walk away from this lonely desert outpost. 126 00:06:49,283 --> 00:06:51,282 Some of them paid the ultimate price. 127 00:06:52,728 --> 00:06:54,122 These are the Martyrs. 128 00:06:55,008 --> 00:06:55,823 Martyrs? 129 00:06:55,883 --> 00:06:56,647 Martyrs, 130 00:06:57,481 --> 00:06:59,970 because uh back in the seventh century 131 00:07:00,031 --> 00:07:02,164 there was an invasion of Persians 132 00:07:02,620 --> 00:07:05,768 who were coming with a different religion, a different agenda. 133 00:07:06,420 --> 00:07:08,025 This was an opportunity for the Monks 134 00:07:08,828 --> 00:07:10,804 to show that they're not tempted 135 00:07:11,131 --> 00:07:12,146 to change their religion. 136 00:07:12,207 --> 00:07:13,456 They are not tempted 137 00:07:14,027 --> 00:07:15,405 to uh run away 138 00:07:15,819 --> 00:07:17,994 but rather they prefer to be like Jesus, 139 00:07:18,499 --> 00:07:19,420 so they've decided 140 00:07:19,963 --> 00:07:22,374 that death in that case with faith 141 00:07:22,505 --> 00:07:25,143 is better than life with no faith. 142 00:07:26,374 --> 00:07:27,568 In this world, 143 00:07:27,924 --> 00:07:28,998 they fought the devil, 144 00:07:29,348 --> 00:07:31,088 and so in the afterlife, 145 00:07:31,708 --> 00:07:34,049 they will get the reward for that. 146 00:07:36,037 --> 00:07:40,135 The desert is a place of schizophrenic, existence. 147 00:07:40,674 --> 00:07:43,077 It is either purity or impurity. 148 00:07:43,377 --> 00:07:46,113 It is either, God divinity or the Devil. 149 00:07:52,352 --> 00:07:56,138 Most Christians try their best to steer clear of the devil, 150 00:07:58,152 --> 00:07:59,184 but, for the monks 151 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:02,311 who endure this remote desert monastery, 152 00:08:02,922 --> 00:08:04,771 he's an opponent they willingly face. 153 00:08:07,194 --> 00:08:08,659 Their only weapon of defence, 154 00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:10,535 their faith. 155 00:08:15,963 --> 00:08:17,897 Some Christians spend their entire lives 156 00:08:18,218 --> 00:08:20,187 locked in battle with the devil. 157 00:08:21,655 --> 00:08:22,559 But for Buddhists, 158 00:08:22,993 --> 00:08:25,173 there exists an alternative... 159 00:08:37,598 --> 00:08:41,844 I'm in Kathmandu in Nepal to witness an ancient ritual 160 00:08:42,103 --> 00:08:45,596 that aims to win the devil over to our side. 161 00:08:49,483 --> 00:08:52,515 Here at the Ka-Nying Shedrub Ling Monastery, 162 00:08:52,806 --> 00:08:56,075 I'm meeting Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. 163 00:08:56,957 --> 00:08:59,648 A Buddhist Master, and an old acquaintance of mine, 164 00:08:59,861 --> 00:09:02,796 whom I first met at the sacred Bodhi Tree in India. 165 00:09:04,498 --> 00:09:06,211 From today you are my friend. 166 00:09:16,921 --> 00:09:17,927 Hello... 167 00:09:17,988 --> 00:09:18,833 Rinpoche... 168 00:09:19,353 --> 00:09:20,133 my friend. 169 00:09:20,528 --> 00:09:21,239 How are you? 170 00:09:22,081 --> 00:09:22,874 How are you? 171 00:09:23,277 --> 00:09:23,925 I am, 172 00:09:24,792 --> 00:09:26,340 I am very well. 173 00:09:26,604 --> 00:09:28,135 Nice to see you again. 174 00:09:28,196 --> 00:09:28,904 I miss you. 175 00:09:29,350 --> 00:09:31,263 You miss me? I miss you. 176 00:09:31,478 --> 00:09:32,586 You don't look any different. 177 00:09:32,786 --> 00:09:33,603 -No? -No. 178 00:09:35,217 --> 00:09:36,134 You must come. Come. 179 00:09:36,345 --> 00:09:36,830 Right. 180 00:09:36,891 --> 00:09:37,925 Welcome to Gumba. 181 00:09:37,986 --> 00:09:38,652 Thank you. 182 00:09:40,134 --> 00:09:41,685 I have arrived in time to witness 183 00:09:41,746 --> 00:09:44,342 the Rinpoche lead a special prayer ceremony... 184 00:09:44,778 --> 00:09:46,674 A 'puja', as it's called. 185 00:09:50,237 --> 00:09:51,105 Its purpose? 186 00:09:51,472 --> 00:09:53,318 To cleanse the temple, and the monks, 187 00:09:53,766 --> 00:09:54,755 of evil spirits. 188 00:10:04,125 --> 00:10:06,083 The monks believe their chanting, 189 00:10:07,527 --> 00:10:08,558 the horns, 190 00:10:10,692 --> 00:10:12,042 the drums, 191 00:10:13,661 --> 00:10:14,873 and the smoke 192 00:10:17,311 --> 00:10:19,245 will purge malevolent forces. 193 00:10:23,704 --> 00:10:26,611 But the monks also make offerings of tea, 194 00:10:26,673 --> 00:10:28,938 and even beer to the evil entities. 195 00:10:31,946 --> 00:10:34,485 Which seems like it might not purge 196 00:10:34,546 --> 00:10:35,822 the monastery of evil, 197 00:10:36,289 --> 00:10:38,582 but instead invite it in! 198 00:11:00,601 --> 00:11:02,617 In a monastery in Kathmandu, 199 00:11:02,716 --> 00:11:06,239 my old friend Chokyi Nyima is leading his monks 200 00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:08,879 in a ceremony to control evil spirits. 201 00:11:11,192 --> 00:11:13,322 The puja lasts more than an hour. 202 00:11:15,936 --> 00:11:17,987 It leaves me with questions about 203 00:11:18,225 --> 00:11:22,260 how Buddhists understand and deal with evil spirits. 204 00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:31,611 So I ask Chokyi Rinpoche to sit down with me and explain. 205 00:11:34,214 --> 00:11:37,083 His long-time student, Catherine Dalton, 206 00:11:37,482 --> 00:11:39,364 has offered to translate for us. 207 00:11:41,072 --> 00:11:41,983 The Puja. 208 00:11:42,256 --> 00:11:43,191 What is the purpose of it? 209 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:48,431 We humans have a physical form, 210 00:11:48,941 --> 00:11:52,086 but there are also beings that lack a physical form. 211 00:11:52,907 --> 00:11:54,373 There are evil spirits 212 00:11:55,015 --> 00:11:57,052 and if we want to pacify those kind of 213 00:11:57,113 --> 00:11:58,824 evil influences and spirits, 214 00:11:59,031 --> 00:12:00,533 the best way to do that is... 215 00:12:00,594 --> 00:12:03,387 We use a meditation practice in the Puja; 216 00:12:03,448 --> 00:12:06,779 we actually invite them, those kind of spirits, uh, to come... 217 00:12:07,814 --> 00:12:09,464 You don't isolate bad guys. 218 00:12:09,525 --> 00:12:10,385 No, of course not. 219 00:12:10,446 --> 00:12:11,587 You, you say, 'Hey, come here.' 220 00:12:11,648 --> 00:12:12,691 Yes, to help. Yes. 221 00:12:12,908 --> 00:12:14,240 'Cause I know in the Christian, 222 00:12:14,514 --> 00:12:16,738 uh, belief, it's just like, 'Satan, 223 00:12:17,039 --> 00:12:18,672 you get away. Go get behind me.' 224 00:12:18,733 --> 00:12:20,578 A different, different belief. 225 00:12:20,708 --> 00:12:23,851 And you're saying, 'No, no, no, come here. We can talk.' 226 00:12:24,239 --> 00:12:24,966 Yeah. 227 00:12:25,277 --> 00:12:28,288 The concept of evil spirits are... 228 00:12:28,828 --> 00:12:29,946 things you have to battle. 229 00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:36,741 We can talk about evil forces or negative beings, 230 00:12:36,981 --> 00:12:39,528 but what that means, actually is just that 231 00:12:39,589 --> 00:12:41,449 anyone who has come under the influence 232 00:12:41,510 --> 00:12:44,662 of ignorance behaves in negative ways. 233 00:12:44,723 --> 00:12:47,541 We could say that primarily, 234 00:12:47,801 --> 00:12:50,827 they, uh, enemy or negativity is something 235 00:12:50,888 --> 00:12:52,254 that we find within ourselves. 236 00:12:54,928 --> 00:12:58,005 As they are chanting and meditating in the puja, 237 00:12:58,146 --> 00:13:03,062 the monks visualize inviting the evil spirits into their monastery. 238 00:13:04,045 --> 00:13:07,549 Since these spirits are negative aspects of their own minds, 239 00:13:08,325 --> 00:13:12,761 their job now is to work to convince them to become good. 240 00:13:15,170 --> 00:13:17,548 They do this by making offerings. 241 00:13:20,788 --> 00:13:23,201 I noticed that there was a young man, 242 00:13:25,031 --> 00:13:27,759 who would stand presenting the chalice. 243 00:13:28,300 --> 00:13:29,264 Yes. 244 00:13:34,135 --> 00:13:35,812 And he'd go and throw it out. 245 00:13:42,375 --> 00:13:43,385 It was beer. 246 00:13:43,978 --> 00:13:47,890 And then, comes back, and he has hot tea. 247 00:13:49,413 --> 00:13:50,126 Can we talk about that? 248 00:13:50,187 --> 00:13:51,052 Yes, yes, yes. 249 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:55,497 Some of them suffer a lot because they're hungry, thirsty; 250 00:13:56,064 --> 00:13:59,233 we will bless to the beer and black teas, 251 00:13:59,927 --> 00:14:02,075 and let them enjoy that. 252 00:14:03,157 --> 00:14:04,298 But, you don't drink beer? 253 00:14:04,386 --> 00:14:04,919 No, no. 254 00:14:04,980 --> 00:14:06,563 -Monks don't drink beer. -No, we give it to others. 255 00:14:11,378 --> 00:14:14,026 Using different substances, using Mantras. 256 00:14:14,253 --> 00:14:16,196 Doing meditation practice. 257 00:14:16,256 --> 00:14:18,195 When all of those things come together, 258 00:14:18,256 --> 00:14:21,885 it becomes possible to tame those kind of 259 00:14:22,151 --> 00:14:25,227 otherwise wild and incorrigible spirits 260 00:14:25,572 --> 00:14:26,802 to tame their minds. 261 00:14:27,207 --> 00:14:28,266 Wait a minute, wait a minute. 262 00:14:28,649 --> 00:14:30,355 Wait, you're saying that bad guys... 263 00:14:30,416 --> 00:14:31,083 Become, yes, 264 00:14:31,144 --> 00:14:31,612 became... 265 00:14:31,673 --> 00:14:32,742 good, yeah. 266 00:14:35,696 --> 00:14:38,648 Through meditation, chanting and offerings, 267 00:14:39,079 --> 00:14:42,549 the monks work to turn evil spirits good. 268 00:14:43,610 --> 00:14:47,219 The spirits that come around are known as Dharma Protectors. 269 00:14:48,002 --> 00:14:49,894 And the monks visualize them 270 00:14:49,955 --> 00:14:53,386 driving away any remaining negative influences. 271 00:14:55,917 --> 00:15:00,100 Buddhists mention the worst enemies are within yourself, 272 00:15:00,974 --> 00:15:01,928 not outside. 273 00:15:02,768 --> 00:15:07,675 What you're saying is, you just have to control yourself. 274 00:15:07,736 --> 00:15:08,410 Yes, yes. 275 00:15:09,088 --> 00:15:10,715 Get a grip on you, 276 00:15:10,776 --> 00:15:14,340 and you can change these thoughts and feelings and 277 00:15:14,848 --> 00:15:17,785 temptations personal inside. 278 00:15:18,318 --> 00:15:18,838 Right? 279 00:15:20,908 --> 00:15:25,971 Yes, uh, definitely, the Buddha, himself, even taught that, um, 280 00:15:26,802 --> 00:15:30,103 you are your own enemy, and you're your own protector. 281 00:15:41,562 --> 00:15:42,693 Do you remember the day? 282 00:15:43,270 --> 00:15:45,211 Yeah, but still, you're giving? 283 00:15:45,271 --> 00:15:46,973 Yeah, I'm giving now to you. 284 00:15:47,208 --> 00:15:48,174 Oh, so sweet. 285 00:15:48,235 --> 00:15:50,410 No, it's, it's, it's, may I? 286 00:15:50,471 --> 00:15:51,428 So sweet. 287 00:15:52,013 --> 00:15:54,816 Oh, before I give you, now you give to me. 288 00:15:55,322 --> 00:15:59,209 I had no idea that I would have the opportunity... 289 00:15:59,701 --> 00:16:01,743 To be in your presence again in life. 290 00:16:02,349 --> 00:16:03,135 -I love you. -So... 291 00:16:03,918 --> 00:16:05,585 thank you, I love you. 292 00:16:05,646 --> 00:16:06,564 Thank you so much. 293 00:16:18,665 --> 00:16:19,567 For Christians, 294 00:16:20,653 --> 00:16:24,303 the devil is an evil spirit that must be expelled from our minds, 295 00:16:24,571 --> 00:16:25,282 you know, 296 00:16:25,716 --> 00:16:27,534 'Get thee behind me, Satan.' 297 00:16:28,609 --> 00:16:30,061 But these Buddhist monks, 298 00:16:30,544 --> 00:16:33,721 they accept that we're all susceptible to... 299 00:16:34,555 --> 00:16:36,388 evil thoughts and impulses. 300 00:16:37,465 --> 00:16:40,857 So, they don't chase evil spirits away. 301 00:16:42,076 --> 00:16:45,337 They work to transform them into protectors. 302 00:16:47,007 --> 00:16:49,796 So, you see the devil doesn't need to get behind you, 303 00:16:50,536 --> 00:16:52,991 he just needs to be coaxed into becoming 304 00:16:53,052 --> 00:16:55,938 someone you don't mind having alongside you. 305 00:16:57,298 --> 00:16:58,266 Novel, isn't it? 306 00:17:02,957 --> 00:17:05,731 For more than two millennia of Buddhist history, 307 00:17:05,893 --> 00:17:09,862 the battle with evil has been seen as an internal struggle. 308 00:17:11,638 --> 00:17:14,653 As Christianity grew in the centuries after Jesus, 309 00:17:15,093 --> 00:17:18,586 the Devil solidified as an external foe... 310 00:17:19,540 --> 00:17:22,151 And took familiar supernatural form. 311 00:17:23,550 --> 00:17:25,257 How did this transformation happen? 312 00:17:27,815 --> 00:17:28,762 Andrew McGowan, 313 00:17:29,207 --> 00:17:31,455 a Christian scholar of Anglican Priest, 314 00:17:31,516 --> 00:17:35,326 has come to the Broumov Monastery in the Czech Republic 315 00:17:35,387 --> 00:17:37,899 to see first-hand, one of the earliest 316 00:17:37,960 --> 00:17:40,508 and most famous images of the devil. 317 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,229 He's been invited by the historian Erika Harlitz-Kern, 318 00:17:50,404 --> 00:17:54,175 who studies how the devil changed as Christianity developed. 319 00:17:54,742 --> 00:17:55,393 Wow. 320 00:17:56,175 --> 00:17:57,290 Well, this is extraordinary. 321 00:17:57,698 --> 00:17:59,125 This is the Codex Gigas. 322 00:17:59,266 --> 00:18:01,599 Codex Giga is Latin for Big Book. 323 00:18:01,943 --> 00:18:05,190 It's 36 inches tall, 20 inches wide, 324 00:18:05,424 --> 00:18:07,058 8.7 inches thick, 325 00:18:07,225 --> 00:18:10,144 and it weighs 165 pounds. 326 00:18:11,018 --> 00:18:13,190 The Codex Gigas has a second name, 327 00:18:13,728 --> 00:18:14,852 The Devil's Bible. 328 00:18:16,911 --> 00:18:20,329 Legend has it that, in the 13th century, 329 00:18:20,730 --> 00:18:23,403 a monk named 'Herman the Recluse', 330 00:18:23,464 --> 00:18:26,800 was sentenced to death for breaking his monastic vows. 331 00:18:27,975 --> 00:18:29,190 To avoid this fate, 332 00:18:29,825 --> 00:18:32,675 he offered to glorify the monastery forever 333 00:18:32,736 --> 00:18:36,657 by creating a single book containing all of mankind's knowledge 334 00:18:37,411 --> 00:18:39,639 and write it in one day. 335 00:18:46,686 --> 00:18:47,756 Near midnight, 336 00:18:47,887 --> 00:18:49,715 unable to complete his task, 337 00:18:50,471 --> 00:18:53,406 he called on the only person he thought could help. 338 00:18:54,515 --> 00:18:55,241 The devil. 339 00:19:02,762 --> 00:19:05,523 The devil offered to help Herman finish the book... 340 00:19:05,584 --> 00:19:08,225 but took his soul in return. 341 00:19:15,589 --> 00:19:16,644 To seal the deal, 342 00:19:17,450 --> 00:19:19,397 Herman included a portrait 343 00:19:20,144 --> 00:19:21,486 of his benefactor. 344 00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:26,292 Ah! 345 00:19:31,485 --> 00:19:33,846 This is such an extraordinary image isn't it? 346 00:19:33,907 --> 00:19:36,780 It's, it's really quite fearsome or repulsive even I think. 347 00:19:37,231 --> 00:19:39,907 Yes and he's looking straight at you as if he's, 348 00:19:40,260 --> 00:19:42,128 if he's trying to jump out of the page. 349 00:19:45,212 --> 00:19:46,473 We have the horns, 350 00:19:46,669 --> 00:19:48,276 we have the talons, 351 00:19:48,428 --> 00:19:49,807 the green face 352 00:19:50,181 --> 00:19:53,562 and he has, what appears to be, two tongues. 353 00:19:53,854 --> 00:19:56,515 He is meant to be frightening. 354 00:19:58,446 --> 00:19:59,898 What makes this image unique, 355 00:20:00,528 --> 00:20:02,727 is the Devil is wearing a loincloth 356 00:20:03,087 --> 00:20:07,311 and the red spots that we see on it, are ermine tails 357 00:20:07,718 --> 00:20:11,227 and ermine tails, in the Middle Ages, was a sign of royalty. 358 00:20:11,288 --> 00:20:13,399 Kings wore ermine tails. 359 00:20:13,780 --> 00:20:15,871 So, what this image is telling us, 360 00:20:15,984 --> 00:20:18,678 is that this is the Prince of darkness. 361 00:20:19,340 --> 00:20:22,189 He is the Lord of the underworld 362 00:20:22,507 --> 00:20:26,374 and is of royal lineage and he has royal power. 363 00:20:27,033 --> 00:20:29,111 What does this book have to 364 00:20:29,461 --> 00:20:32,367 tell us about the way in which the Devil is understood? 365 00:20:32,546 --> 00:20:34,396 During the Middle Ages, the Catholic church 366 00:20:34,457 --> 00:20:37,120 comes into its own as a political institution. 367 00:20:37,181 --> 00:20:38,888 As Christianity spreads, 368 00:20:39,211 --> 00:20:44,479 the church is changing the interpretation of the Devil, 369 00:20:45,513 --> 00:20:47,219 to teach its flock 370 00:20:47,799 --> 00:20:52,843 about sin and they're playing on the fear of the afterlife, 371 00:20:52,980 --> 00:20:58,052 of what can happen to you if you do not live a virtuous life. 372 00:20:58,113 --> 00:21:02,669 It's almost as if it's like an advertising billboard, a warning sign. 373 00:21:02,730 --> 00:21:05,554 This is where you could end up if your behaviour, 374 00:21:05,615 --> 00:21:08,035 or your lack of faith puts you in the wrong place. 375 00:21:08,096 --> 00:21:10,864 This is like church propaganda in the Middle Ages. 376 00:21:16,710 --> 00:21:18,235 The horns, the talons... 377 00:21:18,719 --> 00:21:21,569 taking physical form makes the devil more tenacious. 378 00:21:22,183 --> 00:21:23,917 A creature lurking in the shadows, 379 00:21:24,218 --> 00:21:27,798 capable of grabbing us, and refusing to let go. 380 00:21:30,874 --> 00:21:32,707 And for some tortured souls, 381 00:21:33,059 --> 00:21:35,531 there's only one way to expel the devil: 382 00:21:36,884 --> 00:21:38,437 exorcism! 383 00:22:04,831 --> 00:22:08,119 We've all seen someone behaving oddly on the street, right? 384 00:22:08,962 --> 00:22:11,606 Yelling, screaming what seems like nonsense. 385 00:22:13,700 --> 00:22:16,202 Most of us never think of demonic possession. 386 00:22:17,573 --> 00:22:20,903 We imagine it's a mental health issue. 387 00:22:23,150 --> 00:22:24,414 But the Vatican, 388 00:22:24,938 --> 00:22:27,861 has a team of sanctioned disciples who see 389 00:22:28,377 --> 00:22:31,106 demons at work in every part of society. 390 00:22:33,161 --> 00:22:34,595 They are exorcists 391 00:22:35,642 --> 00:22:36,681 and every day, 392 00:22:37,361 --> 00:22:40,099 they go into combat against the Devil. 393 00:22:44,185 --> 00:22:46,731 Father Don Aldo Buonaiuto 394 00:22:47,075 --> 00:22:49,724 is one the Vatican's leading exorcists. 395 00:22:53,193 --> 00:22:54,400 I know all about exorcism. 396 00:22:56,697 --> 00:22:58,598 I mean, I saw the movie. 397 00:22:59,799 --> 00:23:03,641 So, I know that, uh, if the Devil resides in the person, 398 00:23:03,892 --> 00:23:06,293 the room that that person is in turns cold 399 00:23:06,497 --> 00:23:10,243 and that person can turn his head around 360 degrees. 400 00:23:10,650 --> 00:23:11,747 How close am I? 401 00:23:13,807 --> 00:23:17,642 Some people think of exorcism as something superstitious. 402 00:23:19,159 --> 00:23:22,246 But exorcism is most of all a prayer. 403 00:23:22,307 --> 00:23:25,271 It's a prayer towards the soul of the person 404 00:23:25,339 --> 00:23:28,520 that is asking for help when its possessed. 405 00:23:29,335 --> 00:23:30,593 How does one... 406 00:23:31,786 --> 00:23:34,828 proceed with an exorcism? 407 00:23:38,210 --> 00:23:40,890 There is a doctor and a psychiatrist and him... 408 00:23:43,167 --> 00:23:46,149 For the Catholic Church, only the priest 409 00:23:46,210 --> 00:23:49,436 that has had a special direction from the 410 00:23:49,497 --> 00:23:51,780 Bishop can do exorcism. 411 00:23:51,841 --> 00:23:53,348 Nobody else can. 412 00:23:53,409 --> 00:23:57,193 Is it necessary for a priest, who is chosen by the Bishop, 413 00:23:57,254 --> 00:23:59,772 to evince a certain talent? 414 00:24:00,467 --> 00:24:03,124 They need to be particularly trustworthy priests, 415 00:24:03,617 --> 00:24:06,026 that have an intense spiritual life. 416 00:24:08,075 --> 00:24:09,044 You have to have courage. 417 00:24:11,002 --> 00:24:12,011 Coraggio. 418 00:24:12,192 --> 00:24:12,879 Si. 419 00:24:12,940 --> 00:24:15,838 You've done exorcisms yourself. 420 00:24:16,163 --> 00:24:16,845 How many? 421 00:24:18,599 --> 00:24:20,416 So, he gets lots and lots of requests. 422 00:24:20,928 --> 00:24:23,522 But the real right hardcore ones, 423 00:24:24,428 --> 00:24:26,343 about ten per week. 424 00:24:28,681 --> 00:24:30,079 When someone comes to you, 425 00:24:30,317 --> 00:24:33,612 what tells you that it's a possession rather than a mental problem? 426 00:24:36,950 --> 00:24:39,210 The first thing that an exorcist does, 427 00:24:39,271 --> 00:24:41,625 is to see if there are visible signs. 428 00:24:42,402 --> 00:24:44,965 If the person has an aversion for the sacred... 429 00:24:45,113 --> 00:24:47,184 or the knowledge of languages. 430 00:24:48,735 --> 00:24:50,484 He's been following a 15 year old 431 00:24:50,545 --> 00:24:53,915 who speaks about ten different archaic languages. 432 00:24:54,355 --> 00:24:58,398 He speaks in Coptic, in Sanskrit, in... 433 00:24:59,685 --> 00:25:00,485 Coptic? 434 00:25:01,802 --> 00:25:04,858 Yes. Sanskrit. Coptic. 435 00:25:06,474 --> 00:25:09,998 And he got a specialist, a monk whose been studying... 436 00:25:13,239 --> 00:25:15,178 And the monk could not believe... 437 00:25:15,239 --> 00:25:16,004 He's terrified. 438 00:25:16,424 --> 00:25:17,099 This... 439 00:25:17,438 --> 00:25:20,550 Have you had repeat, go back to the same person, 440 00:25:20,611 --> 00:25:21,647 over and over? 441 00:25:22,917 --> 00:25:26,137 The same person goes to see the same exorcist 442 00:25:26,198 --> 00:25:29,202 for more than two or three years sometimes. 443 00:25:30,436 --> 00:25:31,617 It's like a cure. 444 00:25:31,678 --> 00:25:33,420 Like, you cure the body. 445 00:25:33,481 --> 00:25:35,283 You cure the soul. 446 00:25:35,949 --> 00:25:36,633 Is it... 447 00:25:38,003 --> 00:25:39,003 possible... 448 00:25:39,677 --> 00:25:42,199 to witness one? 449 00:25:43,751 --> 00:25:45,722 According to the church, 450 00:25:45,783 --> 00:25:49,478 the prayer of exorcism cannot be shown to the public. 451 00:25:52,045 --> 00:25:54,604 I can't see a priest perform an exorcism. 452 00:25:55,332 --> 00:25:57,178 But I can speak to a person who's been 453 00:25:57,239 --> 00:25:59,709 on the receiving end of many exorcisms. 454 00:26:07,574 --> 00:26:09,511 Thank you very much for talking to me. 455 00:26:09,637 --> 00:26:10,620 Really appreciate it. 456 00:26:10,751 --> 00:26:11,321 You're welcome. 457 00:26:11,501 --> 00:26:12,581 I wanna point out 458 00:26:13,375 --> 00:26:16,312 that, uh, you want to remain anonymous. 459 00:26:16,851 --> 00:26:17,417 Why? 460 00:26:17,843 --> 00:26:19,052 I'm a physicist. 461 00:26:19,832 --> 00:26:22,319 I do a lot of consulting work for high technology companies 462 00:26:23,182 --> 00:26:24,471 and... 463 00:26:24,874 --> 00:26:26,426 it might be the kind of thing that makes them hesitate 464 00:26:26,487 --> 00:26:28,557 before deciding, that I'm the guy they wanna do business with. 465 00:26:29,163 --> 00:26:30,205 How did you, 466 00:26:31,512 --> 00:26:32,235 a physicist, 467 00:26:33,075 --> 00:26:35,058 a scientist, a man of science, 468 00:26:35,317 --> 00:26:37,630 get into the idea... 469 00:26:38,860 --> 00:26:40,087 of exorcism? 470 00:26:40,594 --> 00:26:42,584 It wasn't a straightforward experience. 471 00:26:42,736 --> 00:26:44,288 'I was completely different inside.' 472 00:26:46,253 --> 00:26:48,862 I no longer had any ability to feel any kind of happiness, 473 00:26:48,936 --> 00:26:50,237 any kind of pleasure, 474 00:26:50,610 --> 00:26:52,700 any kind of love or affection for humans. 475 00:26:53,380 --> 00:26:55,169 I felt like I was a dead man walking. 476 00:26:56,517 --> 00:26:58,426 I saw a variety of doctors, 477 00:26:58,699 --> 00:26:59,662 endocrinologists, 478 00:27:00,262 --> 00:27:01,331 variety of psychiatrists, 479 00:27:01,615 --> 00:27:02,839 variety of psychologists. 480 00:27:03,624 --> 00:27:05,316 You know, they had no effect at all. 481 00:27:06,013 --> 00:27:09,808 Brain scans found no tumours or other abnormalities. 482 00:27:10,284 --> 00:27:11,689 No medications helped him. 483 00:27:13,087 --> 00:27:16,191 So he turned, in despair, 484 00:27:16,252 --> 00:27:18,030 to less conventional remedies. 485 00:27:19,819 --> 00:27:22,004 I didn't rule out things because they sounded crazy 486 00:27:22,361 --> 00:27:25,118 because I'd already gone through all the things that sounded sane. 487 00:27:25,666 --> 00:27:28,410 But one of the things I encountered along the way, 488 00:27:28,490 --> 00:27:30,881 was the concept of exorcism. 489 00:27:31,898 --> 00:27:33,222 I was raised Catholic. 490 00:27:33,833 --> 00:27:35,454 I thought, you know, I can say the prayers. 491 00:27:37,911 --> 00:27:39,596 So, one evening as I was out jogging... 492 00:27:41,515 --> 00:27:44,052 I went through the various prayers and statements... 493 00:27:46,894 --> 00:27:49,963 I got to the point where I said, I cast you out foul spirit. 494 00:27:53,061 --> 00:27:55,138 It was like slamming into a brick wall. 495 00:27:56,156 --> 00:27:57,426 I stopped abruptly, 496 00:27:57,487 --> 00:28:01,068 I bent over, I had violent dry heaves, convulsions. 497 00:28:03,169 --> 00:28:06,406 That was very graphic evidence that something was real. 498 00:28:11,659 --> 00:28:13,091 What was your immediate reaction? 499 00:28:14,508 --> 00:28:16,815 I need to find somebody who actually does exorcism 500 00:28:16,876 --> 00:28:18,872 for real and see if he can help me. 501 00:28:19,967 --> 00:28:22,344 And I was fortunate to live not that far 502 00:28:22,571 --> 00:28:24,224 from a pretty well-known exorcist. 503 00:28:26,333 --> 00:28:28,677 What does exorcism feel like? 504 00:28:32,426 --> 00:28:33,873 Imagine you're sitting there... 505 00:28:34,602 --> 00:28:35,549 An exorcist, 506 00:28:35,791 --> 00:28:38,545 he's going through the standard prayers, standard statements. 507 00:28:39,839 --> 00:28:43,294 He gets to the point of speaking to the demon. 508 00:28:45,012 --> 00:28:47,749 And he says, 'I demand your name.' 509 00:28:50,423 --> 00:28:52,064 My body started to react; 510 00:28:55,130 --> 00:28:56,050 twitch, 511 00:28:56,748 --> 00:28:57,394 jerk, 512 00:28:58,337 --> 00:29:00,728 make strange and very nasty faces, 513 00:29:01,621 --> 00:29:02,394 convulsions, 514 00:29:04,158 --> 00:29:05,772 thrashing and screaming. 515 00:29:08,268 --> 00:29:09,609 It was very violent. 516 00:29:29,984 --> 00:29:32,541 I remember I... I needed band-aids afterwards for scratches. 517 00:29:34,514 --> 00:29:36,173 How do you know when... 518 00:29:37,686 --> 00:29:39,739 the exorcism's been successful? 519 00:29:40,787 --> 00:29:43,264 Because it stops reacting to the prayers and statements. 520 00:29:47,607 --> 00:29:49,110 But of course, there were many, 521 00:29:49,171 --> 00:29:51,804 so the cycle starts up again with the next demon. 522 00:29:52,047 --> 00:29:52,988 You went through this, 523 00:29:53,749 --> 00:29:54,564 how long? 524 00:29:54,842 --> 00:29:56,250 About five years, I think. 525 00:29:57,344 --> 00:29:58,364 How do you feel now? 526 00:29:59,559 --> 00:30:00,513 I feel human again. 527 00:30:02,616 --> 00:30:06,420 The problem I had was an incredible lack of emotion. 528 00:30:06,845 --> 00:30:07,963 I couldn't feel love. 529 00:30:08,115 --> 00:30:10,575 I couldn't feel any kind of positive feeling. 530 00:30:11,192 --> 00:30:13,235 Thankfully, exorcism was effective in... 531 00:30:13,296 --> 00:30:15,499 in restoring that aspect to my life. 532 00:30:18,492 --> 00:30:19,393 I was very grateful. 533 00:30:22,303 --> 00:30:23,021 Being... 534 00:30:25,390 --> 00:30:26,710 scientific minded, 535 00:30:29,649 --> 00:30:30,700 how do you square that, 536 00:30:30,831 --> 00:30:32,155 how do you square the fact that 537 00:30:33,278 --> 00:30:34,974 this does exist for you? 538 00:30:35,817 --> 00:30:38,745 You know, the definition of science to me is you research, 539 00:30:39,093 --> 00:30:40,228 you theorize, you test. 540 00:30:41,141 --> 00:30:42,831 I didn't know if demons were real or not, 541 00:30:43,049 --> 00:30:43,711 now I do. 542 00:30:45,518 --> 00:30:48,000 I have experienced up close and personally, 543 00:30:48,068 --> 00:30:50,406 in ways that are unmistakable, the reality of evil spirits 544 00:30:51,093 --> 00:30:53,591 and the reality of good through the Lord, God. 545 00:30:57,464 --> 00:30:59,236 For this tortured man, 546 00:30:59,476 --> 00:31:01,862 the devil's demons weren't metaphors 547 00:31:01,923 --> 00:31:04,480 for emotional imbalance or mental distress. 548 00:31:05,473 --> 00:31:08,029 He experienced them as real, 549 00:31:08,090 --> 00:31:12,006 tangible foes that he struggled for years to expel. 550 00:31:13,266 --> 00:31:14,816 Giving the devil solid form 551 00:31:14,877 --> 00:31:17,358 doesn't necessarily make him more powerful. 552 00:31:18,492 --> 00:31:20,580 It can make him easier to fight, 553 00:31:20,991 --> 00:31:21,760 and defeat. 554 00:31:25,652 --> 00:31:28,474 But the faithful don't always win. 555 00:31:29,130 --> 00:31:31,258 And the gods of their demons can multiply, 556 00:31:31,792 --> 00:31:34,417 born in the gods of another faith. 557 00:31:49,456 --> 00:31:51,495 I have always loved Rome. 558 00:31:52,384 --> 00:31:53,313 The street life, 559 00:31:53,710 --> 00:31:54,426 the food, 560 00:31:55,170 --> 00:31:55,946 the people. 561 00:31:57,977 --> 00:32:00,476 What's most fascinating about a city this ancient, 562 00:32:00,743 --> 00:32:02,097 is the layers of history. 563 00:32:02,536 --> 00:32:05,221 How one culture takes over what has gone before, 564 00:32:05,669 --> 00:32:07,338 and uses it for its own purposes. 565 00:32:08,355 --> 00:32:09,406 This wall, 566 00:32:10,146 --> 00:32:13,841 was built to protect the Romans in the 4th Century BC. 567 00:32:14,509 --> 00:32:16,590 Now it holds up this apartment building. 568 00:32:17,757 --> 00:32:21,265 Re-purposing happens in religion sometimes too. 569 00:32:22,356 --> 00:32:24,205 Sometimes one faith's god, 570 00:32:25,056 --> 00:32:26,586 can become another's devil. 571 00:32:37,691 --> 00:32:39,461 Journalist Nelufar Hedayat, 572 00:32:39,575 --> 00:32:42,455 has come to the ruins of the ancient Roman city 573 00:32:42,523 --> 00:32:45,716 of Pergamum, in modern-day Turkey. 574 00:32:46,053 --> 00:32:49,177 She's here to meet biblical archaeologist Sarah Yeomans. 575 00:32:49,789 --> 00:32:52,132 And to find out why the Book of Revelation 576 00:32:52,193 --> 00:32:55,588 said this was where Satan had his throne. 577 00:32:57,165 --> 00:33:00,681 This is, even in its ruinous state, 578 00:33:00,742 --> 00:33:02,752 it looks absolutely spectacular. 579 00:33:02,830 --> 00:33:03,433 It's beautiful. 580 00:33:03,494 --> 00:33:06,652 It is isn't it. It's really a unique site. 581 00:33:07,694 --> 00:33:09,973 It was a major city in the Greek world 582 00:33:10,034 --> 00:33:12,534 in the second and first centuries BC, 583 00:33:12,595 --> 00:33:16,468 and then it became a very important city in the Roman world 584 00:33:16,529 --> 00:33:19,680 once they took control of this area. 585 00:33:19,741 --> 00:33:21,248 The Romans built a forum, 586 00:33:22,415 --> 00:33:23,480 an amphitheatre, 587 00:33:24,773 --> 00:33:26,940 and several massive temples. 588 00:33:29,001 --> 00:33:33,668 So, what we are looking at are the remains of the Temple of Trajan, 589 00:33:34,173 --> 00:33:36,570 this would have been built in the second century, 590 00:33:36,631 --> 00:33:38,525 to honour the Emperor Trajan, 591 00:33:38,859 --> 00:33:42,423 and this is representative of this tradition 592 00:33:42,484 --> 00:33:45,378 of worshipping, uh, deceased emperors, 593 00:33:45,439 --> 00:33:47,931 and their families and by doing so, 594 00:33:47,992 --> 00:33:50,402 it's a way of honouring the living emperor 595 00:33:50,463 --> 00:33:52,743 and honouring the existing government. 596 00:33:53,134 --> 00:33:54,373 So the Romans... 597 00:33:54,860 --> 00:33:56,177 honoured their... 598 00:33:56,238 --> 00:33:59,542 their emperors, their politicians, by turning them into deities. 599 00:34:00,020 --> 00:34:02,029 Yes, having an imperial cult, 600 00:34:02,090 --> 00:34:04,692 and requiring worship of the imperial cult 601 00:34:04,818 --> 00:34:07,667 was a way of promoting nationalism, 602 00:34:08,041 --> 00:34:11,306 was a way of promoting what it meant to be Roman. 603 00:34:12,846 --> 00:34:15,561 This sprawling city and political epicentre, 604 00:34:15,974 --> 00:34:18,330 may have been a symbol of pride for Romans. 605 00:34:19,032 --> 00:34:21,674 But the picture painted by the Book of Revelation 606 00:34:21,887 --> 00:34:24,401 implies that Christians living here 607 00:34:24,526 --> 00:34:26,509 had a very different experience. 608 00:34:28,314 --> 00:34:31,727 The Romans had no problem with Christians worshipping their God, 609 00:34:32,061 --> 00:34:34,955 if you think about, you know, a society that has so many gods, 610 00:34:35,016 --> 00:34:36,690 there's always room for one more. 611 00:34:36,904 --> 00:34:40,410 What brought the Christians into conflict with the Roman authorities 612 00:34:40,626 --> 00:34:45,511 was the fact that they refused to participate in Imperial Cult worship. 613 00:34:46,147 --> 00:34:48,482 This was considered treasonous. 614 00:34:48,543 --> 00:34:49,484 Intolerable. 615 00:34:49,583 --> 00:34:51,855 Intolerable for the Roman authorities. 616 00:34:52,606 --> 00:34:56,482 The author of the Book of Revelation emphasizes in his writings, 617 00:34:56,543 --> 00:34:58,618 that there existed a great tension between 618 00:34:58,679 --> 00:35:00,171 the Christians and the Roman authorities. 619 00:35:00,238 --> 00:35:00,892 -Right. -So... 620 00:35:01,055 --> 00:35:04,467 it was a city where we really see the conflict 621 00:35:04,621 --> 00:35:07,484 between Roman authorities and the early Christians. 622 00:35:07,901 --> 00:35:09,964 How did that play out in the city? 623 00:35:10,037 --> 00:35:13,041 The tensions here became so hostile, 624 00:35:13,368 --> 00:35:16,021 that one of the members of the Christian 625 00:35:16,082 --> 00:35:18,931 community was martyred, was executed... 626 00:35:20,674 --> 00:35:23,136 Who was he and why was he martyred? 627 00:35:23,304 --> 00:35:24,813 His name was Antipas, 628 00:35:25,100 --> 00:35:29,597 and he was executed we believe for not being willing 629 00:35:29,874 --> 00:35:32,796 to participate in the worship of the Imperial Cult. 630 00:35:33,573 --> 00:35:36,721 The location of Antipas's death is not known for certain, 631 00:35:37,248 --> 00:35:40,477 but some theories place it at Pergamum's temple of Zeus. 632 00:35:40,875 --> 00:35:44,841 A place that early Christians came to call Satan's Throne. 633 00:35:45,725 --> 00:35:49,569 What we're seeing now is essentially what's left of the foundation. 634 00:35:49,630 --> 00:35:53,772 The altar itself would have been on top of what we're seeing. 635 00:35:55,863 --> 00:35:58,530 Everything would have been faced with white marble. 636 00:35:59,072 --> 00:36:02,019 The altar, we believe, was dedicated to Zeus, 637 00:36:02,659 --> 00:36:03,737 and Zeus, 638 00:36:04,258 --> 00:36:05,863 in Christian minds, 639 00:36:06,494 --> 00:36:10,689 was really in direct opposition... in direct conflict to their own god. 640 00:36:10,845 --> 00:36:12,754 And if you read the Book of Revelation, 641 00:36:12,841 --> 00:36:18,164 you have a very similar type of epic contest 642 00:36:18,264 --> 00:36:20,992 taking place between good and evil. 643 00:36:22,476 --> 00:36:25,822 Christian tradition says that Antipas was burned to death 644 00:36:25,883 --> 00:36:28,295 inside a hollow bull made of brass. 645 00:36:29,629 --> 00:36:31,908 As the flames heated the metallic beast, 646 00:36:32,399 --> 00:36:33,913 Antipas cried out. 647 00:36:34,628 --> 00:36:38,070 His death screams escaped from the bull's open snout, 648 00:36:38,650 --> 00:36:41,534 transformed, cruelly, into snorts. 649 00:36:45,425 --> 00:36:49,438 If they watched Antipas die in the shadow of the altar of Zeus, 650 00:36:50,010 --> 00:36:53,346 these early Christians could be forgiven for seeing this place 651 00:36:53,980 --> 00:36:55,425 as the Devil's throne. 652 00:36:56,157 --> 00:36:58,349 The author of Book of Revelation, 653 00:36:58,492 --> 00:37:00,299 is, very intentionally, 654 00:37:00,763 --> 00:37:02,974 setting up the Roman authorities 655 00:37:03,644 --> 00:37:06,394 as equivalent to Satan, 656 00:37:06,733 --> 00:37:10,044 and setting up this place in particular 657 00:37:10,105 --> 00:37:11,492 as the seat of Satan, 658 00:37:12,169 --> 00:37:14,947 very cleverly creating this opposition, 659 00:37:15,262 --> 00:37:18,198 this sort of them versus us scenario. 660 00:37:18,406 --> 00:37:20,744 Ah, so this actually about, 661 00:37:20,805 --> 00:37:22,538 about getting the Christians motivated, 662 00:37:22,599 --> 00:37:27,056 he's speaking specifically about Christian brothers and sisters 663 00:37:27,117 --> 00:37:30,656 suffering at the hands of the Imperial powers, the Romans. 664 00:37:30,782 --> 00:37:34,450 Precisely. It's a way to unify the Christian community, 665 00:37:34,538 --> 00:37:37,128 and have them see the Roman authorities 666 00:37:37,189 --> 00:37:40,150 and Imperial Government as the evil one. 667 00:37:40,541 --> 00:37:43,257 As something to be resisted at all costs. 668 00:37:50,704 --> 00:37:53,952 Associating the Romans and their gods with the devil, 669 00:37:54,018 --> 00:37:56,410 may have helped unify early Christians. 670 00:37:57,714 --> 00:37:59,138 But it's a dangerous tactic. 671 00:38:00,595 --> 00:38:03,377 Driving a wedge between people of different faiths 672 00:38:03,985 --> 00:38:05,672 may just be what the devil wants. 673 00:38:07,901 --> 00:38:10,682 But there is one place where a celebration 674 00:38:10,743 --> 00:38:12,812 of the Devil brings people together. 675 00:38:20,868 --> 00:38:23,610 I've come back to Kathmandu, in Nepal 676 00:38:24,170 --> 00:38:27,025 where a party atmosphere fills the streets. 677 00:38:27,175 --> 00:38:28,676 It's called Dashain. 678 00:38:29,243 --> 00:38:31,545 It's the biggest Hindu festival of the year. 679 00:38:32,746 --> 00:38:35,583 I've been invited to join a typical family celebration. 680 00:38:36,284 --> 00:38:39,210 Bearing traditional gifts of fruits and sweets, 681 00:38:39,693 --> 00:38:42,821 I've come to the home of Shankar Raj Pandey. 682 00:38:43,734 --> 00:38:44,744 -Namaste. -Namaste. 683 00:38:44,805 --> 00:38:46,232 -Welcome Morgan. -Thank you so much. 684 00:38:46,293 --> 00:38:46,980 Nice to have you here. 685 00:38:47,041 --> 00:38:48,802 It is my pleasure to be here and this... 686 00:38:49,632 --> 00:38:51,451 Well thank you so much. Thank you so much. 687 00:38:51,512 --> 00:38:52,277 Come on in. 688 00:38:52,599 --> 00:38:54,139 So this is my family here. 689 00:38:54,635 --> 00:38:55,491 Oh! 690 00:38:55,552 --> 00:38:57,270 -Namaste, namaste. -Namaste, namaste. 691 00:38:57,438 --> 00:38:58,860 Good looking bunch of people. 692 00:39:01,715 --> 00:39:02,677 Namaste. 693 00:39:03,201 --> 00:39:04,002 Namaste. 694 00:39:04,302 --> 00:39:05,203 Namaste. 695 00:39:05,450 --> 00:39:06,367 Namaste. 696 00:39:06,582 --> 00:39:07,606 Namaste. 697 00:39:08,138 --> 00:39:09,039 Namaste. 698 00:39:10,551 --> 00:39:13,008 So, Dashain, it's a family affair. 699 00:39:13,069 --> 00:39:14,247 Yes, very much so. 700 00:39:14,308 --> 00:39:15,969 Dashain has ten main days 701 00:39:16,237 --> 00:39:19,698 and on the 10th day we congregate as a family, 702 00:39:20,176 --> 00:39:21,298 celebrating uh, 703 00:39:21,608 --> 00:39:24,034 the Gods' victory over, over the demons. 704 00:39:25,666 --> 00:39:26,982 According to Hindu mythology, 705 00:39:27,745 --> 00:39:29,781 there was a king named Mahishasura, 706 00:39:32,208 --> 00:39:34,655 who pleaded to Brahma, the god of creation, 707 00:39:35,305 --> 00:39:37,163 to grant him immortality. 708 00:39:39,232 --> 00:39:40,585 Brahma granted his wish, 709 00:39:41,681 --> 00:39:43,764 but later came to regret it... 710 00:39:46,720 --> 00:39:48,224 So the story goes that 711 00:39:48,467 --> 00:39:50,518 Mahishasura become a demon. 712 00:39:50,704 --> 00:39:51,912 So he turned to a bad guy. 713 00:39:51,973 --> 00:39:54,059 That's right. He turned into a real bad guy. 714 00:39:55,696 --> 00:39:57,756 Mahishasura raised a demon army 715 00:39:57,817 --> 00:39:59,693 and began attacking the gods. 716 00:40:01,621 --> 00:40:04,558 Like Lucifer, Christianity's fallen angel, 717 00:40:04,985 --> 00:40:07,644 he became an embodiment of evil. 718 00:40:15,269 --> 00:40:16,586 For two weeks each fall, 719 00:40:16,647 --> 00:40:19,349 Hindu families in Nepal come together in celebration. 720 00:40:20,954 --> 00:40:22,520 Here at Shankar Pandey's house, 721 00:40:22,581 --> 00:40:25,789 they are happily feasting and performing rituals. 722 00:40:26,454 --> 00:40:28,752 But the divine story behind Dashain; 723 00:40:29,255 --> 00:40:31,905 of a powerful demon attacking the Hindu gods... 724 00:40:32,379 --> 00:40:34,802 doesn't sound to me like a cause for celebration. 725 00:40:35,269 --> 00:40:37,411 Okay, now we're in this big battle. 726 00:40:37,471 --> 00:40:40,758 Nine days of battle, of fierce battle. 727 00:40:41,113 --> 00:40:44,150 The bad guy, however, is winning? 728 00:40:44,612 --> 00:40:46,914 Well he started troubling the Gods. 729 00:40:48,342 --> 00:40:51,037 Mahishasura had been made invincible. 730 00:40:51,805 --> 00:40:54,961 But the creator God Brahma had made one caveat... 731 00:40:57,802 --> 00:40:59,638 a woman could kill him. 732 00:41:00,593 --> 00:41:03,817 So the gods combined all their divine energies, 733 00:41:03,905 --> 00:41:07,986 to summon a fierce, 10-armed virgin goddess named Durga. 734 00:41:12,126 --> 00:41:15,891 Durga battled the demon Mahishasura for nine days. 735 00:41:20,028 --> 00:41:22,430 Finally, on the 10th day, 736 00:41:23,547 --> 00:41:24,605 she defeated him. 737 00:41:32,126 --> 00:41:34,910 But the Dashain festival is about more than simply 738 00:41:34,971 --> 00:41:37,349 remembering this victory of good over evil. 739 00:41:38,132 --> 00:41:41,250 It's a battle Shanker and many Nepalese Hindus 740 00:41:41,311 --> 00:41:44,238 imagine is taking place inside themselves. 741 00:41:44,891 --> 00:41:46,460 When you take the whole epic, 742 00:41:46,836 --> 00:41:48,499 and, and put it on to our self... 743 00:41:49,101 --> 00:41:51,090 When we feel all powerful, 744 00:41:51,344 --> 00:41:54,576 then there is a tendency of the demon, within us, 745 00:41:54,754 --> 00:41:56,513 to take precedence over our goodness... 746 00:41:56,850 --> 00:41:58,383 It's good over evil, 747 00:41:58,577 --> 00:42:01,114 but in essence we are fighting with ourselves. 748 00:42:05,959 --> 00:42:08,108 Most homes receive a visit from a priest 749 00:42:08,169 --> 00:42:09,726 for blessings with holy water. 750 00:42:10,437 --> 00:42:12,533 It's a reminder that there is at least 751 00:42:12,594 --> 00:42:14,454 a kernel of evil inside everyone 752 00:42:15,237 --> 00:42:17,116 and that it needs to be controlled. 753 00:42:17,511 --> 00:42:19,320 After the sprinkling of the holy waters. 754 00:42:19,381 --> 00:42:21,655 Now the second part of the function starts, 755 00:42:21,816 --> 00:42:24,812 which the priest will put the tika onto my mom. 756 00:42:27,869 --> 00:42:32,329 Receiving the tika bestows good fortune, health, long life. 757 00:42:32,865 --> 00:42:35,878 And it evokes supreme power within you. 758 00:42:38,831 --> 00:42:41,674 My mom was first because she's the eldest right, so we receive... 759 00:42:41,735 --> 00:42:42,507 You think so? 760 00:42:42,598 --> 00:42:43,887 I think so. 761 00:42:44,464 --> 00:42:46,045 -How old is your mom? -Eighty-six. 762 00:42:46,292 --> 00:42:47,617 Yep, she is. 763 00:42:47,678 --> 00:42:49,028 Because I, because I read about you. 764 00:42:49,089 --> 00:42:50,022 Ah! 765 00:42:59,894 --> 00:43:01,018 So this is tikka, 766 00:43:02,206 --> 00:43:06,771 vermilion powder, rice, grains, and yogurt... 767 00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:10,320 and this is the jamara. 768 00:43:10,891 --> 00:43:13,639 So you just to do this put it like this, yeah okay. 769 00:43:21,262 --> 00:43:24,456 And there is a belief that during this Dashain, 770 00:43:24,557 --> 00:43:27,380 that you need to lift your feet off the ground. 771 00:43:27,928 --> 00:43:30,682 Elevating your spirit above your baser tendencies, 772 00:43:31,196 --> 00:43:35,516 is both metaphorical and literal for the Nepalese during the Dashain. 773 00:43:36,210 --> 00:43:38,780 There is another aspect which I think you should see. 774 00:43:38,841 --> 00:43:40,526 There is this concept of uh, a swing; 775 00:43:40,727 --> 00:43:44,412 it's a bamboo swing that people erect in different parts of the city 776 00:43:44,473 --> 00:43:47,377 and uh villages and there is a belief that 777 00:43:47,438 --> 00:43:50,137 you need to lift your feet off the ground. 778 00:43:51,184 --> 00:43:52,072 To be airborne. 779 00:43:52,132 --> 00:43:53,397 -Airborne. -Exactly. 780 00:43:53,937 --> 00:43:55,560 So that frees your spirit 781 00:43:56,167 --> 00:43:58,834 and brings in all the good stuff to our soul. 782 00:44:05,937 --> 00:44:09,021 So do you believe that there is pure evil? 783 00:44:09,082 --> 00:44:10,154 Pure evil? 784 00:44:10,215 --> 00:44:12,087 You know, that's 100% evil is not possible. 785 00:44:12,526 --> 00:44:13,427 I don't think so. 786 00:44:13,880 --> 00:44:16,323 Some person is very good and someone is very bad. 787 00:44:16,446 --> 00:44:16,806 Right. 788 00:44:16,867 --> 00:44:19,690 But then every bad person also has goodness. 789 00:44:20,471 --> 00:44:21,264 Somewhere. 790 00:44:21,325 --> 00:44:24,838 Somewhere and if we can, if you can extrapolate that, 791 00:44:25,138 --> 00:44:26,433 and, and take it out and, 792 00:44:26,809 --> 00:44:29,255 and let him, I mean let the light come out 793 00:44:29,316 --> 00:44:30,843 so that the darkness goes away... 794 00:44:31,372 --> 00:44:33,928 Even if it is .001% there is light, 795 00:44:34,544 --> 00:44:36,361 and that... that is enough light 796 00:44:36,777 --> 00:44:39,710 to work towards eliminating darkness. 797 00:44:40,294 --> 00:44:41,190 Interesting. 798 00:44:41,583 --> 00:44:44,313 You don't believe that there is pure evil, 799 00:44:44,547 --> 00:44:45,992 that the devil stands alone. 800 00:44:46,053 --> 00:44:48,921 No, if you believe that God is omnipotent... 801 00:44:48,982 --> 00:44:50,740 that it is all his creation... 802 00:44:50,801 --> 00:44:53,840 so good and evil are just a way of teaching us. 803 00:45:13,394 --> 00:45:14,739 Okay, Morgan, you wanna try? 804 00:45:14,819 --> 00:45:16,626 -Okay what? -Be on the swing? 805 00:45:16,743 --> 00:45:18,322 On the swing. Lift yourself up, 806 00:45:18,528 --> 00:45:19,412 -lift your spirit. -Me? 807 00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:21,518 Yeah, it's safe, don't worry, it's safe. 808 00:45:22,935 --> 00:45:24,760 Okay. Alright. 809 00:45:25,731 --> 00:45:26,477 Okay. 810 00:45:28,151 --> 00:45:29,469 I'm not really afraid. 811 00:45:30,656 --> 00:45:31,195 Okay. 812 00:45:32,051 --> 00:45:32,742 Airborne. 813 00:45:35,838 --> 00:45:37,208 How high can I go? 814 00:45:41,707 --> 00:45:43,672 -Enjoying it? -Yes. 815 00:45:45,985 --> 00:45:48,102 Yeah, now lift up your spirit again. 816 00:45:48,176 --> 00:45:49,171 It should do that. 817 00:45:50,051 --> 00:45:52,286 I'm doing. Is that spirit lift? 818 00:45:54,301 --> 00:45:57,319 Watch the dismount now, watch the dismount. 819 00:46:06,629 --> 00:46:07,399 You know, 820 00:46:08,928 --> 00:46:11,098 seeing people's faces 821 00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:15,676 as they soar towards the heavens 822 00:46:16,123 --> 00:46:18,162 and celebrate the good inside them, 823 00:46:19,280 --> 00:46:21,585 makes one think of evil in a different way. 824 00:46:24,764 --> 00:46:27,375 The Devil allows us to test our willpower. 825 00:46:28,362 --> 00:46:30,820 He is the embodiment of what we must defeat, 826 00:46:31,730 --> 00:46:33,354 both out in the world 827 00:46:33,641 --> 00:46:35,188 and within our hearts. 828 00:46:36,131 --> 00:46:37,652 Striving to beat the Devil, 829 00:46:37,872 --> 00:46:39,782 has the power to uplift us, 830 00:46:40,316 --> 00:46:41,920 and bring us together. 831 00:46:44,438 --> 00:46:45,968 The Nepalese believe that 832 00:46:46,451 --> 00:46:49,215 there is evil even in the most saintly person 833 00:46:50,111 --> 00:46:52,601 and good in the most devilish. 834 00:46:54,001 --> 00:46:56,368 We should all make the choice 835 00:46:57,331 --> 00:46:58,394 to rise up 836 00:46:58,906 --> 00:47:01,072 and slay the demons inside us. 61768

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