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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,150 --> 00:00:05,350 NEVY��EN� D�JINY SPOJEN�CH ST�T� 2 00:00:06,350 --> 00:00:09,350 P�elo�ila September 3 00:00:41,042 --> 00:00:44,345 Div�ci cht�j� zalo�it sv� rozhodnut� na tom, 4 00:00:44,512 --> 00:00:47,281 v �em byste se od sebe jako prezidenti li�ili. 5 00:00:47,448 --> 00:00:49,083 Li��te se v n��em? 6 00:00:49,250 --> 00:00:51,252 Stoj�me p�ed z�sadn�m rozhodnut�m. 7 00:00:51,419 --> 00:00:56,023 Postav�me se k tomu �elem, jako jsme to ud�lali po 2. sv�tov� v�lce... 8 00:00:56,190 --> 00:00:59,150 ...jako to ud�lala generace hrdin�, kdy� �ekla: 9 00:00:59,220 --> 00:01:02,296 "Dobr�, Spojen� st�ty budou l�drem." 10 00:01:02,463 --> 00:01:04,630 A cel� sv�t t�il z t�to odvahy, 11 00:01:04,690 --> 00:01:07,630 kterou jsme prok�zali v on�ch pov�le�n�ch letech. 12 00:01:07,701 --> 00:01:11,670 Nejsem si tak jist�, �e �lohou USA je chodit po sv�t� a ��kat: 13 00:01:11,670 --> 00:01:13,340 "Bude to takhle." 14 00:01:13,507 --> 00:01:14,708 M��eme pom�hat. 15 00:01:14,875 --> 00:01:18,512 Mo�n� je to jen rozd�l v tom, jak vn�m�me vl�du. 16 00:01:18,679 --> 00:01:19,940 Podle m� je to podpora. 17 00:01:19,950 --> 00:01:22,110 Chci pomoci lidem, aby si pomohli sami... 18 00:01:22,180 --> 00:01:24,752 Ne vl�du, kter� lidem na�izuje, co maj� d�lat. 19 00:01:24,919 --> 00:01:26,480 Nemysl�m, �e je �lohou USA 20 00:01:26,650 --> 00:01:31,390 p�ij�t do n�jak� zem� a ��kat: "My to d�l�me takhle, vy byste m�li taky." 21 00:01:31,590 --> 00:01:34,490 Nejsem si jist�, jak to pan viceprezident myslel. 22 00:01:34,562 --> 00:01:36,290 Na�� �lohou je p�esv�d�it lidi, 23 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:38,966 co tam �ij�, aby si sami vybudovali sv�j n�rod. 24 00:01:39,133 --> 00:01:40,668 Mo�n� jsem to �patn� pochopil. 25 00:01:40,835 --> 00:01:43,971 To budeme m�t zvl�tn� jednotky ur�en� k budov�n� n�rod�? 26 00:01:44,138 --> 00:01:47,670 Rozhodn� ne. Posl�n�m na�� arm�dy je bojovat a vyhr�vat v�lky. 27 00:01:47,740 --> 00:01:48,876 To je jej�m ��elem. 28 00:01:49,043 --> 00:01:51,779 Kdy� ho roz����me, mor�lka upadne. 29 00:01:51,946 --> 00:01:54,682 Proto budu pou��vat vojenskou s�lu uv�liv�. 30 00:01:54,849 --> 00:01:57,310 Mus� se jednat o �ivotn� d�le�it� z�jem 31 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:59,787 a misi s jasn� dan�m c�lem a strategi�. 32 00:02:00,988 --> 00:02:05,793 Prezidentsk� volby v roce 2000 mezi Georgem Bushem a AI Gorem 33 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:10,097 p�edstavily Ameri�an�m dv� odli�n� vize budoucnosti. 34 00:02:10,264 --> 00:02:12,733 M�lokdo si pamatuje, �e p�esn� p�ed 100 lety 35 00:02:12,900 --> 00:02:17,004 byl americk� lid postaven p�ed podobnou volbu. 36 00:02:17,171 --> 00:02:21,542 M�l rozhodnout, zda Spojen� st�ty budou imp�riem. 37 00:02:21,709 --> 00:02:24,778 Republik�n William McKinley, jeho� vize budoucnosti 38 00:02:24,945 --> 00:02:27,615 spo��vala ve svobodn�m obchodu a z�mo�sk�m imp�riu... 39 00:02:27,781 --> 00:02:30,651 Za t�mto programem si stoj�me. 40 00:02:30,818 --> 00:02:33,854 Proti demokratu Williamu Jennings Bryanovi, 41 00:02:34,021 --> 00:02:36,457 kter� byl otev�en�m antiimperialistou. 42 00:02:36,624 --> 00:02:38,993 Um�m si p�edstavit osud n�roda... 43 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:41,162 Jen p�r lid� zaznamenalo t�et� volbu. 44 00:02:41,328 --> 00:02:45,132 Socialistick�ho kandid�ta Eugena V. Debse. 45 00:02:45,299 --> 00:02:49,403 Socialistick� hnut� se ���� po cel�m sv�t�. 46 00:02:49,570 --> 00:02:51,472 Socialistick� hnut� zastupovalo 47 00:02:51,639 --> 00:02:54,775 d�lnickou t��du v dob�, kdy to nikdo jin� ned�lal. 48 00:02:54,942 --> 00:02:58,412 Imp�rium pro n� znamenalo jedinou v�c. 49 00:02:58,579 --> 00:03:00,681 Vyko�is�ov�n�. 50 00:03:00,848 --> 00:03:04,418 ��aduj�c� prezident McKinley vyu�il s�l�c� ekonomiky 51 00:03:04,585 --> 00:03:08,322 a v�t�zstv� nad �pan�lskem v roce 1898. 52 00:03:08,489 --> 00:03:12,493 McKinley v��il, �e aby Amerika p�e�ila, mus� expandovat. 53 00:03:12,660 --> 00:03:14,895 Bryan, zn�m� jako "Prost� ob�an", 54 00:03:15,062 --> 00:03:17,731 nep��tel pr�myslov�ch magn�t� a bank���, 55 00:03:17,898 --> 00:03:21,635 byl p�esv�d�en, �e McKinleyho vize je cestou do z�huby. 56 00:03:21,802 --> 00:03:24,505 Vyj�d�il to slovy Thomase Jeffersona: 57 00:03:24,672 --> 00:03:26,507 Jedn�m z princip�, 58 00:03:26,674 --> 00:03:31,645 je� by m�l b�t zaryt hluboko v mysl�ch v�ech Ameri�an�, 59 00:03:31,812 --> 00:03:36,217 je skute�nost, �e bychom nem�li v�st dobyva�n� v�lky. 60 00:03:36,383 --> 00:03:38,852 Po anexi n�kolika z�mo�sk�ch koloni� 61 00:03:39,019 --> 00:03:43,724 � Filip�n, Guamu, Paga Paga, ostrov� Wake a Midway, 62 00:03:43,891 --> 00:03:45,993 Havaje a Portorika, 63 00:03:46,160 --> 00:03:49,096 a faktick� kontrole nad Kubou, 64 00:03:49,263 --> 00:03:54,602 se Spojen� st�ty chystaj� zpronev��it nejvz�cn�j��mu daru, kter� lidstvu p�inesly. 65 00:03:54,768 --> 00:03:57,238 Je rok 1900. 66 00:04:01,730 --> 00:04:06,730 Prvn� sv�tov� v�lka, revoluce v Rusku & Woodrow Wilson 67 00:04:19,793 --> 00:04:22,162 Zat�mco v�t�ina Ameri�an� si myslela, 68 00:04:22,329 --> 00:04:27,101 �e Spojen� st�ty ji� naplnily sv�j �d�l t�m, �e zabraly severoamerick� kontinent, 69 00:04:27,268 --> 00:04:30,371 William Henry Seward, ministr zahrani�� 70 00:04:30,537 --> 00:04:33,207 jak za Abrahama Lincolna, tak za Andrewa Johnsona, 71 00:04:33,374 --> 00:04:37,811 p�edstavil mnohem velkolep�j�� vizi americk�ho imp�ria. 72 00:04:37,978 --> 00:04:40,648 A�koliv sp�e selh�val, ne� �e by se mu da�ilo, 73 00:04:40,814 --> 00:04:43,083 stanovil si za c�l zisk Havaje, 74 00:04:43,250 --> 00:04:47,221 Kanady, Alja�ky, Panensk�ch ostrov�, ostrovu Midway 75 00:04:47,388 --> 00:04:51,825 a ��st� Santa Dominga, Haiti a Kolumbie. 76 00:04:51,992 --> 00:04:56,664 Velk� ��st tohoto snu se posl�ze skute�n� naplnila. 77 00:04:56,830 --> 00:05:00,701 Ale zat�mco Seward snil, evropsk� imp�ria jednala. 78 00:05:00,868 --> 00:05:04,238 Brit�nie �la v posledn�ch 30 letech p��kladem 79 00:05:04,405 --> 00:05:09,343 a ovl�dla 12,3 mili�n� �tvere�n�ch kilometr� �zem�, 80 00:05:09,510 --> 00:05:13,013 tedy mnohem v�ce ne� cel� Spojen� st�ty dohromady. 81 00:05:13,180 --> 00:05:14,548 Stejn� jako ��man�, 82 00:05:14,715 --> 00:05:19,720 i Britov� v��ili, �e jejich posl�n�m je civilizovat lidstvo. 83 00:05:19,887 --> 00:05:24,558 Francie p�idala dal��ch 9 mili�n� �tvere�n�ch kilometr�. 84 00:05:25,859 --> 00:05:30,130 N�mecko � vzhledem k tomu, �e za�alo pozd�ji � pouze 2,6 mili�nu. 85 00:05:33,033 --> 00:05:36,136 Upadalo jen �pan�lsk� imp�rium. 86 00:05:38,572 --> 00:05:42,543 V roce 1878 evropsk� imp�ria a jejich b�val� kolonie 87 00:05:42,710 --> 00:05:46,647 ovl�daly 67% zemsk�ho povrchu. 88 00:05:46,814 --> 00:05:51,285 A v roce 1914 pak ohromuj�c�ch 84%. 89 00:05:52,386 --> 00:05:57,291 Kolem roku 1890 si Evropan� rozd�lili 90% Afriky. 90 00:06:03,764 --> 00:06:04,898 Palte! 91 00:06:07,868 --> 00:06:12,906 Lv� pod�l p�ipadl Belgii, Brit�nii, Francii a N�mecku. 92 00:06:16,210 --> 00:06:19,413 Spojen� st�ty se dychtiv� sna�ily dohnat ztracen� �as 93 00:06:19,580 --> 00:06:23,317 a a�koliv imp�rium znamenalo pro v�t�inu Ameri�an�, 94 00:06:23,484 --> 00:06:25,986 v�t�inou imigrant�, nep��telsk� koncept, 95 00:06:26,153 --> 00:06:29,423 nastala �ra nenasytn�ch magn�t�. 96 00:06:32,993 --> 00:06:36,430 Konkr�tn� se jednalo o skupinu aristokracie zvanou "�ty�i sta" 97 00:06:36,597 --> 00:06:41,769 s obrovsk�mi s�dly, soukrom�mi arm�dami a nespo�tem slu�ebn�ch. 98 00:06:41,935 --> 00:06:45,539 Mu�i jako J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller 99 00:06:45,706 --> 00:06:48,742 a William Randolph Hearst m�li obrovskou moc. 100 00:06:55,616 --> 00:06:59,987 Kapitalistickou t��du stra�ily vize revolucion���, 101 00:07:00,154 --> 00:07:03,657 kte�� utvo�ili v roce 1871 Pa��skou komunu, 102 00:07:03,824 --> 00:07:09,363 a podobn� radik�ln� vize se za�aly objevovat i ve Spojen�ch st�tech. 103 00:07:09,530 --> 00:07:12,633 K �emu jsou proslovy? Ty nic nezm��ou. 104 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:14,701 Stejn� tak pamflety. 105 00:07:14,868 --> 00:07:17,871 - My mus�me jednat. - Ano! 106 00:07:18,038 --> 00:07:20,474 Vtrhneme do pa��sk�ch ulic. 107 00:07:20,641 --> 00:07:23,710 Oni maj� bajonety, my m�me no�e. 108 00:07:25,078 --> 00:07:28,882 T�mto radik�l�m - komunard�m se ��kalo "komunist�" 109 00:07:29,049 --> 00:07:35,456 t�m�� 50 let p�ed ruskou revoluc� v roce 1917. 110 00:07:35,622 --> 00:07:42,095 �elezni�n� imp�rium Jaye Goulda (24 tis�c km) zt�les�ovalo to nejhor��, co �ra magn�t� p�in�ela. 111 00:07:42,262 --> 00:07:46,934 Jednalo se z�ejm� o nejnen�vid�n�j��ho mu�e v Americe, kter� se chv�stal, 112 00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:51,939 �e by mohl najmout polovinu d�lnick� t��dy, aby pozab�jela tu druhou. 113 00:07:55,175 --> 00:07:59,546 Panika, kterou vyvolal na Wall Street �ern� p�tek, 114 00:07:59,713 --> 00:08:02,850 zp�sobila do t� doby nejv�t�� ekonomickou krizi. 115 00:08:03,016 --> 00:08:08,355 Tov�rny, hut� a doly byly hromadn� zav�r�ny po cel� zemi. 116 00:08:08,522 --> 00:08:10,290 �ty�i mili�ny d�ln�k� ztratilo pr�ci. 117 00:08:11,124 --> 00:08:12,826 Nezam�stnanost dos�hla 20%. 118 00:08:13,927 --> 00:08:17,064 Americk� �elezni�n� odbory, veden� Eugenem Debsem, 119 00:08:17,231 --> 00:08:22,035 reagovaly na propou�t�n� a sni�ov�n� plat� 120 00:08:22,202 --> 00:08:25,272 uzav�en�m �elezni�n�ch tras. 121 00:08:25,280 --> 00:08:28,675 Feder�ln� voj�ci byli posl�ni, aby podpo�ili �elezni�n� magn�ty. 122 00:08:28,842 --> 00:08:33,080 Des�tky d�ln�k� byly zabity a Debs str�vil 6 m�s�c� ve v�zen�. 123 00:08:33,247 --> 00:08:37,417 Socialist�, odbory a reformist� doma 124 00:08:37,584 --> 00:08:40,988 protestovali, �e kapitalistick� model cyklick�ch depres� 125 00:08:41,154 --> 00:08:45,125 je zp�soben tzv. podspot�ebou d�lnick� t��dy. 126 00:08:45,292 --> 00:08:49,363 Jacob Riis �okoval n�rod sv�mi pr�kopnick�mi sn�mky, 127 00:08:49,530 --> 00:08:53,901 dokumentuj�c�mi b�du newyorsk� chudiny. 128 00:08:54,868 --> 00:08:59,773 V�dci d�lnick� t��dy po�adovali, aby se bohatstv� p�erozd�lovalo doma, 129 00:08:59,940 --> 00:09:03,310 a pracuj�c� si tak mohli dovolit kupovat zbo�� 130 00:09:03,477 --> 00:09:06,280 z americk�ch farem a tov�ren. 131 00:09:06,747 --> 00:09:08,815 Ale "�ty�i sta" oligarch� 132 00:09:08,982 --> 00:09:12,219 to pova�ovalo za formu socialismu. 133 00:09:12,386 --> 00:09:15,255 Tvrdili, �e v�ichni se budou m�t l�pe, 134 00:09:15,422 --> 00:09:18,759 kdy� budou Spojen� st�ty soupe�it s ostatn�mi imp�rii 135 00:09:18,926 --> 00:09:20,894 a ovl�dnou sv�tov� obchod 136 00:09:21,061 --> 00:09:25,599 a cizinci zkonzumuj� rostouc� p�ebytek. 137 00:09:25,766 --> 00:09:29,503 Zisk podle nich le�el v zahrani�n�m obchodu. 138 00:09:29,670 --> 00:09:32,706 Hlavn� cenou byla ��na. 139 00:09:32,873 --> 00:09:35,475 Aby mohly USA vstoupit na tento obrovsk� trh, 140 00:09:35,642 --> 00:09:40,170 pot�ebovaly modern�, parou poh�n�n� n�mo�nictvo a z�kladny po cel�m sv�t�, 141 00:09:40,340 --> 00:09:43,240 aby mohly soupe�it s britsk�m imp�riem, 142 00:09:43,410 --> 00:09:45,852 kter� ovl�dalo p��stav v Hong Kongu. 143 00:09:46,019 --> 00:09:51,024 Rusko, Japonsko, Francie a N�mecko se tam sna�ily dostat tak�. 144 00:09:51,191 --> 00:09:55,162 Byznysmeni za�ali tla�it na vybudov�n� kan�lu skrz st�edn� Ameriku, 145 00:09:55,329 --> 00:09:58,432 je� by pomohl otev��t dve�e do Asie. 146 00:09:58,599 --> 00:10:05,238 V tomto klimatu glob�ln�ho soupe�en� Spojen� st�ty v roce 1898 anektovaly Havaj. 147 00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:08,408 T�m�� sto let pot� 148 00:10:08,575 --> 00:10:12,212 se Kongres USA omluvil domorod�m Havajan�m za to, 149 00:10:12,379 --> 00:10:16,850 �e byli zbaveni sv�ho pr�va na sebeur�en�. 150 00:10:18,986 --> 00:10:22,456 Kuba, le��c� asi 160 km od pob�e�� Floridy, 151 00:10:22,623 --> 00:10:25,559 se vzbou�ila proti zkorumpovan� �pan�lsk� vl�d� 152 00:10:25,726 --> 00:10:30,197 a �pan�l� reagovali tak, �e uv�znili v�t�inu populace 153 00:10:30,364 --> 00:10:34,201 do koncentra�n�ch t�bor�, kde jich 95 tis�c onemocn�lo a zem�elo. 154 00:10:35,469 --> 00:10:39,172 Jak se konflikt za�al vyost�ovat, mocn� bank��i a byznysmeni 155 00:10:39,339 --> 00:10:43,710 jako Morgan a Rockefeller, kte�� na ostrov� investovali mili�ny, 156 00:10:43,877 --> 00:10:47,881 po�adovali, aby prezident reagoval a ochr�nil jejich z�jmy. 157 00:10:48,048 --> 00:10:53,754 Prezident McKinley vyslal do p��stavu v Havan� k�i�n�k USS Maine jako sign�l �pan�l�m, 158 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:58,558 �e USA dohl�� na sv� z�jmy. 159 00:11:06,566 --> 00:11:11,972 Jedn� �norov� tropick� noci v roce 1898, kdy teploty dosahovaly a� 38 stup��, 160 00:11:15,409 --> 00:11:20,781 lo� n�hle explodovala a 254 n�mo�n�k� bylo zabito, 161 00:11:20,947 --> 00:11:23,984 �dajn� jako n�sledek �pan�lsk� sabot�e. 162 00:11:24,151 --> 00:11:28,622 Americk� bulv�rn� den�ky reprezentovan� magn�tem Williamem Randolphem Hearstem, 163 00:11:28,789 --> 00:11:34,928 vyvolaly bou�livou reakci a vytvo�ily atmosf�ru volaj�c� po v�lce. 164 00:11:35,095 --> 00:11:37,197 P�ed �ten��i nem�me ��dn� tajemstv�. 165 00:11:37,364 --> 00:11:40,167 Pan Thatcher je jedn�m z nejv�rn�j��ch �ten���. 166 00:11:40,333 --> 00:11:44,071 V� o ka�d� chyb� v Inquireru pot�, co jsem ho p�evzal. �t�te. 167 00:11:44,237 --> 00:11:46,306 "D�vky kr�sn� na Kub�. Stop. 168 00:11:46,473 --> 00:11:48,775 Mohl bych b�snit o zdej�� krajin�, 169 00:11:48,942 --> 00:11:51,011 ale nechci pl�tvat va�imi pen�zi. Stop. 170 00:11:51,178 --> 00:11:54,780 Na Kub� ��dn� v�lka nen�." Podepsan� Wheeler. Chcete odpov�d�t? 171 00:11:54,940 --> 00:11:58,819 Ano. "Drah� Wheelere, postarej se o b�sni�ky, j� zajist�m v�lku." 172 00:11:58,985 --> 00:12:02,589 Den�ky hl�saly: "Vzpome�te na Maine. K �ertu se �pan�lskem!" 173 00:12:02,756 --> 00:12:07,461 Mili�ny to �etly v p�esv�d�en�, �e �pan�lsko, upadaj�c� katolick� velmoc, 174 00:12:07,627 --> 00:12:11,665 je schopno jak�hokoliv podl�ho triku, jen aby z�stalo imp�riem. 175 00:12:11,832 --> 00:12:15,068 Kdy� McKinley vyhl�sil v�lku, Hearst si p�ivlastnil z�sluhy. 176 00:12:15,235 --> 00:12:17,604 "Jak se v�m l�b� Novin��sk� v�lka?" 177 00:12:17,771 --> 00:12:21,240 �pan�lsko-americk� v�lka, z n� nejvzpom�nan�j�� 178 00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:25,040 je bitva u San Juan Hill veden� Teddym Rooseveltem, 179 00:12:25,210 --> 00:12:27,180 trvala 3 m�s�ce. 180 00:12:27,347 --> 00:12:31,618 Ministr zahrani�� John Hay ji ozna�il za "skv�lou malou v�lku". 181 00:12:31,785 --> 00:12:37,090 Z t�m�� 5500 mrtv�ch Ameri�an�, jich pouze kolem 400 zahynulo v boji. 182 00:12:37,257 --> 00:12:40,393 Zbytek podlehl nemocem. 183 00:12:41,695 --> 00:12:44,564 �estn�ctilet� Smedley Darlington Butler 184 00:12:44,731 --> 00:12:47,501 lhal o sv�m v�ku a zapsal se k mari��k�m. 185 00:12:47,667 --> 00:12:51,800 Stane se jedn�m z nejzn�m�j��ch americk�ch v�le�n�ch hrdin� 186 00:12:51,970 --> 00:12:53,770 a z�sk� dv� Medaile cti 187 00:12:53,930 --> 00:12:57,577 za kari�ru, kter� p�edznamen� osud cel� Ameriky. 188 00:13:00,247 --> 00:13:04,584 Po v�t�zstv� ameri�t� byznysmeni vtrhli do zem� a zabrali, co mohli. 189 00:13:04,751 --> 00:13:08,121 V podstat� p�em�nili Kubu v protektor�t. 190 00:13:08,288 --> 00:13:12,859 United Fruit Company zabrala 8 tis�c �tvere�n�ch km na produkci cukru. 191 00:13:13,026 --> 00:13:17,590 Do roku 1901 vlastnila Bethlehem Steel a ostatn� americk� spole�nosti 192 00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:19,266 80% kub�nsk�ch nerost�. 193 00:13:22,702 --> 00:13:25,500 O v�ce ne� 70 let pozd�ji, v roce 1976 194 00:13:25,670 --> 00:13:29,709 odhalilo ofici�ln� vy�et�ov�n� proveden� n�mo�nictvem, 195 00:13:30,343 --> 00:13:34,381 �e nejpravd�podobn�j�� p���inou potopen� k�i�n�ku Maine 196 00:13:34,548 --> 00:13:38,251 byl bojler, kter� explodoval v d�sledku tropick�ch veder 197 00:13:38,418 --> 00:13:42,956 a zp�sobil explozi muni�n�ho skladu. 198 00:13:43,890 --> 00:13:46,910 Stejn� jako v p��pad� Vietnamu a dvou v�lek v Ir�ku 199 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:51,190 Spojen� st�ty reagovaly na z�klad� nepravdiv�ch informac� 200 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:53,667 a �ly do v�lky, proto�e cht�ly. 201 00:13:54,267 --> 00:13:59,206 P�ed Spojen�mi st�ty opojen�mi v�t�zstv�m v�ak le�el mnohem v�t�� probl�m. 202 00:13:59,372 --> 00:14:05,712 Z�skaly od �pan�l� obrovskou, ale zaostalou zemi daleko na v�chod�. 203 00:14:05,879 --> 00:14:07,447 Filip�ny, 204 00:14:07,614 --> 00:14:12,252 kter� byly pova�ov�ny za ide�ln� zast�vku k dopln�n� z�sob pro lod� pluj�c� do ��ny. 205 00:14:12,686 --> 00:14:18,258 Stejn� jako invaze do Bagd�du v roce 2003 i zde boje za�aly �sp�n�. 206 00:14:18,792 --> 00:14:25,365 Komodor George Dewey zni�il �pan�lskou flotilu v manilsk� z�toce v kv�tnu 1898. 207 00:14:25,532 --> 00:14:27,334 Jeden antiimperialista poznamenal: 208 00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:32,606 "Dewey zabral Manilu se ztr�tou jednoho mu�e a ve�ker�ch na�ich instituc�." 209 00:14:32,772 --> 00:14:37,244 Liga antiimperialist�, zalo�en� v roce 1898 v Bostonu, 210 00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:42,549 se sna�ila zabr�nit anexi Filip�n a Portorika. 211 00:14:42,716 --> 00:14:46,720 Mezi jej� �leny pat�il i Mark Twain, kter� polo�il proslulou ot�zku: 212 00:14:46,887 --> 00:14:49,956 M�me ty, kdo �ij� v temnot�, 213 00:14:50,123 --> 00:14:56,396 nad�le obda�ovat svou civilizac�, anebo m�me t�m ubo��k�m d�t pokoj? 214 00:14:56,563 --> 00:14:59,099 Prezident McKinley tento n�zor nesd�lel 215 00:14:59,266 --> 00:15:01,334 a rozhodl se nakonec pro anexi. 216 00:15:01,501 --> 00:15:05,438 Nem�li jsme jinou mo�nost, ne� se Filip�nc� ujmout, 217 00:15:05,605 --> 00:15:08,942 pozdvihnout je, civilizovat je, pok�es�an�tit je 218 00:15:09,109 --> 00:15:12,212 a s Bo�� milost� pro n� ud�lat to nejlep��, co m��eme, 219 00:15:12,379 --> 00:15:16,650 jako pro na�e bratry, nebo� i pro n� Kristus zem�el. 220 00:15:16,816 --> 00:15:18,785 McKinley ignoroval skute�nost. 221 00:15:18,952 --> 00:15:21,450 Pod plamenn�m veden�m Emilia Aguinalda 222 00:15:21,620 --> 00:15:24,758 si Filip�nci zalo�ili svou vlastn� republiku 223 00:15:24,925 --> 00:15:28,628 pot�, co se v roce 1899 osvobodili ze �pan�lsk�ho podru��, 224 00:15:28,795 --> 00:15:33,600 a stejn� jako kub�n�t� povstalci o�ek�vali, �e ji Spojen� st�ty uznaj�. 225 00:15:33,767 --> 00:15:37,771 To v�ak sv�ho spojence p�ecenili a museli znovu bojovat. 226 00:15:37,938 --> 00:15:42,275 P�i jednom protestu padlo v ulic�ch Manily n�kolik Ameri�an�. 227 00:15:42,842 --> 00:15:46,980 Americk� bulv�rn� den�ky volaly po pomst� proti barbar�m. 228 00:15:48,515 --> 00:15:52,352 Mu�en�, v�etn� waterboardingu, se stalo rutinou. 229 00:15:52,519 --> 00:15:56,723 Do povstalc� nebo "na�ich sn�d�ch brat���k�", jak jim p�ezd�vali, 230 00:15:56,890 --> 00:16:03,296 lili slanou vodu, a� byli nafoukl� jako ��by, jen aby je p�im�li mluvit. 231 00:16:03,463 --> 00:16:05,131 Jeden voj�k napsal dom�: 232 00:16:05,298 --> 00:16:07,167 V�ichni jsme cht�li zab�jet negry. 233 00:16:07,334 --> 00:16:10,737 Kam se na tohle st��len� lid� hrabe lov kr�l�k�. 234 00:16:11,571 --> 00:16:14,107 Byla to v�lka pln� zv�rstev. 235 00:16:14,274 --> 00:16:17,744 Kdy� povstalci p�epadli americk� jednotky na ostrov� Samar, 236 00:16:17,911 --> 00:16:21,614 plukovn�k Jacob Smith rozk�zal zab�t ka�d�ho nad 10 let 237 00:16:21,781 --> 00:16:25,185 a p�em�nit ostrov v pustinu. 238 00:16:26,586 --> 00:16:30,423 Z t�to partyz�nsk� v�lky, kter� trvala t�i a p�l roku, 239 00:16:30,590 --> 00:16:32,926 se dom� nevr�tilo 4 tis�ce voj�k�. 240 00:16:33,093 --> 00:16:35,495 Dvacet tis�c partyz�n� bylo zabito 241 00:16:35,662 --> 00:16:40,667 a dal��ch 200 tis�c civilist� zahynulo, mnoho z nich na choleru. 242 00:16:40,834 --> 00:16:43,430 Ale d�ky p�ekroucen�m zpr�v�m v tisku 243 00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,000 se Ameri�an� doma ut�ovali my�lenkou, 244 00:16:46,170 --> 00:16:49,542 �e ���� civilizaci mezi zaostal� lidi. 245 00:16:49,709 --> 00:16:52,779 Americk� spole�nost se d�ky t�to v�lce stala bezcitn�j��. 246 00:16:52,946 --> 00:16:56,449 Tato nov� doktr�na anglosask� nad�azenosti 247 00:16:56,616 --> 00:17:02,155 ospravedlnila rod�c� se imp�rium a nav�c zm�nila spole�ensk� vztahy doma, 248 00:17:02,322 --> 00:17:08,294 kde ji�an�t� rasist� uchyluj�c� se k podobn�m argument�m za�ehli kampa� 249 00:17:08,461 --> 00:17:11,965 proti v�dobytk�m americk� ob�ansk� v�lky 250 00:17:12,132 --> 00:17:18,204 a prosadili p�ijet� tzv. z�kon� Jima Crowa zalo�en�ch na nad�azenosti b�l� rasy a segregaci. 251 00:17:19,005 --> 00:17:22,809 V ��n� podobn� touha po nez�vislosti 252 00:17:22,976 --> 00:17:27,113 vedla roku 1900 k tzv. Boxersk�mu povst�n�. 253 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:29,816 Nacionalisticky sm��lej�c� ���an� povstali 254 00:17:29,983 --> 00:17:33,820 a zu�iv� vyh�n�li mision��e a ciz� n�jezdn�ky. 255 00:17:33,987 --> 00:17:36,723 McKinley poslal 5 tis�c americk�ch voj�k�, 256 00:17:36,890 --> 00:17:41,027 aby pomohli Evropan�m a Japonc�m porazit povstalce. 257 00:17:41,194 --> 00:17:43,997 Nadporu��k Smedley Butler se ��astnil invaze 258 00:17:44,164 --> 00:17:48,802 a vedl sv� mari��ky do Pekingu, kde byl sv�dkem toho, 259 00:17:48,968 --> 00:17:51,504 jak v�t�zn� Evropan� zach�zej� s ���any. 260 00:17:51,671 --> 00:17:53,373 Byl znechucen. 261 00:17:57,477 --> 00:18:01,948 Stejn� jako v roce 2008 i v roce 1900 se volby konaly v dob�, 262 00:18:02,115 --> 00:18:05,085 kdy byly americk� jednotky rozpt�leny v mnoha zem�ch. 263 00:18:05,251 --> 00:18:09,289 V tomto p��pad� v ��n�, na Kub� a Filip�n�ch. 264 00:18:09,456 --> 00:18:13,126 A p�esto McKinley, t��c� ze slavn�ho v�t�zstv� nad �pan�lskem, 265 00:18:13,293 --> 00:18:17,530 porazil Bryana s je�t� v�t��m n�skokem ne� v roce 1896. 266 00:18:17,697 --> 00:18:21,768 Socialistu Eugena Debse s m�n� ne� 1% sotva kdo zaregistroval. 267 00:18:21,935 --> 00:18:26,139 Ameri�an� zjevn� podporovali McKinleyho vizi imp�ria. 268 00:18:26,306 --> 00:18:28,808 M� draz� spoluob�an�, 269 00:18:28,975 --> 00:18:32,212 ud�losti posledn�ch dn� apeluj� na n� vlasteneck�... 270 00:18:32,378 --> 00:18:34,114 Na vrcholu sv� popularity 271 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:39,352 byl McKinley v roce 1901 zavra�d�n anarchistou. 272 00:18:39,519 --> 00:18:45,592 �to�n�k si st�oval na americk� zv�rstva na Filip�n�ch. 273 00:18:45,758 --> 00:18:47,627 Nov� prezident Theodore Roosevelt, 274 00:18:47,794 --> 00:18:51,530 je�t� otev�en�j�� imperialista, pokra�oval v jeho politice. 275 00:18:52,031 --> 00:18:54,934 Postav� kan�l v Panam�, Teddy? 276 00:18:55,101 --> 00:18:58,030 Vykopu ho vlastn�ma rukama, pokud budu muset. 277 00:18:59,772 --> 00:19:03,042 Roosevelt zorganizoval revoluci v Panam�, 278 00:19:03,209 --> 00:19:05,512 kolumbijsk� provincii, 279 00:19:05,678 --> 00:19:08,748 a s nov� jmenovanou panamskou vl�dou uzav�el smlouvu 280 00:19:08,915 --> 00:19:11,384 o pron�jmu p�sma pr�plavu, 281 00:19:11,551 --> 00:19:16,122 ��m� z�skal stejn� pr�va intervence, jak� si USA vynutily na Kub�. 282 00:19:17,524 --> 00:19:22,729 Kan�l byl s velk�mi obt�emi postaven a otev�en v roce 1914. 283 00:19:22,896 --> 00:19:27,260 V n�sleduj�c�ch letech bude americk� n�mo�n� p�chota opakovan� vys�l�na, 284 00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:31,504 aby chr�nila americk� obchodn� z�jmy v tzv. ban�nov�ch republik�ch, 285 00:19:31,671 --> 00:19:36,643 pova�ovan�ch za zaostal�, je� pot�ebuj� vl�du brut�ln�ch dikt�tor�, 286 00:19:36,809 --> 00:19:42,916 kte�� jsou schopni donutit m�stn� d�ln�ky a roln�ky, aby slou�ili americk�m obchodn�m z�jm�m. 287 00:19:43,082 --> 00:19:46,920 M�m c�lem je ochr�nit americk� ob�any 288 00:19:47,086 --> 00:19:50,390 a americk� z�jmy kdykoliv a kdekoliv jsou ohro�ov�ny. 289 00:19:53,760 --> 00:20:00,300 Kuba, Honduras, Nikaragua, 290 00:20:00,466 --> 00:20:06,339 Dominik�nsk� republika, Haiti, Panama, 291 00:20:06,506 --> 00:20:09,842 Guatemala, Mexiko. 292 00:20:10,009 --> 00:20:13,346 Americk� okupace �asto trvala roky. 293 00:20:13,513 --> 00:20:15,982 N�kdy desetilet�. 294 00:20:16,149 --> 00:20:19,852 Nikdo nem�l s invazemi do ciz�ch zem� v�ce zku�enost� 295 00:20:20,019 --> 00:20:24,490 ne� Smedley Butler, nyn� gener�lmajor n�mo�n� p�choty. 296 00:20:24,657 --> 00:20:27,960 Jeho mu�i ho zbo��ovali a p�ezd�vali mu "Pronikav� pohled" 297 00:20:27,970 --> 00:20:29,963 po zran�n�, kter� utrp�l v Hondurasu. 298 00:20:30,129 --> 00:20:33,366 A na konci sv� dlouh� a vysoce oce�ovan� kari�ry 299 00:20:33,533 --> 00:20:37,103 uva�oval nad l�ty str�ven�mi v uniform�. 300 00:20:37,270 --> 00:20:41,407 Str�vil jsem 33 let a 4 m�s�ce v aktivn� vojensk� slu�b� 301 00:20:41,574 --> 00:20:46,279 jako �len nejhbit�j�� vojensk� s�ly t�to zem�, N�mo�n� p�choty. 302 00:20:46,446 --> 00:20:50,984 Pro�el jsem v�emi hodnostmi od poru��ka a� po gener�lmajora. 303 00:20:51,150 --> 00:20:55,188 A b�hem t� doby jsem nejv�ce �asu tr�vil jako vysoce postaven� rana� 304 00:20:55,355 --> 00:20:59,525 pro velk� byznys, Wall Street a bank��e. 305 00:20:59,692 --> 00:21:04,197 Jednodu�e �e�eno, byl jsem gauner, gangster kapitalismu. 306 00:21:04,364 --> 00:21:06,699 Stejn� jako v�t�ina voj�k�, 307 00:21:06,866 --> 00:21:10,136 jsem neza�al samostatn� p�em��let, dokud jsem neode�el. 308 00:21:10,303 --> 00:21:16,576 Pom�hal jsem ud�lat Mexiko a zejm�na Tampico bezpe�n� pro americk� ropn� z�jmy v roce 1914. 309 00:21:16,743 --> 00:21:19,379 Pomohl jsem u�init z Haiti a Kuby decentn� m�sto 310 00:21:19,545 --> 00:21:22,548 pro chlapce z National City Bank, aby tam vyb�rali v�nosy. 311 00:21:22,715 --> 00:21:26,419 Pom�hal jsem zn�silnit p�l tuctu republik ve St�edn� Americe 312 00:21:26,586 --> 00:21:28,354 ve prosp�ch Wall Streetu. 313 00:21:28,521 --> 00:21:31,291 Seznam t�ch gaunersk�ch skutk� je dlouh�. 314 00:21:31,457 --> 00:21:33,092 Pom�hal jsem o�istit Nikaraguu 315 00:21:33,259 --> 00:21:37,830 pro bankovn� d�m Brown Brothers v letech 1902-1912. 316 00:21:37,997 --> 00:21:43,136 P�inesl jsem sv�tlo do Dominik�nsk� republiky pro z�jmy americk�ho cukrovarnictv� v roce 1916. 317 00:21:43,303 --> 00:21:49,208 V ��n� jsem roku 1927 pomohl vy�lapat cestu Standard Oilu, kter� do n� expandoval nik�m neobt�ov�n. 318 00:21:49,375 --> 00:21:54,547 B�hem t�ch let jsem z�skal, jak by chlapci ze z�kulis� �ekli, "par�dn� k�eft." 319 00:21:54,714 --> 00:21:58,718 Kdy� se na to zp�tn� pod�v�m, mohl jsem Al Caponemu d�t p�r rad. 320 00:21:58,885 --> 00:22:01,421 On ��dil p�inejlep��m ve t�ech okresech. 321 00:22:01,587 --> 00:22:03,956 J� operoval na t�ech kontinentech. 322 00:22:05,325 --> 00:22:10,096 Tato otev�en� zpov�� p�i�la Butlera draho, 323 00:22:10,263 --> 00:22:14,067 kdy� ho p�i povy�ov�n� vel�c�ch d�stojn�k� p�esko�ili 324 00:22:14,233 --> 00:22:19,439 a on N�mo�n� p�chotu v roce 1931 po vz�jemn�ch sporech opustil. 325 00:22:25,244 --> 00:22:27,680 Butler ��kal �e "v�lka je k�eft". 326 00:22:27,847 --> 00:22:33,453 A prvn� sv�tov� v�lka pat�ila mezi nejpochmurn�j�� epizody v historii. 327 00:22:36,022 --> 00:22:41,260 M�n� zn�mou skute�nost� je, �e v p�edve�er prvn� sv�tov� v�lky 328 00:22:41,427 --> 00:22:44,731 se banky britsk�ho imp�ria ocitly v krizi. 329 00:22:44,897 --> 00:22:48,334 Britsk� ekonomick� model, zalo�eny na vybrakov�n� 330 00:22:48,501 --> 00:22:51,771 ekonomik jin�ch ��st� sv�ta nam�sto 331 00:22:51,938 --> 00:22:56,676 investov�n� do dom�c� v�roby, za�al selh�vat. 332 00:22:56,843 --> 00:23:00,346 Deprese cyklicky p�ich�zela a odch�zela. 333 00:23:01,647 --> 00:23:04,951 Naproti tomu nov� sjednocen� N�meck� c�sa�stv� 334 00:23:05,118 --> 00:23:07,954 �lo p��kladem n�rod�m kontinent�ln� Evropy, 335 00:23:08,121 --> 00:23:12,058 kdy� p�e�lo od syst�mu voln�ho obchodu k ochran��sk�m opat�en�m, 336 00:23:12,225 --> 00:23:15,895 kter� podporovala r�st dom�c� pr�myslov� z�kladny, 337 00:23:16,062 --> 00:23:18,765 je� nebude tak z�visl� na kolonizaci. 338 00:23:18,931 --> 00:23:21,334 N�mecko za��nalo b�t konkurenceschopn� 339 00:23:21,501 --> 00:23:26,672 v produkci oceli, elektrick� energie, �eleza, uhl�, textilu, i v chemick�m pr�myslu a zem�d�lstv�. 340 00:23:26,839 --> 00:23:30,343 Banky a �eleznice se rozr�staly a v bitv� o ropu, 341 00:23:30,510 --> 00:23:34,847 nejnov�j�� strategickou surovinu, kter� byla nutn� k poh�n�n� n�mo�n�ch lod�, 342 00:23:35,014 --> 00:23:39,519 za��nala n�meck� obchodn� flotila rychle doh�n�t tu britskou. 343 00:23:39,685 --> 00:23:44,390 Anglie, nyn� siln� z�visl� na dovozu ropy ze Spojen�ch st�t� a Ruska, 344 00:23:44,557 --> 00:23:47,760 se zoufale sna�ila naj�t zdroje na St�edn�m v�chod�, 345 00:23:47,927 --> 00:23:51,798 je� byl sou��st� rozpadaj�c� se Osmansk� ��e. 346 00:23:51,964 --> 00:23:55,368 A kdy� N�mci za�ali budovat �eleznici pro dopravu t�to ropy 347 00:23:55,535 --> 00:24:00,239 z Bagd�du do Berl�na d�ky jejich spojenectv� s Osmanskou ���, 348 00:24:00,406 --> 00:24:02,108 Brit�nie s t�m siln� nesouhlasila. 349 00:24:02,275 --> 00:24:06,512 Z�jmy jejich imp�ria v Egypt� a Indii byly ohro�eny. 350 00:24:06,679 --> 00:24:10,450 Obrovsk� nepokoje na Balk�n�, zvl�t� pak v Srbsku, 351 00:24:10,616 --> 00:24:15,288 zabr�nily dokon�en� �eleznice. 352 00:24:15,455 --> 00:24:17,990 Vlastn� to byla jedna drobn� poty�ka v Srbsku, 353 00:24:18,157 --> 00:24:21,860 kter� nastartovala �et�z ud�lost� vedouc�ch k prvn� sv�tov� v�lce, 354 00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:27,060 kdy� byl arciv�voda Franti�ek Ferdinand, n�sledn�k rakousko-uhersk�ho tr�nu, 355 00:24:27,230 --> 00:24:30,600 spolu se svou �enou zavra�d�n v ulic�ch Sarajeva 356 00:24:30,660 --> 00:24:32,071 parn�ho l�ta v roce 1914. 357 00:24:32,738 --> 00:24:38,311 Situace se rychle zhor�ovala a s�rie spojenectv� 358 00:24:38,478 --> 00:24:40,980 mezi soupe��c�mi ekonomick�mi imp�rii 359 00:24:41,147 --> 00:24:44,550 vedla k do t� doby nejhor�� v�lce v d�jin�ch lidstva. 360 00:24:48,221 --> 00:24:50,320 Byla to jatka od za��tku do konce, 361 00:24:50,490 --> 00:24:53,993 pro ve�ejnost zcela nep�edstaviteln�ch rozm�r�. 362 00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:57,163 V prvn� bitv� na Marn� v roce 1915 363 00:24:57,330 --> 00:25:02,635 Britov�, Francouzi i N�mci utrp�li ka�d� 500 tis�c ob�t�. 364 00:25:02,802 --> 00:25:04,837 D�lka v�lky p�ed�ila v�echna o�ek�v�n�. 365 00:25:05,505 --> 00:25:10,409 Jedin� den krvav� bitvy na Somm� st�l Brit�nii 60 tis�c mrtv�ch. 366 00:25:10,576 --> 00:25:13,746 Francie a N�mecko zaznamenaly t�m�� mili�n ob�t� 367 00:25:13,913 --> 00:25:15,848 b�hem bitvy u Verdunu v roce 1916. 368 00:25:21,587 --> 00:25:26,792 Francie, kter� opakovan� na�izovala sv�m voj�k�m �to�it i pod palbou kulomet� a d�lost�electva, 369 00:25:26,959 --> 00:25:31,197 p�i�la o polovinu mlad�ch mu�� ve v�ku 15-30 let. 370 00:25:35,201 --> 00:25:39,272 N�mecko jako prvn� �sp�n� pou�ilo bojov� plyny v bitv� u Ypres 371 00:25:39,438 --> 00:25:45,678 v dubnu 1915, kter� zas�hly francouzsk� voj�ky v z�kopech o d�lce 6,5 km. 372 00:25:47,013 --> 00:25:51,117 The Washington Post uvedl, �e francouz�t� voj�ci propadli ��lenstv� 373 00:25:51,284 --> 00:25:57,790 nebo skonali tr�znivou smrt� udu�en�m, jejich t�la z�ernala, zezelenala nebo ze�loutla. 374 00:25:57,957 --> 00:26:01,394 Britov� provedli odvetn� �tok plynem v z��� u Loosu, 375 00:26:01,561 --> 00:26:05,360 ale v�tr se oto�il a plyn se vr�til k britsk�m z�kop�m 376 00:26:05,530 --> 00:26:08,935 a zp�sobil, �e britsk�ch ob�t� bylo v�ce ne� t�ch n�meck�ch. 377 00:26:09,101 --> 00:26:13,539 V roce 1917 N�mecko pou�ilo je�t� ��inn�j�� yperitov� plyn 378 00:26:13,706 --> 00:26:16,375 proti Brit�m op�t u m�sta Ypres. 379 00:26:17,443 --> 00:26:20,112 Spisovatel Henry James napsal: 380 00:26:20,279 --> 00:26:22,148 P�d lidstva 381 00:26:22,315 --> 00:26:25,384 do t�to propasti krve a temnoty 382 00:26:25,551 --> 00:26:30,590 je n�co, co promar�uje celou tu dlouhou dobu, 383 00:26:30,756 --> 00:26:36,829 b�hem n� jsme si mysleli, �e se sv�t bude postupn� zlep�ovat. 384 00:26:52,311 --> 00:26:54,847 Woodrow Wilson byl zt�lesn�n�m 385 00:26:55,014 --> 00:26:59,385 tohoto p�edv�le�n�ho ide�lu nad�je v civilizaci, o n� Henry James mluvil. 386 00:26:59,552 --> 00:27:04,123 Poprv� byl zvolen prezidentem v roce 1912, proto�e odr�el solidaritu Ameri�an� 387 00:27:04,290 --> 00:27:08,761 v��i Spojenc�m - Brit�nii, Francii, It�lii, Japonsku a Rusku, 388 00:27:08,928 --> 00:27:14,166 proti Centr�ln�m mocnostem - N�mecku, Rakousku-Uhersku a Turecku. 389 00:27:14,333 --> 00:27:16,435 Ale do v�lky se nezapojil s vysv�tlen�m: 390 00:27:16,602 --> 00:27:18,237 Mus�me b�t neutr�ln�, 391 00:27:18,404 --> 00:27:23,776 proto�e jinak na�e sm�en� obyvatelstvo povede v�lku jeden proti druh�mu. 392 00:27:23,943 --> 00:27:29,081 V roce 1916 byl znovuzvolen se sloganem: "Udr�el n�s mimo v�le�nou v�avu." 393 00:27:29,248 --> 00:27:31,984 Brzy ale toto rozhodnut� p�ehodnot�. 394 00:27:32,151 --> 00:27:33,886 Wilson byl zaj�mav�m mu�em. 395 00:27:34,053 --> 00:27:36,222 Byl prezidentem univerzity v Princetonu 396 00:27:36,389 --> 00:27:37,657 a guvern�rem New Jersey. 397 00:27:37,823 --> 00:27:41,460 Jako potomek presbyteri�nsk�ch duchovn�ch z obou v�tv� rodiny 398 00:27:41,627 --> 00:27:47,600 byl siln� moralistick� a n�kdy a� bohorovn� zatvrzel�. 399 00:27:47,767 --> 00:27:51,504 Sd�lel vizi Ameriky jako glob�ln�ho mision��e 400 00:27:51,671 --> 00:27:56,409 vn�ej�c�ho demokracii i do zem�, kter� ji nejsou ochotny p�ijmout. 401 00:27:56,575 --> 00:28:01,547 Sd�lel tak� n�zor sv�ch ji�ansk�ch p�edk� na nad�azenost b�l� rasy 402 00:28:01,714 --> 00:28:05,317 a podnikal kroky k obnoven� segregace feder�ln� vl�dy. 403 00:28:05,484 --> 00:28:10,256 Kdy� se ho na to delegace Afroameri�an� dot�zala, odpov�d�l: 404 00:28:10,423 --> 00:28:14,894 Segregace nen� pon�en�m, n�br� p��nosem. 405 00:28:16,262 --> 00:28:19,365 Star� antiimperialista William Jennings Bryan, 406 00:28:19,532 --> 00:28:22,168 kter� byl Wilsonov�m ministrem zahrani��, 407 00:28:22,334 --> 00:28:26,205 se sna�il udr�et neutr�ln� postoj Ameriky v��i v�lce. 408 00:28:26,372 --> 00:28:29,041 Ale Wilson odm�tl jeho snahy zak�zat americk�m ob�an�m 409 00:28:29,208 --> 00:28:32,812 cestovat na lod�ch v�l��c�ch st�t�. 410 00:28:33,913 --> 00:28:36,982 Brit�nie, kter� ji� t�m�� 100 let ovl�dala Atlantik 411 00:28:37,149 --> 00:28:39,985 d�ky sv� mimo��dn� n�mo�n� s�le, 412 00:28:40,152 --> 00:28:43,122 zah�jila blok�du severn� Evropy. 413 00:28:43,289 --> 00:28:46,792 N�mecko to oplatilo vysoce ��inn�m ponorkov�m ta�en�m, 414 00:28:46,959 --> 00:28:51,397 kter�, jak se zd�lo, vych�lilo pom�r n�mo�n�ch sil. 415 00:28:51,564 --> 00:28:57,336 V kv�tnu 1915 n�meck� ponorka potopila britsk� parn�k Lusitania, 416 00:28:57,503 --> 00:29:02,308 kde zahynulo 1200 lid�, v�etn� 128 Ameri�an�. Byl to �ok. 417 00:29:02,475 --> 00:29:07,480 Zn�ly hlasy, aby se Amerika zapojila do v�lky, ale i p�es po��te�n� odm�t�n� odpov�dnosti 418 00:29:07,646 --> 00:29:12,210 se nakonec zjistilo, �e lo� skute�n� poru�ila z�kony o neutralit� 419 00:29:12,380 --> 00:29:14,553 a vezla do Brit�nie velk� n�klad zbran�. 420 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:18,724 Bryan po�adoval, aby Wilson odsoudil britskou blok�du N�mecka, 421 00:29:18,891 --> 00:29:24,263 stejn� jako n�meck� �toky, nebo� oboj� pova�oval za poru�en� neutr�ln�ch pr�v. 422 00:29:24,430 --> 00:29:29,068 Kdy� to Wilson odm�tl, Bryan na protest rezignoval. 423 00:29:29,235 --> 00:29:34,030 Wilson nab�val st�le siln�j��ho p�esv�d�en�, �e pokud se USA nezapoj� do v�lky, 424 00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:37,476 bude jim odep�ena role p�i pov�le�n�m utv��en� sv�ta. 425 00:29:38,043 --> 00:29:41,347 V lednu 1917 dramaticky pronesl 426 00:29:41,514 --> 00:29:44,150 prvn� ofici�ln� projev v Sen�tu 427 00:29:44,316 --> 00:29:46,352 od dob George Washingtona. 428 00:29:46,519 --> 00:29:48,454 Volal po m�ru bez v�t�zstv� 429 00:29:48,621 --> 00:29:52,424 zalo�en�m na kl��ov�ch americk�ch principech - sebeur�en�, 430 00:29:52,591 --> 00:29:57,963 svobody mo�� a otev�en�m sv�t� bez svazuj�c�ch alianc�. 431 00:29:58,130 --> 00:30:01,267 Centrem takov�ho sv�ta m�la b�t Spole�nost n�rod�, 432 00:30:01,433 --> 00:30:03,736 kter� by zaji��ovala m�r. 433 00:30:03,903 --> 00:30:06,572 Wilson�v idealismus v�dy budil podez�en�, 434 00:30:06,739 --> 00:30:11,277 proto�e byl opakovan� podr�v�n jeho politikou. 435 00:30:11,443 --> 00:30:17,550 Americk� neutralita byla v t�to v�lce ve skute�nosti sp�e principem ne� prax�. 436 00:30:18,284 --> 00:30:21,620 J.P. Morgan, spolu s Rockefellerem a jeho spole�nost� Standard Oil 437 00:30:21,787 --> 00:30:26,959 byli dv�ma tit�ny americk�ho finan�nictv� ji� od ob�ansk� v�lky. 438 00:30:27,126 --> 00:30:32,798 Morgan zem�el v roce 1913, ale jeho syn J. P. Morgan, Jr. efektivn� slou�il 439 00:30:32,965 --> 00:30:35,568 jako americk� bank�� britsk�mu imp�riu 440 00:30:35,734 --> 00:30:40,372 mezi roky 1915-1917, kdy� Spojen� st�ty vstoupily do v�lky. 441 00:30:41,307 --> 00:30:44,210 Zpo��tku Spojen� st�ty nedovolovaly bank�m 442 00:30:44,376 --> 00:30:46,412 poskytovat p�j�ky v�l��c�m stran�m, 443 00:30:46,579 --> 00:30:50,416 nebo� by to zpochybnilo Amerikou proklamovanou neutralitu. 444 00:30:50,583 --> 00:30:56,555 Ale v z��� 1915 Wilson zm�nil n�zor. 445 00:30:56,722 --> 00:31:02,695 A ten sam� m�s�c Morgan p�j�il Brit�nii a Francii 500 mili�n� dolar�. 446 00:31:02,862 --> 00:31:09,068 Do roku 1917 si britsk� ministerstvo v�lky p�j�ilo 2,5 miliardy dolar� 447 00:31:09,235 --> 00:31:13,105 od Morgana a dal��ch americk�ch bank na Wall Streetu. 448 00:31:13,272 --> 00:31:17,142 N�mecku bylo p�j�eno pouze 27 mili�nu dolar�. 449 00:31:17,309 --> 00:31:22,014 V roce 1919 Brit�nie dlu�ila Spojen�m st�t�m 450 00:31:22,181 --> 00:31:28,921 ohromuj�c� sumu 4,7 miliardy dolar�. P�epo�teno na dne�n� dolary 61 miliard. 451 00:31:29,088 --> 00:31:34,059 Morgan se tak� stal v�hradn�m n�kup��m pro britsk� imp�rium v USA, 452 00:31:34,226 --> 00:31:36,862 uzav�el obchody ve v��i 20 mili�n� dolar� 453 00:31:37,029 --> 00:31:40,666 a z ka�d�ho zbo�� si ��toval 2% provizi, 454 00:31:40,833 --> 00:31:47,300 p�i�em� zv�hod�oval sv� p��tele jako nap�. Dupont Chemical, Remington a Winchester Arms. 455 00:31:48,073 --> 00:31:51,477 Socialista Eugene Debs neust�le nal�hal na d�ln�ky, 456 00:31:51,644 --> 00:31:53,913 aby se postavili proti v�lce: 457 00:31:54,079 --> 00:31:59,010 Nechte kapitalisty, a� si sv� boje bojuj� sami a jejich mrtvoly a� le�� na boji�ti, 458 00:31:59,180 --> 00:32:02,554 a ��dn� v�lka u� nikdy nepat�� sv�tlo sv�ta. 459 00:32:04,156 --> 00:32:07,520 A� u� za t�m st�ly finan�n� �i idealistick� d�vody, 460 00:32:07,690 --> 00:32:13,632 Woodrow Wilson v dubnu 1917 po��dal Kongres o vyhl�en� v�lky: 461 00:32:13,799 --> 00:32:16,702 "Sv�t mus� b�t bezpe�n� pro demokracii." 462 00:32:16,869 --> 00:32:21,540 Proti hlasovalo �est sen�tor�, v�etn� Roberta La Follette z Wisconsinu, 463 00:32:21,707 --> 00:32:24,009 a 50 �len� Sn�movny reprezentant�, 464 00:32:24,176 --> 00:32:29,915 v�etn� Jeanette Rankinov� z Montany, v�bec prvn� �eny zvolen� do Kongresu. 465 00:32:30,082 --> 00:32:33,352 Oponenti ozna�ovali Wilsona za n�stroj Wall Streetu. 466 00:32:33,519 --> 00:32:37,050 "P�id�v�me si na americkou vlajku znamen� dolaru," 467 00:32:37,220 --> 00:32:40,993 �ekl respektovan� sen�tor George Norris z Nebrasky. 468 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:45,097 I p�es ve�kerou snahu opozice se Wilsonovi jeho p��n� splnilo. 469 00:32:50,936 --> 00:32:54,673 Navzdory tomu, �e vl�da ��dala mili�n dobrovoln�k�, 470 00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:58,844 zpr�vy o hr�z�ch z�kopov� v�lky oslabovaly nad�en� 471 00:32:59,011 --> 00:33:03,782 a za prvn�ch �est t�dn� se p�ihl�silo jen 73 tis�c mu��, 472 00:33:03,949 --> 00:33:07,753 co� donutilo Kongres na��dit odvod. 473 00:33:13,726 --> 00:33:18,998 Po��tkem roku 1918 se zd�lo, �e by Centr�ln� mocnosti mohly vyhr�t 474 00:33:19,164 --> 00:33:21,533 a porazit Spojence, 475 00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:26,038 co� by zanechalo americk� bank��e v hlubok� finan�n� propasti. 476 00:33:26,205 --> 00:33:30,642 Amerika za�ala k financov�n� v�lky vyd�vat tzv. "dluhopisy svobody" 477 00:33:30,809 --> 00:33:33,545 a i pokrokov� sm��lej�c� l�d�i 478 00:33:33,712 --> 00:33:38,784 jako John Dewey a Walter Lippmann, se postavili na stranu Wilsona. 479 00:33:38,951 --> 00:33:42,521 Byli to republik�ni ze St�edoz�padu jako La Follette a Norris, 480 00:33:42,688 --> 00:33:48,293 kte�� pochopili, �e v�lka je posledn�m h�eb��kem do rakve dom�c�m reform�m. 481 00:33:48,460 --> 00:33:50,529 A Kongres to potvrdil, kdy� p�ijal 482 00:33:50,696 --> 00:33:54,133 jedny z nejrepresivn�j��ch z�kon� v d�jin�ch zem� 483 00:33:54,299 --> 00:33:59,671 - z�kon o �pion�i z roku 1917 a z�kon o pobu�ov�n� z roku 1918, 484 00:33:59,838 --> 00:34:05,344 kter� omezovaly svobodu projevu a vytv��ely atmosf�ru netolerance. 485 00:34:05,511 --> 00:34:08,280 Univerzitn� profeso�i, kte�� nesouhlasili s v�lkou, 486 00:34:08,447 --> 00:34:11,316 bu� ustra�en� ml�eni, nebo byli vyhozeni. 487 00:34:14,787 --> 00:34:16,280 Stovky lid� byly uv�zn�ny, 488 00:34:16,350 --> 00:34:21,160 v�etn� v�dce odborov� organizace Pr�myslov� d�ln�ci sv�ta Billa Haywooda. 489 00:34:21,326 --> 00:34:27,466 Eugene Debs opakovan� protestoval, a� byl nakonec v �ervnu 1918 zat�en. 490 00:34:27,633 --> 00:34:29,268 Po celou historii se v�lky 491 00:34:29,435 --> 00:34:34,940 vedly kv�li dob�v�n� a loupen�. A tato dv� slova jsou stru�nou definic� v�lky. 492 00:34:35,107 --> 00:34:38,310 Vl�dnouc� t��da v�lky v�dy vyhla�ovala. 493 00:34:38,477 --> 00:34:41,413 Pod��zen� t��da v nich bojovala. 494 00:34:41,580 --> 00:34:45,284 Ne� byl odsouzen, pronesl v soudn� s�ni v�mluvn� projev. 495 00:34:45,451 --> 00:34:48,387 Va�e Ctihodnosti, ji� p�ed lety mi do�lo, 496 00:34:48,554 --> 00:34:53,258 �e jsem sp��zn�n se v�emi �iv�mi bytostmi a do�el jsem k z�v�ru, 497 00:34:53,425 --> 00:34:57,296 �e nejsem ani o chlup lep�� ne� ti nejhor�� na sv�t�. 498 00:34:57,463 --> 00:35:03,869 �ekl jsem tehdy a ��k�m to i nyn�, �e dokud existuje n�jak� ni��� t��da, pat��m do n� i j�. 499 00:35:04,036 --> 00:35:06,638 Dokud existuje krimin�ln� �ivel, jsem j�m i j�. 500 00:35:06,805 --> 00:35:11,977 Dokud je ve v�zen� �iv� du�e, nejsem svoboden. 501 00:35:12,144 --> 00:35:15,747 Debs byl odsouzen k deseti let�m v�zen�. 502 00:35:15,914 --> 00:35:20,352 Odsed�l si t�i, od roku 1919 do roku 1921. 503 00:35:20,519 --> 00:35:22,087 S Wilsonov�m svolen�m 504 00:35:22,254 --> 00:35:25,991 ministerstvo spravedlnosti zni�ilo Pr�myslov� d�ln�ky sv�ta, 505 00:35:26,158 --> 00:35:31,363 zat�mco n�kte�� Ameri�an� pochodovali do v�lky za zvuk� p�sn� "Over There". 506 00:35:37,769 --> 00:35:41,440 Odbor��i odpov�d�li parodi� na p�se� "Kup�edu, k�es�an�t� voj�ci" 507 00:35:41,607 --> 00:35:45,110 nazvanou "K�es�an� ve v�lce", kter� kon�ila slovy: 508 00:35:45,277 --> 00:35:50,048 "Do historie se zap�ete jako sme�ka bohem zatracen�ch bl�zn�." 509 00:35:53,785 --> 00:35:56,655 165 odborov�ch p�ed�k� bylo ob�alov�no 510 00:35:56,822 --> 00:35:59,725 ze spiknut� k ma�en� odvod� a podporov�n� dezerce. 511 00:36:00,292 --> 00:36:03,529 Bill Haywood uprchl do revolu�n�ho Ruska. 512 00:36:03,695 --> 00:36:05,764 Ostatn� ho n�sledovali. 513 00:36:06,698 --> 00:36:09,601 N�me�t� Ameri�an� byli vy�le�ov�ni ze spole�nosti. 514 00:36:09,768 --> 00:36:14,206 �koly, z nich mnoh� po�adovaly po u�itel�ch p��sahy v�rnosti, 515 00:36:14,373 --> 00:36:15,974 vy�krtly n�m�inu z osnov 516 00:36:16,141 --> 00:36:20,679 a orchestry vypustily ze sv�ch reperto�r� n�meck� skladatele. 517 00:36:20,846 --> 00:36:24,800 Stejn� jako xenofobov� v Kongresu p�ejmenovali "French fries" 518 00:36:24,810 --> 00:36:25,918 na hranolky svobody 519 00:36:26,084 --> 00:36:32,124 v reakci na francouzsk� protesty proti invazi do Ir�ku v roce 2003, 520 00:36:32,291 --> 00:36:36,595 i b�hem prvn� sv�tov� v�lky byly hamburgery p�ejmenov�ny na sendvi�e svobody, 521 00:36:36,762 --> 00:36:39,164 "sauerkraut" (kysan� zel�) na zel� svobody, 522 00:36:39,331 --> 00:36:44,970 "German measles" (zard�nky) na "liberty measles" a n�me�t� ov��ci na policejn� psy. 523 00:36:50,943 --> 00:36:54,040 V�le�n� l�ta p�inesla dosud nev�dan� propojen� 524 00:36:54,110 --> 00:36:55,948 vl�dy a velk�ch korporac� 525 00:36:56,114 --> 00:37:00,986 s c�lem stabilizovat ekonomiku, z�skat kontrolu nad neomezenou sout�� 526 00:37:01,153 --> 00:37:04,356 a zaru�it zisky zbroja��m, 527 00:37:04,523 --> 00:37:08,393 kter�m se n�kdy p�ezd�valo obchodn�ci se smrt�. 528 00:37:08,560 --> 00:37:14,066 Americk� jednotky do Evropy dorazily a� po v�ce ne� roce od vyhl�en� v�lky 529 00:37:14,233 --> 00:37:18,203 v kv�tnu 1918, �est m�s�c� p�ed koncem v�lky, 530 00:37:18,370 --> 00:37:23,242 a pomohly obkl��en�m francouzsk�m sil�m zvr�tit bitvu na Marn�. 531 00:37:23,408 --> 00:37:26,011 P��tomnost americk�ch voj�k� a jejich techniky 532 00:37:26,178 --> 00:37:30,849 m�la ohromn� psychologick� efekt na v�voj v�lky. 533 00:37:36,455 --> 00:37:39,591 A demoralizovala N�mce, kte�� kone�n� kapitulovali. 534 00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:46,331 Dlouh� a bez�t�n� v�lka skon�ila 11. 11. 1918. 535 00:37:55,707 --> 00:37:58,010 Ztr�ty byly ohromuj�c�. 536 00:37:58,176 --> 00:38:01,740 Ze 2 mili�n� americk�ch voj�k�, kte�� dorazili do Francie, 537 00:38:01,910 --> 00:38:05,284 jich 116 tis�c zem�elo a 204 tis�c bylo zran�no. 538 00:38:05,450 --> 00:38:09,087 Evropsk� ztr�ty byly nade v�e ch�p�n�. 539 00:38:09,254 --> 00:38:14,259 Odhaduj� se a� na 8 mili�n� voj�k� a 6 a� 10 mili�n� civilist�. 540 00:38:15,160 --> 00:38:17,896 V�t�inou z d�vodu nemoc� a hladomoru. 541 00:38:19,398 --> 00:38:21,266 Ale stejn� jako v druh� sv�tov� v�lce 542 00:38:21,433 --> 00:38:24,503 nikdo netrp�l v�c ne� Rusov� 543 00:38:24,670 --> 00:38:28,473 s 1,7 mili�nem mrtv�ch a t�m�� 5 mili�ny zran�n�ch. 544 00:38:30,475 --> 00:38:33,845 Ti, kte�� p�e�ili, �ili v nov�m uspo��d�n� sv�ta. 545 00:38:34,012 --> 00:38:38,684 Brit�nie, Francie byly siln� oslabeny. N�meck� c�sa�stv� se rozpadlo. 546 00:38:38,850 --> 00:38:42,754 Rakousko-uhersk� c�sa�stv�, trvaj�c� v�ce ne� 50 let, 547 00:38:42,921 --> 00:38:47,159 se rozpadlo, co� vedlo k chaotick� restrukturalizaci v�chodn� Evropy. 548 00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:51,096 A velk�, v�cejazy�n� Osmansk� ��e obydlen� Araby, 549 00:38:51,263 --> 00:38:54,700 Turky, Kurdy, Arm�ny, muslimy, k�es�any a �idy, 550 00:38:54,866 --> 00:38:59,738 trvaj�c� 600 let, se nyn� rozpadala. 551 00:38:59,905 --> 00:39:04,843 V Rusku tajemn� skupina revolucion���, zvan�ch bol�evici, 552 00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:10,515 slibuj�c� lidem p�du, chl�b a m�r, p�evzala moc v ��jnu 1917 553 00:39:10,682 --> 00:39:13,185 ve zruinovan� ��i cara Mikul�e II., 554 00:39:13,352 --> 00:39:16,822 kter� ztratil v krveprolit� prvn� sv�tov� v�lky svou arm�du 555 00:39:16,988 --> 00:39:20,125 a spolu s n� d�v�ru jak voj�k�, tak d�ln�k�, 556 00:39:20,292 --> 00:39:23,190 kte�� u� m�li po krk brutality v�lky. 557 00:39:24,029 --> 00:39:29,460 Bol�evici se velmi siln� inspirovali n�mecko-�idovsk�m intelektu�lem Karlem Marxem, 558 00:39:29,530 --> 00:39:33,170 kter� volal po soci�ln� a ekonomick� rovnosti lid�. 559 00:39:33,330 --> 00:39:38,477 A okam�it� zah�jili reorganizaci rusk� spole�nosti od sv�ch z�klad�. 560 00:39:38,643 --> 00:39:42,681 Zn�rodnili banky, p�erozd�lili p�du roln�k�m, 561 00:39:42,848 --> 00:39:48,086 sv��ili vl�du nad tov�rnami d�ln�k�m a zkonfiskovali c�rkevn� majetek. 562 00:39:48,253 --> 00:39:52,824 A v b�eznu 1918, osm m�s�c� p�ed koncem v�lky 563 00:39:52,991 --> 00:39:57,562 a t�m�� dva m�s�ce p�ed vstupem USA do Francie, 564 00:39:57,729 --> 00:40:01,390 uzav�el Vladim�r Lenin m�rovou smlouvu s N�meckem, 565 00:40:01,460 --> 00:40:03,935 ��m� st�hl rusk� voj�ky z v�lky. 566 00:40:04,102 --> 00:40:06,505 Woodrow Wilson a Spojenci zu�ili. 567 00:40:12,310 --> 00:40:16,480 Bol�evici slibovali, �e zni�� star� tajn�stk��sk� zp�soby 568 00:40:16,640 --> 00:40:21,219 kapitalismu a imperialismu a odhod� je na smeti�t� d�jin. 569 00:40:21,386 --> 00:40:24,022 Slibovali sv�tovou revoluci 570 00:40:24,189 --> 00:40:29,227 a n�sledovala povst�n� v Budape�ti, Mnichov� a Berl�n�. 571 00:40:29,394 --> 00:40:35,000 St�le p�e��vaj�c� evropsk� imp�ria, Belgie, Brit�nie a Francie, se ot��sla. 572 00:40:35,167 --> 00:40:39,371 Nic od dob Velk� francouzsk� revoluce p�ed 125 lety 573 00:40:39,538 --> 00:40:43,608 Evropou tak siln� neot��slo a nep�ineslo tak velk� zm�ny. 574 00:40:51,917 --> 00:40:54,900 Vlna nad�je, inspirovan� ruskou revoluc�, 575 00:40:54,910 --> 00:41:00,792 zachv�tila kolonizovan� a utiskovan� lidi na �esti kontinentech. 576 00:41:00,959 --> 00:41:03,428 Jedn�m bezosty�n�m �inem Rud� garda 577 00:41:03,595 --> 00:41:07,190 vybrakovala b�val� ministerstvo zahrani�� a zve�ejnila, co na�la: 578 00:41:07,265 --> 00:41:11,303 Spletenec tajn�ch dohod mezi evropsk�mi Spojenci, 579 00:41:11,470 --> 00:41:16,842 rozd�luj�c� pov�le�nou mapu Evropy na v�lu�n� z�ny vlivu. 580 00:41:17,843 --> 00:41:21,980 Stejn� jako Spojen� st�ty p�i zve�ejn�n� diplomatick�ch depe�� 581 00:41:22,147 --> 00:41:25,884 v roce 2010 v kauze WikiLeaks, 582 00:41:26,051 --> 00:41:30,655 i Spojenci byli pobou�eni t�mto poru�en�m star�ho diplomatick�ho protokolu, 583 00:41:30,822 --> 00:41:33,558 kter� odhalilo, jak plan� bylo 584 00:41:33,725 --> 00:41:38,029 vol�n� Woodrowa Wilsona po pov�le�n�m sebeur�en� n�rod�. 585 00:41:40,465 --> 00:41:44,703 Wilson, �okov�n Leninov�mi �iny, si tedy ji� byl v�dom 586 00:41:44,870 --> 00:41:49,641 tajn�ch francouzsko-anglick�ch dohod a byl jimi znechucen. 587 00:41:50,141 --> 00:41:52,677 I p�esto v�ak poslal americk� jednotky 588 00:41:52,844 --> 00:41:55,947 bojovat za francouzsk� a britsk� imp�rium. 589 00:41:57,540 --> 00:42:00,940 RUSK� OB�ANSK� V�LKA 1918-1923 590 00:42:02,087 --> 00:42:06,791 Konzervativn� kontrarevoluce proti bol�evik�m byla zu�iv�. 591 00:42:06,958 --> 00:42:11,229 Jednotliv� arm�dy �to�ily na nov� Rusko ze v�ech stran. 592 00:42:11,396 --> 00:42:15,066 Domorod� Rusov�, Koz�ci, �eskoslovensk� legie, 593 00:42:15,233 --> 00:42:18,837 Srbov�, �ekov�, Pol�ci na z�pad�, 594 00:42:19,004 --> 00:42:24,476 Francouzi na Ukrajin� a k tomu n�jak�ch 70 tis�c Japonc� na D�ln�m v�chod�. 595 00:42:26,177 --> 00:42:30,248 V reakci na to Lev Trockij, dal�� z p�edstavitel� revoluce, 596 00:42:30,415 --> 00:42:35,754 tvrdou rukou sestavil Rudou arm�du ��taj�c� p�ibli�n� 5 mili�n� mu��. 597 00:42:35,754 --> 00:42:38,150 NASEDN�TE NA KON�. D�LN�CI A ROLN�CI! 598 00:42:38,150 --> 00:42:41,750 RUD� KAVALERIE JE Z�RUKOU V�T�ZSTV�! 599 00:42:43,128 --> 00:42:47,933 P��mo�ar�, ale vlivn� exlord admirality Winston Churchill �ekl: 600 00:42:48,099 --> 00:42:52,103 "Bol�evismus je t�eba zadusit u� v kol�bce." 601 00:42:52,270 --> 00:42:55,774 Odhadem 40 tis�c britsk�ch voj�k� dorazilo do Ruska. 602 00:42:55,941 --> 00:43:01,046 N�kte�� byli um�st�ni na Kavkaze, aby chr�nili z�soby ropy v Baku. 603 00:43:01,212 --> 00:43:04,082 A�koliv v�t�ina boj� skon�ila do roku 1920, 604 00:43:04,249 --> 00:43:08,620 lo�iska odporu p�e��vala a� do roku 1923. 605 00:43:08,787 --> 00:43:12,691 Jako p�edzv�st toho, co bude n�sledovat o 60 let pozd�ji, 606 00:43:12,857 --> 00:43:17,329 p�etrv�val odpor muslim� ve st�edn� Asii a� do 30. let. 607 00:43:17,495 --> 00:43:21,099 Wilson zpo��tku v�hal, zda se p�idat k invazn�m sil�m, 608 00:43:21,266 --> 00:43:25,070 nebo� odm�tal my�lenku svr�en� nov�ho re�imu. 609 00:43:25,236 --> 00:43:28,673 Nakonec tam ale poslal v�ce ne� 13 tis�c americk�ch voj�k� 610 00:43:28,840 --> 00:43:32,410 a pom�hal vyzbrojit a financovat protibol�evick� s�ly. 611 00:43:32,577 --> 00:43:35,647 Robert La Follette v Sen�tu tento �in odsoudil 612 00:43:35,814 --> 00:43:38,516 jako v�sm�ch Wilsonovu idealismu. 613 00:43:39,384 --> 00:43:43,221 Aby sebral kontrarevolucion���m jejich �ivouc� symbol, 614 00:43:43,388 --> 00:43:49,027 na��dil Lenin v �ervenci 1918, v ostr�m kontrastu k p�edv�le�n�m pom�r�m, 615 00:43:49,194 --> 00:43:53,298 popravu cara a jeho rodiny. 616 00:43:53,465 --> 00:43:57,260 Rodina, kter� se byla nucena uch�lit se do vyhnanstv�, 617 00:43:57,330 --> 00:44:01,373 byla zast�elena a brut�ln� dobita bajonety ve sklepen�ch. 618 00:44:01,539 --> 00:44:04,943 Leninova tajn� policie, �eka, �sp�n� zlikvidovala 619 00:44:05,110 --> 00:44:07,812 mnoho zb�vaj�c�ch nep��tel bol�evismu. 620 00:44:07,979 --> 00:44:13,318 Zv�sti o rud�m teroru, �asto zveli�ovan�, se donesly a� na Z�pad, 621 00:44:13,485 --> 00:44:18,080 a kdy� Wilson povolil americk�m jednotk�m z�stat v Rusku a� do roku 1920, 622 00:44:18,250 --> 00:44:21,660 hluboce to zas�hlo po��tky americko-rusk�ho vztahu. 623 00:44:21,826 --> 00:44:24,062 Spojen� st�ty neuznaly sov�tsk� Rusko 624 00:44:24,229 --> 00:44:28,833 a� do prezidentstv� Franklina Roosevelta v roce 1933. 625 00:44:31,703 --> 00:44:36,808 Kdy� Wilson v prosinci 1918 dorazil na m�rovou konferenci do Pa��e, 626 00:44:36,975 --> 00:44:40,011 obklopily ho davy nad�en�ch p��znivc�. 627 00:44:40,178 --> 00:44:41,646 Dva mili�ny v Pa��i. 628 00:44:41,813 --> 00:44:43,081 Kdy� p�ijel do ��ma, 629 00:44:43,248 --> 00:44:47,519 byly ulice podle antick� tradice posyp�ny zlat�m p�skem. 630 00:44:47,686 --> 00:44:51,556 Italov� ho prohla�ovali za "boha m�ru". 631 00:44:51,723 --> 00:44:56,995 12. ledna 1919 se v Pa��i se�lo 27 n�rod�. 632 00:44:57,162 --> 00:45:00,231 Wilson byl hv�zdou. Sv�t se m�l od z�kladu zm�nit. 633 00:45:00,398 --> 00:45:04,769 Skute�n� se jednalo o jeho nejslavn�j�� okam�ik. 634 00:45:04,936 --> 00:45:07,839 Ale stejn� jako Alexandr v Babyl�n�, 635 00:45:08,006 --> 00:45:11,776 Caesar v ��m� a Napoleon na hranic�ch Evropy, 636 00:45:11,943 --> 00:45:15,213 i on dos�hl sv�ho zenitu. 637 00:45:15,380 --> 00:45:19,451 Wilson se pova�oval za "osobn� n�stroj Boha". 638 00:45:19,617 --> 00:45:24,089 a m�rov� konference byla zavr�en�m jeho bo�sk�ho posl�n�. 639 00:45:24,255 --> 00:45:28,120 Pot�, co Wilson prvn� sv�tovou v�lku ideologicky p�ehodnotil, 640 00:45:28,290 --> 00:45:31,730 po vzoru Velk� francouzsk� revoluce o stolet� d��ve, 641 00:45:31,896 --> 00:45:35,967 prohla�oval, �e se jednalo o v�lku, kter� zm�nila lidstvo. 642 00:45:36,134 --> 00:45:38,470 V�lku, kter� ukon�ila ve�ker� v�l�en�. 643 00:45:38,636 --> 00:45:42,741 P�i projevu v Sen�tu toho roku pronesl: 644 00:45:42,907 --> 00:45:46,644 Role, ji� Amerika zast�v� ve sv�t�, nen� projevem na�ich pl�n�, 645 00:45:46,811 --> 00:45:48,847 n�br� je vedena rukou Bo��. 646 00:45:49,013 --> 00:45:52,250 O tom jsme snili od sv�ho zrodu. 647 00:45:52,417 --> 00:45:57,088 Amerika m� vpravd� ukazovat cestu. 648 00:45:57,255 --> 00:46:00,325 Podle Wilsona ji� osud Ameriky nele�el 649 00:46:00,492 --> 00:46:03,795 v kontinent�ln� expanzi. 650 00:46:03,962 --> 00:46:08,767 Nyn� se jednalo o Bohem na��zenou misi humanity. 651 00:46:08,933 --> 00:46:12,170 Tato my�lenka z�chrany humanity se stala z�kladem 652 00:46:12,337 --> 00:46:17,742 americk�ho n�rodn�ho m�tu ve v�ech n�sleduj�c�ch v�lk�ch. 653 00:46:17,909 --> 00:46:21,613 Ve snaze zvr�tit Leninovy revolu�n� v�zvy 654 00:46:21,780 --> 00:46:26,017 vyhl�sil Wilson o rok d��ve, kdy� je�t� zu�ila v�lka, 655 00:46:26,184 --> 00:46:29,721 soubor mezin�rodn�ch demokratick�ch princip�, 656 00:46:29,888 --> 00:46:34,592 v�etn� svobodn�ho obchodu, otev�en�ch mo�� a otev�en�ch dohod mezi n�rody, 657 00:46:34,759 --> 00:46:39,464 kter� se stanou z�kladem nov�ho mezin�rodn�ho m�ru. 658 00:46:39,631 --> 00:46:42,801 Nazval ho 14 bod�. 659 00:46:42,967 --> 00:46:46,538 N�mci kapitulovali na z�klad� Wilsonov�ch 14 bod�, 660 00:46:46,704 --> 00:46:50,308 proto�e v��ili, �e je ochr�n� p�ed rozkouskov�n�m mezi Spojence. 661 00:46:50,475 --> 00:46:53,945 Dokonce zm�nili formu vl�dy, zavedli republiku 662 00:46:54,112 --> 00:46:58,410 a postavili se c�sa�i, kter� brzy zmizel do exilu. 663 00:46:58,480 --> 00:47:01,786 Spojen� st�ty se staly novou dominantn� silou ve sv�t�. 664 00:47:01,953 --> 00:47:07,559 A�koliv je�t� v roce 1914 byly zadlu�en�m n�rodem, dlu��c�m 3,7 miliardy dolar�, 665 00:47:07,725 --> 00:47:11,162 v roce 1918 se staly n�rodem v��itel�, 666 00:47:11,329 --> 00:47:15,433 jemu� Spojenci dlu�ili 3,8 miliardy dolar�. 667 00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:19,938 Nicm�n� star�, mnohon�rodnostn� imp�ria, existuj�c� ji� od st�edov�ku, 668 00:47:20,104 --> 00:47:23,041 nem�la o Wilson�v idealismus z�jem. 669 00:47:23,208 --> 00:47:26,244 Cht�la pomstu, pen�ze a kolonie. 670 00:47:26,411 --> 00:47:29,981 Britsk� premi�r Lloyd George poznamenal, �e ve Spojen�ch st�tech 671 00:47:30,148 --> 00:47:32,116 nebyla zni�ena ani chatr�. 672 00:47:32,283 --> 00:47:34,819 Francouzsk� premi�r Georges Clemenceau, 673 00:47:34,986 --> 00:47:39,090 jeho� zem� ztratila p�es 1 mili�n voj�k�, to komentoval: 674 00:47:39,257 --> 00:47:42,527 "Pan Wilson u� m� se sv�mi 14 body nud�. 675 00:47:42,694 --> 00:47:45,630 I v�emohouc� B�h jich m� jen 10." 676 00:47:45,797 --> 00:47:50,935 V�sledkem tohoto p��stupu bylo vy�krtnut� n�kter�ch nejasn� vymezen�ch 677 00:47:51,102 --> 00:47:54,539 14 bod� z Versaillesk� m�rov� smlouvy. 678 00:47:54,706 --> 00:48:00,278 Brit�nii, Francie a Japonsko si rozd�lily b�val� n�meck� kolonie v Africe a Asii 679 00:48:00,445 --> 00:48:04,040 a zat�mco Arab�m, je� se vzbou�ili proti Osmansk� ��i, 680 00:48:04,050 --> 00:48:08,510 Winston Churchill a britsk� ministerstvo zahrani�� mazali med kolem pusy 681 00:48:08,580 --> 00:48:11,856 sliby o pr�vu na sebeur�en�, rozd�lili tuto ��i 682 00:48:12,023 --> 00:48:15,260 a vytvo�ili nov� vazalsk� st�ty, jako nap�. Mezopot�mii, 683 00:48:15,426 --> 00:48:17,862 kter� byla sv�voln� p�ejmenov�na na Ir�k. 684 00:48:18,730 --> 00:48:20,798 Maj� jen jedno podez�en�. 685 00:48:20,965 --> 00:48:25,637 Nech�me je vyhnat Turky a pak se sem sami nast�hujeme. 686 00:48:25,803 --> 00:48:30,375 �ekl jsem jim, �e to nen� pravda, �e v Ar�bii nem�me ��dn� z�jmy. 687 00:48:30,541 --> 00:48:31,576 Je tomu tak? 688 00:48:31,743 --> 00:48:34,312 J� nejsem politik, d�kybohu. 689 00:48:34,479 --> 00:48:37,649 M�me n�jak� z�jem v Ar�bii, Drydene? 690 00:48:38,583 --> 00:48:40,885 Obt�n� ot�zka, pane. 691 00:48:42,820 --> 00:48:44,656 Chci v�d�t, pane, 692 00:48:44,822 --> 00:48:50,061 jestli jim mohu va��m jm�nem ��ct, �e nem�me v Ar�bii ��dn� z�jmy. 693 00:48:51,296 --> 00:48:52,830 Zajist�. 694 00:48:52,997 --> 00:48:57,730 V dopise britsk�ho ministra zahrani�� Arthura Balfoura �idovsk�mu bank��i 695 00:48:57,900 --> 00:49:01,406 lordu Rothschildovi byla nast�n�na vize 696 00:49:01,572 --> 00:49:04,142 budouc�ho �idovsk�ho st�tu v Palestin�. 697 00:49:04,309 --> 00:49:08,846 Spole�nost n�rod� z��dila nad Palestinou protektor�t. 698 00:49:09,013 --> 00:49:12,984 P�ibli�n� 85% tam�j��ho obyvatelstva 699 00:49:13,151 --> 00:49:17,288 tvo�ili palestin�t� Arabov� a �id� bylo jen n�co pod 8%. 700 00:49:17,455 --> 00:49:24,062 Star� imp�ria se sna�ila p�ikr�lit sv� �iny t�m, �e tyto nov� kolonie nazvala "mand�tn�mi �zem�mi" 701 00:49:24,228 --> 00:49:26,364 a Wilson to potvrdil tvrzen�m, 702 00:49:26,531 --> 00:49:29,400 �e zat�mco N�mci sv� kolonie bezohledn� vyko�is�ovali, 703 00:49:29,567 --> 00:49:33,104 Spojenci se sv�mi koloniemi zach�zeli hum�nn�. 704 00:49:33,271 --> 00:49:36,474 Na takov�to hodnocen� z�stali jen nev���cn� z�rat 705 00:49:36,641 --> 00:49:39,877 obyvatel� francouzsk� Indo��ny. 706 00:49:40,044 --> 00:49:44,248 Ho �i Min si je�t� jako mlad�k p�j�il smoking a bu�inku 707 00:49:44,415 --> 00:49:49,053 a nav�t�vil Wilsona s petic� za vietnamskou nez�vislost. 708 00:49:49,220 --> 00:49:53,091 Stejn� jako ostatn� tam p��tomn� v�dci t�et�ho sv�ta se dozv�d�l, 709 00:49:53,257 --> 00:49:58,396 �e svobodu z�skaj� pouze ozbrojen�m bojem, ne d�ky �t�drosti Woodrowa Wilsona. 710 00:49:58,563 --> 00:50:00,465 A�koliv Lenin do Pa��e pozv�n nebyl, 711 00:50:00,631 --> 00:50:03,601 rusk� p��tomnost byla citeln�. 712 00:50:03,768 --> 00:50:05,970 Lenin nazval Wilsona "urovn�va�em". 713 00:50:06,137 --> 00:50:10,074 �ekl: "V��it se d� jen opravdov�m revolucion���m." 714 00:50:10,241 --> 00:50:15,310 A jak delegace zasedala, komunist� p�evzali vl�du nad Bavorskem a Ma�arskem 715 00:50:15,470 --> 00:50:17,615 a ohro�ovali Berl�n a It�lii. 716 00:50:17,782 --> 00:50:22,353 Leninovo vol�n� po sv�tov� revoluci bylo vysly�eno ve t�et�m sv�t�, 717 00:50:22,520 --> 00:50:25,790 v zem�ch tak vzd�len�ch jako ��na a Latinsk� Amerika. 718 00:50:26,624 --> 00:50:29,394 Zam��en na svou Spole�nost n�rod�, 719 00:50:29,560 --> 00:50:32,797 kterou pova�oval za nezbytnou k odvr�cen� budouc� v�lky, 720 00:50:32,964 --> 00:50:39,837 nezvl�dl Wilson zabezpe�it p�ijet� netrestaj�c� smlouvy, kterou obhajoval. 721 00:50:40,004 --> 00:50:44,142 Brit�nie a Francie zvrhle vyu�ily Wilson�v koncept 722 00:50:44,308 --> 00:50:47,445 sebeur�en� n�rod� proti N�mecku, v d�sledku �eho� 723 00:50:47,612 --> 00:50:52,550 uv�zly mili�ny obyvatel mimo sv� zna�n� zmen�en� �zem�. 724 00:50:53,818 --> 00:50:56,220 Ve slavn� klauzuli o v�le�n� vin� 725 00:50:56,387 --> 00:50:59,890 svalila Versaillesk� smlouva v�echnu vinu 726 00:50:59,950 --> 00:51:02,590 za zah�jen� v�lky na N�mecko 727 00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:08,599 a po�adovala po n�m 33 miliard dolar� ve v�le�n�ch reparac�ch, 728 00:51:08,766 --> 00:51:12,236 v�ce ne� dvojn�sobek toho, co N�mecko �ekalo. 729 00:51:12,937 --> 00:51:16,140 V�zna�n�m p�edstavitelem Wilsonovy delegace byl Thomas Lamont, 730 00:51:16,307 --> 00:51:21,312 hlavn� partner Morganova bankovn�ho domu, na n�j� Wilson spol�hal. 731 00:51:21,479 --> 00:51:25,983 Lamont se ujistil, �e n�meck� platby Brit�nii a Francii 732 00:51:26,150 --> 00:51:29,554 umo�n� t�mto zem�m splatit jm�n�, 733 00:51:29,720 --> 00:51:33,257 kter� si od Wall Streetu p�j�ily, aby p�e�ily v�lku. 734 00:51:33,424 --> 00:51:37,161 Ve skute�nosti tedy cel� nov� struktura mezin�rodn�ho finan�nictv� 735 00:51:37,328 --> 00:51:41,532 st�la na vratk�ch noh�ch n�meck�ch v�le�n�ch reparac�, 736 00:51:41,699 --> 00:51:46,370 kter� brzy p�isp�j� k ekonomick�mu kolapsu N�mecka, 737 00:51:46,537 --> 00:51:49,140 z n�j� povstane Adolf Hitler. 738 00:51:56,414 --> 00:51:59,150 V n�sleduj�c�ch letech Kongres vy�et�oval 739 00:51:59,317 --> 00:52:03,287 machinace tzv. obchodn�k� se smrt�. 740 00:52:03,454 --> 00:52:08,159 Jednalo se o pr�mysln�ky a bank��e, kte�� na v�lce nemravn� zbohatli. 741 00:52:08,326 --> 00:52:10,695 Nikdo nebyl usv�d�en, nic se neprok�zalo. 742 00:52:10,862 --> 00:52:17,101 Ale pocit ned�v�ry ohledn� ud�lost� prvn� sv�tov� v�lky p�etrv�val. 743 00:52:17,902 --> 00:52:22,673 Mnoho lid� v�etn� z�stupc� Kongresu m�lo pocit, �e byly vyhozeny mili�ny 744 00:52:22,840 --> 00:52:27,111 a vyd�lali na tom jen bank��i a jim podobn�. 745 00:52:28,112 --> 00:52:30,848 Tento pocit rozho��en� byl velmi intenzivn�. 746 00:52:31,015 --> 00:52:35,753 Wilson se vr�til do zem� pln� nespokojen�ch d�ln�k�, 747 00:52:35,920 --> 00:52:37,588 tou��c�ch po reform�. 748 00:52:38,789 --> 00:52:40,658 Nap��klad v roce 1914 749 00:52:40,825 --> 00:52:46,664 zem�elo 35 tis�c d�ln�k� v d�sledku pracovn�ch �raz�. 750 00:52:46,831 --> 00:52:50,701 Jen v roce 1919 st�vkovalo p�es 4 mili�ny d�ln�k�. 751 00:52:50,868 --> 00:52:54,205 365 tis�c ocel���, 752 00:52:54,372 --> 00:52:59,911 450 tis�c horn�k�, 120 tis�c pracovn�k� textiln�ho pr�myslu. 753 00:53:00,077 --> 00:53:04,282 Gener�ln� st�vka v Seattlu ochromila cel� m�sto. 754 00:53:04,448 --> 00:53:06,884 V Bostonu st�vkoval dokonce policejn� sbor, 755 00:53:07,051 --> 00:53:12,456 na co� Wall Street Journal reagoval titulkem: "Lenin a Trockij jsou na cest�". 756 00:53:12,623 --> 00:53:16,394 Wilson na to reagoval snahou o vym�cen� Leninova poselstv�. 757 00:53:16,561 --> 00:53:20,965 Komunismus je evropsk� bl�znovstv�, kter� do Ameriky nepat��. 758 00:53:21,132 --> 00:53:26,437 V tzv. rud�m l�t� roku 1919 se i rasov� nepokoje vymkly kontrole 759 00:53:26,604 --> 00:53:31,642 v Chicagu a n�kolika dal��ch m�stech, v�etn� Washingtonu D.C. 760 00:53:31,809 --> 00:53:34,378 Po��dek nastolily a� feder�ln� jednotky. 761 00:53:36,113 --> 00:53:37,980 Wilson d�l cestoval po zemi 762 00:53:38,150 --> 00:53:43,154 a sna�il se p�esv�d�it Spojen� st�ty, aby ratifikovaly Versailleskou smlouvu 763 00:53:43,321 --> 00:53:48,059 a zalo�ily tak Spole�nost n�rod�, kter� by zajistila sv�tov� m�r. 764 00:53:48,226 --> 00:53:52,697 Pokrokov� republik�ni Wilsonovu vizi odsuzovali jako Spole�nost imperialist�, 765 00:53:52,863 --> 00:53:57,034 usiluj�c� o potla�en� revoluc� a o obranu sv�ch vlastn�ch z�jm�. 766 00:53:57,602 --> 00:54:03,674 Kritikov� po�adovali zm�ny, ale Wilson na ��dn� modifikace nep�istoupil. 767 00:54:03,841 --> 00:54:08,145 Jeho zdrav� se zhor�ovalo a p�i sv�m posledn�m projevu v Pueblu v Coloradu 768 00:54:08,312 --> 00:54:12,149 v z��� 1919 zkolaboval. 769 00:54:12,316 --> 00:54:18,055 Prod�lal t�kou mrtvici, kter� ho na cel� zbytek �ivota zneschopnila. 770 00:54:18,222 --> 00:54:23,027 V listopadu 1919 feder�ln� agenti 771 00:54:23,194 --> 00:54:28,660 pod veden�m ministra spravedlnosti A. Mitchella Palmera zah�jili prvn� s�rii z�tah� 772 00:54:28,830 --> 00:54:32,503 na radik�ln� a d�lnick� organizace nap��� celou zem�. 773 00:54:32,670 --> 00:54:35,373 Operaci ��dil 24let� �editel 774 00:54:35,539 --> 00:54:40,945 odd�len� ministerstva spravedlnosti pro radikalismus, J. Edgar Hoover. 775 00:54:41,112 --> 00:54:44,950 3 a� 10 tis�c disident� bylo zat�eno, 776 00:54:45,110 --> 00:54:48,786 mnoho z nich bez jak�hokoliv obvin�n� m�s�ce v�zn�no. 777 00:54:48,953 --> 00:54:53,891 Stovky radik�l� zahrani�n�ho p�vodu, v�etn� v Rusku narozen� Emmy Goldmanov�, 778 00:54:54,058 --> 00:54:59,163 byly deportov�ny v d�sledku st�le �ast�j��ho poru�ov�n� ob�ansk�ch svobod 779 00:54:59,330 --> 00:55:02,366 a spojov�n�m disentu s antiamerikanismem. 780 00:55:04,869 --> 00:55:08,205 Sen�t o sedm hlas� odm�tl schv�lit Versailleskou smlouvu. 781 00:55:08,372 --> 00:55:10,074 Spole�nost n�rod� sice vznikla, 782 00:55:10,241 --> 00:55:14,078 av�ak byla ochromena ne��ast� Spojen�ch st�t�. 783 00:55:15,379 --> 00:55:19,950 Wilson zem�el v roce 1924 jako zlomen� mu�. 784 00:55:22,420 --> 00:55:26,424 Po��tkem 20. let p�estala Amerika Jeffersona, 785 00:55:26,590 --> 00:55:29,927 Lincolna a Williama Jenningse Bryana existovat. 786 00:55:30,094 --> 00:55:33,064 Byla nahrazena sv�tem Morgana, 787 00:55:33,230 --> 00:55:37,101 bank��� z Wall Streetu a obrovsk�ch korporac�. 788 00:55:37,268 --> 00:55:43,007 Wilson doufal, �e zm�n� sv�t k lep��mu, ale v�sledek jeho sna�en� moc pozitivn� nebyl. 789 00:55:43,174 --> 00:55:47,478 Zat�mco podporoval sebeur�en� n�rod� a zavrhoval imperi�ln� syst�m, 790 00:55:47,645 --> 00:55:52,049 opakovan� zasahoval do vnit�n�ch z�le�itost� ciz�ch st�t�, 791 00:55:52,216 --> 00:55:56,387 v�etn� Ruska, Mexika, a velk� ��sti Latinsk� Ameriky. 792 00:55:56,554 --> 00:56:02,560 Podporoval sice reformy, ale z�rove� poci�oval hlubokou ned�v�ru k reform�m z�sadn�ho, 793 00:56:02,727 --> 00:56:07,431 n�kdy a� revolu�n�ho charakteru, kter� by skute�n� zlep�ily lidsk� �ivoty. 794 00:56:07,598 --> 00:56:12,100 Podporoval bratrstv� n�rod�, ale z�rove� v��il v pod�adnost neb�lo�sk�ch ras 795 00:56:12,160 --> 00:56:14,372 a obnovil segregaci feder�ln� vl�dy. 796 00:56:14,538 --> 00:56:16,670 Velebil demokracii a vl�du pr�va, 797 00:56:16,840 --> 00:56:21,512 ale z�rove� p�ehl�el do nebe volaj�c� poru�ov�n� ob�ansk�ch svobod. 798 00:56:21,679 --> 00:56:27,651 Wilsonova selh�n� korunuj� obdob�, kdy jedine�n� sm�s americk�ho idealismu, 799 00:56:27,818 --> 00:56:30,988 militarismu, chamtivosti a diplomacie 800 00:56:31,155 --> 00:56:35,025 hnala zemi k tomu, aby se stala nov�m imp�riem. 801 00:56:35,192 --> 00:56:38,829 Ve�ejnost v roce 1900 odm�tla Williama Jenningse Bryana 802 00:56:38,996 --> 00:56:43,033 a p�ijala vizi obchodu a prosperity Williama McKinleyho 803 00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:47,271 a t�m legitimizovala jeho dobyva�n� snahy. 804 00:56:47,438 --> 00:56:52,676 Volby v roce 1900 vyslaly Spojen� st�ty na cestu, 805 00:56:52,843 --> 00:56:56,147 z n� u� nebylo n�vratu. 85394

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