Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:01:16,660 --> 00:01:19,480
NARRATOR: If you're wondering who you are...
2
00:01:19,580 --> 00:01:21,514
you're not alone.
3
00:01:24,501 --> 00:01:27,061
You're no monkey's uncle.
4
00:01:28,422 --> 00:01:31,399
But you are rather peculiar.
5
00:01:33,051 --> 00:01:38,656
Where did you come from
and who were your ancestors?
6
00:01:39,850 --> 00:01:41,450
Nope.
7
00:01:41,810 --> 00:01:43,545
Guess again.
8
00:01:43,645 --> 00:01:45,089
(BUZZING THEN BEEPING)
9
00:01:45,189 --> 00:01:47,081
That's right.
10
00:01:49,276 --> 00:01:54,223
The story of lemurs
begins over 60 million years ago.
11
00:01:54,323 --> 00:01:57,550
Back in the time of the dinosaurs.
12
00:01:58,035 --> 00:02:01,929
Long before monkeys, apes,
or humans ever existed.
13
00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:03,964
(SQUEAKING THEN ROARING)
14
00:02:04,064 --> 00:02:06,946
Lemurs were small nocturnal creatures
15
00:02:07,046 --> 00:02:11,227
and survived the asteroid
that killed the dinosaurs.
16
00:02:18,514 --> 00:02:21,092
- They were living in Africa...
- (THUNDER CRASHING)
17
00:02:22,392 --> 00:02:28,122
...when a massive storm
blew a tangled raft of trees out to sea...
18
00:02:29,441 --> 00:02:32,511
and turned a family of tiny lemurs...
19
00:02:32,611 --> 00:02:38,341
into some of the greatest explorers
in the history of life on Earth.
20
00:03:07,813 --> 00:03:09,872
(SQUEAKING)
21
00:03:24,955 --> 00:03:27,515
(GURGLING)
22
00:03:28,041 --> 00:03:29,860
(MEOWING)
23
00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:32,645
(YELPING AND MEOWING)
24
00:03:47,936 --> 00:03:52,623
(SQUEAKING AND CHIRPING)
25
00:04:45,243 --> 00:04:47,813
NARRATOR: The lemurs landed on Madagascar.
26
00:04:47,913 --> 00:04:52,058
A vast island isolated
from the rest of the world.
27
00:04:53,502 --> 00:04:55,728
(SNORTING)
28
00:04:59,341 --> 00:05:04,737
For millions of years, there were
no other mammals, or even birds.
29
00:05:08,100 --> 00:05:11,086
With no predators to fear...
30
00:05:11,186 --> 00:05:14,747
lemurs emerged into the daylight.
31
00:05:15,482 --> 00:05:22,588
And over time they evolved into
a wild variety of new shapes and sizes.
32
00:05:29,246 --> 00:05:32,890
Their ancestors went extinct in Africa.
33
00:05:33,417 --> 00:05:37,520
But in Madagascar, lemurs thrived...
34
00:05:39,881 --> 00:05:45,277
and became the rulers
of their glorious new world.
35
00:06:44,696 --> 00:06:49,434
Lemurs are the most ancient
primate alive today.
36
00:06:49,534 --> 00:06:54,889
And Madagascar is the only place
on Earth where they live.
37
00:06:55,957 --> 00:07:01,738
For a scientist seeking to preserve
our planet's rich biodiversity...
38
00:07:01,838 --> 00:07:05,065
Madagascar is Treasure Island.
39
00:07:10,430 --> 00:07:16,795
Dr. Patricia Wright is a primatologist
from New York's Stony Brook University.
40
00:07:16,895 --> 00:07:21,790
She's an expert
in finding rare and elusive lemurs.
41
00:07:25,237 --> 00:07:31,467
As a young scientist, her destiny
was changed by a journey to Madagascar.
42
00:07:47,425 --> 00:07:50,662
Back then, the country
was changing fast.
43
00:07:50,762 --> 00:07:54,615
And the lemurs' good luck
was running out.
44
00:07:59,271 --> 00:08:03,091
WRIGHT: I first came to Madagascar
to solve a mystery...
45
00:08:03,191 --> 00:08:07,503
about a lemur
that we feared had gone extinct.
46
00:08:08,530 --> 00:08:11,924
My mission was to find it.
47
00:08:15,245 --> 00:08:19,566
The greater bamboo lemur
once lived throughout Madagascar...
48
00:08:19,666 --> 00:08:23,686
but hadn't been seen in 50 years.
49
00:08:32,888 --> 00:08:37,616
I searched for months
and never saw a single one.
50
00:08:41,271 --> 00:08:45,874
I had almost given up,
when I got to Ranomafana.
51
00:08:47,903 --> 00:08:50,379
Then one morning...
52
00:08:51,531 --> 00:08:53,465
there he was.
53
00:08:54,701 --> 00:08:56,427
Alive.
54
00:08:59,414 --> 00:09:02,725
Feasting on his favorite treat:
55
00:09:03,585 --> 00:09:06,770
Crunchy, young bamboo shoots.
56
00:09:30,820 --> 00:09:32,722
NARRATOR: After her discovery...
57
00:09:32,822 --> 00:09:37,435
Patricia helped save this rain forest
as a national park.
58
00:09:37,535 --> 00:09:42,774
And she devoted her life to protecting
the wild places of Madagascar...
59
00:09:42,874 --> 00:09:46,435
and all the animals that call it home.
60
00:09:49,965 --> 00:09:52,358
(CHIRPING AND HOOTING)
61
00:09:58,431 --> 00:10:02,910
The word lemur means "wandering spirit."
62
00:10:05,855 --> 00:10:11,335
And there is something otherworldly
about the lemurs of this forest.
63
00:10:14,656 --> 00:10:18,175
These lemurs are sacred in Madagascar.
64
00:10:28,044 --> 00:10:32,782
There is a legend about two brothers
who lived in the forest.
65
00:10:32,882 --> 00:10:37,069
One ran off and became the first human.
66
00:10:38,430 --> 00:10:41,782
The other stayed and became...
67
00:10:44,227 --> 00:10:46,120
an indri.
68
00:10:52,736 --> 00:10:56,839
There were once lemurs
as big as gorillas.
69
00:10:57,198 --> 00:11:02,479
But those were hunted to extinction
just a few hundred years ago.
70
00:11:02,579 --> 00:11:06,515
Indri are the largest lemurs
that remain.
71
00:11:14,257 --> 00:11:19,027
Indri live in small family groups
that have their own territories.
72
00:11:22,182 --> 00:11:26,869
They trade news with each other
by singing haunting duets.
73
00:11:30,023 --> 00:11:31,874
(WAILING)
74
00:11:39,157 --> 00:11:41,434
NARRATOR: Each family member adds their part...
75
00:11:41,534 --> 00:11:43,260
(CONTINUES WAILING)
76
00:11:45,205 --> 00:11:49,099
...to a chorus that travels
deep into the forest.
77
00:11:52,545 --> 00:11:54,730
(LEMURS WAILING)
78
00:12:17,112 --> 00:12:22,809
NARRATOR: The song of indri once echoed
loudly across the eastern rain forest...
79
00:12:22,909 --> 00:12:25,802
but now it's fading away.
80
00:12:28,623 --> 00:12:32,935
No indri has ever survived in captivity.
81
00:12:35,505 --> 00:12:38,315
You can only meet one here...
82
00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:40,035
(YELPS)
83
00:12:40,135 --> 00:12:42,486
...in Madagascar.
84
00:12:52,647 --> 00:12:55,249
(MEN SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
85
00:13:02,699 --> 00:13:04,883
(MEN CONTINUE SPEAKING
IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
86
00:13:22,844 --> 00:13:25,779
(ALL CHEERING)
87
00:13:38,151 --> 00:13:42,764
WRIGHT: The town of Ranomafana
is on the edge of the ancient rainforest...
88
00:13:42,864 --> 00:13:44,849
where I found the greater bamboo lemurs.
89
00:13:44,949 --> 00:13:48,311
(WRIGHT SPEAKING IN FRENCH)
90
00:13:48,411 --> 00:13:53,108
WRIGHT: The people in the surrounding
villages benefit from the park.
91
00:13:53,208 --> 00:13:55,902
But they still rely
on the land to survive.
92
00:13:56,002 --> 00:13:57,737
Aah!
93
00:13:57,837 --> 00:13:59,239
(SPEAKS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
94
00:13:59,339 --> 00:14:04,911
Before I was a scientist,
I was a social worker in Brooklyn.
95
00:14:05,011 --> 00:14:07,487
It's my nature to solve problems.
96
00:14:08,431 --> 00:14:14,254
And in Madagascar,
humans and lemurs have the same problem:
97
00:14:14,354 --> 00:14:18,498
Limited resources that they both need.
98
00:14:47,595 --> 00:14:53,075
NARRATOR: Madagascar was one of
the last places on Earth settled by humans.
99
00:14:53,977 --> 00:14:57,755
They brought a small breed
of cattle called zebu...
100
00:14:57,855 --> 00:15:00,916
that need open space for grazing.
101
00:15:05,613 --> 00:15:08,850
Since their arrival 2000 years ago...
102
00:15:08,950 --> 00:15:14,939
people have burned down
over 90 percent of Madagascar's forests...
103
00:15:15,039 --> 00:15:19,434
to clear land for grazing and farming.
104
00:15:35,476 --> 00:15:37,712
Every dry season...
105
00:15:37,812 --> 00:15:42,874
thousands of fires
still burn across the island.
106
00:15:51,034 --> 00:15:55,396
The fires are set in fields,
but grow out of control...
107
00:15:55,496 --> 00:15:59,474
and spread to the forests
where lemurs live.
108
00:16:07,717 --> 00:16:13,029
It's the biggest threat
to wildlife in Madagascar.
109
00:16:34,869 --> 00:16:40,233
Many lemur species are dwindling
as their forests disappear.
110
00:16:40,333 --> 00:16:43,736
But one crafty lemur
has bet its survival...
111
00:16:43,836 --> 00:16:49,107
on the ability to adapt
to changing conditions.
112
00:16:53,471 --> 00:16:56,531
Beyond the reach of fire...
113
00:16:56,724 --> 00:17:02,704
gangs of ring-tailed lemurs
have found their perfect hideout.
114
00:17:10,697 --> 00:17:12,631
(LEMUR WAILS)
115
00:17:26,587 --> 00:17:30,742
Ring-tails live in groups
of extended families.
116
00:17:30,842 --> 00:17:37,197
And it's easy to observe one of the things
that makes all lemurs special among primates.
117
00:17:40,935 --> 00:17:44,579
The females are in charge.
118
00:17:56,284 --> 00:18:01,555
The alpha female decides
where they go and what they eat.
119
00:18:05,334 --> 00:18:08,696
This troop's leader is hobbled
by a broken hand...
120
00:18:08,796 --> 00:18:12,691
but that doesn't affect
her position at the top.
121
00:18:21,893 --> 00:18:24,212
Even the smallest female...
122
00:18:24,312 --> 00:18:27,539
is dominant over every male.
123
00:18:33,821 --> 00:18:35,881
(SQUEAKING)
124
00:18:37,158 --> 00:18:41,386
Females inherit their power
from their mother.
125
00:18:41,621 --> 00:18:46,224
They keep it
through experience and attitude.
126
00:19:01,474 --> 00:19:05,368
Ring-tails once covered
much wider territory in Madagascar.
127
00:19:06,521 --> 00:19:09,716
But as humans spread out,
the ring-tails...
128
00:19:09,816 --> 00:19:14,336
retreated into the cracks
of this natural fortress.
129
00:19:21,828 --> 00:19:23,813
Like lemur outlaws...
130
00:19:23,913 --> 00:19:29,976
they live on the edge of civilization
and launch raids on the farms below.
131
00:19:33,214 --> 00:19:35,315
(WAILS)
132
00:20:24,891 --> 00:20:30,161
At night,
the day's squabbles are forgotten.
133
00:20:31,689 --> 00:20:38,221
The ring-tailed family grooms each other
and sleeps cuddled up in one big lemur ball.
134
00:20:38,321 --> 00:20:40,672
(SQUEAKING)
135
00:21:00,009 --> 00:21:03,862
They survive by sticking together.
136
00:21:06,599 --> 00:21:08,241
(LEMURS WAILING)
137
00:21:32,166 --> 00:21:36,696
Patricia's headquarters in Madagascar
is the Centre ValBio...
138
00:21:36,796 --> 00:21:42,702
a state-of-the-art research station perched
on the edge of Ranomafana National Park.
139
00:21:42,802 --> 00:21:46,071
Home to 15 kinds of lemurs.
140
00:21:46,597 --> 00:21:49,981
It's here that she's training
a new generation...
141
00:21:50,081 --> 00:21:53,147
of Western and Malagasy scientists...
142
00:21:53,247 --> 00:21:56,581
to build a future for the lemurs.
143
00:21:58,442 --> 00:22:02,513
WRIGHT: Almost all the plants
and animals in Madagascar are endemic...
144
00:22:02,613 --> 00:22:06,883
and exist nowhere else on Earth.
145
00:22:09,120 --> 00:22:12,607
The more we learn
about their intricate relationships...
146
00:22:12,707 --> 00:22:18,228
the more we can do to protect the forest
and eventually to expand it.
147
00:22:19,714 --> 00:22:22,357
(LAUGHING)
148
00:22:45,948 --> 00:22:47,590
(SHRIEKS)
149
00:23:09,847 --> 00:23:15,285
NARRATOR: To the lemurs, all this science
can seem awfully mysterious.
150
00:23:20,274 --> 00:23:27,297
Each night, Herman and Victor set traps
in the forest around ValBio...
151
00:23:27,823 --> 00:23:31,602
to catch the smallest primate
in the world.
152
00:23:31,702 --> 00:23:34,220
(BEEPING)
153
00:23:36,248 --> 00:23:37,733
(SQUEAKING)
154
00:23:37,833 --> 00:23:43,354
To these mouse lemurs,
it's like being abducted by aliens.
155
00:23:44,381 --> 00:23:49,412
They're taken to a strange laboratory
and scanned, probed...
156
00:23:49,512 --> 00:23:53,031
and analyzed by giant creatures.
157
00:23:59,063 --> 00:24:03,592
They may be small,
but mouse lemurs are fierce predators...
158
00:24:03,692 --> 00:24:09,547
that strike terror into insects
and frogs across the galaxy.
159
00:24:17,331 --> 00:24:21,517
After a few hours,
the mouse lemurs are released...
160
00:24:22,753 --> 00:24:29,150
and head home to their nests
with an out of this world story to tell.
161
00:24:39,311 --> 00:24:41,162
(SQUEAKING)
162
00:24:49,029 --> 00:24:53,383
WRIGHT: I'm happiest when I'm alone
in the forest with lemurs.
163
00:24:55,744 --> 00:25:00,223
Lemurs have a very calm presence.
164
00:25:03,502 --> 00:25:08,273
The greater bamboo lemur
has a special place in my heart.
165
00:25:08,924 --> 00:25:13,204
They're not the most famous lemur,
and they're not the most beautiful...
166
00:25:13,304 --> 00:25:15,280
(SQUEAKING)
167
00:25:15,514 --> 00:25:20,952
...but they have this mischievous charm
that I just fell in love with.
168
00:25:26,859 --> 00:25:32,297
There were once millions of them,
but now they're extremely endangered.
169
00:25:33,157 --> 00:25:38,845
These two are the only ones living
in a protected forest.
170
00:25:42,249 --> 00:25:49,073
This father and his daughter have been all
alone for two years since mom disappeared.
171
00:25:49,173 --> 00:25:55,361
For the species to survive,
I have to help this family now.
172
00:25:56,472 --> 00:26:00,459
They need new mates
from outside the park.
173
00:26:00,559 --> 00:26:04,829
And I'll have to play lemur matchmaker.
174
00:26:11,946 --> 00:26:16,142
NARRATOR: All over Madagascar,
the country's own scientists...
175
00:26:16,242 --> 00:26:20,386
are also working hard
to protect the lemurs.
176
00:26:20,955 --> 00:26:26,235
Dr. Hanta Rasamimanana works
in the spiny forest.
177
00:26:26,335 --> 00:26:32,565
A bizarre habitat of euphorbias
and prickly cactus-like trees.
178
00:26:33,801 --> 00:26:38,571
She's a census taker,
on the lookout for her favorite lemur...
179
00:26:39,390 --> 00:26:41,366
the sifaka.
180
00:26:53,070 --> 00:26:56,506
HANTA: Sifaka are so curious.
181
00:26:56,782 --> 00:27:02,387
When they see me taking notes,
they come down to study me.
182
00:27:02,705 --> 00:27:05,556
It's like they are the primatologists.
183
00:27:14,633 --> 00:27:18,746
Sifaka don't drink water.
184
00:27:18,846 --> 00:27:21,957
They get all the moisture
they need from fruits...
185
00:27:22,057 --> 00:27:26,411
and the little leaves
between the spines of plants.
186
00:27:31,483 --> 00:27:36,712
I've followed them for 20 years
and they still amaze me.
187
00:27:43,787 --> 00:27:49,559
I teach my students that lemurs
are Madagascar's living treasure.
188
00:27:52,129 --> 00:27:56,784
But what's most amazing
about the sifaka...
189
00:27:56,884 --> 00:28:00,945
is how they dance.
190
00:29:23,345 --> 00:29:25,205
NARRATOR: After months of searching...
191
00:29:25,305 --> 00:29:29,668
Patricia's team finally found
a new group of greater bamboo lemurs...
192
00:29:29,768 --> 00:29:33,996
to provide mates for the family
in the national park.
193
00:29:34,898 --> 00:29:40,169
WRIGHT: Their habitat is awful,
I mean, very degraded.
194
00:29:40,279 --> 00:29:43,974
I am so relieved. I'm really relieved.
I mean, my goodness...
195
00:29:44,074 --> 00:29:47,552
we have been chasing those animals
for a long time.
196
00:29:48,495 --> 00:29:51,138
We have to catch them today.
197
00:30:10,976 --> 00:30:15,047
When we reached the lemurs,
fires were burning throughout the forest...
198
00:30:15,147 --> 00:30:18,207
and I hoped we weren't too late.
199
00:30:29,453 --> 00:30:32,847
NARRATOR: They captured them just in time.
200
00:30:35,667 --> 00:30:40,146
But another piece of forest is gone.
201
00:30:58,232 --> 00:31:02,428
WRIGHT: See if she has milk,
or if she's pregnant.
202
00:31:02,528 --> 00:31:04,388
NARRATOR: Back at ValBio...
203
00:31:04,488 --> 00:31:07,766
the rescued lemurs
are sedated and examined...
204
00:31:07,866 --> 00:31:11,687
to make sure they are free
from parasites and disease.
205
00:31:11,787 --> 00:31:14,972
WRIGHT: The canine has tooth wear. Okay.
206
00:31:17,084 --> 00:31:20,487
NARRATOR: The new lemurs wear radio collars...
207
00:31:20,587 --> 00:31:24,607
so scientists can
easily monitor their progress.
208
00:31:30,180 --> 00:31:33,417
WRIGHT: I've studied
these animals for so long...
209
00:31:33,517 --> 00:31:36,952
but this is the first time
I've ever held one in my arms.
210
00:31:37,187 --> 00:31:39,914
You're really beautiful.
211
00:31:40,065 --> 00:31:42,083
Mm.
212
00:31:42,317 --> 00:31:44,511
So amazing.
213
00:31:44,611 --> 00:31:48,223
I thought you guys were extinct. Yeah.
214
00:31:48,323 --> 00:31:50,767
What a shame that would be.
215
00:31:50,867 --> 00:31:54,220
Such beautiful animals.
216
00:31:54,830 --> 00:31:58,808
But now you're going to be
in the national park. Yeah.
217
00:32:00,210 --> 00:32:03,780
NARRATOR: Soon after,
Patricia brings the rescued lemurs...
218
00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:06,700
to an enclosure in the rain forest...
219
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:11,612
so they can get used to the environment
before meeting the residents.
220
00:32:22,899 --> 00:32:25,251
WRIGHT: So much was at stake.
221
00:32:26,028 --> 00:32:29,255
But even I didn't know what to expect.
222
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:33,727
Would they fall in love?
223
00:32:33,827 --> 00:32:35,761
Would they fight?
224
00:32:36,204 --> 00:32:39,056
Would they even find each other?
225
00:32:42,919 --> 00:32:48,575
NARRATOR: The next day, the father
and daughter discover the cage...
226
00:32:48,675 --> 00:32:52,079
and realize they are no longer alone.
227
00:32:52,179 --> 00:32:54,238
(SQUEAKING AND CHIRPING)
228
00:33:02,648 --> 00:33:04,299
(PURRING)
229
00:33:04,399 --> 00:33:06,917
(CHIRPING)
230
00:33:19,706 --> 00:33:23,142
(CHIRPING AND SQUEAKING)
231
00:34:05,127 --> 00:34:07,144
(CHIRPING)
232
00:34:10,340 --> 00:34:14,401
(CHIRPING AND SQUEAKING)
233
00:34:15,554 --> 00:34:17,863
(PURRING)
234
00:34:22,561 --> 00:34:24,870
(CHIRPING)
235
00:34:27,274 --> 00:34:30,751
WRIGHT: I didn't expect true love right away.
236
00:34:31,486 --> 00:34:34,547
They have to get to know each other.
237
00:34:38,368 --> 00:34:40,469
(GRUNTING)
238
00:34:45,333 --> 00:34:50,072
But this seems like the start
of a beautiful friendship.
239
00:34:50,172 --> 00:34:51,522
(GRUNTS)
240
00:34:56,928 --> 00:35:00,573
(SNORTING AND PURRING)
241
00:35:01,892 --> 00:35:03,742
(SHRIEKS)
242
00:35:29,836 --> 00:35:35,774
WRIGHT: If all goes well,
next year we'll have babies in the park.
243
00:35:39,346 --> 00:35:42,290
That's how we're going
to save these lemurs.
244
00:35:42,390 --> 00:35:45,293
One generation at a time.
245
00:35:45,393 --> 00:35:52,499
(PEOPLE SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
246
00:35:53,568 --> 00:35:59,006
NARRATOR: Across Madagascar,
lemurs have an uphill battle to survive.
247
00:36:01,827 --> 00:36:06,055
But momentum is shifting in their favor.
248
00:36:07,541 --> 00:36:12,102
Some villagers have begun
to fight fires...
249
00:36:12,337 --> 00:36:14,865
not just start them.
250
00:36:14,965 --> 00:36:17,191
(SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
251
00:36:23,723 --> 00:36:26,033
NARRATOR: And thanks to people like Hanta...
252
00:36:26,518 --> 00:36:31,131
kids are teaching their elders
about conservation.
253
00:36:31,231 --> 00:36:35,459
And learning to avoid the mistakes
of their ancestors.
254
00:36:36,319 --> 00:36:37,753
(SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
255
00:37:17,694 --> 00:37:22,172
NARRATOR: Lemurs came to Madagascar as castaways.
256
00:37:27,203 --> 00:37:32,808
Their epic adventure has lasted
for 60 million years.
257
00:37:39,174 --> 00:37:42,693
Fate brought the lemurs to Madagascar.
258
00:37:43,803 --> 00:37:48,157
But they'll need more than luck
to survive much longer.
259
00:37:51,102 --> 00:37:53,162
They'll need help.
260
00:38:08,328 --> 00:38:09,980
(LEMUR GRUNTING)
261
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:11,930
Hello.
262
00:38:16,211 --> 00:38:19,614
How are you?
Are you doing okay up there?
263
00:38:19,714 --> 00:38:21,273
(LEMUR GRUNTS)
264
00:38:21,967 --> 00:38:26,695
WRIGHT: The more I get to know lemurs,
the more I love them.
265
00:38:31,810 --> 00:38:36,381
And I want to share these
incredible animals with the world.
266
00:38:36,481 --> 00:38:38,383
(GIBBERING)
267
00:38:38,483 --> 00:38:42,012
NARRATOR: Lemurs have a miraculous story.
268
00:38:42,112 --> 00:38:46,090
Now it's up to us to keep it alive.
269
00:38:47,784 --> 00:38:49,519
After all...
270
00:38:49,619 --> 00:38:56,016
the best stories in nature
are the ones that never end.
271
00:40:35,058 --> 00:40:37,159
IMPROVED BY: Fidel3325696
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.