All language subtitles for JFK.Revisited.Through.The.Looking.Glass.2021.1080p.WEBRip.x264.AAC5.1

af Afrikaans
sq Albanian
am Amharic
ar Arabic
hy Armenian
az Azerbaijani
eu Basque
be Belarusian
bn Bengali
bs Bosnian
bg Bulgarian
ca Catalan
ceb Cebuano
ny Chichewa
zh-CN Chinese (Simplified)
zh-TW Chinese (Traditional)
co Corsican
hr Croatian
cs Czech
da Danish
nl Dutch
en English
eo Esperanto
et Estonian
tl Filipino
fi Finnish
fr French
fy Frisian
gl Galician
ka Georgian
de German Download
el Greek
gu Gujarati
ht Haitian Creole
ha Hausa
haw Hawaiian
iw Hebrew
hi Hindi
hmn Hmong
hu Hungarian
is Icelandic
ig Igbo
id Indonesian
ga Irish
it Italian
ja Japanese Download
jw Javanese
kn Kannada
kk Kazakh
km Khmer
ko Korean
ku Kurdish (Kurmanji)
ky Kyrgyz
lo Lao
la Latin
lv Latvian
lt Lithuanian
lb Luxembourgish
mk Macedonian
mg Malagasy
ms Malay
ml Malayalam
mt Maltese
mi Maori
mr Marathi
mn Mongolian
my Myanmar (Burmese)
ne Nepali
no Norwegian
ps Pashto
fa Persian
pl Polish
pt Portuguese
pa Punjabi
ro Romanian
ru Russian
sm Samoan
gd Scots Gaelic
sr Serbian
st Sesotho
sn Shona
sd Sindhi
si Sinhala
sk Slovak
sl Slovenian
so Somali
es Spanish
su Sundanese
sw Swahili
sv Swedish
tg Tajik
ta Tamil
te Telugu
th Thai
tr Turkish
uk Ukrainian
ur Urdu
uz Uzbek
vi Vietnamese
cy Welsh
xh Xhosa
yi Yiddish
yo Yoruba
zu Zulu
or Odia (Oriya)
rw Kinyarwanda
tk Turkmen
tt Tatar
ug Uyghur
Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:52,052 --> 00:00:55,930       I have therefore chosen                this time and place          4 00:00:55,972 --> 00:01:00,226     to discuss a topic on which          ignorance too often abounds      5 00:01:00,268 --> 00:01:03,396            and the truth                    too rarely perceived,         6 00:01:03,438 --> 00:01:07,317    and that is the most important           topic on earth, peace.        7 00:01:08,318 --> 00:01:09,736    What kind of a peace do I mean    8 00:01:09,778 --> 00:01:12,822           and what kind of                   a peace do we seek?          9 00:01:12,864 --> 00:01:17,577           Not a Pax Americana                  enforced on the world        10 00:01:17,619 --> 00:01:20,288       by American weapons of war.     11 00:01:20,330 --> 00:01:21,748        Not the peace of the grave     12 00:01:22,999 --> 00:01:24,501      or the security of the slave.    13 00:01:25,668 --> 00:01:28,963            I am talking about                      genuine peace,           14 00:01:29,005 --> 00:01:33,093     the kind of peace that makes         life on earth worth living.      15 00:01:33,134 --> 00:01:36,096        The kind that enables men                and nations to grow         16 00:01:36,137 --> 00:01:37,555               and to hope             17 00:01:37,597 --> 00:01:40,600         and build a better life                 for their children,         18 00:01:40,642 --> 00:01:46,397    not merely peace for Americans     but peace for all men and women.  19 00:01:46,439 --> 00:01:50,819    Not merely peace in our time,            but peace in all time.        20 00:01:50,860 --> 00:01:53,571       [tranquil music playing]       21 00:02:06,209 --> 00:02:08,920     [woman]   That straight, sleek            look that it should have,      22 00:02:08,962 --> 00:02:10,338        and very often you'll find     23 00:02:10,380 --> 00:02:14,509           a zipper hidden                   in the, uh, arm and--         24 00:02:16,719 --> 00:02:18,012           Good afternoon,                   ladies and gentlemen.         25 00:02:18,054 --> 00:02:19,848        You'll excuse the fact              that I'm out of breath,        26 00:02:19,889 --> 00:02:22,475  but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,    27 00:02:22,517 --> 00:02:25,145         a tragic thing, from            all indications at this point,    28 00:02:25,186 --> 00:02:26,437             has happened                    in the city of Dallas.        29 00:02:27,897 --> 00:02:29,899       This is Walter Cronkite                  in our newsroom.           30 00:02:29,941 --> 00:02:33,236     Here's a, uh, piece of copy           that was rushed to-- to me      31 00:02:33,278 --> 00:02:35,280           and was torn off                  from the United Press.        32 00:02:35,321 --> 00:02:36,739          President Kennedy                 has been shot in Dallas.       33 00:02:36,781 --> 00:02:39,242              Along with                  Governor Connally of Texas.      34 00:02:39,284 --> 00:02:41,452          They've been taken              to Parkland Hospital there,      35 00:02:41,494 --> 00:02:44,164      where their condition is,                 as yet, unknown.           36 00:02:44,205 --> 00:02:46,916             [reporter 1]                   And just now we've received             reports here at Parkland      37 00:02:46,958 --> 00:02:49,878        that Governor Connally was          shot in the upper left chest,    38 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:52,213              and the first                      unconfirmed reports         39 00:02:52,255 --> 00:02:54,382            say the President                    was hit in the head.        40 00:02:54,424 --> 00:02:55,842       That's an unconfirmed report    41 00:02:55,884 --> 00:02:57,719            that the President                   was hit in the head.        42 00:02:57,760 --> 00:02:59,053             [reporter 2]                       Police began chasing        43 00:02:59,095 --> 00:03:02,390            an unknown gunman                across the railroad tracks.     44 00:03:02,432 --> 00:03:04,350      Would you see if they need           some coffee or something?       45 00:03:04,392 --> 00:03:05,643             These people                    are awfully shaken up.        46 00:03:05,685 --> 00:03:07,020    They were in the line of fire.    47 00:03:07,061 --> 00:03:08,688      [man]   The President's car                   was some 50 feet          48 00:03:08,730 --> 00:03:10,398      when we heard the first shot.    49 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:12,901         And then as the car              got directly in front of us,     50 00:03:12,942 --> 00:03:14,736              a gunshot from                     the top of the hill         51 00:03:14,777 --> 00:03:17,238      hit the President's side--              side of the temple.          52 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:18,865        [reporter over phone]              Where did the shots come from?  53 00:03:18,907 --> 00:03:21,576          [woman over phone]               The shots came from the hill.    54 00:03:21,618 --> 00:03:22,911        [reporter 3]   Excuse me                  just a moment, John.        55 00:03:22,952 --> 00:03:24,579         Uh, there was just word                  from the hospital          56 00:03:24,621 --> 00:03:27,373        that they have dispatched             a call for a neurosurgeon.     57 00:03:27,415 --> 00:03:29,375          All we can do now                     is pray for him,           58 00:03:29,417 --> 00:03:31,252  and that's about all we can do.    59 00:03:34,255 --> 00:03:36,174    [reporter 4]   President's wife,         Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.    60 00:03:36,216 --> 00:03:39,135      She walked into the hospital.           A priest has been ordered.     61 00:03:39,177 --> 00:03:40,511       Emergency supplies of blood     62 00:03:40,553 --> 00:03:42,222            also being rushed                      to the hospital.          63 00:03:42,263 --> 00:03:44,599     [reporter 5]   Just a moment.           We have a bulletin coming in.    64 00:03:44,641 --> 00:03:46,601        We'll now put you directly            through Parkland Hospital      65 00:03:46,643 --> 00:03:48,937         and KBLX news director,                     Bill Hamdon.            66 00:03:48,978 --> 00:03:50,855             [reporter 6]                    Two priests, who were with     67 00:03:50,897 --> 00:03:53,149            President Kennedy,                     say he is dead.           68 00:03:53,191 --> 00:03:54,275            [woman gasps]             69 00:03:55,777 --> 00:03:57,946  -Just two priests announced it?                -[man] Yes.              70 00:03:57,987 --> 00:03:59,614    But it's not the truth, is it?    71 00:04:04,577 --> 00:04:06,663          [Walter Cronkite]            The flash, apparently official,    72 00:04:07,580 --> 00:04:09,958          President Kennedy died       73 00:04:09,999 --> 00:04:12,460               at 1:00 p.m.                     Central Standard Time,       74 00:04:14,254 --> 00:04:16,297         some 38 minutes ago.         75 00:04:19,175 --> 00:04:21,094        [boy]   I just can't see                 why anybody would want       76 00:04:21,135 --> 00:04:24,931       to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all          the things he's done for us.    77 00:04:24,973 --> 00:04:27,725       He tried to keep us from        getting into war and everything.  78 00:04:27,767 --> 00:04:34,941  It's a simple matter of a bullet        right through the head.        79 00:04:34,983 --> 00:04:37,151    [officer]   All the information              that we have received        80 00:04:37,193 --> 00:04:39,153      now indicates that it did come  81 00:04:39,195 --> 00:04:42,198      from about the fifth or fourth          floor of that building.       82 00:04:43,324 --> 00:04:45,285        We're checking it out now.     83 00:04:45,326 --> 00:04:46,661            10-4 now, and 112.         84 00:04:48,413 --> 00:04:50,665       We found empty rifle hulls,     85 00:04:50,707 --> 00:04:54,002        and it looked like the man          had been there for some time.    86 00:04:54,043 --> 00:04:57,005             [reporter 7]                     Police made a systematic              search     of the building.      87 00:04:57,046 --> 00:04:58,589          They found no weapon.        88 00:04:58,631 --> 00:04:59,841             [reporter 8]                      We just got the word.        89 00:04:59,882 --> 00:05:01,759            Lyndon B. Johnson                     has been sworn in          90 00:05:01,801 --> 00:05:04,595             as the President                    of the United States        91 00:05:04,637 --> 00:05:09,183         just prior to a takeoff               to return to Washington.      92 00:05:09,225 --> 00:05:13,688    [reporter 9]   Behind the casket          is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.     93 00:05:13,730 --> 00:05:15,356        They are helping her down.     94 00:05:16,733 --> 00:05:20,361           Now, new President,                  Lyndon Baines Johnson.       95 00:05:20,403 --> 00:05:24,365       We have suffered a loss              that cannot be weighed.        96 00:05:24,407 --> 00:05:25,992            [reporter 10]                   At Bethesda Naval Hospital,     97 00:05:26,034 --> 00:05:28,119             the autopsy team                    has completed work.         98 00:05:28,161 --> 00:05:30,997        Now the body of the slain              President and his widow       99 00:05:31,039 --> 00:05:34,125         are at last brought home                to the White House.         100 00:05:34,167 --> 00:05:35,960    [reporter 11]   Who do you think         would do something like this?    101 00:05:37,795 --> 00:05:40,590     Probably some segregationist            crackpot or something.        102 00:05:40,631 --> 00:05:42,967               Just...                    They had it all planned out.     103 00:05:43,009 --> 00:05:45,845  I really believe that his blood            will be on their hands.       104 00:05:48,264 --> 00:05:50,099            [reporter 12]                       Here is the suspect.                 Can we roll it please?       105 00:05:50,141 --> 00:05:51,559         [Lee Harvey Oswald]             People have given me a hearing    106 00:05:51,601 --> 00:05:53,853     without legal representation                 or anything.             107 00:05:53,895 --> 00:05:55,938    -Did you shoot the President?           -I didn't shoot anybody.       108 00:05:55,980 --> 00:05:58,191            I emphatically                    deny these charges.          109 00:05:58,232 --> 00:06:01,069        [reporter 13]   This is                24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.     110 00:06:01,110 --> 00:06:02,862        He answers the description                  of a young man           111 00:06:02,904 --> 00:06:05,239              sighted at the                  Book Depository Building.      112 00:06:05,281 --> 00:06:07,450     [reporter 14]   Police chased            Oswald into a movie theater.    113 00:06:07,492 --> 00:06:11,079      Police said he fired at them,         killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.  114 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:13,915  A rifle was found in a building                where he worked.          115 00:06:13,956 --> 00:06:15,917     [reporter 15]   Police refused             to say whether they have      116 00:06:15,958 --> 00:06:18,211             any fingerprints                  from that weapon as yet.      117 00:06:18,252 --> 00:06:21,714         The man obviously was an           excellent shot or very lucky,    118 00:06:21,756 --> 00:06:24,509          in that witnesses               said three shots were fired,     119 00:06:24,550 --> 00:06:26,552         at least two of them                  found their marks.          120 00:06:26,594 --> 00:06:27,929            [reporter 16]                     At the Capitol Rotunda,       121 00:06:27,970 --> 00:06:30,390              there will be                      three short speeches        122 00:06:30,431 --> 00:06:33,267       before the public is allowed           to start viewing the body.     123 00:06:33,309 --> 00:06:36,354    Chief, do you have any concern     for the safety of your prisoner?  124 00:06:36,396 --> 00:06:38,106              [officer]                      No, but because necessary      125 00:06:38,147 --> 00:06:39,899               precautions                    will be taken, of course.      126 00:06:39,941 --> 00:06:41,359        [reporter 17]   Is there             any doubt in your mind, Chief,  127 00:06:41,401 --> 00:06:43,152          that Oswald is the man              who killed the President?      128 00:06:43,194 --> 00:06:44,904    [officer]   I think this is the          man who killed the President.    129 00:06:44,946 --> 00:06:46,989          I'm just a patsy.           130 00:06:47,031 --> 00:06:49,742      [reporter 18]   So great is            the crush outside the Capitol,  131 00:06:49,784 --> 00:06:53,287         that people who have not            been in line can't possibly.    132 00:06:53,329 --> 00:06:54,747    We are now switching to Dallas    133 00:06:54,789 --> 00:06:57,375       where they are about to move            Lee Oswald and whether--      134 00:06:57,417 --> 00:06:58,418              [gunshot]               135 00:06:58,459 --> 00:07:00,128    [reporter 19]   He's been shot.     136 00:07:00,169 --> 00:07:02,463             [indistinct]             137 00:07:02,505 --> 00:07:03,923            [reporter 20]                    There's a man with a gun.      138 00:07:03,965 --> 00:07:05,883              [Cronkite]                         Lee Harvey Oswald,         139 00:07:05,925 --> 00:07:09,387      the man who Dallas police say           killed President Kennedy,      140 00:07:09,429 --> 00:07:11,055             himself is dead.          141 00:07:11,097 --> 00:07:14,142          The man Dallas police                  seized at the scene,        142 00:07:14,183 --> 00:07:17,437        and are holding, has been              identified     as Jack Ruby.     143 00:07:17,478 --> 00:07:21,482    He is being held by the Dallas     police. Now, back to Washington.  144 00:07:23,109 --> 00:07:24,652            [reporter 21]                      Fifty-three countries        145 00:07:24,694 --> 00:07:27,155      are represented in all today.    146 00:07:27,196 --> 00:07:30,658        There are a dozen members             of ruling royal families,      147 00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:33,494          30 foreign ministers.        148 00:07:33,536 --> 00:07:36,164            [reporter 22]                    Things should be all right             in the few months ahead.      149 00:07:36,205 --> 00:07:38,583        [Dwight D. Eisenhower]                   I'm sure the, uh,          150 00:07:38,624 --> 00:07:40,918      entire citizenry of the nation  151 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:45,506        will stand faithfully                behind the government.        152 00:07:45,548 --> 00:07:49,719  This bizarre sequence of double     killings raise great questions.    153 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:52,597       Who actually fired the shots              that killed Kennedy?        154 00:07:52,638 --> 00:07:54,515         Was there a conspiracy?       155 00:07:54,557 --> 00:07:58,644     The first wound described is      a wound in the back of the head    156 00:07:58,686 --> 00:08:00,980      and would seem to indicate              a shot from behind.          157 00:08:01,022 --> 00:08:02,690           But the doctors                    also said there was          158 00:08:02,732 --> 00:08:04,400        a wound in the throat                    at the front,             159 00:08:04,442 --> 00:08:07,028  which seemed to indicate a shot         from the other direction.       160 00:08:07,069 --> 00:08:08,988    [Cronkite]   The new President,                 Lyndon Johnson,           161 00:08:09,030 --> 00:08:11,115          appointed a commission             of seven prominent Americans    162 00:08:11,157 --> 00:08:13,451              to investigate                      the whole affair.          163 00:08:13,493 --> 00:08:16,287        Earl Warren, Chief Justice              of the United States.        164 00:08:16,329 --> 00:08:19,040           Richard B. Russell,                  senator from Georgia.        165 00:08:19,081 --> 00:08:21,959           John Sherman Cooper,                 senator from Kentucky.       166 00:08:22,001 --> 00:08:25,004               Hale Boggs,                representative     from Louisiana.  167 00:08:25,046 --> 00:08:28,049             Gerald R. Ford,                representative from Michigan.    168 00:08:28,090 --> 00:08:30,885             John J. McCloy,                    presidential adviser.        169 00:08:30,927 --> 00:08:34,555             Allen W. Dulles,                    ex-head of the CIA.         170 00:08:34,597 --> 00:08:37,350          Are you convinced                  that he was shot from             the School Book Depository?      171 00:08:37,391 --> 00:08:40,102    Well, I think we better leave             all that, you know.          172 00:08:40,144 --> 00:08:43,564         The evidence report             will cover all-- all of that.     173 00:09:00,623 --> 00:09:03,292            [reporter 23]                      The Warren Commission              makes these major findings.     174 00:09:03,334 --> 00:09:06,045            Lee Harvey Oswald           assassinated President Kennedy.    175 00:09:06,087 --> 00:09:07,797             He did it alone.          176 00:09:07,838 --> 00:09:09,507            He was not a part                     of any conspiracy,         177 00:09:09,549 --> 00:09:10,967       either domestic or foreign.     178 00:09:11,008 --> 00:09:12,343            [reporter 24]                        Some other details         179 00:09:12,385 --> 00:09:14,637           will be of interest                   mainly to historians        180 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:16,347          and others having                  some special interest.        181 00:09:16,389 --> 00:09:18,766  [reporter 25]   But there was one           further piece of evidence      182 00:09:18,808 --> 00:09:20,893       that the public cannot see.     183 00:09:20,935 --> 00:09:24,063         Abraham Zapruder's film             of the actual assassination.    184 00:09:24,105 --> 00:09:26,732           This murder now                   is the most thoroughly        185 00:09:26,774 --> 00:09:28,943           documented crime                   in American history.         186 00:09:28,985 --> 00:09:30,945            And for those                    who care to pursue it         187 00:09:30,987 --> 00:09:33,614       down to the last detail,                 it's all there.            188 00:09:45,710 --> 00:09:48,629            [Oliver Stone]                     This is Dealey Plaza.        189 00:09:48,671 --> 00:09:52,174               To this day,                   it remains a crime scene.      190 00:09:52,216 --> 00:09:54,760               In the years                    since the Warren Report,      191 00:09:54,802 --> 00:09:57,138             many significant                re-investigations were made     192 00:09:57,179 --> 00:09:59,557             into the murder                    of President Kennedy.        193 00:10:00,933 --> 00:10:03,561            Each one revealed                   new facts and evidence       194 00:10:03,603 --> 00:10:06,897       that shed more light on what         really happened here that day.  195 00:10:09,066 --> 00:10:12,612            Starting in 1975,                after the Watergate scandal,    196 00:10:12,653 --> 00:10:15,323           Senator Frank Church               conducted     an investigation    197 00:10:15,364 --> 00:10:19,493             into the abuses                and crimes of the FBI and CIA.  198 00:10:19,535 --> 00:10:22,663       During that time, the public            learned of the CIA plots      199 00:10:22,705 --> 00:10:24,457      to assassinate foreign leaders  200 00:10:24,498 --> 00:10:27,335           like Patrice Lumumba                of the Republic of Congo      201 00:10:27,376 --> 00:10:30,129        and Fidel Castro of Cuba.      202 00:10:30,171 --> 00:10:34,091            Plots orchestrated               under     Director Allen Dulles.  203 00:10:34,133 --> 00:10:36,344         But the Church committee                 didn't stop there.         204 00:10:36,385 --> 00:10:39,138        Senators Richard Schweiker                  and Gary Hart            205 00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:42,683         were tasked to reexamine            the roles of the CIA and FBI    206 00:10:42,725 --> 00:10:46,520        as the chief investigators            for the Warren Commission,     207 00:10:46,562 --> 00:10:49,607            and look for signs                of conflicts or cover-ups.     208 00:10:50,566 --> 00:10:52,026       J. Edgar Hoover writes,        209 00:10:52,068 --> 00:10:54,362            "Yes, we did have                a relationship with Mr. Ruby    210 00:10:54,403 --> 00:10:57,031  and he acted as our informant."    211 00:10:57,073 --> 00:10:59,950    Now, who said that at the time     of the Warren Commission report?  212 00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:03,829        Did anybody ever imply               that-- that Jack Ruby         213 00:11:03,871 --> 00:11:06,457       was a confidential informant                  for the FBI?            214 00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:09,960        Nobody breathed that.                 That was classified.         215 00:11:10,002 --> 00:11:12,171        [Stone]   Faith in what               the American public was told    216 00:11:12,213 --> 00:11:15,383         by the Warren Commission              was starting to unravel.      217 00:11:15,424 --> 00:11:18,386      The intelligence agencies             did all the wrong things       218 00:11:18,427 --> 00:11:21,055            if they really                were looking for conspiracy      219 00:11:21,097 --> 00:11:23,391            or to find out                  who killed John Kennedy.       220 00:11:23,432 --> 00:11:27,103     [Stone]   The search for real              answers gained momentum.      221 00:11:27,144 --> 00:11:29,397              Then, 12 years                   after the assassination,      222 00:11:29,438 --> 00:11:32,358          the most iconic piece                 of evidence was leaked       223 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:34,610               and finally                       shown to the public.        224 00:11:34,652 --> 00:11:36,696  It's the film shot by the Dallas  225 00:11:36,737 --> 00:11:40,157         dress manufacturer,                   Abraham Zapruder.           226 00:11:40,199 --> 00:11:43,536        And it's the execution               of President Kennedy,         227 00:11:43,577 --> 00:11:45,329        and, uh, Bob and Dick,        228 00:11:45,371 --> 00:11:46,831       would you please narrate       229 00:11:46,872 --> 00:11:48,999          what we're seeing                  as we show this film?         230 00:11:49,041 --> 00:11:50,710     [Robert Groden]   Now, before              he goes behind the sign,      231 00:11:50,751 --> 00:11:52,420              the President                    is waving to the crowd.       232 00:11:52,461 --> 00:11:54,171          When he comes out from             behind the sign, he is shot.    233 00:11:54,213 --> 00:11:55,881  Then Governor Connally is shot.    234 00:11:55,923 --> 00:11:57,091           [Geraldo Rivera]                    He's already been hit.       235 00:11:57,133 --> 00:11:58,509               [Groden]                        He's already been hit.       236 00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:00,261          [Rivera]   And now?           237 00:12:00,302 --> 00:12:02,930      [Groden]   At the bottom of              the screen, the head shot.     238 00:12:02,972 --> 00:12:05,433       [Rivera]   That's the shot               that blew off his head.       239 00:12:05,474 --> 00:12:07,685  That's the most upsetting thing              I've ever seen.            240 00:12:07,727 --> 00:12:08,936  We'll talk about it in a minute.  241 00:12:08,978 --> 00:12:10,938               [Stone]                     Seeing the shock and brutality  242 00:12:10,980 --> 00:12:13,274       of the actual assassination     243 00:12:13,315 --> 00:12:14,775         caused a public outcry.       244 00:12:14,817 --> 00:12:16,444          The government formed        245 00:12:16,485 --> 00:12:21,741        the House Select Committee           on Assassinations, the HSCA.    246 00:12:21,782 --> 00:12:23,993            The committee                     will come to order.          247 00:12:24,034 --> 00:12:26,579           [Stone]   The HSCA                   re-interviewed witnesses      248 00:12:26,620 --> 00:12:28,122         and took new testimonies      249 00:12:28,164 --> 00:12:29,957               that exposed                    massive inconsistencies       250 00:12:29,999 --> 00:12:32,251            with the original                       Warren Report.           251 00:12:32,293 --> 00:12:34,628  Has any other scientist to date    252 00:12:34,670 --> 00:12:39,633    linked the so-called pristine           bullet to the injuries?        253 00:12:39,675 --> 00:12:41,469      Not that I'm aware of. No.      254 00:12:41,510 --> 00:12:47,725      The Pentagon has destroyed       its Kennedy assassination file,    255 00:12:47,767 --> 00:12:50,978          and we don't know                    why that was done.          256 00:12:51,020 --> 00:12:52,980            [Stone]   But at                 the end of that investigation,  257 00:12:53,022 --> 00:12:55,775              what the HSCA                     learned was considered       258 00:12:55,816 --> 00:12:58,152  too damaging to be made public.    259 00:12:58,194 --> 00:13:00,446               And close to                     a half-million records       260 00:13:00,488 --> 00:13:03,991              were to remain                      sealed until 2029,         261 00:13:04,033 --> 00:13:06,494        a fact that we made clear      262 00:13:06,535 --> 00:13:09,330            at the conclusion                   to our 1991 film,   JFK.       263 00:13:10,831 --> 00:13:12,416          The media controversy                    that accompanied          264 00:13:12,458 --> 00:13:15,336         the film forced Congress               to do something about        265 00:13:15,377 --> 00:13:19,465               the secrecy                      that still surrounded                these classified files.       266 00:13:19,507 --> 00:13:21,759            Hearings were held                     on Capitol Hill.          267 00:13:21,801 --> 00:13:23,260        Most Americans did not        268 00:13:23,302 --> 00:13:25,221    believe or support the verdict    269 00:13:25,262 --> 00:13:27,640       of the Warren Commission                    initially.              270 00:13:27,681 --> 00:13:30,392  And now more than three in four,  271 00:13:30,434 --> 00:13:33,479       according to all recent            samplings of public opinion,     272 00:13:33,521 --> 00:13:36,941        think some conspiracy                    was involved.             273 00:13:36,982 --> 00:13:39,151               And in 1992,                      the John F. Kennedy         274 00:13:39,193 --> 00:13:41,862          Records Collection Act                     was passed.             275 00:13:41,904 --> 00:13:43,239     Clerk will report the title.     276 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:45,074    Senate 3006, an act to provide    277 00:13:45,115 --> 00:13:47,243         for the expeditious                 disclosure of records         278 00:13:47,284 --> 00:13:50,287    relevant to the assassination        of President John F. Kennedy.     279 00:13:50,329 --> 00:13:52,122               [Stone]                       This act provided funding      280 00:13:52,164 --> 00:13:55,251       and formed the Assassination             Records Review Board,        281 00:13:55,292 --> 00:13:57,336                the ARRB.              282 00:13:57,378 --> 00:14:00,714         The public wasn't going             to have to wait until 2029.     283 00:14:00,756 --> 00:14:03,884             Declassification                     was to begin now.          284 00:14:03,926 --> 00:14:05,511       The board was given a budget    285 00:14:05,553 --> 00:14:07,847               and timeline                  of four years to declassify     286 00:14:07,888 --> 00:14:10,015             and make public                      as many documents          287 00:14:10,057 --> 00:14:12,685         and records as possible.      288 00:14:12,726 --> 00:14:15,062         They managed to collect                over two million pages       289 00:14:15,104 --> 00:14:18,524         of declassified records                    and artifacts.           290 00:14:18,566 --> 00:14:22,069        They are all housed at the          National Archives in Maryland,  291 00:14:22,111 --> 00:14:24,238             and since then,                   the public has been free      292 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:28,242             to view, study,                       and investigate.          293 00:14:28,284 --> 00:14:30,911        There is now so much more                   that we know,            294 00:14:30,953 --> 00:14:33,080      and with those facts in hand,    295 00:14:33,122 --> 00:14:35,291             we will go back                      and piece together         296 00:14:35,332 --> 00:14:37,167      what really happened that day,  297 00:14:37,209 --> 00:14:40,254      and discover the reasons why.    298 00:14:42,006 --> 00:14:43,090               Let's begin.            299 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:46,343              [reporter]                       Something has happened                  in the motorcade.          300 00:14:46,385 --> 00:14:47,428             Standby, please.          301 00:14:47,469 --> 00:14:48,971          [Whoopi Goldberg]                         The JFK case            302 00:14:49,013 --> 00:14:51,390      was such a mass of confusion.    303 00:14:51,432 --> 00:14:53,809               For example,                     the Warren Commission        304 00:14:53,851 --> 00:14:56,729               was limited                       to only three shots,        305 00:14:56,770 --> 00:15:00,024           because three shells             were found on the sixth floor    306 00:15:00,065 --> 00:15:02,151      of the School Book Depository.  307 00:15:02,192 --> 00:15:04,320          [J. Edgar Hoover]                        On that floor,           308 00:15:04,361 --> 00:15:06,947         we found the three     empty           shells that had been fired,     309 00:15:06,989 --> 00:15:08,908               but they had                    characteristics on them       310 00:15:08,949 --> 00:15:10,868      so that our ballistics expert    311 00:15:10,910 --> 00:15:14,038          was able to prove that             they were fired by this gun.    312 00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:15,456           [Lyndon Johnson]                   Any of them fired at me?      313 00:15:15,497 --> 00:15:16,957               [Hoover]                      No, there was never any...     314 00:15:16,999 --> 00:15:18,626              [Johnson]                     All three at the President?     315 00:15:18,667 --> 00:15:21,045               [Hoover]                     All three at the President,                and we have them.          316 00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:22,463              [Goldberg]                       The FBI concluded that       317 00:15:22,504 --> 00:15:24,381            all three bullets                   struck inside the car.       318 00:15:24,423 --> 00:15:26,383         [Hoover]   He was hit                by the first and the third.     319 00:15:26,425 --> 00:15:28,218             The second shot                      hit the governor.          320 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:29,929              The third shot                      tore a large part          321 00:15:29,970 --> 00:15:32,723       of the President's head off.    322 00:15:32,765 --> 00:15:35,768        The Warren Commission            put itself in a straitjacket.     323 00:15:35,809 --> 00:15:39,063    They could not possibly allow            more than three shots,        324 00:15:39,104 --> 00:15:41,023      because four shots or more      325 00:15:41,065 --> 00:15:43,067          would have clearly                 indicated conspiracy.         326 00:15:43,108 --> 00:15:44,860    And they were not going there.    327 00:15:44,902 --> 00:15:46,987        [James Tague speaking]        328 00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:54,370          scratched my face           329 00:15:54,745 --> 00:15:56,914              [Goldberg]                    Records show the first shot     330 00:15:56,956 --> 00:15:59,249                had missed                      its target completely,       331 00:15:59,291 --> 00:16:02,461            and the final shot                 hit Kennedy in the head.      332 00:16:02,503 --> 00:16:06,298       So, how does one account for     one bullet hitting two victims,    333 00:16:06,340 --> 00:16:08,717        and doing all this damage?     334 00:16:08,759 --> 00:16:11,595            Arlen Specter was                 a Yale Law School graduate     335 00:16:11,637 --> 00:16:14,682       working in the Philadelphia           district attorney's office,     336 00:16:14,723 --> 00:16:18,018        when he was asked to serve            on the Warren Commission.      337 00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:22,189       Aha! What if one bullet               made all seven wounds?        338 00:16:22,231 --> 00:16:23,857       Arlen Specter, he is the one    339 00:16:23,899 --> 00:16:26,276            that gave birth to                the single-bullet theory.      340 00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:28,696       What if one bullet went into                 Kennedy's back           341 00:16:28,737 --> 00:16:31,365          and came out his neck,       342 00:16:31,407 --> 00:16:34,535      and then went into Connally's            back, piercing the lung,      343 00:16:34,576 --> 00:16:37,121          destroying four inches               of the right fifth rib,       344 00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:39,164               exiting from                    the front of his chest,       345 00:16:39,206 --> 00:16:40,749                going into                      the back of the wrist,       346 00:16:40,791 --> 00:16:42,793        shattering the distal end                   of the radius.           347 00:16:42,835 --> 00:16:44,378  In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,  348 00:16:44,420 --> 00:16:46,964       that's a big heavy bone                comminuted fracture.         349 00:16:47,006 --> 00:16:48,716                Exits from                     the front of the wrist,       350 00:16:48,757 --> 00:16:50,926        goes into his left thigh.      351 00:16:50,968 --> 00:16:53,262          Whatever you want,                   whatever you need,          352 00:16:53,303 --> 00:16:56,265         this bullet happily                and readily obliges you.       353 00:16:56,306 --> 00:16:58,392     It is indeed a magic bullet.     354 00:16:59,727 --> 00:17:02,646     CE-399 was the magic bullet,     355 00:17:02,688 --> 00:17:05,691            and all government                  investigations so far        356 00:17:05,733 --> 00:17:08,277         have treated that bullet      357 00:17:08,318 --> 00:17:11,280              as absolutely                   foundational to this case.     358 00:17:11,321 --> 00:17:12,990            How important                     is chain of custody          359 00:17:13,032 --> 00:17:15,075        in a legal proceeding?        360 00:17:15,117 --> 00:17:16,994           Chain of custody                   basically refers to          361 00:17:17,036 --> 00:17:18,537      the integrity of evidence.      362 00:17:18,579 --> 00:17:20,581          If I, uh, pick up                   a piece of evidence          363 00:17:20,622 --> 00:17:22,916          and I transfer it                     to somebody else           364 00:17:22,958 --> 00:17:24,710      for holding or processing,      365 00:17:24,752 --> 00:17:27,212        my name is the first name                   on this list.            366 00:17:27,254 --> 00:17:28,756            The second person                      who touches this          367 00:17:28,797 --> 00:17:30,674           and takes possession                     of it is next.           368 00:17:30,716 --> 00:17:33,427      And if you don't do that,             there's no way to prove        369 00:17:33,469 --> 00:17:35,387          that the evidence                 you collected on day one       370 00:17:35,429 --> 00:17:38,265      is the same one you get on          day 25 when you go to court.     371 00:17:38,307 --> 00:17:40,017       Can you walk us through        372 00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:42,519          the magic bullet's                    chain of custody           373 00:17:42,561 --> 00:17:47,733    from the Parkland employees to       the Secret Service to the FBI?    374 00:17:47,775 --> 00:17:50,986      Well, the magic bullet was       supposedly found on a stretcher    375 00:17:51,028 --> 00:17:52,446          at Parkland Hospital,        376 00:17:52,488 --> 00:17:54,490      and went through several hands  377 00:17:54,531 --> 00:17:57,743            before it got                    to the Secret Service.        378 00:17:57,785 --> 00:18:00,579    Richard Johnsen was the first             Secret Service agent         379 00:18:00,621 --> 00:18:04,416  to handle it, and he carried it          back to Washington, D.C.       380 00:18:04,458 --> 00:18:06,877             When he got back                    to Washington, D.C.,        381 00:18:06,919 --> 00:18:09,171      he gave it to the chief of              the Secret Service,          382 00:18:09,213 --> 00:18:11,173        who was James Rowley.         383 00:18:12,716 --> 00:18:15,260       And at the White House,                    James Rowley             384 00:18:15,302 --> 00:18:18,430      gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,      385 00:18:18,472 --> 00:18:20,390        and Todd then took it                    to the FBI lab            386 00:18:20,432 --> 00:18:23,477    and gave it to Robert Frazier.    387 00:18:23,519 --> 00:18:27,481  We have interesting information             produced by John Hunt,       388 00:18:27,523 --> 00:18:29,900          a private citizen                 who went to the archives       389 00:18:29,942 --> 00:18:31,777      on four or five occasions       390 00:18:31,819 --> 00:18:35,489       to track down the story              about the magic bullet,        391 00:18:35,531 --> 00:18:37,950          and what he found                  was truly astounding.         392 00:18:37,991 --> 00:18:40,327      He practically moved into       393 00:18:40,369 --> 00:18:42,913        the National Archives                 in Washington, D.C.          394 00:18:42,955 --> 00:18:45,040             They allowed him                      to set up a desk          395 00:18:45,082 --> 00:18:48,252             with a computer                     and his own scanner.        396 00:18:48,293 --> 00:18:51,630           And he also, uh,                 did something different.       397 00:18:51,672 --> 00:18:55,050      He didn't interview policemen                and FBI people,           398 00:18:55,092 --> 00:18:58,053            and he wasn't                   swayed by their excuses.       399 00:18:58,095 --> 00:18:59,847         He went straight to,         400 00:18:59,888 --> 00:19:03,642        "This is what you told             and you signed your name."      401 00:19:03,684 --> 00:19:05,477              [Goldberg]                        Working with the FBI        402 00:19:05,519 --> 00:19:07,271          and Warren     Commission                      documents,             403 00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:10,399             John Hunt asked                   the most basic question.      404 00:19:10,440 --> 00:19:13,819         "Was CE-399 in evidence       405 00:19:13,861 --> 00:19:17,072      the same bullet that was found             on the stretcher?"         406 00:19:18,115 --> 00:19:20,200          At 7:30 at night,           407 00:19:20,242 --> 00:19:22,035           this is the day                   of the assassination,         408 00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:24,496         November 22nd, 1963,         409 00:19:24,538 --> 00:19:27,457  a bullet appears in the record,    410 00:19:27,499 --> 00:19:31,461         and it's signed for                   by Robert Frazier,          411 00:19:31,503 --> 00:19:34,423     who is the main investigator               at the FBI lab.            412 00:19:35,674 --> 00:19:37,551  And it's not just one document.    413 00:19:37,593 --> 00:19:39,970     There are multiple documents                that indicate             414 00:19:40,012 --> 00:19:45,684       that Frazier signed for            a bullet at 7:30 that night.     415 00:19:45,726 --> 00:19:48,020          Now, here's where                 things get interesting.        416 00:19:48,061 --> 00:19:51,940         Elmer Lee Todd received            the bullet at the White House    417 00:19:51,982 --> 00:19:56,820       from chief of the Secret              Service, James Rowley.        418 00:19:56,862 --> 00:20:01,116         And Todd documents,                very clearly in writing,       419 00:20:01,158 --> 00:20:05,787         that he got this bullet                     at 8:50 p.m.            420 00:20:05,829 --> 00:20:06,997        How is that possible?         421 00:20:07,039 --> 00:20:09,458        How can Robert Frazier                 receive the bullet          422 00:20:09,499 --> 00:20:13,462            in the lab at 7:30                   from Elmer Lee Todd,        423 00:20:13,503 --> 00:20:16,715         when Todd didn't get                the bullet until 8:50?        424 00:20:16,757 --> 00:20:20,552  You would think that they would       have handled it, uh, you know,    425 00:20:20,594 --> 00:20:22,930     like it would have been gold              going to the bank.          426 00:20:22,971 --> 00:20:24,640        There it is in the record,     427 00:20:24,681 --> 00:20:28,143          someone is lying about              when they got the bullet.      428 00:20:28,185 --> 00:20:29,186            [David Mantik]                     It gets worse, though.       429 00:20:29,228 --> 00:20:30,938       Todd initialed that bullet,     430 00:20:30,979 --> 00:20:35,234     the one that he got at 8:50,     431 00:20:35,275 --> 00:20:37,486          and everyone else                  who touched the bullet        432 00:20:37,527 --> 00:20:39,529     after that initialed it too,     433 00:20:39,571 --> 00:20:40,948        including Robert Frazier.      434 00:20:40,989 --> 00:20:43,575          I went to the archives               to look at this bullet.       435 00:20:43,617 --> 00:20:45,911          And specifically,                 what we want to know is,       436 00:20:45,953 --> 00:20:49,081      do we see Todd's initials                 on this bullet?            437 00:20:49,122 --> 00:20:51,416  He said he initialed the bullet.  438 00:20:51,458 --> 00:20:53,627             It is not there.          439 00:20:53,669 --> 00:20:56,797         Todd's initials are not                 on the magic bullet.        440 00:20:58,632 --> 00:21:01,301  I was very interested in finding       out what the Review Board       441 00:21:01,343 --> 00:21:02,886      would show us about this.       442 00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,973        So, we began scouring                   their evidence,            443 00:21:06,014 --> 00:21:08,141           and we found out               something very interesting.      444 00:21:08,183 --> 00:21:10,060             We found out                    that the Warren Report        445 00:21:10,102 --> 00:21:11,812        had from an FBI report        446 00:21:11,853 --> 00:21:13,689         saying that the guys                that found the bullet         447 00:21:13,730 --> 00:21:16,024        later identified that              as the bullet they'd seen.      448 00:21:16,066 --> 00:21:17,776           The internal record                 didn't show that at all.      449 00:21:17,818 --> 00:21:19,653           The internal records                    said this bullet          450 00:21:19,695 --> 00:21:21,488             didn't look like                    that bullet at all.         451 00:21:21,530 --> 00:21:23,949  But the FBI had reported to the         Warren Commission that it did.  452 00:21:23,991 --> 00:21:24,866               They'd lied.            453 00:21:24,908 --> 00:21:26,660      We then talk to the FBI agent    454 00:21:26,702 --> 00:21:28,787      that was supposed to have           carried that bullet around.      455 00:21:28,829 --> 00:21:30,497       His name was Bardwell Odum.     456 00:21:30,539 --> 00:21:32,499           I got Bardwell Odum                      on the phone.            457 00:21:32,541 --> 00:21:35,544      I sent him the documents that          said that he had done this.     458 00:21:35,585 --> 00:21:37,337                 He said,                     "I never had that bullet.      459 00:21:37,379 --> 00:21:39,006        I never showed any bullet                     to anyone.             460 00:21:39,047 --> 00:21:40,966       "If I'd had the bullet,                 there'd be a 302.           461 00:21:41,008 --> 00:21:42,884    "I would have filed a report,          particularly in that area.      462 00:21:42,926 --> 00:21:45,470      Everybody was very uptight       about getting everything right."  463 00:21:45,512 --> 00:21:47,597  So, we scoured for 302 reports.    464 00:21:47,639 --> 00:21:49,516       His name appears nowhere                  in the record.            465 00:21:49,558 --> 00:21:51,476        This is just something               that the FBI invented.        466 00:21:51,518 --> 00:21:54,354           It's conceivable               that some mysterious bullet      467 00:21:54,396 --> 00:21:55,897  showed up from who knows where.    468 00:21:57,024 --> 00:21:58,650       Todd did not initial it,       469 00:21:58,692 --> 00:22:02,779          and it ended up in           the FBI lab as the magic bullet.  470 00:22:02,821 --> 00:22:05,949         One can only surmise             that, somewhere in the FBI,      471 00:22:05,991 --> 00:22:08,702  they realized they had to close        the loop on Oswald's guilt.      472 00:22:08,744 --> 00:22:10,495           And so they just                     switched it out.           473 00:22:10,537 --> 00:22:13,540               Because none                      of the four people,         474 00:22:13,582 --> 00:22:15,375       either the guys at Parkland,    475 00:22:15,417 --> 00:22:16,543                or the two                      Secret Service agents,       476 00:22:16,585 --> 00:22:18,170        could identify the bullet.     477 00:22:18,211 --> 00:22:20,047  The guy who is supposed to have            gotten confirmation that      478 00:22:20,088 --> 00:22:23,342       they did identify the bullet             said he never did it.        479 00:22:23,383 --> 00:22:24,843    And the record supports that.     480 00:22:24,885 --> 00:22:27,054            So, there's--                  there's good reason to be       481 00:22:27,095 --> 00:22:29,765           very suspicious                  about the magic bullet.        482 00:22:29,806 --> 00:22:35,187     The chain of custody doesn't          start from the laboratory.      483 00:22:35,228 --> 00:22:37,856  It starts from the crime scene.    484 00:22:37,898 --> 00:22:40,525        Each piece of evidence              should be photographed,        485 00:22:40,567 --> 00:22:44,738             documented,                    and preserved properly.        486 00:22:45,739 --> 00:22:47,657           From the scene,            487 00:22:47,699 --> 00:22:51,328        evidence is collected,              sent to the laboratory.        488 00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:54,164           We have to keep                    the chain of custody         489 00:22:54,206 --> 00:22:55,499       when they enter the lab.       490 00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:56,958            Who examined?             491 00:22:58,377 --> 00:23:00,712    Who did the further analysis?     492 00:23:00,754 --> 00:23:04,508    And each step have to maintain    493 00:23:04,549 --> 00:23:07,052    until you submit to the court.    494 00:23:07,094 --> 00:23:08,678         If this chain broke,         495 00:23:09,971 --> 00:23:12,974           then my evidence                  becomes inadmissible.         496 00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:16,395              [Goldberg]                         The other problem          497 00:23:16,436 --> 00:23:18,271          is the lack of damage                     to the bullet            498 00:23:18,313 --> 00:23:22,067       after going through two men,              smashing two bones,         499 00:23:22,109 --> 00:23:24,069         and making seven wounds.      500 00:23:24,111 --> 00:23:25,946             Dr. Joseph Dolce          501 00:23:25,987 --> 00:23:30,158      was a much-honored battlefield        surgeon during World War II.    502 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,452                He worked                     for the Warren Commission.     503 00:23:32,494 --> 00:23:36,706  And so they gave us the original     rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano,    504 00:23:36,748 --> 00:23:40,585          plus 100 bullets,                     6.5 millimeters.           505 00:23:40,627 --> 00:23:44,005             And we went               and we shot the cadaver wrists,    506 00:23:44,047 --> 00:23:46,842          and in every instance,       507 00:23:46,883 --> 00:23:50,679           the front or the tip               of the bullet was smashed.     508 00:23:50,720 --> 00:23:52,722       Under no circumstances,        509 00:23:52,764 --> 00:23:55,267      do I feel that this bullet              could hit the wrist,         510 00:23:55,308 --> 00:23:56,810        and still not be deformed.     511 00:23:56,852 --> 00:23:58,603              [Goldberg]                       Dolce came to believe        512 00:23:58,645 --> 00:24:01,314             that two bullets                    had struck Connally.        513 00:24:01,356 --> 00:24:03,650           Since Arlen Specter                       pre-screened            514 00:24:03,692 --> 00:24:05,777          the medical witnesses                  for the commission,         515 00:24:05,819 --> 00:24:08,613          Dolce's name is not in                  the Warren Report,         516 00:24:08,655 --> 00:24:11,825            and his testimony                   is not in the volumes.       517 00:24:11,867 --> 00:24:14,327            And even Connally                     refused to accept          518 00:24:14,369 --> 00:24:15,996        the single-bullet theory.      519 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:21,293      [reporter]   Former Senator                 John Sherman Cooper         520 00:24:21,334 --> 00:24:23,462           is the first member                 of the Warren Commission      521 00:24:23,503 --> 00:24:25,338      to agree to talk on television  522 00:24:25,380 --> 00:24:28,800            about what went on                inside the deliberations.      523 00:24:28,842 --> 00:24:30,677    Yes, there were disagreements.    524 00:24:30,719 --> 00:24:33,388     I think the most serious one     525 00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:36,892           that comes to me                    the most vividly,           526 00:24:36,933 --> 00:24:40,687      of course, is the question       of whether or not the first shot  527 00:24:40,729 --> 00:24:42,606      went through President Kennedy  528 00:24:42,647 --> 00:24:45,025             and then through                     Governor Connally.         529 00:24:45,066 --> 00:24:46,693              [Goldberg]                    Although it never specified     530 00:24:46,735 --> 00:24:48,862         the order of the shots,       531 00:24:48,904 --> 00:24:51,698            the Warren Report                       had one bullet           532 00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:54,451          going through Kennedy                 and Governor Connally,       533 00:24:54,493 --> 00:24:56,161         another missing the car,      534 00:24:56,203 --> 00:24:59,831          hitting a bystander on            Commerce Street, James Tague,    535 00:24:59,873 --> 00:25:02,667            and the final shot               hitting Kennedy in the head.    536 00:25:03,585 --> 00:25:05,921     I could not convince myself      537 00:25:05,962 --> 00:25:09,216         that the same bullet          struck both of them, although...  538 00:25:09,257 --> 00:25:12,385         [reporter] You mean               that you yourself didn't--      539 00:25:12,427 --> 00:25:14,304     Weren't convinced about the         single-bullet theory, which...    540 00:25:14,346 --> 00:25:16,973    No, I wasn't convinced by it.         Neither was Senator Russell.     541 00:25:17,015 --> 00:25:19,059          [Goldberg]   Senator                 Richard Russell of Georgia     542 00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:21,895               did not want                  to serve on the commission.     543 00:25:21,937 --> 00:25:24,022            After he attended                     the first meeting,         544 00:25:24,064 --> 00:25:27,192      he quickly became disenchanted           with the proceedings.        545 00:25:27,234 --> 00:25:30,237          Particularly the roles                  of J. Edgar Hoover         546 00:25:30,278 --> 00:25:34,157       and acting attorney general               Nicholas Katzenbach.        547 00:25:34,199 --> 00:25:37,285        His personal papers at the          University of Georgia Library    548 00:25:37,327 --> 00:25:38,912              contain a memo           549 00:25:38,954 --> 00:25:42,749        written after the initial                December 5th, 1963,         550 00:25:42,791 --> 00:25:44,834            executive session.         551 00:25:44,876 --> 00:25:47,254            "Something strange                      is happening.            552 00:25:47,295 --> 00:25:50,382       "Warren and Katzenbach know                all about the FBI          553 00:25:50,423 --> 00:25:53,343           "and are apparently                 planning to show Oswald       554 00:25:53,385 --> 00:25:55,512       "as the only one considered.    555 00:25:55,554 --> 00:25:59,474              This to me is                    an untenable position."       556 00:25:59,516 --> 00:26:02,602       His papers revealed that he            wrote a dissenting opinion     557 00:26:02,644 --> 00:26:04,854           for the presentation                      at the final            558 00:26:04,896 --> 00:26:07,691            commission meeting                    of September 18th.         559 00:26:07,732 --> 00:26:10,360               On that day,                     he shared his concerns       560 00:26:10,402 --> 00:26:11,945         with President Johnson.       561 00:26:50,692 --> 00:26:54,446      [Goldberg]   He also thought         that Oswald     did not act alone.  562 00:26:54,487 --> 00:26:57,407  Russell was strongly influenced              by the Zapruder film        563 00:26:57,449 --> 00:27:00,410           and by the testimony                 of Governor Connally.        564 00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:02,203    I understand there's some, uh,    565 00:27:02,245 --> 00:27:04,623            some question                 in the minds of the experts      566 00:27:04,664 --> 00:27:06,791      about, uh, whether or not       567 00:27:06,833 --> 00:27:09,294     we could both have been hit              by the same bullet,          568 00:27:09,336 --> 00:27:10,837    and that was the first bullet.    569 00:27:10,879 --> 00:27:13,548       Uh, I just don't happen                  to believe that.           570 00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:15,508           I don't believe                  that I will believe it.        571 00:27:15,550 --> 00:27:17,385        [Goldberg]   This forced                the other commissioners       572 00:27:17,427 --> 00:27:20,180      to include Connally's dissent                 in the report.           573 00:27:20,221 --> 00:27:23,600             And as a result,               they could not absolutely deny  574 00:27:23,642 --> 00:27:27,145             the possibility                       of a conspiracy.          575 00:27:27,187 --> 00:27:29,147              Russell became                    the first commissioner       576 00:27:29,189 --> 00:27:32,150               to criticize                  the Warren Report in public.    577 00:27:32,192 --> 00:27:34,027             He was followed                    by commission members        578 00:27:34,069 --> 00:27:38,198           John Sherman Cooper                     and Hale Boggs.           579 00:27:38,239 --> 00:27:41,618         But then Walter Cronkite              interviewed John McCloy       580 00:27:41,660 --> 00:27:45,705       during a four-night special,            co-hosted by Dan Rather.      581 00:27:45,747 --> 00:27:48,500          Are you satisfied                   that as much effort          582 00:27:48,541 --> 00:27:53,046    was put into challenging that        case as into establishing it?     583 00:27:53,088 --> 00:27:54,297             I'll answer                     that in just a moment.        584 00:27:54,339 --> 00:27:56,257     If I may just say one thing,                  I would--               585 00:27:56,299 --> 00:27:57,467           I'd like to say                    in the first place,          586 00:27:57,509 --> 00:27:59,052         I had some questions         587 00:27:59,094 --> 00:28:01,262         as to the propriety                  of my appearing here         588 00:28:01,304 --> 00:28:03,431          as a former member                   of the commission           589 00:28:03,473 --> 00:28:05,684            to comment on              the evidence of the commission.    590 00:28:05,725 --> 00:28:09,187       [Goldberg]   McCloy never             answered Cronkite's question.    591 00:28:09,229 --> 00:28:12,691             But even worse,                 CBS employee Roger Feinman      592 00:28:12,732 --> 00:28:15,068            later discovered                     internal documents          593 00:28:15,110 --> 00:28:17,195              showing McCoy                     consulted extensively        594 00:28:17,237 --> 00:28:19,739              on the series                  through his daughter, Ellen,    595 00:28:19,781 --> 00:28:24,577      an administrative assistant to       CBS President Richard Salant.    596 00:28:24,619 --> 00:28:28,081                 In 1992,                      reporter Jerry Policoff       597 00:28:28,123 --> 00:28:31,167            confronted Salant                      and Ellen McCoy           598 00:28:31,209 --> 00:28:34,546       with the documents revealing           John McCloy's instructions     599 00:28:34,587 --> 00:28:36,631       for the content of the show.    600 00:28:36,673 --> 00:28:40,677           Only then did Salant              admit to their concealment.     601 00:28:40,719 --> 00:28:43,430                CBS, NBC,                       and    The New York Times      602 00:28:43,471 --> 00:28:46,349           continued to support                the commission's finding      603 00:28:46,391 --> 00:28:48,143       and never publicly reviewed     604 00:28:48,184 --> 00:28:52,605              the 26 volumes                  of supplemental evidence.      605 00:28:52,647 --> 00:28:55,400     Mr. Dulles, let me put some           of the criticisms to you.       606 00:28:55,442 --> 00:28:56,776               Surely.                607 00:28:56,818 --> 00:28:58,653          Some of the papers               and some of the documents       608 00:28:58,695 --> 00:29:01,197       that are in the archives                 are-- are there            609 00:29:01,239 --> 00:29:04,701     but are withheld from public          view by the FBI, the CIA,       610 00:29:04,743 --> 00:29:07,412      an organization with which           you have some experience.       611 00:29:07,454 --> 00:29:10,248      Is there anything in those              which years from now         612 00:29:10,290 --> 00:29:12,500      when they may be released              will upset applecarts?        613 00:29:12,542 --> 00:29:14,002      Oh, no, I don't think so.       614 00:29:14,043 --> 00:29:17,046        No, I think everything             that really is-- is vital       615 00:29:17,088 --> 00:29:19,090          insofar as forming                 a judgment as to what         616 00:29:19,132 --> 00:29:21,926           really happened                  has been made available.       617 00:29:24,763 --> 00:29:27,682              [Goldberg]                       The Warren Commission              was aware     of something else    618 00:29:27,724 --> 00:29:29,350              that was wrong                     with their evidence.        619 00:29:29,392 --> 00:29:32,479     All kinds of ballistic tests      show that the bullets, in fact,    620 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,981        came from that rifle.                 That was his rifle.          621 00:29:35,023 --> 00:29:36,983               You took                    a picture of him with it.       622 00:29:37,025 --> 00:29:38,777               -No, no.                         -His home prints                     and fingerprints           623 00:29:38,818 --> 00:29:40,987             are all over                 the School Book Depository.      624 00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:42,739           [Marina Porter]                   You have been misinformed.     625 00:29:42,781 --> 00:29:47,243           The ballistics tests             did not prove anything at all.  626 00:29:47,285 --> 00:29:49,370          [reporter]   This is                 the weapon that was used.      627 00:29:49,412 --> 00:29:53,124            A rather well-worn                     military rifle.           628 00:29:53,166 --> 00:29:57,754         We know that Oswald              had possession of that rifle     629 00:29:57,796 --> 00:29:59,464         because we have him                 photographed with it.         630 00:29:59,506 --> 00:30:03,426         And we have his wife              saying that it was, quote,      631 00:30:03,468 --> 00:30:05,845  "Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."    632 00:30:07,222 --> 00:30:09,390               [Stone]                     Is the rifle in evidence today  633 00:30:09,432 --> 00:30:11,059            the same rifle                    the commission said          634 00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:13,019            Oswald ordered                     through the mail?           635 00:30:13,061 --> 00:30:15,188      The rifle that Lee Oswald       636 00:30:15,230 --> 00:30:18,858       allegedly ordered under              an alias of Alex Hidell,       637 00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,444     was obtained through Klein's      Sporting Goods store in Chicago.  638 00:30:21,486 --> 00:30:25,198  it was a mail-order, got it out         of American Rifleman magazine.  639 00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:27,492          He wrote on the coupon                      he wanted              640 00:30:27,534 --> 00:30:29,869             a 36-inch model,                    Mannlicher-Carcano,         641 00:30:29,911 --> 00:30:34,165       6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.     642 00:30:34,207 --> 00:30:36,417            Robert Frazier                  was one of the examiners       643 00:30:36,459 --> 00:30:38,545                and he was                  a firearms expert for the FBI.  644 00:30:38,586 --> 00:30:40,964             And he testified                  that he did measure it,       645 00:30:41,005 --> 00:30:41,965           and the measurement         646 00:30:42,006 --> 00:30:44,050        was 40.2 inches in length,     647 00:30:44,092 --> 00:30:45,718          from barrel to stock.        648 00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,221      There's a 4.2-inch difference             in the one he ordered,       649 00:30:48,263 --> 00:30:51,391          versus what they found               in the Book Depository.       650 00:30:51,432 --> 00:30:54,060          [Goldberg]   Klein's                 may have indeed delivered      651 00:30:54,102 --> 00:30:57,397      a different Mannlicher-Carcano              model to Oswald,          652 00:30:57,438 --> 00:31:00,650           but there are other                 anomalies to the story.       653 00:31:00,692 --> 00:31:02,861      The model that Oswald ordered    654 00:31:02,902 --> 00:31:05,238               showed these                    strap attachment points       655 00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,740              on the bottom                    of the barrel and stock.      656 00:31:07,782 --> 00:31:10,076           [Brian Edwards]                       In the photograph                  is Lieutenant Carl Day,       657 00:31:10,118 --> 00:31:11,411          with the Dallas Police                      Department             658 00:31:11,452 --> 00:31:13,913           bringing a rifle out                of the Book Depository.       659 00:31:13,955 --> 00:31:17,375      One of the straps at the back         of the gun is on the left side  660 00:31:17,417 --> 00:31:20,420               of the stock                     embedded in the stock.       661 00:31:20,461 --> 00:31:22,463       That's clearly not the rifle               that was ordered,          662 00:31:22,505 --> 00:31:25,633        or at least appears in the          Klein's     Sporting Goods store.  663 00:31:25,675 --> 00:31:28,720    [Goldberg]   The straps shown in         the so-called backyard photos    664 00:31:28,761 --> 00:31:32,765          are on the bottom and             not on the side of the stock.    665 00:31:32,807 --> 00:31:37,020     Marina Oswald took backyard           photographs of Lee Oswald       666 00:31:37,061 --> 00:31:40,273           holding a rifle                  and a pistol on his hip.       667 00:31:40,315 --> 00:31:43,860    And in that first photograph,           that she took three of,        668 00:31:43,902 --> 00:31:49,532            Commission Exhibit                      133A and 133B            669 00:31:49,574 --> 00:31:54,704      show a ring on the ring finger             of the right hand.         670 00:31:54,746 --> 00:31:59,125          133C, the ring appears                  on the left hand.          671 00:31:59,167 --> 00:32:01,628        In fact, the Dallas Police                showed Lee Oswald          672 00:32:01,669 --> 00:32:04,130           one of the pictures              while he was still in custody.  673 00:32:04,172 --> 00:32:05,965        He said, "That's my face,                but I don't remember        674 00:32:06,007 --> 00:32:08,801             ever having that                   picture taken of me."        675 00:32:08,843 --> 00:32:11,220         [Goldberg]   But after              all these questions are asked,  676 00:32:11,262 --> 00:32:13,932  the underlying mystery remains.    677 00:32:13,973 --> 00:32:17,977       Why would anyone use a rifle              in an assassination,        678 00:32:18,019 --> 00:32:20,104  knowing there was a paper trail    679 00:32:20,146 --> 00:32:23,483             that would lead                     right back to them?         680 00:32:23,524 --> 00:32:26,527        Was there a palm print                found on the rifle?          681 00:32:26,569 --> 00:32:31,157  The foremost fingerprint expert       the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,    682 00:32:31,199 --> 00:32:34,661    took that rifle and attempted      to lift prints off of the rifle,  683 00:32:34,702 --> 00:32:36,496       the stock and/or the barrel.    684 00:32:36,537 --> 00:32:38,373             Uh, he testified                  to the Warren Commission      685 00:32:38,414 --> 00:32:41,125    that he found no usable prints    686 00:32:41,167 --> 00:32:45,004       anywhere on that rifle,             on the metal or the stock.      687 00:32:45,046 --> 00:32:47,840                 But yet,                      Lieutenant Day in Dallas      688 00:32:47,882 --> 00:32:51,052          before the rifle went              to Washington, said he found    689 00:32:51,094 --> 00:32:53,680       a partial palm print on the          trigger guard on the left side  690 00:32:53,721 --> 00:32:57,809      and a partial print underneath          the stock on the barrel.      691 00:32:57,850 --> 00:33:00,019         But Sebastian Latona              said there was no evidence      692 00:33:00,061 --> 00:33:01,437           that a lift had                    even been attempted.         693 00:33:01,479 --> 00:33:03,147               [Stone]                        No partials at all?          694 00:33:03,189 --> 00:33:04,774        Nothing that he could                    use in court.             695 00:33:04,816 --> 00:33:07,276     There has to be eight points              of identification.          696 00:33:07,318 --> 00:33:10,321           He found nothing                  that would match that.        697 00:33:10,363 --> 00:33:13,992         [woman on recorder]                 J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.      698 00:33:14,033 --> 00:33:14,742              [Johnson]                               Yes?                 699 00:33:14,784 --> 00:33:18,538               [Hoover]                        I've seen the reports                on this investigation.        700 00:33:18,579 --> 00:33:21,958            This man, Oswald,                 he had fired three shots.      701 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,002       He then threw the gun aside,    702 00:33:24,043 --> 00:33:30,508  and, uh, he apparently had come     down the five flights of steps.    703 00:33:30,550 --> 00:33:33,177                A stairway                      from the fifth floor.        704 00:33:33,219 --> 00:33:34,846              [Johnson]                         You can prove that?         705 00:33:34,887 --> 00:33:37,181          [Hoover]   Oh, yes.                 Oh, yes, we can prove that.     706 00:33:37,223 --> 00:33:40,184     [Johnson]   Did anybody hear,                  anybody see him?          707 00:33:40,226 --> 00:33:43,062    [Hoover]   Most of the employees     were down on a lower floor, but    708 00:33:43,104 --> 00:33:46,858       he was stopped at the second           floor by a police officer.     709 00:33:46,899 --> 00:33:49,736            And some workers,                some manager in the building    710 00:33:49,777 --> 00:33:51,863  told the police officer, "Well,         he's all right, he works here.  711 00:33:51,904 --> 00:33:53,406          You needn't hold him."       712 00:33:53,448 --> 00:33:55,825           So they let him go.                  That's how he got out.       713 00:33:55,867 --> 00:33:58,119     [Marrion Baker]   At the time             that I heard those shots,      714 00:33:58,161 --> 00:34:02,040     I ran into that building and      made it up to the second floor.    715 00:34:02,081 --> 00:34:05,418    It was approximately a minute          and a half to two minutes.      716 00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:07,920        [Cronkite]   In possibly                 less than two minutes,       717 00:34:07,962 --> 00:34:10,506            investigators came               to the School Book Building     718 00:34:10,548 --> 00:34:12,884             with stopwatches                     and critical eyes.         719 00:34:12,925 --> 00:34:15,845      Not only police and government         agents traced that route,      720 00:34:15,887 --> 00:34:18,347      Chief Justice Warren and some            other commission members      721 00:34:18,389 --> 00:34:19,766          did it for themselves.       722 00:34:21,392 --> 00:34:23,436       I was interested in finding     723 00:34:23,478 --> 00:34:26,272          a specific witness                 to the assassination,         724 00:34:26,314 --> 00:34:28,274      which was Victoria Adams.       725 00:34:29,901 --> 00:34:31,611      She worked on the fourth floor  726 00:34:31,652 --> 00:34:33,946           of the Texas School                     Book Depository,          727 00:34:33,988 --> 00:34:36,324           and she knew Oswald.        728 00:34:36,365 --> 00:34:38,576  I went to the National Archives    729 00:34:38,618 --> 00:34:42,830            searching for                   her original testimony.        730 00:34:42,872 --> 00:34:44,624         I was told that the tape      731 00:34:44,665 --> 00:34:47,460              containing her                    testimony was missing.       732 00:34:47,502 --> 00:34:49,962           And later I learned                      that that tape           733 00:34:50,004 --> 00:34:53,257            had been destroyed                by the Warren Commission.      734 00:34:53,299 --> 00:34:55,510           And so I finally                   ended up finding her         735 00:34:55,551 --> 00:34:58,638             and getting                     her side of the story.        736 00:34:58,679 --> 00:35:02,225          Vicki Adams was 22 at             the time of the assassination,  737 00:35:02,266 --> 00:35:04,185          and she testified                     that immediately           738 00:35:04,227 --> 00:35:07,021       after the assassination,       739 00:35:07,063 --> 00:35:09,273       she ran down the back stairs    740 00:35:09,315 --> 00:35:11,317              to get     outside                 to see what was going on.      741 00:35:12,110 --> 00:35:13,653          If that were true,          742 00:35:13,694 --> 00:35:17,907        she would have seen Oswald               on the back stairs.         743 00:35:17,949 --> 00:35:20,660    But she testified that she saw             and heard no one.           744 00:35:21,994 --> 00:35:24,330             She had realized                 that something was wrong,      745 00:35:24,372 --> 00:35:26,415            because no one                     was believing her.          746 00:35:26,457 --> 00:35:29,919        So she asked David Belin,              who was questioning her,      747 00:35:29,961 --> 00:35:31,838      "Interview Sandra Styles,       748 00:35:31,879 --> 00:35:35,341           a coworker who went                down the stairs with me."      749 00:35:35,383 --> 00:35:37,760               This became                     a rather serious problem      750 00:35:37,802 --> 00:35:39,554        for the Warren Commission,     751 00:35:39,595 --> 00:35:45,184      because discrediting one woman              was easy to do.           752 00:35:45,226 --> 00:35:48,271             But discrediting                  a corroborating witness,      753 00:35:48,312 --> 00:35:50,690            that may have been                  a little bit tougher.        754 00:35:50,731 --> 00:35:54,485            So Belin said,               "We don't need Sandra Styles,     755 00:35:54,527 --> 00:35:55,403            we have you."             756 00:35:56,571 --> 00:35:57,822                [man]                         We've had Mr. Belin here      757 00:35:57,864 --> 00:35:59,365               with us too,                     one of our counselors        758 00:35:59,407 --> 00:36:01,284             who's been here                    several times, and...        759 00:36:01,325 --> 00:36:05,204        He knows this city now               as very few people do.        760 00:36:05,246 --> 00:36:08,958            [Barry Ernest]                      According to Vicki's                original     FBI testimony,      761 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:11,544           she left the window                   on the fourth floor         762 00:36:11,586 --> 00:36:15,047         within 15 to 30 seconds                of the assassination.        763 00:36:15,089 --> 00:36:18,384      The Warren Commission elevated          that time to one minute.      764 00:36:18,426 --> 00:36:21,220         She said she arrived                  on the first floor          765 00:36:21,262 --> 00:36:24,056          within 60 seconds                  of the assassination.         766 00:36:24,098 --> 00:36:28,186    The Warren Commission elevated       that time to several minutes.     767 00:36:28,227 --> 00:36:30,646                 So what                      the Warren Commission did      768 00:36:30,688 --> 00:36:32,982             was successfully                     deceive the public         769 00:36:33,024 --> 00:36:36,903     into thinking that Vicki was        just another confused witness.    770 00:36:36,944 --> 00:36:37,945             Case closed.             771 00:36:37,987 --> 00:36:39,405         Reenactments prove,          772 00:36:39,447 --> 00:36:42,033           the report says,                that Oswald did have time,      773 00:36:42,074 --> 00:36:45,244       just enough time to fire           the shots, secret the rifle,     774 00:36:45,286 --> 00:36:47,663  and get down to the second floor               cafeteria.              775 00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:55,338  But in 1999, I found a document          in the National Archives       776 00:36:55,379 --> 00:36:59,258       that had been suppressed                  for 35 years.             777 00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:01,636       It was a letter written        778 00:37:01,677 --> 00:37:05,514         by Assistant US Attorney                 Martha Jo Stroud.          779 00:37:05,556 --> 00:37:08,684       It was a transmittal letter                    forwarding             780 00:37:08,726 --> 00:37:11,979         Vicki's signed testimony                 to J. Lee Rankin,          781 00:37:12,021 --> 00:37:14,398             the head honcho                  of the Warren Commission's     782 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:16,859       investigation at that point.    783 00:37:16,901 --> 00:37:19,195        In the last paragraph                   of that letter,            784 00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:21,239      almost as an afterthought,      785 00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:25,701       we're introduced to a woman          by the name of Dorothy Garner.  786 00:37:25,743 --> 00:37:29,747            Garner was Vicki's                   immediate supervisor        787 00:37:29,789 --> 00:37:32,792              who had stood                   at the window with Vicki.      788 00:37:32,833 --> 00:37:36,087       The letter quotes Garner              as saying that she saw        789 00:37:36,128 --> 00:37:38,047         Vicki go down the stairs      790 00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:43,970       before she saw Officer Baker             and Roy Truly come up.       791 00:37:44,011 --> 00:37:47,348     When I found and interviewed               Dorothy Garner,            792 00:37:47,390 --> 00:37:49,225      she confirmed everything.       793 00:37:49,267 --> 00:37:52,019        She said that she had been            at the window with Vicki,      794 00:37:52,061 --> 00:37:55,731           that Vicki had left                 the window immediately,       795 00:37:55,773 --> 00:37:59,902        that she actually followed             Vicki outside the office      796 00:37:59,944 --> 00:38:03,864      and to a point where she could       see her going down the stairs.  797 00:38:03,906 --> 00:38:07,243     And during that whole time,             she never saw Oswald.         798 00:38:07,285 --> 00:38:10,997       So the Stroud letter became            a very dangerous document      799 00:38:11,038 --> 00:38:13,958        for the Warren Commission.     800 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,295              [Goldberg]                     Without the Review Board's            declassification process,      801 00:38:17,336 --> 00:38:21,048       we would never have learned          of the corroborating testimony  802 00:38:21,090 --> 00:38:24,885            of three witnesses              that provide powerful evidence  803 00:38:24,927 --> 00:38:27,388           that Oswald was not                    on the sixth floor         804 00:38:27,430 --> 00:38:29,807       at the time of the shooting.    805 00:38:41,277 --> 00:38:45,656    Legally speaking, the autopsy      should have been done in Dallas,  806 00:38:45,698 --> 00:38:48,701       and there was a forensic             pathologist, Earl Rose.        807 00:38:48,743 --> 00:38:51,078               He was there                     to assume jurisdiction       808 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,289          and to do the autopsy.       809 00:38:53,331 --> 00:38:55,458            He was pushed                     up against the wall          810 00:38:55,499 --> 00:38:57,668             and threatened,                        hands on guns,           811 00:38:57,710 --> 00:38:59,587      a lot of expletives and so on.  812 00:38:59,628 --> 00:39:01,422           He followed them                   out of the driveway,         813 00:39:01,464 --> 00:39:04,717        and they took the body              illegally out of Dallas        814 00:39:04,759 --> 00:39:07,553         in violation of the laws               in the state of Texas.       815 00:39:08,846 --> 00:39:10,473              [Goldberg]                        After    Air Force One        816 00:39:10,514 --> 00:39:12,183       left Dallas for Washington,     817 00:39:12,224 --> 00:39:15,478      two of the key doctors who had        tried to save Kennedy's life    818 00:39:15,519 --> 00:39:18,647          at Parkland Hospital,                held a press conference.      819 00:39:18,689 --> 00:39:22,568       They were Dr. Malcolm Perry               and Dr. Kemp Clark.         820 00:39:22,610 --> 00:39:25,029          When were the two                 major points of evidence       821 00:39:25,071 --> 00:39:26,489        revealed by Kemp Clark                 and Malcolm Perry           822 00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:28,324       at the press conference?       823 00:39:28,366 --> 00:39:30,409         Dr. Perry performed                    the tracheotomy            824 00:39:30,451 --> 00:39:32,828       to help Kennedy breathe,       825 00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:34,997        and at a press conference                    right after             826 00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,958         the failed resuscitation                 efforts in Dallas,         827 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:39,585              he was asked,                 "Well, where was the bullet?"    828 00:39:39,627 --> 00:39:41,379  He said, "The bullet looked like         it was coming at him.         829 00:39:41,420 --> 00:39:43,255       He had an entrance wound                 in the throat."            830 00:39:44,340 --> 00:39:45,674           [Douglas Horne]                          Kemp Clarke             831 00:39:45,716 --> 00:39:47,051               was the head                  of neurosurgery at Parkland.    832 00:39:47,093 --> 00:39:50,304        He said that the President                had a gaping wound         833 00:39:50,346 --> 00:39:51,931  in the occipital-parietal area.    834 00:39:51,972 --> 00:39:54,308            That's, you know,                the right rear of the head.     835 00:39:54,350 --> 00:39:56,394        And so the description                  he gave of that            836 00:39:56,435 --> 00:39:59,480       was entirely consistent                with an exit wound.          837 00:39:59,522 --> 00:40:00,815        We have a transcript today     838 00:40:00,856 --> 00:40:02,400            of what they said                  at the press conference.      839 00:40:02,441 --> 00:40:05,653      So it's White House transcript                   1327C.               840 00:40:05,694 --> 00:40:07,238         That's a very important                 historical document,        841 00:40:07,279 --> 00:40:10,408        because the Secret Service            confiscated the videotapes     842 00:40:10,449 --> 00:40:12,243       from the local TV stations.     843 00:40:12,284 --> 00:40:16,163    [Goldberg]   There is, however,          a surviving clip of Dr. Perry    844 00:40:16,205 --> 00:40:19,083            recorded not long                after the press conference.     845 00:40:32,471 --> 00:40:35,224  [Goldberg]   What Clark and Perry             both revealed     that day      846 00:40:35,266 --> 00:40:39,061              would indicate                 an assassin from the front.     847 00:40:39,103 --> 00:40:41,313              And Assistant                  White House Press Secretary     848 00:40:41,355 --> 00:40:43,649       Malcolm Kilduff's statement     849 00:40:43,691 --> 00:40:47,153             seems to support                      this conclusion.          850 00:40:47,194 --> 00:40:53,576  It's a simple matter of a bullet        right through the head.        851 00:40:55,703 --> 00:40:57,079              [Goldberg]                    The day after the shooting,     852 00:40:57,121 --> 00:40:59,999            Dr. Perry was seen                  by Nurse Audrey Bell,        853 00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,334          who had been with him                 in the operating room.       854 00:41:02,376 --> 00:41:05,087  [Audrey Bell]   Saturday morning,             when I got over there,       855 00:41:05,129 --> 00:41:07,339                Dr. Perry                       came up to the office.       856 00:41:07,381 --> 00:41:08,841         I said, "You look awful.      857 00:41:08,883 --> 00:41:11,177               Did you get                      any sleep last night?"       858 00:41:11,218 --> 00:41:13,429      He said, "Well, not too much,    859 00:41:13,471 --> 00:41:17,349  between the calls from Bethesda     that came in during the night."    860 00:41:17,391 --> 00:41:18,851          I said, "What about?"        861 00:41:18,893 --> 00:41:21,896          He said, "Oh, whether               that was an entrance wound     862 00:41:21,937 --> 00:41:23,856             or an exit wound                      in the throat."           863 00:41:23,898 --> 00:41:25,774      He said, "They were wanting me            to change my mind."         864 00:41:26,901 --> 00:41:28,861       In his Warren Commission                    testimony,              865 00:41:28,903 --> 00:41:31,530        he basically retracted                  what he had said           866 00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:33,824           and they forced him                       to back down            867 00:41:33,866 --> 00:41:36,243           and     intimidated him                 on the witness stand.        868 00:41:36,285 --> 00:41:38,996           It was really quite                   embarrassing for me                      as a physician           869 00:41:39,038 --> 00:41:41,624       to see how someone else             who was telling the truth       870 00:41:41,665 --> 00:41:44,210         was basically forced              to recant his own opinion.      871 00:41:44,251 --> 00:41:46,921  Did it occur to you at the time             or did you think,           872 00:41:46,962 --> 00:41:51,175       "Was this an entry wound           or was this an exit wound?"      873 00:41:51,217 --> 00:41:53,719      Actually, I didn't really               give it much thought         874 00:41:53,761 --> 00:41:55,513     and I realized that perhaps      875 00:41:55,554 --> 00:41:57,515          it would have been                 better had I done so.         876 00:41:57,556 --> 00:42:00,518            But I actually                    applied my energies,         877 00:42:00,559 --> 00:42:02,520    and those of us there all did,    878 00:42:02,561 --> 00:42:04,313       to the problem at hand.        879 00:42:04,355 --> 00:42:06,315         And I didn't really                concern myself too much        880 00:42:06,357 --> 00:42:08,692     with how it happened or why.     881 00:42:08,734 --> 00:42:13,239     In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me     882 00:42:13,280 --> 00:42:16,492            on the faculty             at the University of Washington    883 00:42:16,534 --> 00:42:18,494              in the cardiac                      surgery division.          884 00:42:18,536 --> 00:42:22,581         So I got to know Malcolm             when I joined the faculty.     885 00:42:22,623 --> 00:42:24,875             We developed                 a professional relationship,     886 00:42:24,917 --> 00:42:28,546    and we would operate together              on complex cases.           887 00:42:28,587 --> 00:42:34,552    I was particularly interested         in, uh, Dr. Perry's position     888 00:42:34,593 --> 00:42:36,303      with the JFK assassination      889 00:42:36,345 --> 00:42:40,391    because he did the tracheotomy         on him after he was shot.       890 00:42:40,432 --> 00:42:44,478     The problem is that Malcolm             categorically refused         891 00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:48,148           to ever discuss                     the assassination,          892 00:42:48,190 --> 00:42:51,110         uh, and he wouldn't                  answer my questions                 about that neck wound.        893 00:42:51,151 --> 00:42:53,862          And then one night             after we had operated together    894 00:42:53,904 --> 00:42:57,032            for many hours                     on a complex case,          895 00:42:57,074 --> 00:42:59,118          we were sitting in              the surgeons' lounge alone,      896 00:42:59,159 --> 00:43:01,120           drinking coffee,           897 00:43:01,161 --> 00:43:04,873      and I once again asked him             about that neck wound.        898 00:43:04,915 --> 00:43:10,754        And this time, he said             it was an entrance wound,       899 00:43:10,796 --> 00:43:14,758            unquestionably                     an entrance wound.          900 00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,054    One of the-- the main reasons      Dr. Perry changed his testimony    901 00:43:19,096 --> 00:43:21,974         and publicly agreed                  it was an exit wound         902 00:43:22,016 --> 00:43:25,978    is a Secret Service agent, uh,          put the pressure on him,       903 00:43:26,020 --> 00:43:28,814  and that person was Elmer Moore.  904 00:43:29,982 --> 00:43:32,443                 In 1970,                      Elmer Moore was the head      905 00:43:32,484 --> 00:43:35,321       of the Secret Service office                   in Seattle             906 00:43:35,362 --> 00:43:38,699        and a graduate student                named Jim Gochenaur          907 00:43:38,741 --> 00:43:40,659         became friends with him,      908 00:43:40,701 --> 00:43:43,412           and he admitted               to Gochenaur that he regretted    909 00:43:43,454 --> 00:43:46,790      putting pressure on Dr. Perry.  910 00:43:46,832 --> 00:43:48,917       So I asked him directly.       911 00:43:48,959 --> 00:43:54,548         I said, "Mr. Moore,              did you pressure Dr. Perry?"     912 00:43:54,590 --> 00:43:55,924       He stopped for a minute.       913 00:43:55,966 --> 00:43:58,344        He says, "Well, I was                 ordered to do that."         914 00:43:58,385 --> 00:43:59,803            He expanded on it.         915 00:43:59,845 --> 00:44:01,263               And he said                      that Inspector Kelley        916 00:44:01,305 --> 00:44:04,808             had ordered him                      to talk with Perry         917 00:44:04,850 --> 00:44:06,769        and, uh, convince him                   that it could be           918 00:44:06,810 --> 00:44:09,521            either an exit                     or an entry wound,          919 00:44:09,563 --> 00:44:12,024         not an entry wound.          920 00:44:12,066 --> 00:44:15,527            And I thought                  it was pretty interesting       921 00:44:15,569 --> 00:44:20,199  that he would admit to something   that's pretty close to a felony.  922 00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:22,993           [Donald Miller]               Elmer Moore     was also in charge  923 00:44:23,035 --> 00:44:24,703                of getting                     the doctors at Parkland       924 00:44:24,745 --> 00:44:26,997        to change their testimony,     925 00:44:27,039 --> 00:44:28,832              and agree                    that there was no big hole      926 00:44:28,874 --> 00:44:32,044      in the back of Kennedy's head.  927 00:44:32,086 --> 00:44:34,963     [Goldberg]   Charles Crenshaw,              a third year resident,       928 00:44:35,005 --> 00:44:38,258        was in the emergency room               at Parkland that day.        929 00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,804       He later said in public that         he felt the wounds in Kennedy    930 00:44:41,845 --> 00:44:44,306        originated from the front.     931 00:44:44,348 --> 00:44:46,809         From here, through.          932 00:44:46,850 --> 00:44:49,019            [Gary Aguilar]                 Charles Crenshaw wrote a book,  933 00:44:49,061 --> 00:44:51,522        Conspiracy of Silence,              in the wake of the film    JFK,  934 00:44:51,563 --> 00:44:53,732              saying, "Look,                 I was at Parkland Hospital.     935 00:44:53,774 --> 00:44:56,694           "I saw Kennedy,             I was involved in the treatment,  936 00:44:56,735 --> 00:44:58,404        "and Kennedy's wounds                 were not consistent          937 00:44:58,445 --> 00:45:00,489       "with a shot from above                 and behind because          938 00:45:00,531 --> 00:45:03,242      he had a defect involving           the right rear of his head."     939 00:45:05,452 --> 00:45:06,995         [man over recorder]                   Using the most precise       940 00:45:07,037 --> 00:45:08,497           medical terminology                    that you can use.          941 00:45:08,539 --> 00:45:09,915     [Audrey Bell over recorder]                  Okay, let's see,          942 00:45:09,957 --> 00:45:13,252         it was on the right rear      943 00:45:13,293 --> 00:45:17,256         and he shifted the head,             a little bit, to the left,     944 00:45:17,297 --> 00:45:21,593       lifted up the, well, kind of           the matted area, the flap.     945 00:45:21,635 --> 00:45:25,556            And you could see                       the, uh, hole,           946 00:45:25,597 --> 00:45:27,933            and there was, uh,         947 00:45:27,975 --> 00:45:32,271          brain and spinal fluid               dripping down out of it.      948 00:45:32,312 --> 00:45:35,107  Then I noticed it was dripping,         you know, down into a bucket.    949 00:45:37,568 --> 00:45:39,319               [Stone]                           As early as 1981,          950 00:45:39,361 --> 00:45:41,905       copies of the autopsy photos                  were leaked             951 00:45:41,947 --> 00:45:45,075             and distributed                    among JFK researchers.       952 00:45:45,117 --> 00:45:46,744                The image                      of Kennedy's head wound       953 00:45:46,785 --> 00:45:51,415  contradicted what was witnessed            by the Parkland doctors.      954 00:45:51,457 --> 00:45:56,253      I recall the injury being            right along in this area.       955 00:45:59,423 --> 00:46:02,843  [Mantik]   It's as if the autopsy            materials were designed       956 00:46:02,885 --> 00:46:05,304             to hide what                    was really happening,         957 00:46:05,345 --> 00:46:07,723          as opposed to what                they should usually do.        958 00:46:07,765 --> 00:46:12,352      They're supposed to reveal           the full extent of things.      959 00:46:12,394 --> 00:46:14,438        [Goldberg]   The evening                 of the assassination,        960 00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:18,233      the body of President Kennedy          was returned to Washington.     961 00:46:18,275 --> 00:46:21,653        The autopsy was performed            at Bethesda Medical Center,     962 00:46:21,695 --> 00:46:23,739           a naval institution.        963 00:46:23,781 --> 00:46:25,616            All of the top                   forensic pathologists         964 00:46:25,657 --> 00:46:27,159         in the United States         965 00:46:27,201 --> 00:46:30,788      were within one-hour drive            or flying time from D.C.       966 00:46:30,829 --> 00:46:32,831  Not one of them was called upon.  967 00:46:32,873 --> 00:46:34,833            There were two                     Navy pathologists,          968 00:46:34,875 --> 00:46:36,418        Commander James Humes         969 00:46:36,460 --> 00:46:38,504            and his associate,                   J. Thornton Boswell.        970 00:46:38,545 --> 00:46:42,257  These two military pathologists             who had never done          971 00:46:42,299 --> 00:46:45,803    a single gunshot-wound autopsy          in their entire careers.       972 00:46:45,844 --> 00:46:47,387    This is something that really     973 00:46:47,429 --> 00:46:49,389         has to be emphasized                  to every American.          974 00:46:49,431 --> 00:46:51,558            I don't care,                    Democrat, Republican,                liberal, conservative.        975 00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:53,018       This is your president,        976 00:46:53,060 --> 00:46:55,270            and you've got                  multiple gunshot wounds        977 00:46:55,312 --> 00:46:58,524  to determine angles, trajectory,            range, sequence.           978 00:46:58,565 --> 00:46:59,942  And then you've got to correlate  979 00:46:59,983 --> 00:47:01,568          with the multiple               gunshot wounds in Connally.      980 00:47:01,610 --> 00:47:04,154      This is a formidable task             that would have required       981 00:47:04,196 --> 00:47:08,283     two or three major forensic       pathologists to-- to undertake.    982 00:47:08,325 --> 00:47:10,494            So they called                     Humes and Boswell.          983 00:47:10,536 --> 00:47:11,870            They realized                  they were over their head.      984 00:47:11,912 --> 00:47:13,247       They called in an expert       985 00:47:13,288 --> 00:47:15,040        from the Armed Forces               Institute of Pathology,        986 00:47:15,082 --> 00:47:16,625        a guy named Pierre Finck.      987 00:47:16,667 --> 00:47:19,169          Dr. Humes and Boswell                  started the autopsy         988 00:47:19,211 --> 00:47:21,547          before their forensics              consultant even got there,     989 00:47:21,588 --> 00:47:23,549          but they realized              they were in over their head.     990 00:47:23,590 --> 00:47:26,718        So they asked to have                  a medical examiner                   because Dr. Finck,          991 00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:29,888      who is a forensic pathologist,          wasn't doing autopsies.       992 00:47:29,930 --> 00:47:31,557            He hadn't done one                 in more than two years.       993 00:47:31,598 --> 00:47:33,559     So they asked for permission             to bring in somebody         994 00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:37,479    who knew what they were doing.           Permission was denied.        995 00:47:37,521 --> 00:47:40,023              [Aguilar]                      There were a lot of people             at the Bethesda morgue.       996 00:47:40,065 --> 00:47:41,316             The latest count                   by all the researchers       997 00:47:41,358 --> 00:47:43,902            that I know of is                      about 33 people.          998 00:47:43,944 --> 00:47:46,196  There was a gallery, bleachers.    999 00:47:46,238 --> 00:47:49,241        Apparently, all three rows             were filled with people.      1000 00:47:49,283 --> 00:47:52,327           These three autopsy          pathologists were given a body,    1001 00:47:52,369 --> 00:47:53,537       told, "Here's the body,        1002 00:47:53,579 --> 00:47:55,289       he was shot from behind,                he fell forward,"           1003 00:47:55,330 --> 00:47:57,291           which they wrote                 in their autopsy report,       1004 00:47:57,332 --> 00:47:58,458    figure out how the wounds fit     1005 00:47:58,500 --> 00:48:00,460       the known circumstances                  of the shooting.           1006 00:48:00,502 --> 00:48:04,006    But what this really speaks to        is the fact that the autopsy     1007 00:48:04,047 --> 00:48:05,465        was not in the control                  of the surgeons            1008 00:48:05,507 --> 00:48:07,551            that were charged                       with doing it.           1009 00:48:07,593 --> 00:48:09,678  It was in the control of people                who were there,           1010 00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:12,890          who were telling them                   what they could do                and what they couldn't do.     1011 00:48:12,931 --> 00:48:15,601     [reporter] Let's talk about           those two wounds, Captain.      1012 00:48:15,642 --> 00:48:18,103          You examined this                 whole area of the back.        1013 00:48:18,145 --> 00:48:19,354      [James J. Humes] Yes, sir.      1014 00:48:19,396 --> 00:48:21,064               [Wecht]                 So on the night of the autopsy,    1015 00:48:21,106 --> 00:48:23,108         Humes and Boswell said,       1016 00:48:23,150 --> 00:48:25,193      "Hey, we got a bullet hole           in the President's back,"       1017 00:48:25,235 --> 00:48:28,113              which they                   examined with the finger,       1018 00:48:28,155 --> 00:48:29,573       then with an instrument,                then took x-rays,           1019 00:48:29,615 --> 00:48:31,366       then took out the lungs.       1020 00:48:31,408 --> 00:48:32,618           And no bullets.            1021 00:48:32,659 --> 00:48:34,119            In a murder case,          1022 00:48:34,161 --> 00:48:36,788          that is a very serious                  problem for them.          1023 00:48:36,830 --> 00:48:38,332       So where did that bullet go?    1024 00:48:38,373 --> 00:48:41,084      It was just, like you say,               a work of fiction.          1025 00:48:41,126 --> 00:48:43,420            A call came in                  from the FBI in Dallas.        1026 00:48:43,462 --> 00:48:45,005         A bullet was found.          1027 00:48:45,047 --> 00:48:46,590            Darrell Tomlinson,                    a maintenance man          1028 00:48:46,632 --> 00:48:48,300          at Parkland Hospital,        1029 00:48:48,342 --> 00:48:51,136  trying to get to the men's room,           passing by the ER,          1030 00:48:51,178 --> 00:48:52,888           found the stretchers                   blocking the way,          1031 00:48:52,930 --> 00:48:55,015                bent down,                       moved the stretcher,        1032 00:48:55,057 --> 00:48:56,767         and there was a bullet.       1033 00:48:56,808 --> 00:48:58,143      How did that bullet get there?  1034 00:48:58,185 --> 00:48:59,853        Humes and Boswell came up      1035 00:48:59,895 --> 00:49:02,147            with this totally                     absurd conclusion          1036 00:49:02,189 --> 00:49:04,191     that when the President lay      1037 00:49:04,232 --> 00:49:07,277          on the stretcher,                     supine position,           1038 00:49:07,319 --> 00:49:09,237             and pressure                   was applied to his chest       1039 00:49:09,279 --> 00:49:11,657         for cardiopulmonary                     resuscitation,            1040 00:49:11,698 --> 00:49:15,243          that pressure, applied            anteriorly, forced the bullet,  1041 00:49:15,285 --> 00:49:17,371              which had gone                   deeply into the tissues,      1042 00:49:17,412 --> 00:49:19,039  back out through like a tunnel.    1043 00:49:19,081 --> 00:49:21,333      In and out, a car in reverse.    1044 00:49:21,375 --> 00:49:24,211              And what's                   very important to note is       1045 00:49:24,252 --> 00:49:26,838           bullets don't go                  in and out like that.         1046 00:49:26,880 --> 00:49:30,509     The bullet becomes encased.         But that was their conclusion.    1047 00:49:30,550 --> 00:49:34,012  Keep in mind, they did not know          that there was a bullet hole    1048 00:49:34,054 --> 00:49:35,847           in the front of                   the President's neck.         1049 00:49:35,889 --> 00:49:38,225              Commander.                      Now, Captain Humes,          1050 00:49:38,266 --> 00:49:40,352          how many autopsies                  have you performed?          1051 00:49:40,394 --> 00:49:42,354     [Humes]   Approximately 1,000.     1052 00:49:42,396 --> 00:49:47,025  It wasn't until the next morning          when Humes decided,          1053 00:49:47,067 --> 00:49:48,443    "Hey, maybe we outta talk with    1054 00:49:48,485 --> 00:49:50,904               the surgeons                     at Parkland Hospital."       1055 00:49:50,946 --> 00:49:53,740          Earlier that day, the              doctors at Parkland Hospital    1056 00:49:53,782 --> 00:49:55,575      had determined that the bullet  1057 00:49:55,617 --> 00:49:57,494             had fortuitously                ripped through the trachea.     1058 00:49:57,536 --> 00:50:00,539             So they enlarged                     that bullet hole.          1059 00:50:00,580 --> 00:50:02,791          And now they learned,                  for the first time,         1060 00:50:02,833 --> 00:50:04,835    that there was a tracheostomy     1061 00:50:04,876 --> 00:50:07,087             superimposed                     upon a bullet wound.         1062 00:50:07,129 --> 00:50:09,881      "Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.  1063 00:50:09,923 --> 00:50:11,383            "Now we know!"            1064 00:50:11,425 --> 00:50:14,136      The shot fired from the rear,               entered the back,          1065 00:50:14,177 --> 00:50:16,596            moving around                    2,000 feet per second,        1066 00:50:16,638 --> 00:50:19,474          comes out, then stops,        sees the starched white collar,    1067 00:50:19,516 --> 00:50:22,060  gets frightened to death, plops     into the front of his clothing.    1068 00:50:22,102 --> 00:50:23,729             And that's where                   the bullet came from,        1069 00:50:23,770 --> 00:50:25,731            found by Tomlinson                    on the stretcher.          1070 00:50:25,772 --> 00:50:27,274      Four or five months later,      1071 00:50:27,315 --> 00:50:29,860          under Arlen Specter's                 single-bullet theory,        1072 00:50:29,901 --> 00:50:32,571               that bullet                      has been rejuvenated,                 it's been revitalized.       1073 00:50:32,612 --> 00:50:33,947             That bullet has                       now gone through          1074 00:50:33,989 --> 00:50:35,741        Kennedy, through Connally,     1075 00:50:35,782 --> 00:50:39,953    and now, as of April of 1964,            the Stretcher Bullet,         1076 00:50:39,995 --> 00:50:41,830         Commission Exhibit #399,      1077 00:50:41,872 --> 00:50:43,582             the hero of the                  Warren Commission report,      1078 00:50:43,623 --> 00:50:46,668               is now from                      Connally's left thigh.       1079 00:50:46,710 --> 00:50:48,879        How is that possible?         1080 00:50:48,920 --> 00:50:50,881            It's unbelievable!         1081 00:50:50,922 --> 00:50:53,759  ...which is scientific evidence    1082 00:50:53,800 --> 00:51:00,265       that the wound was made         from behind and passed forward.    1083 00:51:00,307 --> 00:51:03,852    [Aguilar]   Dr. Humes destroyed           his original autopsy notes.     1084 00:51:03,894 --> 00:51:05,729           Now, Dr. Humes,               the chief autopsy pathologist,    1085 00:51:05,771 --> 00:51:07,689           and what we all know                      as doctors,             1086 00:51:07,731 --> 00:51:09,608            notes taken while                   you're doing something       1087 00:51:09,649 --> 00:51:11,109         are much more important,      1088 00:51:11,151 --> 00:51:12,944            and are likely                 to be closer to the truth       1089 00:51:12,986 --> 00:51:15,530    than anything you write later.    1090 00:51:15,572 --> 00:51:18,075           And he admitted that             he'd destroyed autopsy notes.    1091 00:51:18,116 --> 00:51:20,118            You destroyed                     your original notes          1092 00:51:20,160 --> 00:51:21,787     in a medical legal autopsy?      1093 00:51:21,828 --> 00:51:25,290       And remember, that night              Oswald is still alive.        1094 00:51:25,332 --> 00:51:26,792               You're going                      to be asked, doctor,        1095 00:51:26,833 --> 00:51:31,505  at some point in time under oath        to give sworn testimony.       1096 00:51:31,546 --> 00:51:33,757             Why did you                  destroy those notes, doctor?     1097 00:51:33,799 --> 00:51:36,760        Doesn't a pathologist                   keep his notes?            1098 00:51:36,802 --> 00:51:39,471         And he said, "Well,           I destroyed my own autopsy notes  1099 00:51:39,513 --> 00:51:41,890    "because they were splattered          with the President's blood      1100 00:51:41,932 --> 00:51:44,768  and I didn't want them to become     objects of morbid curiosity."     1101 00:51:44,810 --> 00:51:46,311       The third doctor, Dr. Finck,    1102 00:51:46,353 --> 00:51:48,271              who was there,                    also wrote some notes        1103 00:51:48,313 --> 00:51:49,856              and complained                   bitterly about the fact       1104 00:51:49,898 --> 00:51:51,441  that his notes disappeared too.    1105 00:51:51,483 --> 00:51:53,568           He was so upset                 because he had to go home       1106 00:51:53,610 --> 00:51:56,029           and reconstruct               all of his notes from memory.     1107 00:51:58,031 --> 00:51:59,950            The two FBI agents                     at the autopsy,           1108 00:51:59,991 --> 00:52:02,619  Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,    1109 00:52:02,661 --> 00:52:05,580      they reported what they heard              during the autopsy,         1110 00:52:05,622 --> 00:52:08,333           what they heard                   the pathologists say,         1111 00:52:08,375 --> 00:52:10,418       specifically Dr. Humes.        1112 00:52:10,460 --> 00:52:15,006          They were interviewed         by Arlen Specter in early 1964.    1113 00:52:15,048 --> 00:52:19,177        He proceeded to write              very unfavorable comments       1114 00:52:19,219 --> 00:52:21,930     about them in a summary memo               for the record.            1115 00:52:21,972 --> 00:52:23,348       We know with confidence        1116 00:52:23,390 --> 00:52:25,225          why he didn't like                 what they had to say,         1117 00:52:25,267 --> 00:52:27,352          because they were                    providing evidence          1118 00:52:27,394 --> 00:52:29,521    that the single-bullet theory              could not be true.          1119 00:52:29,563 --> 00:52:31,857              [Goldberg]                     Neither Sibert nor O'Neill     1120 00:52:31,898 --> 00:52:34,568          were asked to testify               for the Warren Commission,     1121 00:52:34,609 --> 00:52:37,154         and their written notes                  became classified.         1122 00:52:37,195 --> 00:52:39,698                 In 1997,                    their depositions were taken    1123 00:52:39,739 --> 00:52:42,826           by the Assassination                 Records Review Board.        1124 00:52:42,868 --> 00:52:45,078           [Douglas Horne]                    Both Sibert and O'Neill       1125 00:52:45,120 --> 00:52:48,290        were shown the photographs            of the back of JFK's head,     1126 00:52:48,331 --> 00:52:51,501       the autopsy photographs that          are the most controversial.     1127 00:52:51,543 --> 00:52:53,128          And they both said                    that they didn't           1128 00:52:53,170 --> 00:52:55,172        see anything like that                  at the autopsy.            1129 00:52:55,213 --> 00:52:57,465       O'Neill had said, "It looks             like it's been doctored.      1130 00:52:57,507 --> 00:52:59,009         "I don't mean the photo                  has been doctored.         1131 00:52:59,050 --> 00:53:01,052          It looks like the head             has been put back together,"    1132 00:53:01,094 --> 00:53:02,637          you know, by embalmers               and then photographed."       1133 00:53:02,679 --> 00:53:04,222              That was what                      he said under oath.         1134 00:53:04,264 --> 00:53:06,558         Sibert did not remember       1135 00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:09,352    drawing a diagram of the wound          for the House committee.       1136 00:53:09,394 --> 00:53:11,479         So he drew a new one                for the Review Board.         1137 00:53:11,521 --> 00:53:13,523           And it's one of our              most important wound diagrams.  1138 00:53:13,565 --> 00:53:15,984            And it shows what                could only be an exit defect    1139 00:53:16,026 --> 00:53:17,402  in the right rear of the skull.    1140 00:53:24,409 --> 00:53:26,745    [Goldberg]   This new evidence,                  combined with            1141 00:53:26,786 --> 00:53:29,915            the Review Board's                     declassification                      of 40 witnesses           1142 00:53:29,956 --> 00:53:32,751        who saw a hole in the back                of Kennedy's head,         1143 00:53:32,792 --> 00:53:37,214      constitutes powerful evidence           of a shot from the front.      1144 00:53:38,131 --> 00:53:39,591              (gunshot)               1145 00:53:42,427 --> 00:53:44,137               Who was                     the autopsy photographer?       1146 00:53:44,179 --> 00:53:46,514            John Stringer.            1147 00:53:46,556 --> 00:53:49,100         He was a Navy civilian.               He was widely respected.      1148 00:53:49,142 --> 00:53:50,310        He had written a textbook      1149 00:53:50,352 --> 00:53:52,229          on medical photography                    for the Navy.            1150 00:53:52,270 --> 00:53:53,688                So he was                    the photographer of record.     1151 00:53:53,730 --> 00:53:55,941             He photographed                      the autopsy itself         1152 00:53:55,982 --> 00:53:59,486        and also photographed                the President's brain.        1153 00:53:59,527 --> 00:54:01,696      [Stone]   The autopsy photos              of the President's brain      1154 00:54:01,738 --> 00:54:03,949                are housed                    at the National Archives.      1155 00:54:03,990 --> 00:54:07,035      These photos cannot be scanned               or reproduced,           1156 00:54:07,077 --> 00:54:09,955          but are only available                 to be viewed on site        1157 00:54:09,996 --> 00:54:13,792        by researchers authorized               by the Kennedy family.       1158 00:54:13,833 --> 00:54:15,794           [Horne]   Half of                   the brain photos are taken     1159 00:54:15,835 --> 00:54:18,421          of a brain from above,                   superior views,           1160 00:54:18,463 --> 00:54:21,758       which is what Stringer said          he shot of the complete organ.  1161 00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:24,386  But the other half of the brain           photos in the archives        1162 00:54:24,427 --> 00:54:27,806       are taken of the bottom,              called basilar views.         1163 00:54:27,847 --> 00:54:30,767        Now, we were very careful              to question Mr. Stringer      1164 00:54:30,809 --> 00:54:32,811        about all the photographs                      he took,              1165 00:54:32,852 --> 00:54:35,939    and ask him what kind of film         he used for black and white,     1166 00:54:35,981 --> 00:54:37,607          what kind of film                    he used for color.          1167 00:54:37,649 --> 00:54:39,526       Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer     1168 00:54:39,567 --> 00:54:43,530            the color positive               transparencies of the brain,    1169 00:54:43,571 --> 00:54:45,115  and Stringer immediately noted,    1170 00:54:45,156 --> 00:54:47,701        "Well, these aren't Kodak.              These might be Ansco."       1171 00:54:47,742 --> 00:54:50,245    He said, "I don't see the name        of the manufacturer on here,     1172 00:54:50,287 --> 00:54:53,164         but these don't have the           right notches in the corner."    1173 00:54:53,206 --> 00:54:54,916           So Jeremy Gunn said,        1174 00:54:54,958 --> 00:54:57,043          "Did you use this film              with these notches in it?"     1175 00:54:57,085 --> 00:54:58,753           Stringer said, "No."        1176 00:54:58,795 --> 00:55:00,880       "Did you take basilar views            when you shot the brain?"      1177 00:55:00,922 --> 00:55:03,591             And he says,                   "Not as far as I know."        1178 00:55:03,633 --> 00:55:06,136          [Goldberg]   Doesn't               this all lead to the question    1179 00:55:06,177 --> 00:55:09,806      if Stringer did not take these         photographs,     then who did?    1180 00:55:11,683 --> 00:55:14,853              Robert Knudsen                   was a Navy photographer       1181 00:55:14,894 --> 00:55:17,981             who was detailed                to the White House in 1958.     1182 00:55:18,023 --> 00:55:21,192      If you read his obituaries in             The New York Times          1183 00:55:21,234 --> 00:55:22,485         and    The Washington Post,     1184 00:55:22,527 --> 00:55:24,779               you will see                      that he is credited         1185 00:55:24,821 --> 00:55:27,365            with photographing                    Kennedy's autopsy,         1186 00:55:27,407 --> 00:55:30,785      except officially he was not.    1187 00:55:30,827 --> 00:55:34,956        [Horne]   Robert Knudsen                 was not interviewed by                the Warren Commission.       1188 00:55:34,998 --> 00:55:39,002        So they finally found               Robert Knudsen in 1978.        1189 00:55:39,044 --> 00:55:41,171          And to its credit,               the House Select Committee      1190 00:55:41,212 --> 00:55:42,756         did a deposition of him.      1191 00:55:42,797 --> 00:55:45,383           To their discredit,                 they never published it.      1192 00:55:45,425 --> 00:55:49,763     They buried it for 50 years          and it got released in 1993.     1193 00:55:49,804 --> 00:55:51,639    And I know why they buried it,    1194 00:55:51,681 --> 00:55:54,559  because everything he told them         about autopsy photography       1195 00:55:54,601 --> 00:55:56,144            contradicted what                   they thought they knew       1196 00:55:56,186 --> 00:55:57,520         in the official record.       1197 00:55:57,562 --> 00:56:00,273            [Mantik]   After                       his death in 1989,         1198 00:56:00,315 --> 00:56:01,983       his wife was interviewed by     1199 00:56:02,025 --> 00:56:04,402            the Assassination                   Records Review Board.        1200 00:56:16,456 --> 00:56:19,709  He told her that one photograph               in particular,            1201 00:56:19,751 --> 00:56:21,252                presumably                      the back of the head,        1202 00:56:21,294 --> 00:56:23,755        had been severely altered.     1203 00:56:23,797 --> 00:56:25,757            [Jeremy Gunn]                   Where was the wound covered?    1204 00:56:31,304 --> 00:56:34,015     [Jeremy Gunn]   In one sense,             uh, probably worth saying      1205 00:56:34,057 --> 00:56:35,600         that what you're saying                  is very different          1206 00:56:35,642 --> 00:56:37,727                from what                    the United States government    1207 00:56:37,769 --> 00:56:39,979        has said for a long time.      1208 00:56:40,021 --> 00:56:43,566          And why didn't he say                 something to somebody?       1209 00:57:04,587 --> 00:57:06,423               [Horne]                         John Stringer is still       1210 00:57:06,464 --> 00:57:08,049               the autopsy                     photographer of record,       1211 00:57:08,091 --> 00:57:09,843  I think they both took pictures             and I personally think       1212 00:57:09,884 --> 00:57:12,679               that many of                    John Stringer's pictures      1213 00:57:12,720 --> 00:57:14,514              never made it                 into the official collection.    1214 00:57:14,556 --> 00:57:15,807        And a lot of the ones                   we're looking at           1215 00:57:15,849 --> 00:57:17,642      are Robert Knudsen's pictures.  1216 00:57:21,187 --> 00:57:24,482  [Mantik]   Saundra Spencer worked           at the Anacostia Facility,     1217 00:57:24,524 --> 00:57:26,568       a Naval Photographic Center,    1218 00:57:26,609 --> 00:57:28,987       which was quite separate              from the Bethesda lab.        1219 00:57:29,028 --> 00:57:32,323              That weekend,                       she received film.         1220 00:57:32,365 --> 00:57:34,993       [Horne]   The photographs         that Saundra Spencer developed,    1221 00:57:35,034 --> 00:57:37,162           which never made it                into the official record.      1222 00:57:37,203 --> 00:57:39,831        The only evidence we have             of them is her testimony.      1223 00:57:41,666 --> 00:57:43,835             Saundra Spencer                      was visibly upset          1224 00:57:43,877 --> 00:57:46,337          when she looked at the             official     autopsy photographs  1225 00:57:46,379 --> 00:57:49,924          because she said,                  "I developed pictures                of him and his family         1226 00:57:49,966 --> 00:57:52,677        for almost three years         and he never looked like this."    1227 00:57:52,719 --> 00:57:54,929     She said, "He looks terrible            in these photographs."        1228 00:57:59,434 --> 00:58:01,978           -She started to cry.                -[Stone]   In front of                    the Review Board?          1229 00:58:02,020 --> 00:58:04,355  [Horne]   Yes, she started to cry            in front of Jeremy and I      1230 00:58:04,397 --> 00:58:06,232            and the person                     from the archives,          1231 00:58:06,274 --> 00:58:08,776              and she said,                   "He did not look this bad      1232 00:58:08,818 --> 00:58:10,862            in the photographs                 I developed on Sunday."       1233 00:58:10,904 --> 00:58:13,948         He was very cleaned up.               It was very respectful.       1234 00:58:13,990 --> 00:58:16,034      And in one of the photographs                 she developed,           1235 00:58:16,075 --> 00:58:17,827          there was a brain,                    an intact brain,           1236 00:58:17,869 --> 00:58:19,621      sitting next to the body,       1237 00:58:19,662 --> 00:58:21,080  the nude body of the President.    1238 00:58:21,122 --> 00:58:22,874        Strange, first of all,                  that it's intact           1239 00:58:22,916 --> 00:58:26,252  because FBI agent Frank O'Neill           told the Review Board         1240 00:58:26,294 --> 00:58:29,088      that over half of the mass           of the brain was missing.       1241 00:58:31,925 --> 00:58:34,469    [Mantik]   So the brain autopsy                  or autopsies,            1242 00:58:34,511 --> 00:58:37,055         there were probably                    two such events,           1243 00:58:37,096 --> 00:58:41,851       uh, occurred later and          were not done on November 22nd.    1244 00:58:41,893 --> 00:58:43,603          [Aguilar]   Anybody                that's seen the Zapruder film    1245 00:58:43,645 --> 00:58:44,979            can see Kennedy's                       head explodes            1246 00:58:45,021 --> 00:58:46,523           and debris flies                   all over the place.          1247 00:58:46,564 --> 00:58:47,857        Jackie Kennedy climbed out     1248 00:58:47,899 --> 00:58:49,609              onto the trunk                      of the limousine,          1249 00:58:49,651 --> 00:58:52,779              picked up                    a chunk of the President's            brain, had it with her,        1250 00:58:52,820 --> 00:58:54,531    took it in and gave it to, uh,    1251 00:58:54,572 --> 00:58:56,574          one of the doctors                 at Parkland Hospital.         1252 00:58:56,616 --> 00:58:58,868       When you look at the autopsy           photographs of the brain,      1253 00:58:58,910 --> 00:59:00,245             which I've seen                      the originals of,          1254 00:59:00,286 --> 00:59:02,205             you can just see                that the brain is disrupted,    1255 00:59:02,247 --> 00:59:04,207             but very little                  of the tissue is missing.      1256 00:59:04,249 --> 00:59:07,043     Then we look at the autopsy              report of the brain,         1257 00:59:07,085 --> 00:59:09,170          what they call the           supplemental brain examination.    1258 00:59:09,212 --> 00:59:10,755          The brain in evidence                  that's weighed there        1259 00:59:10,797 --> 00:59:12,840           weighs 1,500 grams.         1260 00:59:12,882 --> 00:59:16,261           1500 grams is--                  is above average weight        1261 00:59:16,302 --> 00:59:17,845       of an adult male brain.        1262 00:59:17,887 --> 00:59:20,932         There was one report                  of 8,000 autopsies          1263 00:59:20,974 --> 00:59:23,643      and the average weight of               an adult male brain          1264 00:59:23,685 --> 00:59:25,770           was 1,336 grams.           1265 00:59:25,812 --> 00:59:29,524          So they're saying              that President Kennedy's brain    1266 00:59:29,566 --> 00:59:31,150            was well above                    the average weight.          1267 00:59:31,192 --> 00:59:33,194  Where did all that brain tissue               disappear to?             1268 00:59:33,236 --> 00:59:36,990    That flies around Dealey Plaza        that Jackie has in her hand,     1269 00:59:37,031 --> 00:59:38,700    that everybody is picking off              of their clothes?           1270 00:59:41,536 --> 00:59:44,289              [Chesser]                      There are two photographs           of the brain     at the archives.  1271 00:59:44,330 --> 00:59:46,749         I viewed those in 2015.       1272 00:59:46,791 --> 00:59:49,127          The brain looked to me                   to be distorted.          1273 00:59:49,168 --> 00:59:50,962         My first thought was          that the brain had been sitting    1274 00:59:51,004 --> 00:59:53,006       in a jar of formaldehyde                 for a long time.           1275 00:59:53,047 --> 00:59:56,134           The Review Board                    had a consultant.           1276 00:59:56,175 --> 00:59:59,012                A renowned                      forensic pathologist.        1277 00:59:59,053 --> 01:00:01,723        He looked at the brain              photographs and he said,       1278 01:00:01,764 --> 01:00:04,475           "This is a very                     well-fixed brain.           1279 01:00:04,517 --> 01:00:07,270            It's all gray.                   It's not pink at all.         1280 01:00:07,312 --> 01:00:10,481       "It's been fixed for two        or three weeks in formaldehyde.    1281 01:00:10,523 --> 01:00:11,858           It's been fixed                    at least two weeks,          1282 01:00:11,899 --> 01:00:13,359    maybe as long as three weeks."    1283 01:00:13,401 --> 01:00:15,778         I looked at Jeremy Gunn                 and he looked at me         1284 01:00:15,820 --> 01:00:17,071          and the hair stood up                on the back of my neck,       1285 01:00:17,113 --> 01:00:21,618  because I knew that JFK's brain              was examined...            1286 01:00:21,659 --> 01:00:23,995         less than three days                 after he was killed.         1287 01:00:24,037 --> 01:00:25,747         One can only imagine                   that they wanted           1288 01:00:25,788 --> 01:00:27,624    the-- the damage to the brain     1289 01:00:27,665 --> 01:00:29,751           to be consistent                   with the hypothesis          1290 01:00:29,792 --> 01:00:32,128             that Oswald                     had done the shooting.        1291 01:00:32,170 --> 01:00:34,631        So if you had a defect                 going all the way                 to the back of the head,       1292 01:00:34,672 --> 01:00:36,924        like so many witnesses                  testified to it,           1293 01:00:36,966 --> 01:00:41,346       it might raise questions          about whether that huge defect    1294 01:00:41,387 --> 01:00:44,057      could've cau-- been caused          by a single shot to the head     1295 01:00:44,098 --> 01:00:46,601        as Oswald is supposed                    to have done.             1296 01:00:46,643 --> 01:00:47,852              [Chesser]                       At a teaching hospital,       1297 01:00:47,894 --> 01:00:50,772                there was                       no shortage of brains.       1298 01:00:50,813 --> 01:00:52,106    Autopsies were very frequent.     1299 01:00:52,148 --> 01:00:53,691  Frequently, the brain was saved    1300 01:00:53,733 --> 01:00:56,194    for teaching medical students,    1301 01:00:56,235 --> 01:00:57,862             so it would not                     have been difficult         1302 01:00:57,904 --> 01:01:00,365             to find a brain                       for replacement.          1303 01:01:00,406 --> 01:01:01,783     This is just one more reason     1304 01:01:01,824 --> 01:01:04,452          why this cannot be               President Kennedy's brain       1305 01:01:04,494 --> 01:01:08,373       in the photographs that         we have stored at the archives.    1306 01:01:08,414 --> 01:01:14,045  What we have here... is evidence     that impugns the authenticity     1307 01:01:14,087 --> 01:01:16,714       of the brain photographs            in the National Archives.       1308 01:01:16,756 --> 01:01:18,508     If there was a trial today,      1309 01:01:18,549 --> 01:01:21,719    these brain photographs would        not be admissible as evidence.    1310 01:01:23,721 --> 01:01:25,723            I'd hate to be                    in your shoes today.         1311 01:01:26,724 --> 01:01:27,767    You have a lot to think about.    1312 01:01:27,809 --> 01:01:29,060             You've seen                      much hidden evidence         1313 01:01:29,102 --> 01:01:30,937         the American public                    has never seen.            1314 01:01:32,480 --> 01:01:35,900         You know, going back              to when we were children,       1315 01:01:35,942 --> 01:01:37,944       I think that most of us             in this courtroom thought       1316 01:01:37,985 --> 01:01:40,697          that justice came                into being automatically.       1317 01:01:41,698 --> 01:01:43,199  That virtue was its own reward,    1318 01:01:43,241 --> 01:01:45,284           that-- that good                 would triumph over evil.       1319 01:01:46,994 --> 01:01:50,790         But as we get older,            we know this just isn't true.     1320 01:01:50,832 --> 01:01:53,501       Individual human beings               have to create justice        1321 01:01:53,543 --> 01:01:54,752        and this is not easy,         1322 01:01:56,295 --> 01:01:59,757          because the truth              often poses a threat to power,    1323 01:01:59,799 --> 01:02:03,886  and one often has to fight power      at great risk to themselves.     1324 01:02:03,928 --> 01:02:05,430              [Goldberg]                     The one physician present      1325 01:02:05,471 --> 01:02:08,599        at both Parkland Hospital              and the Bethesda morgue       1326 01:02:08,641 --> 01:02:09,934           was George Burkley,         1327 01:02:09,976 --> 01:02:12,603        Kennedy's personal doctor.     1328 01:02:12,645 --> 01:02:15,940       Arlen Specter did not depose                George Burkley,           1329 01:02:15,982 --> 01:02:20,027       but Burkley did an interview         with the JFK Library in 1967,    1330 01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:22,447       and was asked this question.    1331 01:02:22,488 --> 01:02:23,781        [interviewer speaking]        1332 01:02:31,456 --> 01:02:32,790         [interviewer] I see.         1333 01:02:32,832 --> 01:02:35,168         [Miller]   The reason                he didn't say anything was,     1334 01:02:35,209 --> 01:02:38,671      he was intimately involved                in the coverup.            1335 01:02:38,713 --> 01:02:41,340      [Goldberg]   Burkley signed            the autopsy descriptive sheet    1336 01:02:41,382 --> 01:02:45,386        with a bullet in the back                at the level of T3.         1337 01:02:45,428 --> 01:02:47,972            And he also signed               Kennedy's death certificate,    1338 01:02:48,014 --> 01:02:50,683            which also placed                  that wound in the back.       1339 01:02:50,725 --> 01:02:52,685          That death certificate                      is not in              1340 01:02:52,727 --> 01:02:55,146      the Warren Commission volumes,  1341 01:02:55,188 --> 01:02:58,357        and the descriptive sheet             in the Commission volumes      1342 01:02:58,399 --> 01:03:00,651              does not have                      Burkley's signature.        1343 01:03:02,111 --> 01:03:04,155       In 1977, through his lawyer,    1344 01:03:04,197 --> 01:03:06,491            he wrote a letter                    to Richard Sprague,         1345 01:03:06,532 --> 01:03:08,159        Chief Counsel of the House     1346 01:03:08,201 --> 01:03:10,787             Select Committee                     on Assassinations.         1347 01:03:10,828 --> 01:03:13,164              He said he had                    information indicating       1348 01:03:13,206 --> 01:03:15,416        that others besides Oswald     1349 01:03:15,458 --> 01:03:18,461           must've     participated                in the assassination.        1350 01:03:18,503 --> 01:03:22,006              He was willing                to talk about it at this time.  1351 01:03:22,048 --> 01:03:24,342                 Sprague,                    who made clear his intention    1352 01:03:24,383 --> 01:03:27,011           to fully investigate                 the CIA's involvement,       1353 01:03:27,053 --> 01:03:29,096  was forced out two weeks later.    1354 01:03:29,138 --> 01:03:30,973               Dr. Burkley                  submitted a written statement    1355 01:03:31,015 --> 01:03:33,184      to the House Select Committee,  1356 01:03:33,226 --> 01:03:35,061  but there is no official record    1357 01:03:35,102 --> 01:03:38,356               of him     being                    deposed as a witness.        1358 01:03:38,397 --> 01:03:42,276           In 1982, he told                JFK researcher Henry Hurt,      1359 01:03:42,318 --> 01:03:43,736            "I know there was                   more than one gunman,"       1360 01:03:43,778 --> 01:03:45,154         and when Henry Hurt          1361 01:03:45,196 --> 01:03:47,198          tried to recontact               Burkley for more details,       1362 01:03:47,240 --> 01:03:48,616               Burkley                     cut him off at the knees.       1363 01:03:48,658 --> 01:03:50,159          "I don't want to talk                   about it anymore."         1364 01:03:50,201 --> 01:03:51,536         The very next year,                     Burkley talked            1365 01:03:51,577 --> 01:03:54,247          to Michael Kurtz,                 another JFK researcher,        1366 01:03:54,288 --> 01:03:55,832  told him that he knew there was    1367 01:03:55,873 --> 01:03:57,333             a conspiracy                    to kill the President         1368 01:03:57,375 --> 01:03:58,876           and that he recalled                     an exit wound            1369 01:03:58,918 --> 01:04:01,045              in the back of                  President Kennedy's head.      1370 01:04:01,087 --> 01:04:02,922             Now, that's                 a very significant statement.     1371 01:04:02,964 --> 01:04:05,007  That the only doctor we know of    1372 01:04:05,049 --> 01:04:07,885            who was present at               both Parkland for treatment,    1373 01:04:07,927 --> 01:04:09,554             and at Bethesda                     during the autopsy,         1374 01:04:09,595 --> 01:04:11,848      told Michael Kurtz in 1983      1375 01:04:11,889 --> 01:04:14,225      that Kennedy had an exit wound          in the back of his head.      1376 01:04:14,267 --> 01:04:15,560             When Kurtz tried                   to recontact Burkley,        1377 01:04:15,601 --> 01:04:18,062           Burkley cut him off                      at the knees.            1378 01:04:18,104 --> 01:04:19,814          "I don't want to talk                  about this anymore."        1379 01:04:19,856 --> 01:04:21,190         Dr. Burkley was deceased                    by the time             1380 01:04:21,232 --> 01:04:23,067  the Review Board was impaneled.    1381 01:04:23,109 --> 01:04:25,403    So then Jeremy decided, well,     1382 01:04:25,444 --> 01:04:28,656              we can ask                  the executor of his estate,      1383 01:04:28,698 --> 01:04:30,533      his daughter, to sign a waiver  1384 01:04:30,575 --> 01:04:33,035             so that we could                     go to the law firm         1385 01:04:33,077 --> 01:04:34,704              that Mr. Illig                      used to work for,          1386 01:04:34,745 --> 01:04:35,913      because he was deceased also,    1387 01:04:35,955 --> 01:04:37,248          and see if there were        1388 01:04:37,290 --> 01:04:39,000               any records                     in the file of Mr. Illig      1389 01:04:39,041 --> 01:04:41,085             that would have                     revealed what it was        1390 01:04:41,127 --> 01:04:43,129            he wanted to tell                    the HSCA in detail,         1391 01:04:43,170 --> 01:04:45,089  and she said she would do that.    1392 01:04:45,131 --> 01:04:46,507             And then Jeremy                   called her on the phone,      1393 01:04:46,549 --> 01:04:48,843            she had completely                     changed her mind          1394 01:04:48,885 --> 01:04:50,177              and adamantly                       refused to sign it         1395 01:04:50,219 --> 01:04:52,388      and terminated the phone call.  1396 01:04:57,852 --> 01:04:59,854  The face sheet for the autopsy,    1397 01:04:59,896 --> 01:05:02,773       where it shows the front        and back silhouette of the body,  1398 01:05:02,815 --> 01:05:05,818           where you mark scars             and bullet wounds and things,    1399 01:05:05,860 --> 01:05:08,279            the face sheet                  showed the bullet wound        1400 01:05:08,321 --> 01:05:13,284         in the back at the level              of thoracic vertebra T3,      1401 01:05:13,326 --> 01:05:16,287         which is five and a half                to six inches below.        1402 01:05:16,329 --> 01:05:18,247              [Goldberg]                    That location coincided with    1403 01:05:18,289 --> 01:05:21,792         what Sibert and O'Neill                wrote in their report.       1404 01:05:21,834 --> 01:05:25,421      And in order to make the facts       fit the single-bullet theory,    1405 01:05:25,463 --> 01:05:27,548                one bullet                      doing all this damage,       1406 01:05:27,590 --> 01:05:31,302        the doctors needed an exit            point for the back wound.      1407 01:05:31,344 --> 01:05:34,764       The Warren Commission raised             the wound in the back        1408 01:05:34,805 --> 01:05:37,934          so that it would align             with the alleged exit wound     1409 01:05:37,975 --> 01:05:39,936  in the front of Kennedy's neck.    1410 01:05:39,977 --> 01:05:41,604         Commissioner Gerald Ford      1411 01:05:41,646 --> 01:05:44,106             did this simply                   via the stroke of a pen,      1412 01:05:44,148 --> 01:05:46,692         changing the description                  in their report           1413 01:05:46,734 --> 01:05:49,612  from back, to back of the neck.    1414 01:05:49,654 --> 01:05:51,781             As I recall,                 they said about Gerald Ford      1415 01:05:51,822 --> 01:05:54,408      that he could not chew gum           and walk at the same time.      1416 01:05:54,450 --> 01:05:57,244       Now, all of a sudden, he        becomes a forensic pathologist,    1417 01:05:57,286 --> 01:05:59,956       and a photographer, and           a criminalist, and an expert,     1418 01:05:59,997 --> 01:06:02,708             and he knows                  where the bullet hole was               and he moved it up.          1419 01:06:02,750 --> 01:06:04,877              [Goldberg]                         But then in 1979,          1420 01:06:04,919 --> 01:06:08,297        the House Select Committee            moved it lower in the back     1421 01:06:08,339 --> 01:06:10,967        because they had pictures                 from the autopsy.          1422 01:06:11,008 --> 01:06:12,760         It is conceivable that,                     at the time,            1423 01:06:12,802 --> 01:06:14,720      the Warren Commission thought    1424 01:06:14,762 --> 01:06:18,140            no one would ever                  see the autopsy photos.       1425 01:06:18,182 --> 01:06:20,351          When the Review Board                      declassified            1426 01:06:20,393 --> 01:06:22,478           the notation showing                  what Ford had done,         1427 01:06:22,520 --> 01:06:25,356  the former commissioner replied           that it had nothing to do      1428 01:06:25,398 --> 01:06:27,650        with a conspiracy theory.      1429 01:06:27,692 --> 01:06:30,695            He was only trying                   to be more precise.         1430 01:06:30,736 --> 01:06:34,323      This is directly contradicted           by a conversation Ford had     1431 01:06:34,365 --> 01:06:38,494          with French President               Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.      1432 01:06:38,536 --> 01:06:40,121              Ford told him                       the assassination          1433 01:06:40,162 --> 01:06:42,873             was     not the work                      of one person.           1434 01:06:42,915 --> 01:06:45,042         It was something set up.      1435 01:06:45,084 --> 01:06:47,294       "We were sure it was set up,    1436 01:06:47,336 --> 01:06:50,297           but we were not able                 to discover by whom."        1437 01:06:52,758 --> 01:06:54,135               [Stone]                         With all the documents       1438 01:06:54,176 --> 01:06:56,262               declassified                      by the Review Board,        1439 01:06:56,303 --> 01:06:59,265                we can see                    this scene in a new light.     1440 01:06:59,306 --> 01:07:02,393                In regards                    to the JFK assassination,      1441 01:07:02,435 --> 01:07:06,230           conspiracy theories                are now conspiracy facts.      1442 01:07:07,314 --> 01:07:09,108       The forensics show evidence     1443 01:07:09,150 --> 01:07:10,693           of multiple shooters                      with Oswald,            1444 01:07:10,735 --> 01:07:12,361               not even at                      the sixth floor window       1445 01:07:12,403 --> 01:07:15,031               at the time                      of the assassination.        1446 01:07:15,072 --> 01:07:20,494      And his fingerprints not found       on the supposed murder weapon.  1447 01:07:20,536 --> 01:07:24,248        Still, there was no trial               for Lee Harvey Oswald.       1448 01:07:24,290 --> 01:07:25,541             These people                   have given me a hearing        1449 01:07:25,583 --> 01:07:27,752     without legal representation                 or anything.             1450 01:07:27,793 --> 01:07:29,045              [reporter]                  Did you shoot the President?     1451 01:07:29,086 --> 01:07:31,422  I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.  1452 01:07:31,464 --> 01:07:35,384      [Stone]   Attorney Mark Lane             tried to represent Oswald                in the proceedings,         1453 01:07:35,426 --> 01:07:37,344              but was denied                  by the Warren Commission.      1454 01:08:05,498 --> 01:08:08,334         Did the accused man                   get a fair trial?           1455 01:08:08,375 --> 01:08:09,752            I can tell you                    from my experiences          1456 01:08:09,794 --> 01:08:12,588         having tried several              hundred cases to verdict,       1457 01:08:12,630 --> 01:08:14,799        and being responsible                for thousands of cases        1458 01:08:14,840 --> 01:08:16,050      as head of the criminal courts  1459 01:08:16,092 --> 01:08:17,593               and running                       the homicide bureau,        1460 01:08:17,635 --> 01:08:20,221       that I don't believe there's            any courtroom in America      1461 01:08:20,262 --> 01:08:22,056               where Oswald                    would've been convicted       1462 01:08:22,098 --> 01:08:23,474             on the evidence                      that was presented         1463 01:08:23,516 --> 01:08:25,726      before the Warren Commission.    1464 01:08:25,768 --> 01:08:29,438      [Stone]   Instead of a jury               of 12 American citizens,      1465 01:08:29,480 --> 01:08:32,191           judgment was passed                   by a panel of seven         1466 01:08:32,233 --> 01:08:35,611            appointed wise men                  and career statesmen.        1467 01:08:35,653 --> 01:08:40,032          A judgment perpetuated              by the media at that time.     1468 01:08:40,074 --> 01:08:42,576              Looking at the                   declassified documents,       1469 01:08:42,618 --> 01:08:44,120              we see there's                      even more mystery          1470 01:08:44,161 --> 01:08:47,206        behind Oswald to uncover.      1471 01:08:47,248 --> 01:08:51,043              A man who was,                  in his own words, a patsy.     1472 01:08:51,085 --> 01:08:54,255       Murdered on live television.    1473 01:08:54,296 --> 01:08:57,633             [reporter 1]                   This was the dreary funeral              of Lee Harvey Oswald,        1474 01:08:57,675 --> 01:09:01,387             alleged murderer                   of President Kennedy.        1475 01:09:01,428 --> 01:09:03,848              Burial was in                    an otherwise empty plot       1476 01:09:03,889 --> 01:09:07,017          in Rose Hill Cemetery                  outside Fort Worth.         1477 01:09:07,059 --> 01:09:09,103         A plot that we were told                     was bought             1478 01:09:09,145 --> 01:09:11,355       long ago by Oswald's mother.    1479 01:09:11,397 --> 01:09:14,275            No one was on hand               for the funeral as mourners,    1480 01:09:14,316 --> 01:09:17,778            except the family                      of the dead man.          1481 01:09:17,820 --> 01:09:21,073             [reporter 2]                   Oswald spent his early years                in an orphanage.          1482 01:09:21,115 --> 01:09:25,035            At the age of 17,               he joined the US Marine Corps.  1483 01:09:25,077 --> 01:09:26,787        A year later, he was sent      1484 01:09:26,829 --> 01:09:29,790            to one of the most              secret US bases in the world,    1485 01:09:29,832 --> 01:09:31,625             Atsugi in Japan.          1486 01:09:31,667 --> 01:09:34,086                From here,                   the CIA operated spy flights    1487 01:09:34,128 --> 01:09:35,796           over communist China        1488 01:09:35,838 --> 01:09:38,257                using U-2                       reconnaissance planes.       1489 01:09:40,092 --> 01:09:43,846      [Goldberg]   During the 1975           Church Committee investigation  1490 01:09:43,888 --> 01:09:46,348      of US intelligence activities,  1491 01:09:46,390 --> 01:09:48,225             Committee member                     Richard Schweiker          1492 01:09:48,267 --> 01:09:50,644          remarked about Oswald,       1493 01:09:50,686 --> 01:09:53,314             that everywhere                     you looked with him,        1494 01:09:53,355 --> 01:09:56,901          there are fingerprints                   of intelligence.          1495 01:09:56,942 --> 01:10:00,279          [man]   Many people                  said he was a forthright,                upstanding American         1496 01:10:00,321 --> 01:10:01,864            as a young person,         1497 01:10:01,906 --> 01:10:05,409  and yet they later depicted him            as a Castro-loving,          1498 01:10:05,451 --> 01:10:08,621              Cuban-loving,                     Russian-loving person.       1499 01:10:08,662 --> 01:10:10,289          [Jefferson Morley]                   In the spring of 1963,       1500 01:10:10,331 --> 01:10:12,583            Oswald started                   handing out pamphlets         1501 01:10:12,625 --> 01:10:14,752          for the Fair Play                   for Cuba Committee,          1502 01:10:14,793 --> 01:10:17,588         a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban                   Revolution group          1503 01:10:17,630 --> 01:10:20,382             that was popular                    on college campuses.        1504 01:10:20,424 --> 01:10:23,802          And some of them,              he stamped "544 Camp Street,"     1505 01:10:23,844 --> 01:10:27,556           which was an office               in downtown, uh, New Orleans    1506 01:10:27,598 --> 01:10:30,017                near where                     the CIA's offices were,       1507 01:10:30,059 --> 01:10:31,936         right across the street,                      in fact.              1508 01:10:31,977 --> 01:10:35,022      There was also the home of       the Cuban Revolutionary Council,  1509 01:10:35,064 --> 01:10:37,775                which was                   the leading anti-Castro group.  1510 01:10:37,816 --> 01:10:42,029  Why would a pro-Castro activist              put his headquarters        1511 01:10:42,071 --> 01:10:43,906         in the same headquarters      1512 01:10:43,948 --> 01:10:46,492      as the leading anti-Castro             group in the country?         1513 01:10:48,160 --> 01:10:50,120     'Cause he was a provocateur.     1514 01:10:50,162 --> 01:10:52,706       This gets back to being            an agent or a double agent,      1515 01:10:52,748 --> 01:10:54,750    because he played both roles.     1516 01:10:54,792 --> 01:10:58,796             Here was Oswald                  who had two associations.      1517 01:10:58,837 --> 01:11:00,965           One, he has a group                  of anti-Castro Cubans.       1518 01:11:01,006 --> 01:11:03,300          At the same time,               he was handing out leaflets      1519 01:11:03,342 --> 01:11:04,468            for the Fair Play                    for Cuba committee,         1520 01:11:04,510 --> 01:11:06,470         uh, with the other side                    of the fence.            1521 01:11:06,512 --> 01:11:09,473      So the two groups that had              the most motivation          1522 01:11:09,515 --> 01:11:12,643    to assassinate the President,             he was dealing with.         1523 01:11:13,852 --> 01:11:15,896              [Goldberg]                       And not surprisingly,        1524 01:11:15,938 --> 01:11:19,316        many of these groups were              known and, in some cases      1525 01:11:19,358 --> 01:11:21,652                supported,                      by the US government.        1526 01:11:22,528 --> 01:11:24,947          In the spring of 1963,       1527 01:11:24,989 --> 01:11:29,326      Oswald began associating with         men who, it would be revealed,  1528 01:11:29,368 --> 01:11:33,289          had clear connections             with these government efforts.  1529 01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:35,332  One of these men, David Ferrie,    1530 01:11:35,374 --> 01:11:40,546       had been with Oswald in the          Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,  1531 01:11:40,587 --> 01:11:43,841              and was known                 as     an extreme anti-Communist.  1532 01:11:43,882 --> 01:11:47,636          He was also a trainer                and a pilot for the CIA       1533 01:11:47,678 --> 01:11:50,597  in its secret war against Cuba.    1534 01:11:50,639 --> 01:11:52,141      Oswald was involved with these  1535 01:11:52,182 --> 01:11:55,561           Cuban exile training                activities with Ferrie.       1536 01:11:56,729 --> 01:11:58,856              I do know                     that I saw him one time        1537 01:11:58,897 --> 01:12:02,484              with a man                  by the name of Guy Banister.     1538 01:12:02,526 --> 01:12:05,487     And, uh, what Guy's role was     1539 01:12:05,529 --> 01:12:09,283           in all of this,                  I-- I really don't know.       1540 01:12:09,325 --> 01:12:12,119         [Goldberg]   Banister                was an extreme right-winger     1541 01:12:12,161 --> 01:12:14,288        who was close to the FBI,      1542 01:12:14,330 --> 01:12:17,791                 the CIA,                    and the American Nazi Party.    1543 01:12:17,833 --> 01:12:23,839       Banister gave Oswald his own           office at 544 Camp Street.     1544 01:12:23,881 --> 01:12:26,717             Oswald now began                     to use his office          1545 01:12:26,759 --> 01:12:31,055          to print up and stamp                 pro-Castro literature.       1546 01:12:31,096 --> 01:12:35,184      After the assassination, when          the FBI questioned Banister,    1547 01:12:35,225 --> 01:12:37,895       a former FBI agent himself,     1548 01:12:37,936 --> 01:12:41,982           they did not ask him                     about Oswald.            1549 01:12:42,024 --> 01:12:45,861  At some point, the FBI, I think     probably after the assassination  1550 01:12:45,903 --> 01:12:48,405        decided they didn't--              they wanted to disconnect       1551 01:12:48,447 --> 01:12:50,491         Oswald from the FBI,         1552 01:12:50,532 --> 01:12:53,660    and-- and of course, Banister,       who's associated with the FBI,    1553 01:12:53,702 --> 01:12:56,121           would have to be                  disconnected as well.         1554 01:12:56,163 --> 01:12:57,247        The problem with that,        1555 01:12:57,289 --> 01:12:59,291       many of those handbills had     1556 01:12:59,333 --> 01:13:02,211           the 544 Camp Street                     address on them.          1557 01:13:02,252 --> 01:13:05,839         There was a message             from New Orleans to the Bureau    1558 01:13:05,881 --> 01:13:08,717  written by Special Agent Maynor,  1559 01:13:08,759 --> 01:13:11,553             uh, who actually                    mentioned pamphlets         1560 01:13:11,595 --> 01:13:14,390             that had the 544                 Camp Street address on it.     1561 01:13:14,431 --> 01:13:17,518              And before                     that message was sent,               it was scratched out.         1562 01:13:19,144 --> 01:13:21,522        [Goldberg]   The Warren                Commission pushed the idea     1563 01:13:21,563 --> 01:13:23,899               that Oswald                     was a staunch communist,      1564 01:13:23,941 --> 01:13:26,110             citing evidence                       of his defection          1565 01:13:26,151 --> 01:13:29,613       to the Soviet Union in 1959.    1566 01:13:29,655 --> 01:13:32,533      His trip to Russia raised              a number of questions         1567 01:13:32,574 --> 01:13:34,201     that we wanted to get into.      1568 01:13:34,243 --> 01:13:40,958          For example, when               any American went to Russia      1569 01:13:40,999 --> 01:13:43,585              and renounced                   his American citizenship,      1570 01:13:43,627 --> 01:13:45,963             and subsequently                      changed his mind          1571 01:13:46,004 --> 01:13:49,425         and wanted to come back                   to this country.          1572 01:13:49,466 --> 01:13:51,510  Upon returning to this country,    1573 01:13:51,552 --> 01:13:53,929  there was a thorough debriefing    1574 01:13:54,555 --> 01:13:57,433               by the CIA,             1575 01:13:57,474 --> 01:14:01,478      with one exception, as far          as we can ascertain, Oswald.     1576 01:14:03,063 --> 01:14:06,024           Now, that smacks            of an intelligence relationship.  1577 01:14:06,066 --> 01:14:07,359              [reporter]                  Did you kill the President?      1578 01:14:07,401 --> 01:14:08,902       No, they're taking me in       1579 01:14:08,944 --> 01:14:11,405       because of the fact that           I lived in the Soviet Union.     1580 01:14:13,323 --> 01:14:17,244              [Goldberg]                   State Department Intelligence              Officer Otto Otepka         1581 01:14:17,286 --> 01:14:20,664      had noted the marked increase           in the number of Americans     1582 01:14:20,706 --> 01:14:23,125           defecting to Russia                       at the time.            1583 01:14:23,167 --> 01:14:27,004  He also noted that some of them            came from the military.       1584 01:14:27,045 --> 01:14:30,174         He, therefore, suspected               that some of these men       1585 01:14:30,215 --> 01:14:32,134           were fake defectors.        1586 01:14:32,176 --> 01:14:34,178          They had been assigned                      by the CIA             1587 01:14:34,219 --> 01:14:38,182          to garner intelligence               behind the Iron Curtain.      1588 01:14:38,223 --> 01:14:42,644       He sent a letter to the CIA           asking which ones were real     1589 01:14:42,686 --> 01:14:45,397       and which were their agents.    1590 01:14:45,439 --> 01:14:49,776       Oswald was one of the names                on Otepka's list.          1591 01:14:49,818 --> 01:14:53,238      Otepka's request was forwarded             to James Angleton,         1592 01:14:53,280 --> 01:14:55,240      Chief of Counterintelligence.    1593 01:14:55,282 --> 01:14:58,994       He instructed that there be           no research done on Oswald,     1594 01:14:59,036 --> 01:15:03,248       but Otepka continued to work              on the Oswald case.         1595 01:15:03,290 --> 01:15:05,125        The thing of significance      1596 01:15:05,167 --> 01:15:07,586        was that he was really         interested in Lee Harvey Oswald    1597 01:15:07,628 --> 01:15:10,088      before the assassination,       1598 01:15:10,130 --> 01:15:14,801     and he actually had a study       of these defectors in his safe.    1599 01:15:14,843 --> 01:15:18,055       Well, things got worse.         His office was not only bugged,    1600 01:15:18,096 --> 01:15:20,682        they planted people in             his office to spy on him.       1601 01:15:20,724 --> 01:15:24,561         They started putting                confidential documents                  in his burn bag,           1602 01:15:24,603 --> 01:15:26,146            and then tried                   to blame him in saying        1603 01:15:26,188 --> 01:15:27,898             he's burning                   confidential documents.        1604 01:15:27,940 --> 01:15:30,234          The guy has gone,                     you know, wacko.           1605 01:15:30,275 --> 01:15:32,027       [Goldberg]   As a result,        1606 01:15:32,069 --> 01:15:34,738         he was formally removed              from the State Department      1607 01:15:34,780 --> 01:15:37,908          on November 5th, 1963,       1608 01:15:37,950 --> 01:15:41,119               just 17 days                   before the assassination.      1609 01:15:41,161 --> 01:15:44,831       So you will not see Otepka's           name in the Warren Report.     1610 01:15:44,873 --> 01:15:48,460         And he was not called as            a witness before that body.     1611 01:15:48,502 --> 01:15:50,796        In fact, Angleton, the man     1612 01:15:50,837 --> 01:15:55,050          who had access to all              the Oswald files at the CIA,    1613 01:15:55,092 --> 01:15:57,177               coordinated                      the agency's response        1614 01:15:57,219 --> 01:16:00,764        to the Warren Commission's                    requests.              1615 01:16:00,806 --> 01:16:04,560              [reporter]                      The CIA Deputy Director               of Plans,     Richard Helms,     1616 01:16:04,601 --> 01:16:06,270      swore to the Warren Commission  1617 01:16:06,311 --> 01:16:08,105        that the agency never had      1618 01:16:08,146 --> 01:16:11,400             or contemplated                   any contact with Oswald.      1619 01:16:11,441 --> 01:16:14,403      The line that the CIA fed              the Warren Commission,        1620 01:16:14,444 --> 01:16:16,989     that they really didn't know           anything about this guy.       1621 01:16:17,030 --> 01:16:20,117           We now know that               that was complete nonsense.      1622 01:16:20,158 --> 01:16:23,745                Oswald was                   a figure of intense interest    1623 01:16:23,787 --> 01:16:26,456              for four years                  before the assassination.      1624 01:16:26,498 --> 01:16:30,294  And a dozen senior CIA officers    1625 01:16:30,335 --> 01:16:32,129                were very                     well acquainted with him.      1626 01:16:32,170 --> 01:16:34,798          Everything he did,                     where he went,            1627 01:16:34,840 --> 01:16:37,301       what his politics were,                  his family life.           1628 01:16:37,342 --> 01:16:41,013     I mean, remember, they were           reading his mother's mail.      1629 01:16:41,054 --> 01:16:43,098          That's how closely                 they were watching him        1630 01:16:43,140 --> 01:16:45,892            right up until                    Kennedy was killed.          1631 01:16:45,934 --> 01:16:48,687     And then Kennedy was killed,              Oswald's arrested,          1632 01:16:48,729 --> 01:16:52,232          and they say, "Oh,           we know nothing about this man."  1633 01:16:52,274 --> 01:16:56,111              [Goldberg]                     In fact, ARRB records show     1634 01:16:56,153 --> 01:17:00,324      that Angleton and the CIA were        receiving reports on Oswald     1635 01:17:00,365 --> 01:17:04,202            up until one week                 before the assassination.      1636 01:17:04,244 --> 01:17:05,996            So, you know,                   the whole investigation        1637 01:17:06,038 --> 01:17:09,041           would have been                     totally different           1638 01:17:09,082 --> 01:17:12,294        if-- if the public and            the investigators had known      1639 01:17:12,336 --> 01:17:16,048      just how much the CIA knew          about the alleged lone nut.      1640 01:17:18,634 --> 01:17:22,054     [Goldberg]   One of the places           Oswald leafleted     in front of  1641 01:17:22,095 --> 01:17:25,432             was Clay Shaw's                  International Trade Mart.      1642 01:17:25,474 --> 01:17:29,978        Shaw, who was arrested by            New Orleans DA Jim Garrison     1643 01:17:30,020 --> 01:17:32,522            on charges that he                was part of the conspiracy     1644 01:17:32,564 --> 01:17:34,358        to kill President Kennedy,     1645 01:17:34,399 --> 01:17:38,528           always denied he was                associated with the CIA.      1646 01:17:38,570 --> 01:17:40,489            [interviewer]                 You have never yourself had              any CIA connection?          1647 01:17:40,530 --> 01:17:41,782           None whatsoever.           1648 01:17:41,823 --> 01:17:43,075           Any association                   with the organization?        1649 01:17:43,116 --> 01:17:44,242              Not a one.              1650 01:17:44,284 --> 01:17:45,952              [Goldberg]                     The Review Board has shown     1651 01:17:45,994 --> 01:17:48,413        these denials to be false.     1652 01:17:48,455 --> 01:17:51,958              Shaw was both               a highly valued     contract agent  1653 01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:54,586                 and had                     a covert security clearance     1654 01:17:54,628 --> 01:17:58,548            for a project code                     named QKENCHANT.          1655 01:18:00,634 --> 01:18:02,719           New Orleans attorney                      Dean Andrews            1656 01:18:02,761 --> 01:18:05,347          had worked with Oswald                    in May of '63            1657 01:18:05,389 --> 01:18:08,767         in an attempt to upgrade               his military discharge       1658 01:18:08,809 --> 01:18:11,395      from its "undesirable" status.  1659 01:18:11,436 --> 01:18:16,066      After the assassination, a man       calling himself Clay Bertrand    1660 01:18:16,108 --> 01:18:19,695       phoned Andrews and asked him          to consider going to Dallas     1661 01:18:19,736 --> 01:18:22,197            to defend Oswald.          1662 01:18:22,239 --> 01:18:26,159       Under oath, Clay Shaw denied           that he was Clay Bertrand,     1663 01:18:26,201 --> 01:18:28,078           and Andrews claimed                       that because            1664 01:18:28,120 --> 01:18:30,706       of the medication he was on,    1665 01:18:30,747 --> 01:18:33,166           he had only imagined                    the phone call.           1666 01:18:33,208 --> 01:18:35,585      But today, because of the work  1667 01:18:35,627 --> 01:18:38,088           of the Assassination                 Records Review Board,        1668 01:18:38,130 --> 01:18:41,299           we now have evidence              and 12 people who confirmed     1669 01:18:41,341 --> 01:18:44,177                that Shaw                    used this name as an alias.     1670 01:18:44,219 --> 01:18:47,472          Andrews later admitted                that Shaw was Bertrand       1671 01:18:47,514 --> 01:18:49,433        to author Harold Weisberg,     1672 01:18:49,474 --> 01:18:51,893           but made him promise                   not to reveal this         1673 01:18:51,935 --> 01:18:54,187       until after Andrews' death.     1674 01:18:57,524 --> 01:18:59,276      [John Newman]   In the FBI,       1675 01:18:59,317 --> 01:19:03,989      uh, a stop or flash was placed             on Oswald's files,         1676 01:19:04,030 --> 01:19:07,367         which meant that no one       1677 01:19:07,409 --> 01:19:10,454            could ask for                  a document in those files,      1678 01:19:10,495 --> 01:19:14,040       or no one could even add            a document to those files       1679 01:19:14,082 --> 01:19:18,044        without going through            the FBI's espionage division.     1680 01:19:18,086 --> 01:19:21,006  And that lasted for four years.    1681 01:19:21,047 --> 01:19:24,009          It was essentially                  a blinking red light         1682 01:19:24,050 --> 01:19:26,303      on Oswald's files at FBI.       1683 01:19:27,846 --> 01:19:31,391         On 8 October, 1963,          1684 01:19:31,433 --> 01:19:34,853         an FBI agent whose name                 was Marvin Gheesling        1685 01:19:34,895 --> 01:19:37,773             took that status                   off of Oswald's files.       1686 01:19:39,775 --> 01:19:42,152         What that action did                     was to lower             1687 01:19:42,194 --> 01:19:46,406       Oswald's threat profile                     at the FBI              1688 01:19:46,448 --> 01:19:50,118          just weeks before                the Kennedy assassination.      1689 01:19:50,160 --> 01:19:52,996       And what that would mean              is there was no reason        1690 01:19:53,038 --> 01:19:56,249         to put Oswald's name                on the security index.        1691 01:19:56,291 --> 01:19:58,460                One thing                      about the security index      1692 01:19:58,502 --> 01:20:00,921             is when you have                  a Presidential motorcade      1693 01:20:00,962 --> 01:20:03,465              going through                      a particular route,         1694 01:20:03,507 --> 01:20:04,925       anybody who's on that index     1695 01:20:04,966 --> 01:20:06,760            has to be removed                    from where they are.        1696 01:20:06,802 --> 01:20:08,678              They cannot be                     on the parade route.        1697 01:20:08,720 --> 01:20:10,555       And, of course, that exposes    1698 01:20:10,597 --> 01:20:13,016              the     President                   to a dangerous situation      1699 01:20:13,058 --> 01:20:14,601  that he shouldn't have been in.    1700 01:20:14,643 --> 01:20:18,146        That action at the FBI            didn't happen in isolation.      1701 01:20:18,188 --> 01:20:23,151    The same thing happened at CIA         at exactly the same time.       1702 01:20:23,193 --> 01:20:26,196               [Stone]                       Who was the CIA's liaison                 they chose to work         1703 01:20:26,238 --> 01:20:29,574          with the House Select                   Committee in 1978?         1704 01:20:29,616 --> 01:20:30,659          George Joannides.           1705 01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:32,536         He was the case officer       1706 01:20:32,577 --> 01:20:34,454          for the Cuban students       1707 01:20:34,496 --> 01:20:37,040      who had a series of encounters                with Oswald             1708 01:20:37,082 --> 01:20:38,750        before the assassination.      1709 01:20:38,792 --> 01:20:41,169      And then, 13 years later,       1710 01:20:41,211 --> 01:20:44,005            when Congress                  reopens the investigation,      1711 01:20:44,047 --> 01:20:46,800         the CIA calls Joannides                  out of retirement,         1712 01:20:46,842 --> 01:20:49,010      and make him the point person    1713 01:20:49,052 --> 01:20:51,221               to deal with             the Congressional investigators    1714 01:20:51,263 --> 01:20:53,014      who are looking into the CIA's  1715 01:20:53,056 --> 01:20:55,851              possible role                     in the assassination.        1716 01:20:55,892 --> 01:20:58,061                 The HSCA                      knew nothing about this,      1717 01:20:58,103 --> 01:20:59,896        and I went to Bob Blakey,      1718 01:20:59,938 --> 01:21:02,524               the head of                     the HSCA investigation,       1719 01:21:02,566 --> 01:21:04,860    and I said, "Bob, did you ever         know this guy, Joannides?"      1720 01:21:04,901 --> 01:21:06,862    And he said, "Yeah, you know,           we dealt with him a lot.       1721 01:21:06,903 --> 01:21:08,530         He was the liaison."         1722 01:21:08,572 --> 01:21:11,241      And I said, "Did you know           what he was doing in 1963?"      1723 01:21:11,283 --> 01:21:13,493         And he said, "He wasn't               doing anything in 1963.       1724 01:21:13,535 --> 01:21:15,036                 "We had                      an agreement with the CIA      1725 01:21:15,078 --> 01:21:16,371               "that nobody                      who was operational         1726 01:21:16,413 --> 01:21:18,206               "at the time                      of the assassination        1727 01:21:18,248 --> 01:21:20,375          would be involved                  in the investigation."        1728 01:21:20,417 --> 01:21:24,045     And I said, "Bob, Joannides            was running those Cubans       1729 01:21:24,087 --> 01:21:26,548  "who were in touch with Oswald.           He was running the Cubans      1730 01:21:26,590 --> 01:21:28,758         "who were blaming Castro               for the assassination.       1731 01:21:28,800 --> 01:21:32,470           "He was Dick Helms'                hand-picked man in Miami,      1732 01:21:32,512 --> 01:21:35,557     "controlling the group that         had the most to do with Oswald    1733 01:21:35,599 --> 01:21:37,475          "before and after                    the assassination.          1734 01:21:37,517 --> 01:21:39,853          And then he came along               and he stonewalled you."      1735 01:21:39,895 --> 01:21:42,355       The reason why they brought              Joannides in to do it        1736 01:21:42,397 --> 01:21:45,525               was to hide                    the connection to Oswald.      1737 01:21:45,567 --> 01:21:47,944        He was definitely shocked                      because               1738 01:21:47,986 --> 01:21:50,488          he saw just how clever                    they had been.           1739 01:21:50,530 --> 01:21:53,450        They had gone right to         the heart of his investigation,    1740 01:21:53,491 --> 01:21:55,285           and figured out                    how to paralyze it.          1741 01:21:55,327 --> 01:21:57,203         I remember that he said,                     you know,              1742 01:21:57,245 --> 01:22:00,457       "I'll never believe anything            the CIA tells me again."      1743 01:22:02,667 --> 01:22:05,086              [Goldberg]                   Even the Assassination Records                Review Board            1744 01:22:05,128 --> 01:22:09,090      had trouble getting documents           from government agencies.      1745 01:22:09,132 --> 01:22:12,469            What were some                    of your difficulties                working with the CIA?         1746 01:22:12,510 --> 01:22:16,556    One of the censors at the CIA          was at a meeting with us,       1747 01:22:16,598 --> 01:22:20,143       and there was a document           that we put up on the screen     1748 01:22:20,185 --> 01:22:21,978              and said,                "We are prepared to release it."  1749 01:22:22,854 --> 01:22:24,272      And I asked him, you know,      1750 01:22:24,314 --> 01:22:26,608      "Tell us why we shouldn't              release this record?"         1751 01:22:26,650 --> 01:22:29,277          And it was silence                 for about two minutes.        1752 01:22:29,319 --> 01:22:32,322         And he finally said,              "I know there is a reason,      1753 01:22:32,364 --> 01:22:34,908          I just can't think                    of what it is."            1754 01:22:36,159 --> 01:22:37,827              [Goldberg]                           In late 1992,            1755 01:22:37,869 --> 01:22:41,081              a month after                  the Records Act was passed,     1756 01:22:41,122 --> 01:22:44,584         the Secret Service began                its compliance plan.        1757 01:22:44,626 --> 01:22:47,629         But by January of 1995,       1758 01:22:47,671 --> 01:22:51,758         it had begun destroying                 important documents.        1759 01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:54,594      The destruction of records             is actually referenced        1760 01:22:54,636 --> 01:22:59,391     in the Assassination Records      Review Board final, uh, report.    1761 01:22:59,432 --> 01:23:02,519      Very, um, very disappointing.    1762 01:23:02,560 --> 01:23:04,688          Uh, they were records                 that related to trips        1763 01:23:04,729 --> 01:23:09,442      that President Kennedy had         taken, uh, in the fall of 1963    1764 01:23:09,484 --> 01:23:12,112      prior to him going to Dallas.    1765 01:23:12,153 --> 01:23:14,698          [John R. Tunheim]                 There were many threats made          to President Kennedy's life     1766 01:23:14,739 --> 01:23:16,866          during the year 1963.        1767 01:23:16,908 --> 01:23:18,493    They're called threat sheets.     1768 01:23:18,535 --> 01:23:20,286          And the Secret Service                      fought us              1769 01:23:20,328 --> 01:23:22,539       on release of those records.    1770 01:23:22,580 --> 01:23:23,999            They even enlisted         1771 01:23:24,040 --> 01:23:26,543        Vice President Gore's                  wife to help them,          1772 01:23:26,584 --> 01:23:29,170           because she had                 a very legitimate concern       1773 01:23:29,212 --> 01:23:31,047      for mental health records.      1774 01:23:31,089 --> 01:23:34,300  And the idea was that this might      disclose the names of people     1775 01:23:34,342 --> 01:23:36,261  who had mental health problems.    1776 01:23:36,302 --> 01:23:39,389     In the end, when we required            agencies to disclose,         1777 01:23:39,431 --> 01:23:41,349         to swear under oath                     that they had             1778 01:23:41,391 --> 01:23:43,560             located all                     assassination records,        1779 01:23:43,601 --> 01:23:45,687              had turned                     everything over to us,        1780 01:23:45,729 --> 01:23:49,941      the Secret Service refused       to sign the document under oath.  1781 01:23:49,983 --> 01:23:51,234      I think that was telling.       1782 01:23:53,111 --> 01:23:55,822      [Goldberg]   Few people knew            that there had been at least    1783 01:23:55,864 --> 01:24:00,410         two prior plots to kill              President Kennedy in 1963.     1784 01:24:00,452 --> 01:24:03,246            One was in Chicago                     on November 2nd.          1785 01:24:03,288 --> 01:24:07,042         The second was in Tampa                  on November 18th.          1786 01:24:07,083 --> 01:24:09,753           Kennedy ended up                  not going to Chicago.         1787 01:24:09,794 --> 01:24:11,421       Tell us about that plot.       1788 01:24:11,463 --> 01:24:14,924    An informant, on October 31st,    1789 01:24:14,966 --> 01:24:19,220        an informant named Lee             gave a warning to the FBI       1790 01:24:19,262 --> 01:24:22,265         stating that four Cubans      1791 01:24:22,307 --> 01:24:24,768          were headed to Chicago                  to shoot Kennedy.          1792 01:24:24,809 --> 01:24:28,521    The following day, a landlady        reported to the Chicago police    1793 01:24:28,563 --> 01:24:31,232           that she had rented                  a room to four people        1794 01:24:31,274 --> 01:24:33,276           that had rifles                   with telescopic sights        1795 01:24:33,318 --> 01:24:35,403    and a sketch of the motorcade.    1796 01:24:35,445 --> 01:24:38,573           The FBI passed that                on     to the Secret Service,     1797 01:24:38,615 --> 01:24:41,868        and the Secret Service              botched the surveillance       1798 01:24:41,910 --> 01:24:43,286      of these four individuals.      1799 01:24:43,328 --> 01:24:44,871         Two of them escaped,         1800 01:24:44,913 --> 01:24:47,165     but they actually picked up              two of the snipers,          1801 01:24:47,207 --> 01:24:48,500       and they detained them.        1802 01:24:48,541 --> 01:24:50,627        They were stonewalled                   by the snipers.            1803 01:24:50,668 --> 01:24:52,462           They didn't get                any information out of them.     1804 01:24:52,504 --> 01:24:56,091    While this was going on, there        was another threat coming in     1805 01:24:56,132 --> 01:25:01,054     from another alternate patsy         named Thomas Arthur Vallee,      1806 01:25:01,096 --> 01:25:02,597              who was making                    open and loud threats        1807 01:25:02,639 --> 01:25:04,933              that he would                      assassinate Kennedy.        1808 01:25:04,974 --> 01:25:08,770         They only picked him up        when Kennedy canceled his trip,    1809 01:25:08,812 --> 01:25:12,398             on November 2nd                   at 10:00 in the morning.      1810 01:25:12,440 --> 01:25:16,653       What you found in Vallee            and the whole Chicago plot      1811 01:25:16,694 --> 01:25:20,740  is so many similarities to what       eventually happened in Dallas     1812 01:25:20,782 --> 01:25:23,493           that it can't be                 considered coincidental.       1813 01:25:23,535 --> 01:25:28,081        Vallee, if we compare him            to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.     1814 01:25:28,123 --> 01:25:30,917           He had been posted,               like Oswald, in the Far East    1815 01:25:30,959 --> 01:25:34,129               on a station                   that was linked to the CIA     1816 01:25:34,170 --> 01:25:37,173            because there were              U-2 surveillance planes on it.  1817 01:25:37,215 --> 01:25:41,177      It was easy to portray him         as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,     1818 01:25:41,219 --> 01:25:42,971           a loner, armed.            1819 01:25:43,012 --> 01:25:45,723              Uh, he had                   another intelligence link       1820 01:25:45,765 --> 01:25:48,351     that he shared with Oswald.      1821 01:25:48,393 --> 01:25:51,062         He trained Cuban exiles                     for combat,             1822 01:25:51,104 --> 01:25:53,857  which was a CIA responsibility.    1823 01:25:53,898 --> 01:25:56,901           And Oswald, we know,              at least offered to do that.    1824 01:25:56,943 --> 01:26:01,072    He most likely did train Cuban     exiles, but we know he tried to.  1825 01:26:01,114 --> 01:26:03,575           Oswald, as we know,                        was moved              1826 01:26:03,616 --> 01:26:07,162             from New Orleans                    to Dallas in October        1827 01:26:07,203 --> 01:26:08,830             to be there just                    at the right time...        1828 01:26:09,706 --> 01:26:11,249          for the motorcade.          1829 01:26:11,291 --> 01:26:14,335           And he's placed                    in a tall building,                  where he gets a job.         1830 01:26:14,377 --> 01:26:17,589            He's adjacent                  to the perfect kill zone.       1831 01:26:17,630 --> 01:26:20,508       Now, if we look at what              happened to, uh, Vallee,       1832 01:26:20,550 --> 01:26:23,469         he's moved like a pawn,                      in August,             1833 01:26:23,511 --> 01:26:26,389     from Long Island to Chicago      1834 01:26:26,431 --> 01:26:28,224         to be there in time                   for the motorcade.          1835 01:26:28,266 --> 01:26:29,851     And where does he get a job?     1836 01:26:29,893 --> 01:26:33,188          In a tall building               adjacent to the motorcade       1837 01:26:33,229 --> 01:26:35,857           with a perfect view                     of a kill zone.           1838 01:26:35,899 --> 01:26:38,484            It would have                  forced Kennedy's motorcade      1839 01:26:38,526 --> 01:26:40,737    to do a sharp turn, slow down,    1840 01:26:40,778 --> 01:26:42,197          and be in a point           1841 01:26:42,238 --> 01:26:45,033        where you could've had           perfect triangulation of fire.    1842 01:26:45,074 --> 01:26:46,659            And what about                    the trip to Florida?         1843 01:26:46,701 --> 01:26:48,244          On November 18th,           1844 01:26:48,286 --> 01:26:50,371        Kennedy was scheduled         1845 01:26:50,413 --> 01:26:52,957         to do a 27-mile-long                 motorcade in Tampa.          1846 01:26:52,999 --> 01:26:57,462  Secret Service was very nervous           about the Floridian Hotel      1847 01:26:57,503 --> 01:26:59,214           where the motorcade                    would've gone by.          1848 01:26:59,255 --> 01:27:00,757              It would have                      forced a sharp turn.        1849 01:27:00,798 --> 01:27:03,593      Nobody fired away at him.                But in this case,           1850 01:27:03,635 --> 01:27:08,181         the patsy would've been              a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.     1851 01:27:08,223 --> 01:27:09,891          He was a Cuban exile.        1852 01:27:09,933 --> 01:27:13,895          He attended Fair Play              for Cuba Committee meetings.    1853 01:27:13,937 --> 01:27:16,773        And what do you think               was the relevance of it?       1854 01:27:16,814 --> 01:27:19,734             [Paul Bleau]                       Well, if he had been                 assassinated in Tampa,       1855 01:27:19,776 --> 01:27:22,904         Lopez, he would've been              the, uh, potential patsy,      1856 01:27:22,946 --> 01:27:26,115         if they had to admit                  to a front shot...          1857 01:27:26,157 --> 01:27:28,409      because Oswald was behind.      1858 01:27:28,451 --> 01:27:32,247          There were rumors               that he had assisted Oswald      1859 01:27:32,288 --> 01:27:34,082  in the assassination in Dallas.    1860 01:27:34,123 --> 01:27:37,210             Had anyone--                    anyone tried to speak               to the Warren Commission       1861 01:27:37,252 --> 01:27:38,878        about these incidents?        1862 01:27:38,920 --> 01:27:40,713               [Bleau]                             Abraham Bolden           1863 01:27:40,755 --> 01:27:43,341           was     the first  Black                 Secret Service agent        1864 01:27:43,383 --> 01:27:45,385               assigned to                     the White House detail,       1865 01:27:45,426 --> 01:27:47,428                and he was                     hand-picked by Kennedy.       1866 01:27:47,470 --> 01:27:50,139            He was in Chicago,              uh, when this plot went down.    1867 01:27:50,181 --> 01:27:53,810         So he was there when            the Secret Service was briefed    1868 01:27:53,851 --> 01:27:55,561       about the four snipers.        1869 01:27:55,603 --> 01:27:57,772        And he witnessed how much      1870 01:27:57,814 --> 01:28:00,942               the security                      was lax for Chicago.        1871 01:28:00,984 --> 01:28:04,279        And he also witnessed,              after the assassination,       1872 01:28:04,320 --> 01:28:06,531              the steps                     that were taken to keep        1873 01:28:06,572 --> 01:28:09,242           the Chicago plot                    completely secret.          1874 01:28:09,284 --> 01:28:11,494             No paper trail,                      compartmentalized,         1875 01:28:11,536 --> 01:28:14,247              agents ordered                   to keep silent about it.      1876 01:28:14,289 --> 01:28:17,208           This information                   did not make its way         1877 01:28:17,250 --> 01:28:19,419       to Secret Service agents       1878 01:28:19,460 --> 01:28:21,504     that were protecting Kennedy     1879 01:28:21,546 --> 01:28:23,965        for future motorcades,                 including Dallas.           1880 01:28:24,007 --> 01:28:26,050      [Goldberg]   Secret Service                  Agent Elmer Moore          1881 01:28:26,092 --> 01:28:30,722        was aware of Agent Bolden               and the Chicago plot.        1882 01:28:30,763 --> 01:28:33,766           I met with Elmer                three times face-to-face,       1883 01:28:33,808 --> 01:28:37,020         several phone calls,            very short, one very long one.    1884 01:28:37,061 --> 01:28:40,898          I first asked him,                "Did you ever interview        1885 01:28:40,940 --> 01:28:42,608          Thomas Arthur Vallee?"       1886 01:28:42,650 --> 01:28:44,569       And he says, "Oh, Washington    1887 01:28:44,610 --> 01:28:46,696             wouldn't let me                   see the files on that."       1888 01:28:46,738 --> 01:28:49,282          I said, "Oh, well,                   what about a man,           1889 01:28:49,324 --> 01:28:51,951      a Secret Service agent by           the name of Abraham Bolden?"     1890 01:28:53,411 --> 01:28:55,830  His demeanor completely changed.  1891 01:28:55,872 --> 01:28:59,667     He stood up from his chair,          he pulled out his revolver,      1892 01:28:59,709 --> 01:29:02,837      and he put it on the table             right in front of me.         1893 01:29:02,879 --> 01:29:05,506            He leaned over                   the table and he says,        1894 01:29:05,548 --> 01:29:08,718       "Jim, tell me right now,            who are you working for?"       1895 01:29:11,387 --> 01:29:14,349               I said,                 "I'm an independent researcher."  1896 01:29:14,974 --> 01:29:16,017            He told me...             1897 01:29:18,519 --> 01:29:19,937       in a very loud voice...        1898 01:29:21,731 --> 01:29:24,484      and with a very stern look                  on his face,             1899 01:29:24,525 --> 01:29:27,362          "We finally got him."        1900 01:29:27,403 --> 01:29:29,197               [Bleau]                     Abraham Bolden was one person    1901 01:29:29,238 --> 01:29:31,074  who did try to say what he knew    1902 01:29:31,115 --> 01:29:34,160      to the Warren Commission,              but they blocked him.         1903 01:29:34,202 --> 01:29:35,703     He was blocked from talking      1904 01:29:35,745 --> 01:29:39,415        and eventually railroaded               into some phony crime        1905 01:29:39,457 --> 01:29:41,459            and put into jail                   for a number of years.       1906 01:29:45,922 --> 01:29:48,758               [Stone]                     The National Archives is home              to forensic evidence        1907 01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:51,010       of Kennedy's assassination,     1908 01:29:51,052 --> 01:29:54,389           and government files              regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.    1909 01:29:54,430 --> 01:29:56,849           But the Review Board                   also declassified          1910 01:29:56,891 --> 01:29:59,185              many documents                  regarding Kennedy's plans      1911 01:29:59,227 --> 01:30:01,062       for withdrawal from Vietnam,    1912 01:30:01,104 --> 01:30:03,481            and how he planned                to shape his progressive,      1913 01:30:03,523 --> 01:30:06,484       new American foreign policy.    1914 01:30:06,526 --> 01:30:08,903              A policy that,                      if put in motion,          1915 01:30:08,945 --> 01:30:12,407      would completely derail plans            secretly already set up       1916 01:30:12,448 --> 01:30:14,450       by the Pentagon and the CIA.    1917 01:30:19,622 --> 01:30:22,917           I never realized                 Kennedy was so dangerous              to the establishment.         1918 01:30:24,335 --> 01:30:26,421             Is that why?             1919 01:30:26,462 --> 01:30:27,922      That's the real question,                    isn't it?               1920 01:30:27,964 --> 01:30:29,382                "Why?"                1921 01:30:29,424 --> 01:30:33,678       The "how" and the "who"         is just scenery for the public.    1922 01:30:33,719 --> 01:30:37,056    Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,    1923 01:30:37,098 --> 01:30:39,142          keeps 'em guessing             like some kind of parlor game.    1924 01:30:39,183 --> 01:30:42,562     Prevents 'em from asking the      most important question: "Why?"    1925 01:30:42,603 --> 01:30:45,815       Why was Kennedy killed?                   Who benefited?            1926 01:30:45,857 --> 01:30:47,483          Who has the power                     to cover it up?            1927 01:30:48,192 --> 01:30:49,110                 Who?                 1928 01:30:51,696 --> 01:30:53,322         [Donald Sutherland]                 His first year in office,      1929 01:30:53,364 --> 01:30:56,951            Kennedy must shape               his own policy as President,    1930 01:30:56,993 --> 01:31:00,455  sometimes in conflict with what          his predecessors have done,     1931 01:31:00,496 --> 01:31:03,499      especially in foreign policy.    1932 01:31:03,541 --> 01:31:08,963         And by the fall of 1963,           Kennedy had made many enemies.  1933 01:31:09,005 --> 01:31:12,842      He was working on an American            withdrawal from Vietnam.      1934 01:31:12,884 --> 01:31:16,179         An upcoming State visit                 to Indonesia in '64.        1935 01:31:16,220 --> 01:31:20,433             An independent,            unified democracy in the Congo.    1936 01:31:20,475 --> 01:31:24,061        Through Nasser, a balanced            policy in the Middle East.     1937 01:31:24,103 --> 01:31:27,315        Normalization of relations                    with Cuba.             1938 01:31:27,356 --> 01:31:30,318        And a    détente   with Russia.    1939 01:31:30,359 --> 01:31:33,529            Even going so far                      as to offer them                a joint mission to the moon.    1940 01:31:34,697 --> 01:31:37,825        But back in April of 1961,     1941 01:31:37,867 --> 01:31:41,162          the first stain on his        administration asserted itself.    1942 01:31:43,206 --> 01:31:46,209       Kennedy, who had campaigned           as a strong anti-Communist,     1943 01:31:46,250 --> 01:31:49,128              signed off on                 the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.  1944 01:31:49,170 --> 01:31:50,713         His approval of the plan      1945 01:31:50,755 --> 01:31:53,090              contained two                     distinct limitations.        1946 01:31:53,132 --> 01:31:55,885           America would supply                  arms and equipment,         1947 01:31:55,927 --> 01:31:59,055  but there would be no Americans             in the landing force.        1948 01:31:59,096 --> 01:32:01,557                 Second,                    after preliminary air strikes    1949 01:32:01,599 --> 01:32:03,643          by Cuban exile pilots,       1950 01:32:03,684 --> 01:32:05,728               there would                     only be further strikes       1951 01:32:05,770 --> 01:32:08,064            after the invasion                   secured an airfield.        1952 01:32:09,732 --> 01:32:11,567             Dulles believed                     that Kennedy would,         1953 01:32:11,609 --> 01:32:13,736             like Eisenhower,                   support the operation        1954 01:32:13,778 --> 01:32:17,406         with direct US military               intervention if needed,       1955 01:32:17,448 --> 01:32:20,826        all the while assuring him            it would not be necessary.     1956 01:32:21,953 --> 01:32:23,913  Well, first, I want to say that    1957 01:32:23,955 --> 01:32:26,582          there will not be,                 under any conditions,         1958 01:32:26,624 --> 01:32:29,585      be an intervention in Cuba         by United States armed forces.    1959 01:32:46,852 --> 01:32:49,188             [Sutherland]                   The invasion was a disaster.    1960 01:32:49,230 --> 01:32:52,441       Victory has 100 fathers              and defeat is an orphan.       1961 01:32:52,483 --> 01:32:54,402      Further statements, uh...       1962 01:32:54,443 --> 01:32:56,612      detailed, uh, discussions,      1963 01:32:58,072 --> 01:33:01,450           are not to, uh,                   conceal responsibility        1964 01:33:01,492 --> 01:33:04,287     because I'm the responsible           officer of the Government.      1965 01:33:04,328 --> 01:33:07,623       [Sutherland]   In public,              Kennedy accepted the blame.     1966 01:33:07,665 --> 01:33:09,584               In private,                   he and his brother suspected    1967 01:33:09,625 --> 01:33:12,378              they had been                      lied to by the CIA.         1968 01:33:12,420 --> 01:33:16,799     Allen Dulles confessed that         the mission was bound to fail     1969 01:33:16,841 --> 01:33:18,759    as it was planned by the CIA,     1970 01:33:18,801 --> 01:33:21,137     without US military support.     1971 01:33:21,178 --> 01:33:23,472          He confessed this                   while, uh, preparing         1972 01:33:23,514 --> 01:33:25,641              an article                     for   Harper's Magazine         1973 01:33:25,683 --> 01:33:27,727        with the young editor,                   Willie Morris,            1974 01:33:27,768 --> 01:33:31,606  that he couldn't have done this     with his small group of exiles,    1975 01:33:31,647 --> 01:33:33,065            his Cuban brigade.         1976 01:33:33,107 --> 01:33:36,110        He needed the Marines             and the Air Force to go in,      1977 01:33:36,152 --> 01:33:38,988      and he thought Kennedy was         going to be young and pliable,    1978 01:33:39,030 --> 01:33:41,574      and that in the 11th hour,            Kennedy would be forced        1979 01:33:41,616 --> 01:33:45,161         to send in, uh, the full             might     of the US military.     1980 01:33:45,202 --> 01:33:48,581     [Sutherland]   While drafting                the article in 1965,        1981 01:33:48,623 --> 01:33:50,416         Dulles told his editor,       1982 01:33:50,458 --> 01:33:54,170             "That Kennedy--                  He thought he was a God."      1983 01:33:54,211 --> 01:33:56,422            [David Talbot]                  Jack Kennedy did stand firm.    1984 01:33:56,464 --> 01:33:58,215  He did not send in the military.  1985 01:33:58,257 --> 01:34:01,218          He did not make it              an even bigger global crisis     1986 01:34:01,260 --> 01:34:02,511         than it already was.         1987 01:34:02,553 --> 01:34:04,889         Kennedy is just furious.      1988 01:34:04,930 --> 01:34:06,474     He knows he's been lied to,      1989 01:34:06,515 --> 01:34:10,728  deceived by his senior military         and intelligence advisers.      1990 01:34:10,770 --> 01:34:15,149      He announces that the agency,         uh, is going to be downsized.    1991 01:34:15,191 --> 01:34:18,319        And he vows famously,                   he tells friends           1992 01:34:18,361 --> 01:34:21,364      he's going to shatter the CIA             into a thousand pieces       1993 01:34:21,405 --> 01:34:23,866     and scatter it to the winds.     1994 01:34:23,908 --> 01:34:27,620      It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs       that angered President Kennedy  1995 01:34:27,662 --> 01:34:29,288         when it came to the CIA.      1996 01:34:29,330 --> 01:34:33,042         In that same month,                   in April of 1961,           1997 01:34:33,084 --> 01:34:37,046      he was also being lied to             about a coup in France,        1998 01:34:37,088 --> 01:34:38,714           a military coup                     that was aimed at           1999 01:34:38,756 --> 01:34:41,384               overthrowing                  President Charles de Gaulle,    2000 01:34:41,425 --> 01:34:43,886       one of our strongest allies.    2001 01:34:43,928 --> 01:34:45,805      [Sutherland]   Allen Dulles,               who had a long history       2002 01:34:45,846 --> 01:34:48,349      of antagonism with de Gaulle,    2003 01:34:48,391 --> 01:34:49,809       falsely reported to Kennedy     2004 01:34:49,850 --> 01:34:52,395          that the vast majority                of the French military       2005 01:34:52,436 --> 01:34:55,064          was staunchly opposed                 to de Gaulle's support       2006 01:34:55,106 --> 01:34:58,484  of Algerian self-determination.    2007 01:34:58,526 --> 01:35:02,988         What he didn't tell him            was that as far back as 1959,    2008 01:35:03,030 --> 01:35:06,200               the CIA had                     discussed his overthrow.      2009 01:35:06,242 --> 01:35:09,995  This coup attempt, orchestrated            by four French generals,      2010 01:35:10,037 --> 01:35:11,664          was quickly put down.        2011 01:35:11,706 --> 01:35:15,668         And several news reports           pointed to Allen Dulles' hand    2012 01:35:15,710 --> 01:35:18,087        in supporting the episode.     2013 01:35:18,129 --> 01:35:20,423             JFK assures                     the French ambassador,        2014 01:35:20,464 --> 01:35:22,258  "I have nothing to do with this.  2015 01:35:22,299 --> 01:35:25,428         I stand in full support               of President de Gaulle."      2016 01:35:25,469 --> 01:35:27,930        But he says something                 very, very alarming.         2017 01:35:27,972 --> 01:35:31,392  He tells the French ambassador,             President Kennedy,          2018 01:35:31,434 --> 01:35:35,062    that "I'm not in full control,     though, of my entire government.  2019 01:35:35,104 --> 01:35:37,273    "I'm not in control of the CIA    2020 01:35:37,314 --> 01:35:39,734        and I can't speak for               what's happening there."       2021 01:35:39,775 --> 01:35:43,362       That's a stunning admission           for a US President to make.     2022 01:35:44,989 --> 01:35:46,824        [Sutherland]   In 1960,         2023 01:35:46,866 --> 01:35:49,744            the Congo had been                 granted     its independence     2024 01:35:49,785 --> 01:35:51,454        from Belgian colonial rule     2025 01:35:51,495 --> 01:35:54,749             and carried out                    a democratic election.       2026 01:35:54,790 --> 01:35:57,126             In the disorder                      of the transition,         2027 01:35:57,168 --> 01:36:00,045              the Belgians,                 backed by England and France,    2028 01:36:00,087 --> 01:36:02,840           sought to eliminate          its charismatic Prime Minister,    2029 01:36:02,882 --> 01:36:05,050             Patrice Lumumba.          2030 01:36:05,092 --> 01:36:08,345                Eisenhower                  and CIA Director Allen Dulles    2031 01:36:08,387 --> 01:36:12,850       favored the European nation            in this colonial conflict.     2032 01:36:12,892 --> 01:36:17,313     Eisenhower gave the go-ahead        to have Lumumba assassinated.     2033 01:36:18,397 --> 01:36:19,648       Kennedy never knew this.       2034 01:36:19,690 --> 01:36:24,445           He gets elected             the following November of 1960,    2035 01:36:24,487 --> 01:36:27,823             and he heads                  in the opposite direction.      2036 01:36:27,865 --> 01:36:29,742         To those new states                    whom we welcome            2037 01:36:29,784 --> 01:36:32,578      to the ranks of the free,       2038 01:36:32,620 --> 01:36:38,584       we pledge our word that            one form of colonial control     2039 01:36:38,626 --> 01:36:41,420      shall not have passed away      2040 01:36:41,462 --> 01:36:46,300        merely to be replaced             by a far more iron tyranny.      2041 01:36:46,342 --> 01:36:48,636       [Sutherland]   But events                 are already in motion.       2042 01:36:48,677 --> 01:36:52,139       With the backing of British          and US intelligence and arms,    2043 01:36:52,181 --> 01:36:56,060       Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces            captured President Lumumba     2044 01:36:56,101 --> 01:36:59,355             at the beginning                     of December 1960.          2045 01:36:59,396 --> 01:37:01,023          [Richard Mahoney]                      Dag Hammarskjold,          2046 01:37:01,065 --> 01:37:04,151        the UN Secretary General,                     calls JFK,             2047 01:37:04,193 --> 01:37:06,445    uh, who's the President-elect                at this point,            2048 01:37:06,487 --> 01:37:08,239      and asked him to intercede      2049 01:37:08,280 --> 01:37:11,116            to get Lumumba                   released from prison.         2050 01:37:11,158 --> 01:37:15,204             When Kennedy                 intervenes to save Lumumba,      2051 01:37:15,246 --> 01:37:18,499           that's a signal                    directly to the CIA          2052 01:37:18,541 --> 01:37:21,710            that they have to               dispatch this guy immediately.  2053 01:37:21,752 --> 01:37:26,173      And so 48 hours before Kennedy         takes the oath of office,      2054 01:37:26,215 --> 01:37:29,385           Lumumba is delivered             into the hands of his enemies.  2055 01:37:29,426 --> 01:37:31,637              He's taken out                    and shot in the head.        2056 01:37:31,679 --> 01:37:34,640        Kennedy doesn't know this                until months later.         2057 01:37:34,682 --> 01:37:36,016        Who finally tells him?        2058 01:37:36,058 --> 01:37:38,686               The CIA?                No, they still keep it a secret.  2059 01:37:38,727 --> 01:37:42,439         He's informed by his          UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.    2060 01:37:42,481 --> 01:37:45,067            His face crumples,                  he's holding his hand,       2061 01:37:45,109 --> 01:37:47,111        he's grimacing in anguish,     2062 01:37:47,152 --> 01:37:51,156  hearing about the assassination              of Patrice Lumumba.         2063 01:37:51,198 --> 01:37:52,408             [Sutherland]                       Within a very short         2064 01:37:52,449 --> 01:37:54,743              period of time                   after the assassination,      2065 01:37:54,785 --> 01:37:58,956            Hammarskjold died                in a mysterious plane crash.    2066 01:37:58,998 --> 01:38:00,791      The photographs show his body    2067 01:38:00,833 --> 01:38:03,627             as the only one                    not burned or charred,       2068 01:38:03,669 --> 01:38:07,882        and he had a playing card,          reportedly the ace of spades,    2069 01:38:07,923 --> 01:38:11,886      stuffed into his shirt collar           above the knot of the tie.     2070 01:38:11,927 --> 01:38:13,929                There are                      controversial documents       2071 01:38:13,971 --> 01:38:15,973        that indicate Allen Dulles     2072 01:38:16,015 --> 01:38:18,100               was involved                 in the sabotage of the plane.    2073 01:38:20,603 --> 01:38:22,521  [Lisa Pease]   John Foster Dulles               and Allen Dulles,          2074 01:38:22,563 --> 01:38:25,024           they felt, you know,                  what they had to say        2075 01:38:25,065 --> 01:38:27,276             was good enough                  for the rest of the world,     2076 01:38:27,318 --> 01:38:29,069            that they knew                  more than the President.       2077 01:38:29,111 --> 01:38:31,155          There were things               they didn't tell Eisenhower      2078 01:38:31,196 --> 01:38:34,033         that they were doing              under his administration.       2079 01:38:34,074 --> 01:38:36,160               [Talbot]                      And actually, Jack Kennedy     2080 01:38:36,201 --> 01:38:39,538         does move     to decapitate                the top of the CIA.         2081 01:38:39,580 --> 01:38:41,790         He lets it be known                   that Allen Dulles,          2082 01:38:41,832 --> 01:38:43,959  as well as his two top advisers,  2083 01:38:44,001 --> 01:38:45,461             Richard Bissell,          2084 01:38:45,502 --> 01:38:47,922        who is also very involved               with the Bay of Pigs,        2085 01:38:47,963 --> 01:38:49,673           and General Cabell,         2086 01:38:49,715 --> 01:38:52,384  who was, uh, the right-hand man                to Allen Dulles.          2087 01:38:52,426 --> 01:38:54,553       So the top three people                    in the CIA,              2088 01:38:54,595 --> 01:38:58,432         Kennedy forces them out             before the end of the year.     2089 01:38:58,474 --> 01:39:01,310     Have you ever committed any         act of violence in your life?     2090 01:39:04,396 --> 01:39:05,397                 No.                  2091 01:39:07,441 --> 01:39:09,109             [Sutherland]                    The existence of communism     2092 01:39:09,151 --> 01:39:10,903       so close to American shores     2093 01:39:10,945 --> 01:39:13,906      kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.    2094 01:39:13,948 --> 01:39:16,992      And the Joint Chiefs of Staff          presented a plan to Kennedy     2095 01:39:17,034 --> 01:39:19,161       called Operation Northwoods,    2096 01:39:19,203 --> 01:39:21,622             whereby the CIA                    would secretly perform       2097 01:39:21,664 --> 01:39:24,124              terrorist acts                     in the United States        2098 01:39:24,166 --> 01:39:26,126         and blame them on Castro      2099 01:39:26,168 --> 01:39:29,338           to justify bombings                 and an invasion of Cuba.      2100 01:39:29,380 --> 01:39:31,340     And you see all these plans      2101 01:39:31,382 --> 01:39:33,926                being sent                   to McNamara and to Kennedy.     2102 01:39:33,968 --> 01:39:35,302               [Horne]                       "Fake an attack by Cubans      2103 01:39:35,344 --> 01:39:37,096               against the                     Guantanamo Bay sentries.      2104 01:39:37,137 --> 01:39:39,598              Sink a US ship                      in Guantanamo Bay          2105 01:39:39,640 --> 01:39:41,016          and blame it on Cuba."       2106 01:39:41,058 --> 01:39:45,521  The one that scares me the most          was very sophisticated.        2107 01:39:45,562 --> 01:39:49,566  Uh, take an airliner and fly it            as a drone over Cuba         2108 01:39:49,608 --> 01:39:50,985        without any people in it,      2109 01:39:51,026 --> 01:39:52,319          with a tape-recording                    that would play,          2110 01:39:52,361 --> 01:39:54,029         "We're under attack                   by Cuban aircraft!          2111 01:39:54,071 --> 01:39:55,948             'Oh, my God,                  they're going to kill us!"      2112 01:39:55,990 --> 01:39:57,199        Blow up the airplane!         2113 01:39:57,241 --> 01:39:58,951       Blow up this huge drone        2114 01:39:58,993 --> 01:40:02,538     and use that to start a war.     2115 01:40:02,579 --> 01:40:05,040      [Sutherland]   The President            declined the recommendation.    2116 01:40:06,333 --> 01:40:08,168           The Northwoods plan                     was our big find          2117 01:40:08,210 --> 01:40:09,878  in the way of military records.    2118 01:40:09,920 --> 01:40:11,130           They are universally                    recognized today          2119 01:40:11,171 --> 01:40:12,673          for their importance.        2120 01:40:12,715 --> 01:40:14,967      It's one of those releases         that the Review Board members,    2121 01:40:15,009 --> 01:40:18,137     the board members themselves          were justifiably proud of       2122 01:40:18,178 --> 01:40:20,139             that came out of                    the JFK Records Act.        2123 01:40:22,266 --> 01:40:24,685        [Stone]   In addition to               the problems with the CIA,     2124 01:40:24,727 --> 01:40:27,938  Kennedy's own military advisers             started pressuring him       2125 01:40:27,980 --> 01:40:29,606        to send troops to Vietnam.     2126 01:40:29,648 --> 01:40:31,483              A country that                     Kennedy had visited         2127 01:40:31,525 --> 01:40:33,652             10 years earlier                     as a Congressman,          2128 01:40:33,694 --> 01:40:36,238         and witnessed firsthand                    how the French           2129 01:40:36,280 --> 01:40:37,865          were losing their war        2130 01:40:37,906 --> 01:40:41,243          against the Viet Minh             in the fight for independence.  2131 01:40:41,285 --> 01:40:42,578        Once he became President,      2132 01:40:42,619 --> 01:40:46,123              Kennedy wanted                   to avoid the same trap.       2133 01:40:46,165 --> 01:40:49,501         The Vietnam decision                is finally arrived at,        2134 01:40:49,543 --> 01:40:51,170            which is NSAM 111,         2135 01:40:51,211 --> 01:40:54,006              where Kennedy                     says no combat troops        2136 01:40:54,048 --> 01:40:55,924  but will increase the advisers.    2137 01:40:55,966 --> 01:40:58,927        And that was his decision,            in the Kennedy presidency.     2138 01:40:58,969 --> 01:41:01,513        never to cross that line.      2139 01:41:03,474 --> 01:41:05,934      [Sutherland]   Near the end             of his first year in office,    2140 01:41:05,976 --> 01:41:07,561        Kennedy received a report      2141 01:41:07,603 --> 01:41:10,272             from Walt Rostow                and General Maxwell Taylor,     2142 01:41:10,314 --> 01:41:12,399            his foreign policy                  and military advisers,       2143 01:41:12,441 --> 01:41:13,942               that called                      for increased training       2144 01:41:13,984 --> 01:41:16,070       of South Vietnamese troops,     2145 01:41:16,111 --> 01:41:17,946            increased bombings                      of the North,            2146 01:41:17,988 --> 01:41:21,116               and the use                       of US combat troops.        2147 01:41:21,158 --> 01:41:22,785              The influence                    on Kennedy's reluctance       2148 01:41:22,826 --> 01:41:24,787       to committing ground troops     2149 01:41:24,828 --> 01:41:28,791       was his ambassador to India,            John Kenneth Galbraith.       2150 01:41:28,832 --> 01:41:31,835    [James K. Galbraith]   My father         went to see, uh, Walt Rostow.    2151 01:41:31,877 --> 01:41:33,462        He went in to talk to him.     2152 01:41:33,504 --> 01:41:37,299     Rostow gestured on his desk          to the, uh, pile of papers.      2153 01:41:37,341 --> 01:41:40,594       The Rostow Taylor report               was plainly visible.         2154 01:41:40,636 --> 01:41:42,596    Uh, my father asked to see it.    2155 01:41:42,638 --> 01:41:44,473            Walt said that                his security classification      2156 01:41:44,515 --> 01:41:46,517        wasn't sufficiently high.      2157 01:41:46,558 --> 01:41:48,227       My father did not think that    2158 01:41:48,268 --> 01:41:51,688            Walt Rostow's                   security classification                was higher than his.         2159 01:41:51,730 --> 01:41:54,566     Uh, and at the given moment,             uh, the phone rang.          2160 01:41:54,608 --> 01:41:56,610           Walt turned to--                   to answer the phone          2161 01:41:56,652 --> 01:41:58,779            and-- and Dad                     picked up the report         2162 01:41:58,821 --> 01:42:01,824              and walked out                  of the office and read it.     2163 01:42:01,865 --> 01:42:03,992         [Sutherland]   Kennedy                 sent Galbraith to Saigon      2164 01:42:04,034 --> 01:42:07,079       to write a report that would         differ in its recommendations    2165 01:42:07,121 --> 01:42:11,125       from what Taylor and Rostow                had given to him.          2166 01:42:11,166 --> 01:42:12,751       Kennedy knew what he wanted     2167 01:42:12,793 --> 01:42:14,419      and he knew what my father          would deliver, which he did,     2168 01:42:14,461 --> 01:42:17,089         which is a very detailed                and skeptical report        2169 01:42:17,131 --> 01:42:19,842       about the efficiency of the           South Vietnamese government,    2170 01:42:19,883 --> 01:42:23,178            about the capacity                  of any military force        2171 01:42:23,220 --> 01:42:25,681              to prevail in                     the security situation       2172 01:42:25,722 --> 01:42:28,517          that was in existence             in South Vietnam at that time.  2173 01:42:28,559 --> 01:42:30,185             [Sutherland]                      Kennedy told Galbraith       2174 01:42:30,227 --> 01:42:33,689         to deliver his report to            Defense Secretary McNamara,     2175 01:42:33,730 --> 01:42:35,858                 and he,                      in turn, gave instructions     2176 01:42:35,899 --> 01:42:39,027         to begin the withdrawal                 to General Harkins,         2177 01:42:39,069 --> 01:42:42,614          the commanding General              of all forces in Vietnam.      2178 01:42:42,656 --> 01:42:45,784      The Pentagon dragged its feet             on formulating plans,        2179 01:42:45,826 --> 01:42:50,706         and McNamara called for              a meeting in May of 1963.      2180 01:42:50,747 --> 01:42:53,792  One of the most important finds              of the Review Board         2181 01:42:53,834 --> 01:42:56,295              are the notes                       from this meeting.         2182 01:42:56,336 --> 01:42:58,297        [Horne]   McNamara said,                 "It's not fast enough.       2183 01:42:58,338 --> 01:42:59,715      I want you to accelerate it."    2184 01:42:59,756 --> 01:43:02,092               He says,                  "I want to pull out 1,000 men,    2185 01:43:02,134 --> 01:43:04,303           uh, in December                  by the end of the year.        2186 01:43:04,344 --> 01:43:06,388       "And I want you to pull out     2187 01:43:06,430 --> 01:43:08,473             complete units,                    not just individuals."       2188 01:43:08,515 --> 01:43:10,893       He wanted units to come out.    2189 01:43:10,934 --> 01:43:13,562             [Sutherland]                    After the withdrawal plan                   was approved,            2190 01:43:13,604 --> 01:43:16,023               Kennedy sent                 Secretary of Defense McNamara    2191 01:43:16,064 --> 01:43:20,569            and General Taylor              to Saigon in September of '63.  2192 01:43:20,611 --> 01:43:23,405           He planned on using                their report as the basis      2193 01:43:23,447 --> 01:43:26,533            to formally order                  the withdrawal to begin.      2194 01:43:26,575 --> 01:43:28,410      Kennedy controlled the report,  2195 01:43:28,452 --> 01:43:30,037               since it was                     actually being written       2196 01:43:30,078 --> 01:43:33,248          under the supervision                   of Bobby Kennedy.          2197 01:43:33,290 --> 01:43:34,917               [Newman]                          Three days later,          2198 01:43:34,958 --> 01:43:36,501              that leaks out                     into the newspapers.        2199 01:43:36,543 --> 01:43:39,087       Then his opponents find out.    2200 01:43:39,129 --> 01:43:40,881            And McGeorge Bundy               says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,    2201 01:43:40,923 --> 01:43:42,424       "if they're talking about it               in the newspapers,         2202 01:43:42,466 --> 01:43:43,800             we might as well                     put it on paper."          2203 01:43:43,842 --> 01:43:46,053             And they put it,                    and it was NSAM 263.        2204 01:43:46,094 --> 01:43:49,306          And that's how it was               actually written and why.      2205 01:43:49,348 --> 01:43:51,266      Well, here's one of the things  2206 01:43:51,308 --> 01:43:52,893            McNamara said                    in the secret debrief.        2207 01:43:52,935 --> 01:43:56,438       He said, "We had agreed,               the President and I,         2208 01:43:56,480 --> 01:43:58,315        "that we had trained them,     2209 01:43:58,357 --> 01:44:00,150            "we had given them                   everything we could.        2210 01:44:00,192 --> 01:44:02,778        "And if they couldn't win,                     too bad.              2211 01:44:02,819 --> 01:44:06,823      We had to get out even if        they were going to be defeated."  2212 01:44:06,865 --> 01:44:10,369       So McNamara and Kennedy had          decided that they were willing  2213 01:44:10,410 --> 01:44:13,455        to pull out of Vietnam               in a losing scenario.         2214 01:44:13,497 --> 01:44:14,623        That's very important.        2215 01:44:15,958 --> 01:44:18,627         But later in that month,                  McGeorge Bundy,           2216 01:44:18,669 --> 01:44:21,255            who's the National                    Security Adviser,          2217 01:44:21,296 --> 01:44:23,257           puts together a memo        2218 01:44:23,298 --> 01:44:25,384           based upon the--                 the truth about the war,       2219 01:44:25,425 --> 01:44:27,552    which is just going terribly.     2220 01:44:27,594 --> 01:44:30,764         And he does it in a way                 to try and make sure        2221 01:44:30,806 --> 01:44:32,891      that Kennedy would be able             to go along with this.        2222 01:44:32,933 --> 01:44:34,476             [Sutherland]                       This is reflected in        2223 01:44:34,518 --> 01:44:36,728          the National Security                   Action Memorandum:         2224 01:44:36,770 --> 01:44:39,606                NSAM 273.              2225 01:44:39,648 --> 01:44:42,859    [Newman]   The way Bundy writes              the first draft of 273       2226 01:44:42,901 --> 01:44:44,486                is to say,                   "Look, we need to intensify     2227 01:44:44,528 --> 01:44:47,364             "the war effort                   against the communists.       2228 01:44:47,406 --> 01:44:49,283             "But the way                     we're going to do it         2229 01:44:49,324 --> 01:44:51,952            is to increase                 South Vietnamese forces."       2230 01:44:51,994 --> 01:44:54,454          There's not a word                 about American forces         2231 01:44:54,496 --> 01:44:56,164      or Americanizing the war.       2232 01:44:58,834 --> 01:45:01,044           While Kennedy's body                 is still in the casket       2233 01:45:01,086 --> 01:45:03,588              in the rotunda                over in the Capitol building,    2234 01:45:03,630 --> 01:45:07,968  is when Johnson changes NSAM 273           to a new version.           2235 01:45:08,010 --> 01:45:10,512          And when it comes                  to the key paragraph,         2236 01:45:10,554 --> 01:45:12,347             paragraph seven,                   which just talks about       2237 01:45:12,389 --> 01:45:14,975             how we're going                    to intensify the war,        2238 01:45:15,017 --> 01:45:16,518  instead of changing a few words,  2239 01:45:16,560 --> 01:45:19,813      there's two big hash marks            through that paragraph,        2240 01:45:19,855 --> 01:45:21,440      and it's completely rewritten.  2241 01:45:21,481 --> 01:45:22,858               And I said--                 I asked Bundy in an interview,  2242 01:45:22,899 --> 01:45:24,651                 I said,                      "Who told you to do that?"     2243 01:45:24,693 --> 01:45:26,361         He said, "Johnson did."       2244 01:45:26,403 --> 01:45:27,946             [Sutherland]                   These changes allowed the US    2245 01:45:27,988 --> 01:45:31,033          to unilaterally engage                 in combat in Vietnam        2246 01:45:31,074 --> 01:45:33,327            rather than simply                 supporting and advising       2247 01:45:33,368 --> 01:45:34,870         South Vietnamese troops.      2248 01:45:35,829 --> 01:45:37,622           And within days,           2249 01:45:37,664 --> 01:45:40,792         we're talking about           sending out the DESOTO missions.  2250 01:45:40,834 --> 01:45:43,462      These-- These naval excursions  2251 01:45:43,503 --> 01:45:46,465           along the coastline                     of North Vietnam          2252 01:45:46,506 --> 01:45:49,176       that ends up with    The Maddox  2253 01:45:49,217 --> 01:45:51,678        and the, and the so-called               Tonkin Gulf attacks.        2254 01:45:51,720 --> 01:45:53,722               And then                    the resolution in Congress      2255 01:45:53,764 --> 01:45:56,808           opening the door               to intervention in Vietnam.      2256 01:45:56,850 --> 01:45:59,478      [Sutherland]   In the Review             Board's declassifications,     2257 01:45:59,519 --> 01:46:01,772             there's evidence                that Johnson was fully aware    2258 01:46:01,813 --> 01:46:04,149               of Kennedy's                   Vietnam withdrawal plans,      2259 01:46:04,191 --> 01:46:05,817           disagreed with them,        2260 01:46:05,859 --> 01:46:08,737      and worked on Robert McNamara           to make him renounce them.     2261 01:46:09,696 --> 01:46:11,531     [Lyndon B. Johnson speaking]     2262 01:46:20,707 --> 01:46:23,126            In retaliation                    for this unprovoked          2263 01:46:23,168 --> 01:46:25,629       attack on the high seas,       2264 01:46:25,670 --> 01:46:27,839                our forces                      have struck the bases        2265 01:46:27,881 --> 01:46:31,885       used     by the North Vietnamese               patrol craft.            2266 01:46:31,927 --> 01:46:34,179             [Sutherland]                       And as declassified                   memos     have revealed,       2267 01:46:34,221 --> 01:46:35,889            by autumn of 1964,         2268 01:46:35,931 --> 01:46:38,600           during his campaign                 against Barry Goldwater,      2269 01:46:38,642 --> 01:46:40,727       Johnson had already decided     2270 01:46:40,769 --> 01:46:43,772            that he was going                to escalate the Vietnam War.    2271 01:46:43,814 --> 01:46:45,399          In fact, the directive                  that would become          2272 01:46:45,440 --> 01:46:47,192        the Tonkin Gulf Resolution     2273 01:46:47,234 --> 01:46:51,488       had been written before the           Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.    2274 01:46:51,530 --> 01:46:53,281               Three months                      before the election,        2275 01:46:53,323 --> 01:46:56,910       Johnson had already planned            for an extensive air war.      2276 01:46:56,952 --> 01:46:59,746             It was to begin                   after his inauguration.       2277 01:47:01,373 --> 01:47:05,585         [Johnson]   We intend                 to convince the communists     2278 01:47:05,627 --> 01:47:10,549        that we cannot be defeated                 by force of arms          2279 01:47:10,590 --> 01:47:12,634          or by superior power.        2280 01:47:17,514 --> 01:47:19,558          [Pease]   When news                   came of Kennedy's death,      2281 01:47:19,599 --> 01:47:21,977           all over the planet,                  people were mourning        2282 01:47:22,018 --> 01:47:24,813                and crying                     and going to embassies.       2283 01:47:24,855 --> 01:47:27,149            In Latin America,                the people just lit candles     2284 01:47:27,190 --> 01:47:29,568       because they didn't even              have electrical power,        2285 01:47:29,609 --> 01:47:31,111           but they wanted                   to honor his killing.         2286 01:47:31,153 --> 01:47:32,904      In the Yucatan Peninsula,       2287 01:47:32,946 --> 01:47:36,783       peasants cleared an area           and planted a peace garden.      2288 01:47:36,825 --> 01:47:38,452     [Philip Muehlenbeck]   Nasser             learned of Kennedy's death     2289 01:47:38,493 --> 01:47:40,912       in the middle of the night.               He got up, dressed,         2290 01:47:40,954 --> 01:47:43,540       went down to his office,                and then realized,          2291 01:47:43,582 --> 01:47:45,625        "Well, there's nothing               I can do about this."         2292 01:47:45,667 --> 01:47:48,170          According to his son,                   Nasser went to a--         2293 01:47:48,211 --> 01:47:51,298       a great state of depression              after Kennedy's death.       2294 01:47:51,339 --> 01:47:54,759         Uh, relations with Egypt              gradually deteriorated,       2295 01:47:54,801 --> 01:47:57,679      and they increasingly shifted                their allegiance          2296 01:47:57,721 --> 01:47:59,473         towards the Soviet Union                      as well.              2297 01:47:59,514 --> 01:48:03,226    A mass was held in the leading         Catholic Church in Cairo,       2298 01:48:03,268 --> 01:48:05,395     which has a capacity of 600.     2299 01:48:05,437 --> 01:48:09,065      They somehow fit 4,000 people               into that church.          2300 01:48:09,107 --> 01:48:11,735            Algeria, which had               special feeling for Kennedy,    2301 01:48:11,776 --> 01:48:13,945             declared a state                  of mourning for a week.       2302 01:48:13,987 --> 01:48:17,365          Flags were flown,                    uh, at half mast.           2303 01:48:17,407 --> 01:48:20,035  The US ambassador to Egypt said    2304 01:48:20,076 --> 01:48:22,913      that he thought the Egyptians              had seen in Kennedy         2305 01:48:22,954 --> 01:48:24,831             the best of what                   they saw in Americans.       2306 01:48:24,873 --> 01:48:28,084     That Kennedy had represented          a kind of ideal of America      2307 01:48:28,126 --> 01:48:30,212        to ordinary Egyptians.        2308 01:48:30,253 --> 01:48:32,172       [Sutherland]   Castro got              the news of Kennedy's death     2309 01:48:32,214 --> 01:48:33,965         while discussing   détente      2310 01:48:34,007 --> 01:48:36,593        with     the French journalist                  Jean Daniel.            2311 01:48:36,635 --> 01:48:39,971            He then exclaimed,                    "This is bad news.         2312 01:48:40,013 --> 01:48:41,973            Everything is now                     going to change."          2313 01:48:44,392 --> 01:48:47,145         When Khrushchev paid his           respects to President Kennedy    2314 01:48:47,187 --> 01:48:49,731         at the American embassy,      2315 01:48:49,773 --> 01:48:52,484            he was reportedly                    holding back tears.         2316 01:48:54,069 --> 01:48:56,988           Robert Kennedy knew          that after his brother's death,    2317 01:48:57,030 --> 01:49:01,451  relations with the Soviet Union              hung in the balance.        2318 01:49:01,493 --> 01:49:07,415    My father, he wanted to convey     a message to Premier Khrushchev    2319 01:49:07,457 --> 01:49:09,167       saying that our family knew     2320 01:49:09,209 --> 01:49:12,963        that the Soviets were not           involved in the assassination.  2321 01:49:13,004 --> 01:49:17,384    That it was a right-wing plot            from our own country.         2322 01:49:17,425 --> 01:49:19,553       In other words, the CIA,       2323 01:49:19,594 --> 01:49:21,888  or forces aligned with the CIA.    2324 01:49:21,930 --> 01:49:24,766       [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]             The day that his brother died,  2325 01:49:24,808 --> 01:49:27,852       my father's first phone call    2326 01:49:27,894 --> 01:49:32,983            was to the CIA                  desk officer at Langley        2327 01:49:33,024 --> 01:49:38,947     and he asked them, "Did your         people conduct this horror?"     2328 01:49:41,074 --> 01:49:43,702               [Talbot]                We know from how Bobby operated    2329 01:49:43,743 --> 01:49:47,539            that terrible day,                   November 22nd, 1963,        2330 01:49:47,581 --> 01:49:50,333             at his home in,                    uh, McLean, Virginia,        2331 01:49:50,375 --> 01:49:55,255    that he immediately suspected         there was not a lone gunman.     2332 01:49:55,297 --> 01:49:56,881           Why do we know this?        2333 01:49:56,923 --> 01:49:59,926      Because he was being told              by his closest aides,         2334 01:49:59,968 --> 01:50:02,470       people like Kenny O'Donnell                 and Dave Powers,          2335 01:50:02,512 --> 01:50:03,972        who were in the limousine      2336 01:50:04,014 --> 01:50:06,683            immediately behind              President Kennedy's limousine.  2337 01:50:06,725 --> 01:50:08,560            They were both                   World War II veterans.        2338 01:50:08,602 --> 01:50:11,146                They knew                     what gunfire sounded like.     2339 01:50:11,187 --> 01:50:13,189       They reported it to him                    that gunfire             2340 01:50:13,231 --> 01:50:15,483          had not just come                   from the-- the rear.         2341 01:50:15,525 --> 01:50:17,360               It had come                      from different sides.        2342 01:50:17,402 --> 01:50:19,779            There was gunfire                  from the front as well.       2343 01:50:19,821 --> 01:50:22,240           It was a crossfire.         2344 01:50:22,282 --> 01:50:25,118            [Kennedy Jr.]                     I was in the East Room,       2345 01:50:25,160 --> 01:50:29,456     with my dad and with Jackie          and a couple of my siblings,     2346 01:50:29,497 --> 01:50:31,791       and Lyndon Johnson came in,     2347 01:50:31,833 --> 01:50:34,753  and told the adults in the room    2348 01:50:34,794 --> 01:50:37,631        that Lee Harvey Oswald                  had been killed,           2349 01:50:37,672 --> 01:50:41,092       and that a man had shot him.    2350 01:50:41,134 --> 01:50:44,638       And I said to my dad and mom                 at that time,            2351 01:50:44,679 --> 01:50:46,097        "Why did he shoot him?        2352 01:50:46,139 --> 01:50:48,642               Did he--                     Did he love our family?"       2353 01:50:48,683 --> 01:50:50,268       And the way that they acted     2354 01:50:50,310 --> 01:50:52,979            was that this only                 compounded the tragedy.       2355 01:50:54,564 --> 01:50:55,940             [Sutherland]                       Many people at home         2356 01:50:55,982 --> 01:50:57,692             felt that after                       Kennedy's death,          2357 01:50:57,734 --> 01:51:01,863        a period of depression and          cynicism overtook the country,  2358 01:51:01,905 --> 01:51:05,533             and that America                was somehow changed forever.    2359 01:51:05,575 --> 01:51:07,202        Our overwhelming disbelief     2360 01:51:07,243 --> 01:51:08,953              in the Warren                     Commission's findings        2361 01:51:08,995 --> 01:51:11,539              contributed to                     increased skepticism        2362 01:51:11,581 --> 01:51:14,209  of all our foundational beliefs               about government.          2363 01:51:17,003 --> 01:51:20,131      But I think Allen Dulles'                  appointment to                   the Warren Commission         2364 01:51:20,173 --> 01:51:23,301        is one of the great frauds               of American history.        2365 01:51:23,343 --> 01:51:26,221      I don't think that even if          you had 10 more commissions,     2366 01:51:26,262 --> 01:51:27,764             you'd never                     get away from the idea        2367 01:51:27,806 --> 01:51:29,349     that maybe there was a plot.     2368 01:51:29,391 --> 01:51:31,726            We just didn't                   find any traces of it.        2369 01:51:31,768 --> 01:51:34,229         What really happened                with Allen Dulles was         2370 01:51:34,270 --> 01:51:37,357       the CIA lobbied to have             him put on the Commission,      2371 01:51:37,399 --> 01:51:40,068      'cause they needed to have one       of their own on the Commission  2372 01:51:40,110 --> 01:51:44,197            to make sure that               certain doors remained closed.  2373 01:51:44,239 --> 01:51:49,953  I think there's a direct thread         between the events of 1963      2374 01:51:49,994 --> 01:51:52,205     and the kind of horror show      2375 01:51:52,247 --> 01:51:56,292        that America is having                to endure right now.         2376 01:51:56,334 --> 01:51:59,170             And I think once                    you kill     a President       2377 01:51:59,212 --> 01:52:01,047         in broad daylight on the            streets of an American city,    2378 01:52:01,089 --> 01:52:03,717            and everyone knows               that powerful forces did it,    2379 01:52:03,758 --> 01:52:07,595         that sends a signal not             only to the American people,    2380 01:52:07,637 --> 01:52:11,349        but to the American media,      to the American future leaders.    2381 01:52:11,391 --> 01:52:14,352     And if America really wants             a democratic society,         2382 01:52:14,394 --> 01:52:17,856  then we should get to the bottom        of this traumatic crime        2383 01:52:17,897 --> 01:52:21,276    that continues to reverberate         throughout American history.     2384 01:52:21,317 --> 01:52:24,696        They poll historians,            they poll the American people,    2385 01:52:24,738 --> 01:52:27,574       and they say, "Who were           the most popular Presidents?"     2386 01:52:27,615 --> 01:52:29,451           Well, one metric                     that you can use           2387 01:52:29,492 --> 01:52:33,872      to objectively-- at least            judge the foreign policy,       2388 01:52:33,913 --> 01:52:36,291  is how many boulevards are named  2389 01:52:36,332 --> 01:52:38,793         after that President                in foreign countries?         2390 01:52:38,835 --> 01:52:42,547       How many hospitals, how many          colleges,     how many schools?    2391 01:52:42,589 --> 01:52:47,051          How many statues are--          are standing     of that President  2392 01:52:47,093 --> 01:52:48,970  in capitals all over the world?    2393 01:52:49,012 --> 01:52:51,055          And in that sense,                   President Kennedy           2394 01:52:51,097 --> 01:52:53,767     beats every other President,                 hands down.              2395 01:52:56,811 --> 01:52:58,438               [Stone]                       Although many of Kennedy's     2396 01:52:58,480 --> 01:53:00,648               progressive                     and unprecedented goals       2397 01:53:00,690 --> 01:53:05,862        and changes in policy were      undone after his assassination,    2398 01:53:05,904 --> 01:53:09,491       a few powerful ones remain.     2399 01:53:09,532 --> 01:53:11,284     I think Mr. Kennedy has done     2400 01:53:11,326 --> 01:53:13,953       some significant things                  in civil rights,           2401 01:53:13,995 --> 01:53:16,498           and I would include                  the Attorney General.        2402 01:53:16,539 --> 01:53:21,461        I think both of these men            are men of genuine goodwill.    2403 01:53:21,503 --> 01:53:24,339           And, uh, I think                 there is a necessity now       2404 01:53:24,380 --> 01:53:26,925          to see the urgency                     of the moment.            2405 01:53:29,511 --> 01:53:32,430         I'm asking from you                an unequivocal assurance       2406 01:53:32,472 --> 01:53:35,433       that you will not bar entry                to these students,         2407 01:53:35,475 --> 01:53:37,602            and that you will                   step aside peacefully,       2408 01:53:37,644 --> 01:53:40,188       do your constitutional duty.    2409 01:53:40,230 --> 01:53:42,857         [Stone]   In showdowns                  using federal troops,        2410 01:53:42,899 --> 01:53:46,152      the Kennedy administration won        admission of Black students     2411 01:53:46,194 --> 01:53:49,531       to the last public colleges                  in the south.            2412 01:53:49,572 --> 01:53:52,575       George Wallace made it clear         that this fight was not over.    2413 01:53:52,617 --> 01:53:56,329         And the-- the South                 this year-- next year         2414 01:53:56,371 --> 01:53:58,748           will decide who                   the next President is,        2415 01:53:58,790 --> 01:54:01,167     whoever the South votes for             will be the President.        2416 01:54:01,209 --> 01:54:03,127         And you're gonna see                    that the South            2417 01:54:03,169 --> 01:54:06,047            is going to be                    against some folks.          2418 01:54:06,089 --> 01:54:08,299         [Stone]   That night,                Kennedy addressed the nation    2419 01:54:08,341 --> 01:54:10,385               in what many                      consider the finest         2420 01:54:10,426 --> 01:54:12,720           Presidential speech                     on civil rights           2421 01:54:12,762 --> 01:54:14,472          since Abraham Lincoln.       2422 01:54:14,514 --> 01:54:17,475      ...and that the rights of             every man are diminished       2423 01:54:17,517 --> 01:54:20,562           when the rights                 of one man are threatened.      2424 01:54:20,603 --> 01:54:24,232           If an American,                because his skin is dark...      2425 01:54:24,274 --> 01:54:29,404      cannot enjoy the full and free         life which all of us want,     2426 01:54:29,445 --> 01:54:31,656            then who among us                      would be content          2427 01:54:31,698 --> 01:54:34,993            to have the color                    of his skin changed?        2428 01:54:35,034 --> 01:54:37,871      One hundred years of delay                  have passed              2429 01:54:37,912 --> 01:54:41,165       since President Lincoln                 freed the slaves,           2430 01:54:41,207 --> 01:54:45,461        yet their heirs, their           grandsons, are not fully free.    2431 01:54:45,503 --> 01:54:50,550         And this nation, for all           its hopes     and all its boasts,  2432 01:54:50,592 --> 01:54:54,721       will not be fully free until           all its citizens are free.     2433 01:54:54,762 --> 01:54:56,180           We face, therefore,         2434 01:54:56,222 --> 01:54:58,474              a moral crisis                  as a country and a people,     2435 01:54:58,516 --> 01:55:00,476         and this is a matter                    which concerns            2436 01:55:00,518 --> 01:55:02,979             this country                   and what it stands for.        2437 01:55:03,021 --> 01:55:06,482     And in meeting it, I ask the      support of all of our citizens.    2438 01:55:06,524 --> 01:55:08,651         Thank you very much.         2439 01:55:08,693 --> 01:55:11,779        [somber music playing]        2440 01:56:11,255 --> 01:56:14,342                                    315935

Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.