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The lethal aspect of this story
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00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000
Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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00:00:03,795 --> 00:00:06,507
is one that people
don't want to talk about,
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00:00:06,590 --> 00:00:10,427
They-- they ju-- they just
do not want to talk about.
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00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000
Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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00:00:10,886 --> 00:00:15,015
[eerie wind blowing]
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00:00:27,528 --> 00:00:31,657
[keyboard clacking]
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[insects chirping]
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[insects buzz]
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-[street din]
-[dog barks]
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-[bell tolls]
-[crickets chirp]
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00:01:05,232 --> 00:01:06,567
[announcer] Put on your goggles.
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00:01:07,109 --> 00:01:08,819
Observers without goggles
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00:01:08,902 --> 00:01:11,446
must face away from the blast.
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H minus ten seconds.
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Nine, eight...
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seven, Six,
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five, four, three,
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two, one,
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00:01:30,048 --> 00:01:31,466
zero!
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00:01:31,550 --> 00:01:35,679
[explosion rumbles]
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00:01:50,110 --> 00:01:52,738
[crackling]
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[indistinct chatter on radio]
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[woman] [indistinct] 46.
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00:01:56,783 --> 00:02:00,245
-[man on radio] 710-4.
-[man on radio] [indistinct]
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00:02:06,501 --> 00:02:10,672
[eerie synth music plays]
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00:02:20,349 --> 00:02:24,186
[Claudia Peterson] When
the declassified information
28
00:02:24,269 --> 00:02:25,312
came out,
29
00:02:25,395 --> 00:02:27,606
when they were finding an area,
30
00:02:27,689 --> 00:02:29,816
they chose to test that
because...
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00:02:30,692 --> 00:02:33,362
they felt like
they already owned the land.
32
00:02:33,445 --> 00:02:35,864
They didn't,
it was Shoshone land.
33
00:02:36,782 --> 00:02:38,533
They weren't gonna have to pay
for it.
34
00:02:39,076 --> 00:02:42,954
They were told to do it
back East, would be better,
35
00:02:43,038 --> 00:02:44,748
'cause it would go
over the ocean,
36
00:02:44,831 --> 00:02:48,669
it wouldn't contaminate
the people downwind.
37
00:02:50,921 --> 00:02:53,674
But they decided it was cheaper
38
00:02:53,757 --> 00:02:55,342
to be in Nevada,
39
00:02:55,717 --> 00:02:58,845
and it was a low-use segment
40
00:02:58,929 --> 00:03:01,973
of the population
they would be exposing.
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00:03:03,141 --> 00:03:04,142
Downwind.
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00:03:04,226 --> 00:03:08,355
[orchestral music plays]
43
00:03:11,566 --> 00:03:15,696
[electronic music plays]
44
00:04:09,458 --> 00:04:13,628
[somber orchestral music plays]
45
00:04:41,990 --> 00:04:45,118
[film reel crackling]
46
00:04:52,751 --> 00:04:54,294
A short time ago,
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00:04:54,377 --> 00:04:57,631
an American airplane
dropped one bomb
48
00:04:57,714 --> 00:04:59,299
on Hiroshima
49
00:04:59,382 --> 00:05:02,594
and destroyed its usefulness
to the enemy.
50
00:05:02,677 --> 00:05:04,387
That bomb has more power
51
00:05:04,471 --> 00:05:07,432
than 20,000 tons of TNT.
52
00:05:08,475 --> 00:05:11,937
The Japanese began the war
from the air at Pearl Harbor.
53
00:05:12,646 --> 00:05:14,981
They have been repaid manyfold.
54
00:05:15,649 --> 00:05:17,442
And the end is not yet.
55
00:05:18,401 --> 00:05:20,612
With this bomb,
we have now added
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00:05:20,695 --> 00:05:24,115
a new and revolutionary increase
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00:05:24,199 --> 00:05:25,492
in destruction,
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00:05:25,575 --> 00:05:27,452
to supplement the growing power
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00:05:27,536 --> 00:05:29,162
of our armed forces.
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00:05:29,871 --> 00:05:31,498
In their present form,
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00:05:31,581 --> 00:05:33,875
these bombs
are now in production.
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00:05:34,376 --> 00:05:38,839
And even more powerful bombs
are in development.
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00:05:38,922 --> 00:05:40,632
It is an atomic bomb.
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00:05:41,341 --> 00:05:42,759
It is a harnessing
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00:05:42,843 --> 00:05:44,553
of the basic power
of the universe.
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00:05:45,262 --> 00:05:48,098
The force from which the sun
draws his power
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00:05:48,181 --> 00:05:49,975
has been loosed against those
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00:05:50,058 --> 00:05:52,936
who've brought war
to the Far East.
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00:05:55,063 --> 00:05:56,439
[narrator]
It is tempting to believe
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00:05:56,523 --> 00:05:58,191
the buck stopped there.
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00:05:58,275 --> 00:06:00,777
However,
the awe-striking horrors
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00:06:00,861 --> 00:06:02,696
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
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00:06:02,779 --> 00:06:05,949
though arguably
may have ended one war,
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00:06:06,032 --> 00:06:07,284
they started another.
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00:06:07,951 --> 00:06:09,035
The Cold War.
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00:06:09,119 --> 00:06:11,246
[solemn orchestral music plays]
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[military reel narrator]
This is the valley
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00:06:12,622 --> 00:06:14,249
where the giant mushrooms grow.
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00:06:14,833 --> 00:06:17,043
More atomic bombs
have been exploded
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00:06:17,127 --> 00:06:19,713
on these 200 square miles
of desert
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00:06:19,796 --> 00:06:21,715
than on any other spot
on the globe.
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00:06:22,257 --> 00:06:25,176
[narrator]
On January 27th, 1951,
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00:06:25,260 --> 00:06:29,014
the United States air-dropped
the first nuclear device
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00:06:29,097 --> 00:06:31,725
-on the Nevada test site.
-[explosion booms]
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00:06:32,183 --> 00:06:33,727
It was codenamed "Able."
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00:06:34,311 --> 00:06:36,104
Apparently, it was determined
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00:06:36,187 --> 00:06:39,649
that the detonation
of this one kiloton device,
88
00:06:39,733 --> 00:06:43,945
and the 927 tests
conducted thereafter...
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00:06:45,030 --> 00:06:48,074
would be perfectly safe
on American soil.
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00:06:48,158 --> 00:06:52,287
[ominous music plays]
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00:07:12,057 --> 00:07:13,516
My name is lan Zabarte,
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00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:15,352
I am Principal Man of the
Western Bands
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00:07:15,435 --> 00:07:17,103
of the Shoshone Nation
of Indians.
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00:07:17,187 --> 00:07:18,521
I'm also secretary
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00:07:18,605 --> 00:07:20,523
of the Native Community
Action Council.
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00:07:20,607 --> 00:07:21,900
Party with standing
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00:07:21,983 --> 00:07:23,985
in the Atomic Safety
Licensing Board
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00:07:24,069 --> 00:07:25,654
of the proposed
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00:07:25,737 --> 00:07:27,656
Yucca Mountain High-Level
Nuclear Waste Repository,
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00:07:27,739 --> 00:07:29,616
docket 63-001.
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00:07:33,411 --> 00:07:35,580
My family, personally, um...
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00:07:37,040 --> 00:07:40,251
my grandfather, my uncle,
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00:07:40,335 --> 00:07:43,546
uh, other first cousins...
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00:07:46,257 --> 00:07:49,886
have died of cancer
and today are still dying
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00:07:49,970 --> 00:07:52,889
of various forms of cancer,
106
00:07:52,973 --> 00:07:55,225
fro-- and-- and other illnesses
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00:07:55,308 --> 00:07:57,560
known to be plausible
from exposure to radiation.
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00:07:57,644 --> 00:08:00,355
My grandfather, um,
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00:08:00,438 --> 00:08:01,815
he had an immune deficiency,
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00:08:01,898 --> 00:08:05,276
and his skin became hard
and fell off.
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00:08:06,069 --> 00:08:07,737
That is a type of illness
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00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:11,449
that is potentially related
to exposure to radiation,
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00:08:11,533 --> 00:08:14,577
and ultimately he died
from a heart attack
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00:08:14,661 --> 00:08:15,996
a month after his skin fell off,
115
00:08:16,079 --> 00:08:18,415
but that produced stress
on his body,
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00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:21,876
which, I believe,
uh, led to his heart attack.
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00:08:22,669 --> 00:08:24,963
A lot of our activities
were outside.
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00:08:25,630 --> 00:08:29,259
And, uh, my uncles and aunts
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00:08:29,342 --> 00:08:32,971
and, uh, other family members
played in the fallout.
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00:08:33,054 --> 00:08:35,557
I was luckily--
lucky enough not to be exposed,
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00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:37,809
as far as I am aware.
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00:08:39,561 --> 00:08:41,062
That's...
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00:08:41,146 --> 00:08:44,774
-[eerie music plays]
-[Geiger counter crackles]
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00:08:52,365 --> 00:08:54,242
[Darlene Graham]
When we were little kids,
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00:08:54,325 --> 00:08:57,162
livin' on the reservation
in Duckwater, Nevada,
126
00:08:57,245 --> 00:08:59,831
we used to hear
this great big boom,
127
00:08:59,914 --> 00:09:01,458
and then we'd run out,
128
00:09:01,541 --> 00:09:03,084
and we could see this cloud
comin' up.
129
00:09:03,168 --> 00:09:04,419
They call it a mushroom.
130
00:09:04,961 --> 00:09:08,131
We-- we would see that come up,
and we didn't know what it was.
131
00:09:08,214 --> 00:09:10,633
[announcer] Three, two, one,
132
00:09:10,717 --> 00:09:14,929
-zero.
-[explosion rumbles]
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00:09:17,098 --> 00:09:19,684
Over time, uh, it was later on
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00:09:19,768 --> 00:09:22,145
that when we were told, uh,
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00:09:22,228 --> 00:09:25,356
that they were doing
the testing there, and, uh,
136
00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:29,152
there was radiation
spreading out across the--
137
00:09:29,235 --> 00:09:32,322
Yeah,
Nevada and across the States,
138
00:09:32,405 --> 00:09:34,991
and we found out that, uh,
139
00:09:35,075 --> 00:09:37,327
it caused cancer and leukemia.
140
00:09:37,911 --> 00:09:39,996
The cancer
was my youngest brother.
141
00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:42,957
We had noticed
that when he was growing up,
142
00:09:43,041 --> 00:09:44,918
he was having sore throats
all the time,
143
00:09:45,001 --> 00:09:47,253
and the doctor was giving him
antibiotics.
144
00:09:47,337 --> 00:09:49,964
And I remember,
145
00:09:50,048 --> 00:09:52,509
we would see the--
146
00:09:52,592 --> 00:09:54,511
The dust come up,
147
00:09:54,594 --> 00:09:56,471
like a, you-- single comb,
148
00:09:56,554 --> 00:09:58,264
and then it spread out
like a mushroom.
149
00:09:58,348 --> 00:10:00,016
That's why they call it
a mushroom.
150
00:10:00,100 --> 00:10:01,893
Once we've seen the--
the mushroom,
151
00:10:01,976 --> 00:10:03,478
we went back in the house.
152
00:10:06,106 --> 00:10:08,024
My brother, Philip Graham,
153
00:10:08,108 --> 00:10:12,028
later on, was diagnosed
with cancer of the throat.
154
00:10:12,612 --> 00:10:16,574
Even if he went to the doctor's
in Phoenix, Las Vegas,
155
00:10:16,658 --> 00:10:20,120
they did not diagnose him
with cancer at that time.
156
00:10:21,079 --> 00:10:23,998
No one ever warned us
about the testing
157
00:10:24,082 --> 00:10:25,458
and what it would cause.
158
00:10:27,335 --> 00:10:29,087
Our ancestors used to live...
159
00:10:30,088 --> 00:10:31,881
wi-- uh, off the land.
160
00:10:31,965 --> 00:10:35,385
And we still do, at times.
161
00:10:35,468 --> 00:10:37,262
And that was being taken away,
162
00:10:37,345 --> 00:10:39,889
and because of-- we can't even
go on to the test site.
163
00:10:39,973 --> 00:10:41,349
If we do, we get arrested.
164
00:10:41,432 --> 00:10:43,268
And it's destroying
our medicine,
165
00:10:43,351 --> 00:10:45,353
it's destroying our animals,
166
00:10:45,436 --> 00:10:46,771
destroying our plants.
167
00:10:46,855 --> 00:10:48,231
It's destroying everything.
168
00:10:49,190 --> 00:10:51,609
We know it's the cancer
from the radiation.
169
00:10:51,693 --> 00:10:53,903
'Cause it's called downwind.
170
00:10:53,987 --> 00:10:55,405
We're downwinders.
171
00:10:55,488 --> 00:10:57,240
"Cause that's where
the radiation go,
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00:10:57,323 --> 00:10:58,783
down towards us.
173
00:10:59,325 --> 00:11:00,660
Wherever we're livin'.
174
00:11:01,619 --> 00:11:03,371
And it's like a, um...
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00:11:04,455 --> 00:11:06,416
cross-- all across
the United States,
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00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:07,959
from the test site
it goes like this
177
00:11:08,042 --> 00:11:09,752
all the way
across the United States
178
00:11:09,836 --> 00:11:12,088
and not only affects people
in Duckwater.
179
00:11:12,714 --> 00:11:13,756
All the areas.
180
00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:16,259
[eerie music plays]
181
00:11:16,342 --> 00:11:20,471
[explosion booms]
182
00:11:41,409 --> 00:11:43,703
[narrator]
The path of radioactive fallout
183
00:11:43,786 --> 00:11:45,163
from each blast
184
00:11:45,246 --> 00:11:47,332
depended on predicted wind
185
00:11:47,415 --> 00:11:48,875
and weather patterns.
186
00:12:02,138 --> 00:12:04,015
[Patrick Wayne] My father
was under contract for,
187
00:12:04,098 --> 00:12:07,477
and made two pictures
for Howard Hughes and RKO.
188
00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:10,104
Jet Pilot and The Conqueror.
189
00:12:10,813 --> 00:12:13,650
If my dad had to make a choice,
he never would have--
190
00:12:13,733 --> 00:12:15,485
He never would have played
Genghis Khan,
191
00:12:15,568 --> 00:12:17,195
because this is like--
I mean, I don't know.
192
00:12:17,278 --> 00:12:18,988
I do remember that,
uh, you know,
193
00:12:19,072 --> 00:12:20,740
we're down here in St. George,
194
00:12:20,823 --> 00:12:22,617
it was towards
the end of summer, I think.
195
00:12:22,700 --> 00:12:25,245
We had no idea
that the testing was going on.
196
00:12:25,328 --> 00:12:26,913
That was a big hush-hush secret.
197
00:12:27,497 --> 00:12:30,166
But what we did know,
was at that time,
198
00:12:30,250 --> 00:12:32,210
uranium was,
like, the big thing.
199
00:12:32,293 --> 00:12:33,628
Uranium mining was a big thing,
200
00:12:33,711 --> 00:12:35,004
everybody was gonna make
a fortune,
201
00:12:35,088 --> 00:12:36,756
um, on this uranium mining.
202
00:12:37,340 --> 00:12:39,300
-Everybody had Geiger counters.
-[Geiger counter clicking]
203
00:12:39,384 --> 00:12:40,760
Well, they turned
these Geiger counters,
204
00:12:40,843 --> 00:12:42,512
it didn't matter where you were,
205
00:12:42,595 --> 00:12:44,430
I mean, these things were goin'
[imitates Geiger counter].
206
00:12:44,514 --> 00:12:46,474
We thought, you know,
we're gonna discover uranium,
207
00:12:46,557 --> 00:12:48,309
it's right here,
we're gonna all be,
208
00:12:48,393 --> 00:12:49,686
you know, kajillionaires.
209
00:12:50,186 --> 00:12:52,814
It turned out that it was
something much more sinister,
210
00:12:52,897 --> 00:12:55,024
-as we-- we know now.
-[explosion booms]
211
00:12:55,108 --> 00:12:57,443
Uh, this, uh, you know,
the fallout from the--
212
00:12:57,527 --> 00:13:00,697
From the testing up north
was drifting down
213
00:13:00,780 --> 00:13:02,615
to, um, to this area.
214
00:13:02,699 --> 00:13:05,159
Wha-- what?-- what's the results
of all this stuff?
215
00:13:05,243 --> 00:13:06,369
Well...
216
00:13:07,287 --> 00:13:09,330
I mean, uh, when you look
at the cast and crew
217
00:13:09,414 --> 00:13:12,333
on the film The Conquerors,
it's, uh,
218
00:13:12,417 --> 00:13:14,669
just a whacked-out
number of people,
219
00:13:14,752 --> 00:13:18,047
a percentage of people,
who passed away,
220
00:13:18,131 --> 00:13:19,716
died from cancer.
221
00:13:19,799 --> 00:13:22,719
Uh, and it's just so much higher
222
00:13:22,802 --> 00:13:24,470
than the typical demographic
223
00:13:24,554 --> 00:13:27,140
that, uh, you know,
by-- skewed by so many.
224
00:13:27,598 --> 00:13:30,810
You know, if it's 60%,
it maybe should be 14%.
225
00:13:31,269 --> 00:13:34,230
I mean, uh, one of the reasons
could have been
226
00:13:34,314 --> 00:13:36,774
that they were exposed
to this stuff on, uh,
227
00:13:36,858 --> 00:13:38,151
on The Conqueror.
228
00:13:38,609 --> 00:13:40,945
Um, RKO Studios, I don't know
what they call it now,
229
00:13:41,029 --> 00:13:43,239
in, um, in Los Angeles, um,
230
00:13:43,323 --> 00:13:44,991
they had taken
a bunch of the soil
231
00:13:45,074 --> 00:13:47,452
back to the studio, uh,
232
00:13:47,535 --> 00:13:50,872
for interiors, uh,
that they shot at their studio.
233
00:13:51,331 --> 00:13:53,750
And there was still
a big pile of this red dirt
234
00:13:53,833 --> 00:13:56,085
on the back lot
at, uh, the RKO lot.
235
00:13:56,669 --> 00:13:59,464
And we went back there in the--
I guess this was--
236
00:13:59,547 --> 00:14:01,007
I think it was in the--
237
00:14:01,090 --> 00:14:02,925
Still, the late '90s,
somethin' like that.
238
00:14:03,009 --> 00:14:04,594
And we went over
with a Geiger counter,
239
00:14:04,677 --> 00:14:07,013
and this thing was still,
like, radioactive.
240
00:14:07,096 --> 00:14:08,556
I mean, it has a half-year--
241
00:14:08,639 --> 00:14:10,767
Half-life of 10,000 years
or something.
242
00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:12,101
It's not going anywhere.
243
00:14:12,810 --> 00:14:14,604
So, that was
a pretty good indication
244
00:14:14,687 --> 00:14:18,107
of what they were going through,
and living with, and eating.
245
00:14:18,608 --> 00:14:20,193
Certainly, you know,
it gets in the food,
246
00:14:20,276 --> 00:14:22,779
it gets in the water,
gets in the food chain,
247
00:14:22,862 --> 00:14:24,447
it gets in the--
248
00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:26,824
The feed that the cattle
were chewing, and bu-- yeah,
249
00:14:26,908 --> 00:14:30,119
so, I mean, it's pervasive--
pervasive stuff.
250
00:14:31,704 --> 00:14:35,833
[horses neighing]
251
00:14:38,753 --> 00:14:43,049
-[men shouting indistinctly]
-[epic music plays]
252
00:14:55,895 --> 00:14:57,313
[Mark Sennet]
I was on assignment
253
00:14:57,397 --> 00:14:58,648
in St. George, Utah
254
00:14:58,731 --> 00:15:00,316
for People magazine.
255
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:01,859
We were doing a story
256
00:15:01,943 --> 00:15:03,945
on this woman
called Irma Thomas.
257
00:15:04,028 --> 00:15:06,989
And Irma was kind of
the activist,
258
00:15:07,073 --> 00:15:08,408
you know, in St. George,
259
00:15:08,491 --> 00:15:09,992
because she was so alarmed
260
00:15:10,076 --> 00:15:11,828
and trying to get
St. George alarmed
261
00:15:11,911 --> 00:15:14,288
about the tremendous
leukemia rate.
262
00:15:14,372 --> 00:15:16,249
And she turned to me,
and she said,
263
00:15:16,332 --> 00:15:18,876
"You know, they've made
about 40 movies out here,
264
00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:21,170
in Snow Canyon, and, uh,
265
00:15:21,254 --> 00:15:23,047
you know, John Wayne made a--
266
00:15:23,131 --> 00:15:24,674
This movie called
The Conqueror."
267
00:15:25,383 --> 00:15:26,884
[Temuijin] You do well, Kumlek.
268
00:15:26,968 --> 00:15:29,846
For while I have fingers
to grasp a sword
269
00:15:29,929 --> 00:15:31,639
and eyes to see,
270
00:15:31,722 --> 00:15:35,059
your treacherous head
is not safe on your shoulders.
271
00:15:35,518 --> 00:15:37,520
Nor your daughter in her bed.
272
00:15:37,603 --> 00:15:41,357
[epic music fades]
273
00:15:44,026 --> 00:15:46,279
I immediately
picked up the phone,
274
00:15:46,362 --> 00:15:48,656
and I called Michael in LA.
275
00:15:48,739 --> 00:15:50,700
And I said, "Michael, please...
276
00:15:51,576 --> 00:15:53,453
tell me this story about--
277
00:15:53,536 --> 00:15:56,956
About your father
doing this movie, The Conqueror,
278
00:15:57,039 --> 00:16:00,042
because there is so much
r-- radiation up here
279
00:16:00,126 --> 00:16:03,921
from all the atomic blasts
that were above ground,
280
00:16:04,005 --> 00:16:06,716
um, probably affected, you know,
281
00:16:06,799 --> 00:16:08,718
uh, the work on the set."
282
00:16:08,801 --> 00:16:10,678
Michael and I had to decide,
283
00:16:10,761 --> 00:16:13,306
how could we crack this story?
284
00:16:13,389 --> 00:16:15,933
You know,
because this is so important,
285
00:16:16,017 --> 00:16:18,728
because you had 220 people
286
00:16:18,811 --> 00:16:20,396
that left Los Angeles.
287
00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,733
And-- and we counted,
on my calculations
288
00:16:23,816 --> 00:16:25,735
and my partner,
Karen Jackovich,
289
00:16:25,818 --> 00:16:29,739
out of 220 people,
if our estimates are correct,
290
00:16:29,822 --> 00:16:31,741
110 people died of cancer.
291
00:16:32,366 --> 00:16:36,412
It just seems to me
quite a coincidence that--
292
00:16:36,496 --> 00:16:38,498
That a whole group of people,
293
00:16:38,581 --> 00:16:40,541
uh, passed away.
294
00:16:40,625 --> 00:16:42,293
And by the way, yeah,
295
00:16:42,376 --> 00:16:44,003
there were people
that smoked on this set.
296
00:16:44,879 --> 00:16:47,256
People smoked then.
That's what everybody did.
297
00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:49,926
I don't think
the people on the crew,
298
00:16:50,009 --> 00:16:51,511
I don't know
what the numbers are,
299
00:16:51,594 --> 00:16:53,221
but I don't know
if they all happened to die
300
00:16:53,304 --> 00:16:54,889
from lung cancer,
I don't think so.
301
00:16:55,431 --> 00:16:57,934
My father ended up
dying from stomach cancer...
302
00:16:58,768 --> 00:17:00,937
some 15 years
after he had lung cancer.
303
00:17:01,687 --> 00:17:03,481
[Mark] As the headlines
are coming in,
304
00:17:03,564 --> 00:17:05,608
"Did America Kill John Wayne?",
305
00:17:05,691 --> 00:17:07,443
um, we felt,
306
00:17:07,527 --> 00:17:10,821
at the end of this whole purpose
of putting this piece together,
307
00:17:10,905 --> 00:17:13,199
was to shine a light on--
308
00:17:13,282 --> 00:17:15,284
On the nuclear problem.
309
00:17:16,285 --> 00:17:18,204
110 people died of cancer.
310
00:17:18,704 --> 00:17:21,999
From below the line,
you know, grips, electric,
311
00:17:22,083 --> 00:17:24,210
you know, to the main stars.
312
00:17:24,293 --> 00:17:25,670
And-- and the way
313
00:17:25,753 --> 00:17:28,381
that they all died
was different,
314
00:17:28,464 --> 00:17:30,132
but they all seemed
to contract cancer
315
00:17:30,216 --> 00:17:33,135
within the first ten
to 15 years.
316
00:17:33,219 --> 00:17:37,348
[eerie music plays]
317
00:18:26,772 --> 00:18:29,525
[narrator]
Radiation permeates everything.
318
00:18:29,609 --> 00:18:32,028
It gets there, it stays there.
319
00:18:32,695 --> 00:18:35,364
Wind, earth and water.
320
00:18:37,074 --> 00:18:40,119
The radiation
is in the water,
321
00:18:40,202 --> 00:18:43,205
it is, uh,
going to be transported.
322
00:18:43,289 --> 00:18:46,417
The estimates
are between 200 foot per year
323
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:49,712
and 200,000 foot per year
travel time.
324
00:18:50,296 --> 00:18:53,382
If that's the case,
then it's already off site,
325
00:18:53,466 --> 00:18:56,886
and it's heading towards Beatty,
and, uh,
326
00:18:56,969 --> 00:18:58,679
it'll get
into the Amargosa River,
327
00:18:58,763 --> 00:19:01,349
and it'll be transported
even faster
328
00:19:01,432 --> 00:19:02,975
towards our community.
329
00:19:03,059 --> 00:19:05,645
That's why we need
a safe place for my people.
330
00:19:06,854 --> 00:19:08,356
I'm descended from Chief Kawich.
331
00:19:08,439 --> 00:19:12,693
Kawich Valley, Kawich Peak,
Kawich Mountain.
332
00:19:13,319 --> 00:19:16,989
And this is the headwaters
333
00:19:17,073 --> 00:19:18,449
of the Amargosa River.
334
00:19:19,075 --> 00:19:20,576
Goes down through Beatty,
335
00:19:20,660 --> 00:19:24,205
comes all the way down
to Shoshone and Tecopa,
336
00:19:24,288 --> 00:19:26,499
where we're at, to China Ranch.
337
00:19:26,582 --> 00:19:29,877
And then it makes a turn
down into Death Valley...
338
00:19:31,003 --> 00:19:33,714
to our community,
at Furnace Creek.
339
00:19:35,049 --> 00:19:37,093
So, we have the radiation
340
00:19:37,176 --> 00:19:39,679
from weapons testing,
underground,
341
00:19:39,762 --> 00:19:42,973
at Paiute Mesa, into the river.
342
00:19:43,057 --> 00:19:44,725
The potential for Yucca Mountain
343
00:19:44,809 --> 00:19:48,813
to release radiation
into the river.
344
00:19:48,896 --> 00:19:51,774
But that water's
the most important thing
345
00:19:51,857 --> 00:19:52,983
in the desert.
346
00:19:54,443 --> 00:19:58,572
[light music plays]
347
00:20:04,995 --> 00:20:09,959
โช [Shoshone lyrics] โช
348
00:20:10,042 --> 00:20:12,628
โช [Shoshone lyrics] โช
349
00:20:12,712 --> 00:20:16,090
โช [Shoshone lyrics] โช
350
00:20:16,173 --> 00:20:17,883
โช [Shoshone lyrics] โช
351
00:20:17,967 --> 00:20:22,138
โช [Shoshone lyrics] โช
352
00:20:22,221 --> 00:20:25,307
โช [Shoshone lyrics] โช
353
00:20:36,569 --> 00:20:39,739
I feel
that it is disgustingly shameful
354
00:20:39,822 --> 00:20:42,158
that the scientists
and engineers
355
00:20:42,241 --> 00:20:44,452
come into my country,
356
00:20:44,535 --> 00:20:46,871
come into my people's land,
357
00:20:46,954 --> 00:20:48,914
my family's land,
358
00:20:48,998 --> 00:20:51,459
they collect my family's things.
359
00:20:51,542 --> 00:20:53,127
The security there shoot
360
00:20:53,210 --> 00:20:55,838
at thousands-of-year-old
petroglyphs
361
00:20:55,921 --> 00:20:57,673
and destroy my family's things,
362
00:20:57,757 --> 00:20:59,967
and they wanna tell me
all about it.
363
00:21:00,050 --> 00:21:02,845
The-- the anthropologists,
these researchers,
364
00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,389
they don't know
what they're trying to protect.
365
00:21:06,766 --> 00:21:09,727
Engineers and scientists,
they wanna do science.
366
00:21:09,810 --> 00:21:11,187
They wanna build things.
367
00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:13,189
They're not trying
to protect my interests,
368
00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:15,024
They're not trying
to follow the law.
369
00:21:15,107 --> 00:21:17,109
They're not trying
to follow the law.
370
00:21:17,193 --> 00:21:19,445
They're there in secret,
and they do what they want.
371
00:21:19,528 --> 00:21:21,363
It's disgustingly shameful.
372
00:21:25,075 --> 00:21:27,036
So, our water
flows under the road here.
373
00:21:27,745 --> 00:21:29,246
There's very important life
here.
374
00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:31,415
At night,
you can hear the frogs.
375
00:21:33,042 --> 00:21:34,210
Hear 'em?
376
00:21:35,294 --> 00:21:36,504
[frogs croaking]
377
00:21:36,587 --> 00:21:38,172
So, these frogs are important.
378
00:21:38,255 --> 00:21:41,425
They're, um, indicators
of environmental quality.
379
00:21:41,509 --> 00:21:43,886
And so is the little--
the little worm.
380
00:21:43,969 --> 00:21:47,389
These are very,
uh, special animals,
381
00:21:47,473 --> 00:21:49,892
and our people took the time,
you know,
382
00:21:49,975 --> 00:21:52,895
to understand
and commune with these things
383
00:21:52,978 --> 00:21:55,397
and use them
out of respect and reverence.
384
00:21:55,481 --> 00:21:56,816
We know
what we're trying to protect.
385
00:21:57,358 --> 00:21:58,734
We're trying to protect
this water
386
00:21:58,818 --> 00:22:00,569
and all the life
that comes from it.
387
00:22:01,028 --> 00:22:04,240
And honestly, that's all of us.
388
00:22:04,323 --> 00:22:06,659
We are water. I am water.
389
00:22:07,576 --> 00:22:09,703
And we need other people
to understand that.
390
00:22:10,204 --> 00:22:11,539
Where are they--
where are they gonna get
391
00:22:11,622 --> 00:22:13,082
their water from in the future?
392
00:22:13,165 --> 00:22:15,543
How are they going to
protect themselves
393
00:22:15,626 --> 00:22:17,086
without clean water?
394
00:22:18,087 --> 00:22:19,380
We're running into that
right now.
395
00:22:19,463 --> 00:22:20,756
Flint, Michigan.
396
00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:22,049
You know, f-- is--
is a good example.
397
00:22:22,132 --> 00:22:23,926
You have to have pure water
398
00:22:24,009 --> 00:22:27,054
otherwise, uh--
uh, you're not going to survive.
399
00:22:28,138 --> 00:22:32,268
[ominous music plays]
400
00:22:42,027 --> 00:22:45,447
[Claudia] Growing up in,
um, Cedar City was fabulous.
401
00:22:45,531 --> 00:22:48,033
I had an idyllic childhood.
402
00:22:48,117 --> 00:22:50,953
We lived on a little--
it was a little farm.
403
00:22:51,036 --> 00:22:52,621
My mother was an RN,
404
00:22:52,705 --> 00:22:55,124
and my dad worked
for the State Road,
405
00:22:55,207 --> 00:22:57,960
and we had a big--
406
00:22:58,043 --> 00:22:59,795
My mother had
a great big garden,
407
00:22:59,879 --> 00:23:02,756
and we had some farm animals,
408
00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,302
and I spent all my days outside,
playing.
409
00:23:07,052 --> 00:23:10,598
I do remember coming with,
uh, Geiger counters.
410
00:23:11,098 --> 00:23:13,142
I remember lighting one up,
one time,
411
00:23:13,225 --> 00:23:16,478
and asking the question,
why would I light--
412
00:23:16,562 --> 00:23:18,022
Why did I light up?
413
00:23:18,105 --> 00:23:20,149
I was excited, I thought
it was pretty exciting
414
00:23:20,232 --> 00:23:22,860
that I lit up
the Geiger counter.
415
00:23:23,569 --> 00:23:25,446
And the guy told me
416
00:23:25,529 --> 00:23:27,364
it was 'cause I'd had
a dental X-ray.
417
00:23:27,448 --> 00:23:30,326
[solemn music plays]
418
00:23:30,409 --> 00:23:32,161
My sister's class,
419
00:23:32,244 --> 00:23:35,414
they passed out big pills.
420
00:23:36,290 --> 00:23:38,208
And I later learned
421
00:23:38,292 --> 00:23:39,793
that it was done randomly,
422
00:23:39,877 --> 00:23:42,630
and that was
potassium iodine pills.
423
00:23:42,713 --> 00:23:44,465
But they were passing them out
424
00:23:44,548 --> 00:23:47,176
after a test,
425
00:23:47,259 --> 00:23:48,510
instead of before,
426
00:23:48,594 --> 00:23:51,013
and it was supposed to inhibit
the, uh,
427
00:23:51,096 --> 00:23:54,516
absorption of the--
the radiation.
428
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:58,270
[Geiger counter clicking]
429
00:23:58,354 --> 00:24:01,023
[narrator] In January 1955,
430
00:24:01,106 --> 00:24:03,525
the United States
Atomic Energy Commission
431
00:24:03,609 --> 00:24:05,069
released a report
432
00:24:05,152 --> 00:24:07,321
that assured the public
that, quote,
433
00:24:07,404 --> 00:24:09,740
"Radiation is nothing new.
434
00:24:09,823 --> 00:24:11,533
Since the beginning of time,
435
00:24:11,617 --> 00:24:13,953
mankind has been bombarded
by radiation
436
00:24:14,036 --> 00:24:15,496
from outer space
437
00:24:15,579 --> 00:24:17,039
and from the ground
beneath him."
438
00:24:17,706 --> 00:24:19,041
[film reel narrator]
Radium turned out to be
439
00:24:19,124 --> 00:24:21,293
a mysterious source of energy.
440
00:24:22,378 --> 00:24:25,214
But this remarkable element
would go on radiating
441
00:24:25,297 --> 00:24:27,341
like an endlessly flowing
spring.
442
00:24:28,717 --> 00:24:31,512
This was against
all laws of science
443
00:24:31,595 --> 00:24:32,888
known at that time.
444
00:24:33,847 --> 00:24:37,685
How could this tiny mass
contain so much energy?
445
00:24:40,270 --> 00:24:42,022
[show narrator]
Radiation from any source
446
00:24:42,106 --> 00:24:45,192
can attack the thyroid,
the skin,
447
00:24:45,275 --> 00:24:47,569
the lungs, the spleen,
448
00:24:47,653 --> 00:24:49,947
the liver, the kidneys,
449
00:24:50,030 --> 00:24:52,116
the bone, the muscle,
450
00:24:52,199 --> 00:24:53,617
the reproductive organs.
451
00:24:54,201 --> 00:24:57,705
Its effects: cancers,
genetic mutations.
452
00:24:57,788 --> 00:25:01,959
[ominous orchestral music plays]
453
00:25:12,344 --> 00:25:15,764
[Mary Dickson]
People are still getting sick.
454
00:25:16,348 --> 00:25:18,225
Their cancers are coming back.
455
00:25:24,023 --> 00:25:26,316
It's not like
you just have cancer,
456
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:27,901
and it goes away.
457
00:25:28,819 --> 00:25:31,530
You-- no, you're dealing with it
the rest of your life,
458
00:25:31,613 --> 00:25:33,574
and it's not just
the physical, either.
459
00:25:33,657 --> 00:25:36,618
It's-- it--
it's a huge emotional problem,
460
00:25:36,702 --> 00:25:39,955
like, every new lump you feel.
461
00:25:40,039 --> 00:25:41,874
Every time you get sick.
462
00:25:41,957 --> 00:25:43,459
Every ache, every pain,
you think,
463
00:25:43,542 --> 00:25:45,169
"Oh, my God, it's come back."
464
00:25:45,252 --> 00:25:47,296
And just how it affects
your family
465
00:25:47,379 --> 00:25:49,798
and the people who love you,
um...
466
00:25:50,674 --> 00:25:54,136
it's so, so hard
to live with that.
467
00:25:54,219 --> 00:25:56,513
And it's-- you know,
the more work I did on this,
468
00:25:56,597 --> 00:25:58,640
the more people come to me
with their stories.
469
00:25:58,724 --> 00:26:00,809
I hear these stories
that just kill me.
470
00:26:00,893 --> 00:26:03,729
I was, um,
on my way to work one day,
471
00:26:03,812 --> 00:26:05,147
and I get a call.
472
00:26:05,230 --> 00:26:07,566
And the woman
is telling me that--
473
00:26:07,649 --> 00:26:11,236
That she lost three children
to leukemia as babies,
474
00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:12,946
during atmospheric testing,
475
00:26:13,030 --> 00:26:15,407
and now her surviving
adult children have cancer.
476
00:26:17,409 --> 00:26:19,578
I have wondered,
all these years,
477
00:26:19,661 --> 00:26:21,121
why more people don't know.
478
00:26:21,580 --> 00:26:24,166
I mean, there are even people
in my own state
479
00:26:24,249 --> 00:26:27,836
and in southern Utah
who don't really know much.
480
00:26:28,587 --> 00:26:31,840
I don't think
it ever was in history books.
481
00:26:31,924 --> 00:26:34,134
They never learned it.
I mean, how do you learn it?
482
00:26:34,218 --> 00:26:38,263
And-- and there have been
newspaper articles, but...
483
00:26:39,181 --> 00:26:40,808
how-- how do you learn it?
484
00:26:40,891 --> 00:26:43,936
Unless you're taught it.
And it's not taught.
485
00:26:44,019 --> 00:26:48,148
It's just simply not part
of our recorded history.
486
00:26:50,109 --> 00:26:53,320
You know, my sister
and I were only 13 months apart,
487
00:26:53,403 --> 00:26:56,323
and I think she'd say,
"Keep going,"
488
00:26:56,406 --> 00:26:59,618
and sometimes, like,
I invoke all of them,
489
00:26:59,701 --> 00:27:00,911
these people I've lost.
490
00:27:01,370 --> 00:27:04,498
It's like, "Preston,
Michelle, Anne, just help me.
491
00:27:04,581 --> 00:27:05,999
Help me get through this
492
00:27:06,083 --> 00:27:08,210
because it's hard to carry
that baton."
493
00:27:08,293 --> 00:27:10,462
It's like,
sometimes I just need to say...
494
00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:14,633
"Okay, I need help.
I've gotta have help doing this.
495
00:27:14,716 --> 00:27:15,926
I can't do it all."
496
00:27:19,138 --> 00:27:23,308
[solemn piano music plays]
497
00:27:36,697 --> 00:27:38,699
[announcer] If you were driving
from Los Angeles
498
00:27:38,782 --> 00:27:41,451
to Salt Lake City,
on US Highway 91,
499
00:27:41,535 --> 00:27:44,413
you would pass
through St. George, Utah.
500
00:27:44,955 --> 00:27:48,208
As this thriving community
went about its business,
501
00:27:48,292 --> 00:27:51,086
youngsters
on their way to school,
502
00:27:51,170 --> 00:27:53,964
housewives starting
on the chores of the day.
503
00:27:54,464 --> 00:27:56,383
[news anchor]
Ladies and gentlemen,
504
00:27:56,466 --> 00:27:59,178
we interrupt this program
to bring you important news.
505
00:27:59,928 --> 00:28:01,430
Word has just been received
506
00:28:01,513 --> 00:28:03,599
from
the Atomic Energy Commission
507
00:28:03,682 --> 00:28:06,143
that due to a change
in wind direction,
508
00:28:06,226 --> 00:28:09,104
the residue from this morning's
atomic detonation
509
00:28:09,188 --> 00:28:11,815
is drifting
in the direction of St. George.
510
00:28:12,441 --> 00:28:15,444
It is suggested
that everyone remain indoors
511
00:28:15,527 --> 00:28:18,447
for one hour
or until further notice.
512
00:28:18,530 --> 00:28:20,115
There is no danger.
513
00:28:20,199 --> 00:28:24,328
[ominous music plays]
514
00:28:26,830 --> 00:28:28,165
[Claudia] My life was great.
515
00:28:28,832 --> 00:28:32,794
I went to college
and met my husband in college.
516
00:28:32,878 --> 00:28:35,714
I had three beautiful children.
517
00:28:38,091 --> 00:28:41,970
When our youngest daughter
was three...
518
00:28:50,604 --> 00:28:52,064
even all these years later,
519
00:28:52,147 --> 00:28:53,941
it hurts to even talk about it.
520
00:28:55,234 --> 00:28:59,112
She was diagnosed
with neuroblastoma.
521
00:29:02,658 --> 00:29:04,910
I took her to, like,
four or five doctors here,
522
00:29:04,993 --> 00:29:07,162
and they just kept saying,
"Nothing's wrong with her,
523
00:29:07,246 --> 00:29:08,705
she's just constipated.โ
524
00:29:08,789 --> 00:29:11,208
But I had-- I drove her
to Primary Children's
525
00:29:11,291 --> 00:29:12,709
in the middle of the night
and said,
526
00:29:12,793 --> 00:29:13,919
"Something's wrong
with my child,
527
00:29:14,002 --> 00:29:15,379
and nobody's listening."
528
00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:20,509
A-- and they said, "Well,
we'll check her out and see."
529
00:29:20,592 --> 00:29:23,011
And she had a tumor
530
00:29:23,095 --> 00:29:24,846
the size of an orange
531
00:29:24,930 --> 00:29:26,014
in her abdomen.
532
00:29:27,224 --> 00:29:30,852
And it was Stage V.
Bone and bone marrow.
533
00:29:32,479 --> 00:29:34,564
A hematologist came in and said,
534
00:29:34,648 --> 00:29:38,193
"Well, she's got a 5% chance
she'll live two years."
535
00:29:38,277 --> 00:29:40,362
And I said, "Okay!
536
00:29:40,445 --> 00:29:42,197
We can--
we can do that, we'll--"
537
00:29:42,948 --> 00:29:46,535
And her hematologist
had been to the test site...
538
00:29:47,286 --> 00:29:49,538
and protested the test site.
539
00:29:50,289 --> 00:29:54,293
Her-- 'cause I asked
if it could be fallout-related,
540
00:29:54,376 --> 00:29:55,919
what I passed on to her,
541
00:29:56,003 --> 00:29:59,172
and her oncologist said,
"You could never prove it."
542
00:29:59,256 --> 00:30:01,216
I said,
"I don't need to prove it.
543
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:02,342
I know it is."
544
00:30:02,426 --> 00:30:06,555
[solemn music plays]
545
00:30:08,265 --> 00:30:10,100
Then she had
a nine-hour surgery.
546
00:30:10,684 --> 00:30:12,311
She came through that,
547
00:30:12,394 --> 00:30:14,104
and they were still doing
chemotherapy,
548
00:30:14,187 --> 00:30:16,398
but they had to just
keep cuttin' it back and back,
549
00:30:16,481 --> 00:30:17,941
'cause she couldn't tolerate it,
550
00:30:18,025 --> 00:30:19,985
and finally,
they took her off of it,
551
00:30:20,068 --> 00:30:23,030
and she was doing fabulous.
552
00:30:25,907 --> 00:30:27,159
She started school,
553
00:30:27,242 --> 00:30:28,702
and her teacher called me,
like...
554
00:30:29,828 --> 00:30:33,623
the second day and said,
"She's too tired to walk home."
555
00:30:35,792 --> 00:30:37,586
And it was just down the hill.
556
00:30:38,378 --> 00:30:39,963
I said, "I'll come get her."
557
00:30:40,047 --> 00:30:42,758
And I went and got her,
and she had a bloody nose,
558
00:30:42,841 --> 00:30:44,926
and I'm going,
"What's going on?"
559
00:30:45,010 --> 00:30:47,512
And she-- "I don't know,
I'm just really tired, Mom."
560
00:30:47,596 --> 00:30:49,264
And this just wasn't her.
561
00:30:53,852 --> 00:30:55,937
I had taken my sister,
562
00:30:56,021 --> 00:30:57,689
drug my sister to Salt Lake
563
00:30:57,773 --> 00:31:00,150
when she was
nine months pregnant.
564
00:31:00,233 --> 00:31:01,943
She's kept sa yin'
she's fine, she's fine.
565
00:31:02,027 --> 00:31:04,613
I said, "You're not fine.
Something is wrong."
566
00:31:05,030 --> 00:31:06,698
Got her into an oncologist.
567
00:31:06,782 --> 00:31:08,825
She had brain, lung, liver.
568
00:31:08,909 --> 00:31:10,243
It was everywhere,
569
00:31:10,327 --> 00:31:11,620
and she was
nine months pregnant.
570
00:31:12,829 --> 00:31:16,541
The day Bethany was diagnosed
with the...
571
00:31:18,543 --> 00:31:22,047
leukemia,
I drove home with Bethany,
572
00:31:22,130 --> 00:31:23,382
I said,
"Well, I've got to go home,
573
00:31:23,465 --> 00:31:25,717
my sister's not doing well."
574
00:31:27,386 --> 00:31:29,012
I got home,
about two in the morning,
575
00:31:29,096 --> 00:31:30,680
the hospital called and said,
576
00:31:30,764 --> 00:31:34,101
"Your sister's thrown a clot
to her lung, or some--"
577
00:31:34,184 --> 00:31:36,645
I crawled on the bed
with my sister,
578
00:31:36,728 --> 00:31:38,522
and I-- she's on a vent,
and I said,
579
00:31:38,605 --> 00:31:41,400
"You've gotta come get Bethany
when it's time for her to go
580
00:31:41,483 --> 00:31:43,068
because I can't let her go.
581
00:31:43,735 --> 00:31:46,279
I can't let her go
without somebody."
582
00:31:47,447 --> 00:31:50,158
So-- and I know
she heard me, but...
583
00:31:51,201 --> 00:31:53,245
we took my sister off
life support
584
00:31:53,328 --> 00:31:55,205
the next morning, and...
585
00:31:56,957 --> 00:31:59,167
did her funeral, and then...
586
00:32:00,168 --> 00:32:02,045
we went back to Salt Lake,
and...
587
00:32:03,755 --> 00:32:07,801
we were there for a month,
and Bethany died a month later.
588
00:32:07,884 --> 00:32:12,055
[solemn orchestral music plays]
589
00:33:12,699 --> 00:33:17,787
โช
590
00:33:33,929 --> 00:33:36,765
[narrator] On October 1st, 1997,
591
00:33:36,848 --> 00:33:39,434
then-senator Tom Harkin,
from Iowa,
592
00:33:39,518 --> 00:33:41,353
addressed
a congressional hearing
593
00:33:41,436 --> 00:33:42,979
on radioactive fallout
594
00:33:43,063 --> 00:33:45,482
and asked, quote,
"Why did the government,
595
00:33:45,565 --> 00:33:47,275
when they had
all the information
596
00:33:47,359 --> 00:33:49,110
about hot spots and fallout,
597
00:33:49,194 --> 00:33:51,905
why did they not warn
the people of this country
598
00:33:51,988 --> 00:33:55,700
about the dangers inherent
in radioactive fallout?"
599
00:33:55,784 --> 00:33:56,785
Unquote.
600
00:33:56,868 --> 00:33:59,287
[Geiger counter clicking]
601
00:33:59,371 --> 00:34:04,459
โช
602
00:34:23,103 --> 00:34:25,480
[Brian Moench]
There is no question that, uh,
603
00:34:25,564 --> 00:34:27,023
the United States government...
604
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:32,112
uh, scheduled and manipulated
605
00:34:32,195 --> 00:34:35,323
the nuclear testing era
in such a way
606
00:34:35,407 --> 00:34:37,492
as to not expose
607
00:34:37,576 --> 00:34:39,828
the people
in Southern California any more
608
00:34:39,911 --> 00:34:41,746
than absolutely necessary,
but...
609
00:34:42,622 --> 00:34:45,709
uh, would exchange
their exposure
610
00:34:45,792 --> 00:34:48,003
for exposure of people
in Southern Utah.
611
00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:52,507
Now, I suppose you-- if--
if you are convinced
612
00:34:52,591 --> 00:34:54,759
that we're gonna expose
the population to this,
613
00:34:54,843 --> 00:34:56,761
and it's an absolute imperative
614
00:34:56,845 --> 00:34:59,389
that it makes some sense
to expose
615
00:34:59,472 --> 00:35:01,016
a fewer number of people.
616
00:35:01,683 --> 00:35:04,394
But you can't convince anybody
in the state of Utah
617
00:35:04,477 --> 00:35:07,022
that we weren't viewed,
as a state,
618
00:35:07,105 --> 00:35:10,442
as more expendable
than the people in California.
619
00:35:11,610 --> 00:35:12,861
I don't know
if that was part
620
00:35:12,944 --> 00:35:15,113
of the conscious deliberations,
621
00:35:15,196 --> 00:35:17,741
on the part of people
who made that decision...
622
00:35:18,783 --> 00:35:19,909
but, um...
623
00:35:20,869 --> 00:35:22,245
if-- if you're gonna say, "Well,
624
00:35:22,329 --> 00:35:24,706
let's expose 10,000 people
625
00:35:24,789 --> 00:35:27,083
and not expose 100,000 people,โ
626
00:35:27,167 --> 00:35:28,627
well, maybe, that makes sense.
627
00:35:29,294 --> 00:35:33,089
But obviously, the 10,000 people
that you're going to expose...
628
00:35:34,007 --> 00:35:36,718
are never going to view that
as anything other than
629
00:35:36,801 --> 00:35:38,345
their lives
were made expendable.
630
00:35:38,428 --> 00:35:42,223
[eerie music plays]
631
00:35:57,697 --> 00:35:59,616
[film reel narrator] We
in the military biomedical group
632
00:35:59,699 --> 00:36:02,661
begin the task of readying
our test animals.
633
00:36:03,161 --> 00:36:06,247
These are the standard animals
we work with daily
634
00:36:06,331 --> 00:36:07,749
in our laboratories.
635
00:36:08,249 --> 00:36:11,419
Knowing and working with them,
we find that in many ways,
636
00:36:11,503 --> 00:36:13,380
they are affected
very much like humans.
637
00:36:13,463 --> 00:36:17,717
-[announcer] One, zero!
-[explosion rumbles]
638
00:36:25,684 --> 00:36:27,811
[film reel narrator] Early
in the Plumbbob Operation,
639
00:36:27,894 --> 00:36:30,772
135 pigs, in aluminum containers
640
00:36:30,855 --> 00:36:33,274
for protection against blast
and thermal,
641
00:36:33,358 --> 00:36:35,443
were exposed
to the Franklin shot
642
00:36:35,527 --> 00:36:37,654
to determine the effects
of combined neutron
643
00:36:37,737 --> 00:36:40,448
and gamma radiation
and straight gamma.
644
00:36:41,157 --> 00:36:44,619
The mortality rates,
nearly 100%,
645
00:36:44,703 --> 00:36:45,912
can be applied to man.
646
00:36:46,538 --> 00:36:49,416
Outside the precursor,
those animals in the open,
647
00:36:49,499 --> 00:36:51,793
which escaped
total missile injury,
648
00:36:51,876 --> 00:36:53,461
survived temporarily,
649
00:36:53,545 --> 00:36:55,630
until the massive radiation
they received
650
00:36:55,714 --> 00:36:56,965
took its fatal toll.
651
00:36:57,590 --> 00:36:59,217
Flying glass fragments
652
00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:01,803
did not significantly influence
overall mortality.
653
00:37:02,512 --> 00:37:06,099
[narrator] Downwinders
were, and remain, expendable.
654
00:37:07,767 --> 00:37:09,561
Unfortunately for the humans
655
00:37:09,644 --> 00:37:12,689
who lived downwind
from the Nevada test site,
656
00:37:12,772 --> 00:37:16,192
they were no more aware
of being lab rats
657
00:37:16,276 --> 00:37:17,485
than the rats were.
658
00:37:19,070 --> 00:37:23,241
[ominous music plays]
659
00:37:57,025 --> 00:37:58,651
[Darwin Morgan] The world
was in a different
660
00:37:58,735 --> 00:38:00,487
political situation back then,
661
00:38:00,570 --> 00:38:02,614
with the Cold War
that was going on.
662
00:38:03,406 --> 00:38:06,451
So, I--
whatever the subject is,
663
00:38:06,534 --> 00:38:08,161
it's very easy
664
00:38:08,244 --> 00:38:12,040
to sit and armchair quarterback
the view from today,
665
00:38:12,123 --> 00:38:13,458
to how we think
666
00:38:13,541 --> 00:38:14,542
they should have done it
back then.
667
00:38:14,626 --> 00:38:19,714
O
668
00:38:30,809 --> 00:38:32,602
They were faced
with the situation
669
00:38:32,685 --> 00:38:34,437
that they were in at that day
with the knowledge
670
00:38:34,521 --> 00:38:36,022
and the instruments
and the capabilities
671
00:38:36,105 --> 00:38:37,565
that they had at that time.
672
00:38:38,066 --> 00:38:40,860
So, yes, it's easy,
673
00:38:40,944 --> 00:38:44,072
very easy to look back
and criticize
674
00:38:44,155 --> 00:38:46,157
the decisions that were made,
675
00:38:46,241 --> 00:38:47,784
the public safety.
676
00:38:47,867 --> 00:38:49,577
Would we have done it
that way today?
677
00:38:49,661 --> 00:38:51,079
No.
678
00:38:51,162 --> 00:38:53,206
Would we have been able to
have done it at all,
679
00:38:53,289 --> 00:38:54,374
in today's climate?
680
00:38:54,457 --> 00:38:55,667
Probably not.
681
00:38:55,750 --> 00:38:57,836
But again,
it was a different time,
682
00:38:57,919 --> 00:38:59,420
different political situation.
683
00:39:00,171 --> 00:39:02,298
[film reel narrator]
640 square miles
684
00:39:02,382 --> 00:39:03,800
of desert and mountains.
685
00:39:03,883 --> 00:39:06,719
65 miles northwest
from Las Vegas,
686
00:39:06,803 --> 00:39:08,596
set
in some of the loneliest acres
687
00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:10,265
the world has ever seen.
688
00:39:11,349 --> 00:39:13,893
These men are here
for a vital purpose.
689
00:39:14,644 --> 00:39:17,063
Since we have
no atomic monopoly,
690
00:39:17,146 --> 00:39:19,440
we must continue
to increase our knowledge
691
00:39:19,524 --> 00:39:21,025
of atomic weapons
692
00:39:21,109 --> 00:39:23,778
to guarantee
maximum military atomic spring.
693
00:39:24,904 --> 00:39:27,365
But naturally,
the folks in St. George,
694
00:39:27,448 --> 00:39:29,534
as they look upon
their silent city,
695
00:39:29,617 --> 00:39:33,246
wonder why weapons are tested
inside the United States,
696
00:39:33,329 --> 00:39:35,582
instead of the far Pacific area.
697
00:39:36,374 --> 00:39:38,001
The reason
that they chose this site
698
00:39:38,084 --> 00:39:40,295
goes all the way back
to the atmospheric testing
699
00:39:40,378 --> 00:39:41,421
in the Pacific Ocean.
700
00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:44,257
Um, the scientists
were getting concerned
701
00:39:44,340 --> 00:39:47,760
about the safety of going out
to the Paci-- Pacific.
702
00:39:47,844 --> 00:39:50,138
Um, the security alone
703
00:39:50,221 --> 00:39:51,973
was starting to begin--
become horrendous,
704
00:39:52,056 --> 00:39:54,142
because they were having
all of these boats
705
00:39:54,225 --> 00:39:55,810
of "fishing trawlers"
706
00:39:55,894 --> 00:39:58,187
that were coming out
and spying on what was going on,
707
00:39:58,271 --> 00:39:59,606
trying to learn what it was
708
00:39:59,689 --> 00:40:01,149
that the United States
was doing.
709
00:40:01,232 --> 00:40:03,151
But safety
was also a primary issue.
710
00:40:03,234 --> 00:40:07,113
So the President authorized
a top-secret program,
711
00:40:07,196 --> 00:40:08,197
Project Nutmeg,
712
00:40:08,281 --> 00:40:09,991
to look at and find,
713
00:40:10,074 --> 00:40:11,951
on the continental
United States,
714
00:40:12,035 --> 00:40:13,328
a location where they could do
715
00:40:13,411 --> 00:40:15,204
the lower yield
atmospheric tests.
716
00:40:15,288 --> 00:40:18,291
So they looked here,
at the Nevada Proving Grounds,
717
00:40:18,374 --> 00:40:19,959
which was
the initial name of it,
718
00:40:20,043 --> 00:40:21,753
where they carved away a piece
719
00:40:21,836 --> 00:40:23,504
of the Nevada Bombing
and Gunnery Range,
720
00:40:23,588 --> 00:40:25,006
as it was called back then.
721
00:40:25,089 --> 00:40:27,091
They looked at a Camp Lejeune,
722
00:40:27,175 --> 00:40:29,344
what is now Camp Lejeune
in North Carolina.
723
00:40:29,427 --> 00:40:32,221
Dugway Proving Ground
and White Sands Missile Range.
724
00:40:32,305 --> 00:40:34,432
But they chose here,
725
00:40:34,515 --> 00:40:36,309
uh, very remote location
at the time.
726
00:40:36,392 --> 00:40:38,186
You gotta remember,
the population center
727
00:40:38,269 --> 00:40:40,021
was much smaller than it is now,
728
00:40:40,104 --> 00:40:42,649
40,000 people, 45,000 people.
729
00:40:42,732 --> 00:40:44,275
Very remote,
very hard to get to,
730
00:40:44,359 --> 00:40:48,237
a very enclosed valley
that they could control,
731
00:40:48,321 --> 00:40:49,572
security.
732
00:40:49,656 --> 00:40:51,199
And so they picked
this location.
733
00:40:51,282 --> 00:40:52,825
The President signed
the paperwork
734
00:40:52,909 --> 00:40:55,286
on December 18th, 1950.
735
00:40:55,370 --> 00:40:57,288
And 45 calendar days later,
736
00:40:57,372 --> 00:40:59,332
they dropped the first bomb
on the United States.
737
00:40:59,415 --> 00:41:03,670
-[announcer] Two!
-[explosion rumbles]
738
00:41:03,753 --> 00:41:08,800
โช
739
00:41:18,643 --> 00:41:19,894
[film reel narrator]
The answer is,
740
00:41:19,978 --> 00:41:22,522
we need both testing areas.
741
00:41:23,189 --> 00:41:26,401
In the vast, isolated reaches
of the Mid-Pacific,
742
00:41:26,484 --> 00:41:28,945
we test weapons
of tremendous strength.
743
00:41:29,988 --> 00:41:33,741
Only smaller bombs are tested
inside the United States.
744
00:41:34,242 --> 00:41:35,952
These smaller devices,
745
00:41:36,035 --> 00:41:38,246
just as important
to America's weapons strength
746
00:41:38,329 --> 00:41:39,580
as the larger ones,
747
00:41:39,664 --> 00:41:41,416
could not be tested so quickly
748
00:41:41,499 --> 00:41:44,085
if they had to be taken
to the Pacific Proving Ground,
749
00:41:44,168 --> 00:41:47,588
about 5,000 miles
from our western coast.
750
00:41:47,672 --> 00:41:49,924
An operation like this
takes time.
751
00:41:50,008 --> 00:41:52,010
Months and months of time.
752
00:41:52,093 --> 00:41:54,095
While atomic progress waits.
753
00:41:54,178 --> 00:41:56,264
[Keith Rogers]
Testing underground continued
754
00:41:56,347 --> 00:42:00,685
until, I think it was
September 23rd, 1992.
755
00:42:01,477 --> 00:42:03,855
There were others
that were lined up to go off.
756
00:42:03,938 --> 00:42:07,817
Ice Cap was ready and, uh,
757
00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:11,279
and then after the--
that last test, uh,
758
00:42:11,362 --> 00:42:13,906
we suspended nuclear testing
altogether.
759
00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:19,037
โช
760
00:42:22,123 --> 00:42:24,959
Edward Teller was,
you talk about regret, he--
761
00:42:25,043 --> 00:42:28,629
He didn't like to be known
as the Father of Hydrogen Bomb.
762
00:42:28,713 --> 00:42:30,631
He'd like to be known
as the physicist
763
00:42:30,715 --> 00:42:32,717
who helped stop the war,
764
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:35,720
and he saw things that way,
uh, you know.
765
00:42:35,803 --> 00:42:38,306
When I asked him,
where we were as far as being,
766
00:42:38,389 --> 00:42:41,809
you know, progressing
as to whatever level,
767
00:42:41,893 --> 00:42:44,103
he stopped the interview
one time,
768
00:42:44,187 --> 00:42:46,189
"cause, you know,
Teller used to--
769
00:42:46,272 --> 00:42:48,483
He always talked
in "If... then..."
770
00:42:48,566 --> 00:42:51,569
He had those big,
bushy eyebrows, you know.
771
00:42:51,652 --> 00:42:54,363
And he'd go, "If... then..."
you know?
772
00:42:54,447 --> 00:42:56,074
And-- and you would get
this whole--
773
00:42:56,157 --> 00:42:58,659
He would analyze it for you
and give you the answer,
774
00:42:58,743 --> 00:43:00,703
you know,
from the mind of a physicist.
775
00:43:01,412 --> 00:43:02,955
And all of a sudden,
776
00:43:03,039 --> 00:43:05,958
he just got in the middle
of his, "If... then..."
777
00:43:06,042 --> 00:43:07,418
And he stopped.
778
00:43:08,086 --> 00:43:11,464
And he goes, "I don't want to go
any further in the interview."
779
00:43:12,340 --> 00:43:15,051
And I don't know
what it was, but it was like...
780
00:43:16,052 --> 00:43:17,762
we all looked around
and, you know,
781
00:43:17,845 --> 00:43:20,306
I got a few quotes from Teller
and got out of there.
782
00:43:21,182 --> 00:43:23,851
[film reel narrator] Some of
the tiny, radioactive particles
783
00:43:23,935 --> 00:43:27,188
settle back to Earth,
as the wind disperses the cloud.
784
00:43:27,855 --> 00:43:31,692
These particles
are called "fallout.โ
785
00:43:31,776 --> 00:43:34,403
The bulk of the particles
soon fall out,
786
00:43:34,487 --> 00:43:36,239
and the cloud disappears.
787
00:43:37,115 --> 00:43:39,450
An invisible remnant
of radioactive material
788
00:43:39,534 --> 00:43:42,912
is lifted high, wide and far
by the winds,
789
00:43:42,995 --> 00:43:44,914
eventually settling to Earth.
790
00:43:45,623 --> 00:43:47,208
But radioactive fallout,
791
00:43:47,291 --> 00:43:49,210
beyond several miles
from the test site,
792
00:43:49,293 --> 00:43:51,379
has not been known
to be serious.
793
00:43:52,004 --> 00:43:54,382
It is not constituted
an appreciable danger
794
00:43:54,465 --> 00:43:58,469
to persons, animals, crops,
property, or industry.
795
00:43:59,137 --> 00:44:00,638
[Keith] But this was the land--
796
00:44:00,721 --> 00:44:03,891
Was the homeland
of the Western Shoshone,
797
00:44:03,975 --> 00:44:05,560
and the Western Shoshones...
798
00:44:06,394 --> 00:44:09,230
didn't want nuclear testing
on their land.
799
00:44:09,313 --> 00:44:12,525
And what happened was,
the-- the government,
800
00:44:12,608 --> 00:44:14,694
for the need
of national security,
801
00:44:14,777 --> 00:44:15,903
essentially...
802
00:44:17,113 --> 00:44:20,158
restricted their access
to this land.
803
00:44:21,033 --> 00:44:24,287
But their-- their heritage
was still there.
804
00:44:24,370 --> 00:44:27,665
So, |I-- In--
in the early 1990s, |--
805
00:44:27,748 --> 00:44:28,749
I looked into this.
806
00:44:29,417 --> 00:44:33,171
And I, uh,
I got a hold of lan Zabarte,
807
00:44:33,254 --> 00:44:36,841
and he said, "Well,
you need to talk to my--
808
00:44:36,924 --> 00:44:38,009
My great-uncle.
809
00:44:38,634 --> 00:44:39,594
Teddy Shaw.
810
00:44:40,219 --> 00:44:43,764
So, we got a photographer,
and we drove up there,
811
00:44:43,848 --> 00:44:45,016
and I ask him...
812
00:44:46,184 --> 00:44:49,103
about nuclear testing
813
00:44:49,187 --> 00:44:50,980
and how he felt about it.
814
00:44:52,356 --> 00:44:54,609
And his stare
815
00:44:54,692 --> 00:44:56,360
got as cold as the--
816
00:44:56,444 --> 00:44:59,947
The snow on the windowsill
outside that little frame house
817
00:45:00,031 --> 00:45:01,073
he was living in.
818
00:45:01,699 --> 00:45:04,285
And he looked at me,
and he said,
819
00:45:04,368 --> 00:45:06,829
"It made the land sick."
820
00:45:08,080 --> 00:45:10,833
And, you know, he's right.
821
00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:12,793
It did.
822
00:45:12,877 --> 00:45:14,837
And, uh, you know,
823
00:45:14,921 --> 00:45:16,464
it has affected those people.
824
00:45:19,467 --> 00:45:23,638
[solemn piano music plays]
825
00:45:48,037 --> 00:45:52,041
[air raid siren blares]
826
00:45:52,124 --> 00:45:53,834
[radio crackling]
827
00:45:53,918 --> 00:45:56,337
[narrator] Over the 41 years
of testing in Nevada,
828
00:45:56,420 --> 00:46:00,216
100 atomic bombs
were detonated above ground,
829
00:46:00,299 --> 00:46:02,802
from airplanes, towers, cannons
830
00:46:02,885 --> 00:46:04,262
and even balloons.
831
00:46:05,096 --> 00:46:09,225
828 bombs
were conducted underground,
832
00:46:09,308 --> 00:46:10,810
including "Boxcar,"
833
00:46:10,893 --> 00:46:13,521
a 1.3 megaton blast
834
00:46:13,604 --> 00:46:15,189
with an equivalent yield
835
00:46:15,273 --> 00:46:18,109
of 65 Hiroshima bombs.
836
00:46:18,192 --> 00:46:21,904
[ominous orchestral music plays]
837
00:46:54,979 --> 00:46:57,565
When they were shooting tests
back then,
838
00:46:57,648 --> 00:46:59,066
the atmospheric tests,
839
00:46:59,150 --> 00:47:00,776
they were looking
for the cloud formation
840
00:47:00,860 --> 00:47:03,154
to go in a particular or--
direction.
841
00:47:03,237 --> 00:47:04,989
Back then,
the population centers
842
00:47:05,072 --> 00:47:06,490
were not as they are now,
843
00:47:06,574 --> 00:47:09,243
so there was very,
very low population
844
00:47:09,327 --> 00:47:11,537
to the northeast of the site.
845
00:47:11,620 --> 00:47:13,122
That's where
they tended to make sure
846
00:47:13,205 --> 00:47:15,541
that the clouds would go
in those directions.
847
00:47:15,624 --> 00:47:18,711
So EPA would go out
into the communities
848
00:47:18,794 --> 00:47:20,504
and let them know
that on these days
849
00:47:20,588 --> 00:47:21,964
we're gonna have a test.
850
00:47:22,048 --> 00:47:23,716
They may not give
the specific time,
851
00:47:23,799 --> 00:47:25,843
and then there would be
the EPA monitors out
852
00:47:25,926 --> 00:47:27,303
in the community.
853
00:47:27,386 --> 00:47:29,096
And if there was a prompt
massive venting,
854
00:47:29,180 --> 00:47:32,058
then the EPA was ready to start
doing the evacuations
855
00:47:32,141 --> 00:47:33,726
in those communities.
856
00:47:33,809 --> 00:47:36,103
But they literally knew
where every sheepherder was,
857
00:47:36,187 --> 00:47:37,563
where every wood cutter was.
858
00:47:37,646 --> 00:47:39,774
If there was hunting going on,
859
00:47:39,857 --> 00:47:41,359
they knew
where every hunter was.
860
00:47:41,442 --> 00:47:43,319
So they knew
where the population was,
861
00:47:43,402 --> 00:47:45,321
where they could get them out
if they needed to.
862
00:47:45,821 --> 00:47:47,365
Each test had a name.
863
00:47:47,865 --> 00:47:50,368
And the names of the tests
had to be something
864
00:47:50,451 --> 00:47:52,119
that was not gonna
offend anybody,
865
00:47:52,203 --> 00:47:54,288
non-religious, things like that.
866
00:47:54,372 --> 00:47:57,375
And then the laboratories
would submit those to DOE,
867
00:47:57,458 --> 00:47:58,751
the DOE'd submit those
868
00:47:58,834 --> 00:48:00,294
to
the National Security Council,
869
00:48:00,378 --> 00:48:01,712
it got approved, came back,
870
00:48:01,796 --> 00:48:04,298
and so you'd see these nicknames
on tests
871
00:48:04,382 --> 00:48:08,677
that ranged from everything
from, uh, horses, vegetables,
872
00:48:08,761 --> 00:48:11,222
New Mexico counties,
Texas towns.
873
00:48:11,305 --> 00:48:15,226
[lan] Out of the 928 tests,
here at the Nevada test site,
874
00:48:15,309 --> 00:48:17,645
24 jointly
with the United Kingdom,
875
00:48:17,728 --> 00:48:19,814
they have a list of...
876
00:48:21,607 --> 00:48:26,487
of names, and we have
Zuni, Yuma, Erie, Seminole,
877
00:48:26,570 --> 00:48:29,615
Flathead, Blackfoot,
Kickapoo, Osage, Inca, Dakota,
878
00:48:29,698 --> 00:48:32,451
Mohawk, Apache,
Navajo, Tiwa, Huron.
879
00:48:32,535 --> 00:48:36,664
They named
their weapons tests after,
880
00:48:36,747 --> 00:48:40,876
uh-- uh, Indian tribes,
and that shows a lack of--
881
00:48:40,960 --> 00:48:42,420
Of respect and dignity.
882
00:48:42,503 --> 00:48:44,630
And we began
our investigations
883
00:48:44,713 --> 00:48:46,882
on the adverse
health consequences
884
00:48:46,966 --> 00:48:49,427
that my people were suffering,
885
00:48:49,510 --> 00:48:51,470
looking at the period
of weapons testing
886
00:48:51,554 --> 00:48:55,641
here at the Nevada test site,
'51 through '63.
887
00:48:55,724 --> 00:48:57,184
But it's important--
888
00:48:57,268 --> 00:48:58,727
Those were the above-ground
weapons tests,
889
00:48:58,811 --> 00:49:00,187
and it's important
to understand that
890
00:49:00,271 --> 00:49:01,397
even after that,
891
00:49:01,480 --> 00:49:03,190
underground weapons testing
892
00:49:03,274 --> 00:49:05,901
released radioactive fallout
globally,
893
00:49:05,985 --> 00:49:09,530
because every test,
uh-- uh, vents.
894
00:49:09,613 --> 00:49:11,824
[Darwin] If the weather
was going to carry the cloud
895
00:49:11,907 --> 00:49:13,909
above a certain
radioactive limit--
896
00:49:13,993 --> 00:49:16,203
Back then it was called
170 millirems--
897
00:49:16,287 --> 00:49:18,205
They didn't do the test.
898
00:49:18,289 --> 00:49:22,168
If it was going to stay within
that range of 170 millirems,
899
00:49:22,251 --> 00:49:24,170
if they had
a prompt massive venting,
900
00:49:24,253 --> 00:49:27,047
and the 170 millirem limit
901
00:49:27,131 --> 00:49:28,674
was gonna be
inside a certain area,
902
00:49:28,757 --> 00:49:31,343
then they would go ahead
and do the test.
903
00:49:32,011 --> 00:49:35,931
โช
904
00:50:09,465 --> 00:50:11,008
[narrator]
Through nuclear testing,
905
00:50:11,091 --> 00:50:13,177
the population
of the United States
906
00:50:13,260 --> 00:50:15,763
was exposed
to nearly three times
907
00:50:15,846 --> 00:50:19,767
the total radiation dose
of the Chernobyl disaster.
908
00:50:19,850 --> 00:50:23,938
โช
909
00:50:53,217 --> 00:50:54,760
Somehow, fallout has,
910
00:50:54,843 --> 00:50:58,305
uh, found its way
into the environment, globally.
911
00:50:58,973 --> 00:51:01,976
And, um,
the perfect example
912
00:51:02,059 --> 00:51:05,312
is right here
at the Nevada test site where,
913
00:51:05,396 --> 00:51:08,107
on the southwestern edge,
914
00:51:08,190 --> 00:51:10,693
you have this mountain
called Yucca Mountain,
915
00:51:10,776 --> 00:51:14,071
and it straddles
the southwest boundary
916
00:51:14,154 --> 00:51:15,781
of the Nevada test site.
917
00:51:15,864 --> 00:51:19,618
And it's this--
this long volcanic rock ridge
918
00:51:19,702 --> 00:51:23,205
that-- that
in Western Shoshone lore
919
00:51:23,289 --> 00:51:25,499
is a snake.
920
00:51:26,292 --> 00:51:30,337
And this was where
the Department of Energy
921
00:51:30,421 --> 00:51:34,592
wanted to try to see
if it was suitable
922
00:51:34,675 --> 00:51:37,845
for a repository
to store nuclear waste.
923
00:51:38,429 --> 00:51:41,932
The highest, deadliest
nuclear waste in the world
924
00:51:42,016 --> 00:51:45,477
from-- from commercial
nuclear reactors.
925
00:51:46,103 --> 00:51:47,688
And the spent fuel rods
926
00:51:47,771 --> 00:51:49,773
would be entombed
in this mountain.
927
00:51:50,316 --> 00:51:52,067
And it turns out,
Yucca Mountain's
928
00:51:52,151 --> 00:51:54,111
really not a good place
to put nuclear waste,
929
00:51:54,194 --> 00:51:56,238
because they found out,
930
00:51:56,322 --> 00:51:59,199
through worldwide,
global fallout...
931
00:52:00,159 --> 00:52:02,536
that-- that nuclear remnants
932
00:52:02,620 --> 00:52:05,039
from worldwide testing...
933
00:52:05,914 --> 00:52:08,876
had gone from the top
of Yucca Mountain
934
00:52:08,959 --> 00:52:11,837
down to the exploratory
tunnel level,
935
00:52:11,920 --> 00:52:15,716
about 1,000 feet
below the top of the mountain,
936
00:52:15,799 --> 00:52:19,762
in less than--
well, roughly 50 years--
937
00:52:19,845 --> 00:52:20,971
50, 60 years.
938
00:52:21,055 --> 00:52:23,891
So, the point is...
939
00:52:23,974 --> 00:52:27,811
fallout was so widespread
940
00:52:27,895 --> 00:52:32,149
that-- that the scientists
could track
941
00:52:32,232 --> 00:52:34,610
the various nuclear bombs
that they were detonating
942
00:52:34,693 --> 00:52:37,321
by the signatures
of their isotopes.
943
00:52:37,821 --> 00:52:40,532
And that's how we know
how far it traveled,
944
00:52:40,616 --> 00:52:42,910
from specific tests.
945
00:52:44,411 --> 00:52:46,538
[narrator] So what does
the American government do
946
00:52:46,622 --> 00:52:49,249
when it can't solve
an actual problem?
947
00:52:50,668 --> 00:52:52,503
It buys its way out.
948
00:52:53,337 --> 00:52:58,175
โช
949
00:53:34,378 --> 00:53:36,088
[Kevin Kamps]
RECA is short
950
00:53:36,171 --> 00:53:37,881
for the Radiation Exposure
Compensation Act,
951
00:53:37,965 --> 00:53:42,136
and it's a federal law
to compensate
952
00:53:42,219 --> 00:53:43,804
segments of the population
953
00:53:43,887 --> 00:53:45,806
who have suffered
radioactive exposure.
954
00:53:45,889 --> 00:53:49,560
Unfortunately,
its scope is way too limited,
955
00:53:49,643 --> 00:53:51,228
and it's not just cancer.
956
00:53:51,311 --> 00:53:53,772
It's other diseases,
it's genetic damage,
957
00:53:53,856 --> 00:53:55,399
it's birth defects.
958
00:53:55,482 --> 00:53:57,109
The amount of money
being offered
959
00:53:57,192 --> 00:54:00,988
to the survivors,
or their-- their survivors,
960
00:54:01,071 --> 00:54:03,824
the people who didn't survive,
is way too small.
961
00:54:03,907 --> 00:54:08,495
I mean, $50,000 doesn't buy much
in the way of chemotherapy,
962
00:54:08,579 --> 00:54:10,539
or other
state-of-the-art medical care,
963
00:54:10,622 --> 00:54:12,833
which is required
to deal with the cancers
964
00:54:12,916 --> 00:54:17,087
and other maladies that result
from radioactive exposures,
965
00:54:17,171 --> 00:54:19,548
radioactive fallout exposures,
and in fact,
966
00:54:19,631 --> 00:54:21,300
that's another
problem with RECA,
967
00:54:21,383 --> 00:54:24,344
is it only recognizes
a certain number of cancers.
968
00:54:24,428 --> 00:54:28,098
But the United States government
almost never admits guilt,
969
00:54:28,182 --> 00:54:31,393
and so they express it
in different ways,
970
00:54:31,477 --> 00:54:32,895
and they do it
kicking and screaming.
971
00:54:32,978 --> 00:54:35,022
I mean,
it took many decades,
972
00:54:35,105 --> 00:54:37,316
from the opening
of the test site in 1951,
973
00:54:37,399 --> 00:54:38,859
before RECA was even passed.
974
00:54:39,318 --> 00:54:40,903
And like I said,
there was a lot of people
975
00:54:40,986 --> 00:54:42,696
who've been exposed
to radioactive fallout
976
00:54:42,780 --> 00:54:45,199
in certain states,
including from the test site,
977
00:54:45,282 --> 00:54:47,493
that have never been recognized
under the RECA statute,
978
00:54:47,576 --> 00:54:52,289
so it's a great uphill battle,
and, uh...
979
00:54:53,081 --> 00:54:55,501
it is an admission of guilt
on a certain level.
980
00:54:56,084 --> 00:54:58,212
I'm shocked that
the government admitted to it,
981
00:54:58,295 --> 00:55:01,715
because the liability's gonna--
could be enormous.
982
00:55:01,799 --> 00:55:02,883
Uh...
983
00:55:04,218 --> 00:55:05,552
there is no amount of money
984
00:55:05,636 --> 00:55:08,847
that-- that would really
replace, or...
985
00:55:10,224 --> 00:55:12,392
someone in--
that suffers from this,
986
00:55:12,476 --> 00:55:16,980
or even dies from it,
but this is ridiculous.
987
00:55:17,064 --> 00:55:19,858
$50,000 is-- is--
988
00:55:19,942 --> 00:55:21,068
It's insulting.
989
00:55:21,860 --> 00:55:23,612
Some people
are always askin' me,
990
00:55:23,695 --> 00:55:25,447
"Okay, what do we do next?
What do we do?"
991
00:55:25,531 --> 00:55:27,866
And I say,
"Well, first of all,
992
00:55:27,950 --> 00:55:30,786
we work to compensate
those downwinders
993
00:55:30,869 --> 00:55:32,538
who are still struggling
to pay bills,
994
00:55:32,621 --> 00:55:34,414
and who
are still getting sick."
995
00:55:34,498 --> 00:55:35,874
So there is
996
00:55:35,958 --> 00:55:37,584
the Radiation Exposure
Compensation Act,
997
00:55:37,668 --> 00:55:39,837
that was always
incredibly limited,
998
00:55:39,920 --> 00:55:41,588
that finally got passed
in 1990.
999
00:55:41,672 --> 00:55:43,257
It's never gone far enough,
1000
00:55:43,340 --> 00:55:45,717
it just does a little circle
around southern Utah
1001
00:55:45,801 --> 00:55:49,596
and northern Arizona,
and southeast Nevada.
1002
00:55:49,680 --> 00:55:52,850
And that's why
I think people still think
1003
00:55:52,933 --> 00:55:54,560
it only affected that area,
1004
00:55:54,643 --> 00:55:57,020
"cause that's the only area
that got compensated.
1005
00:55:57,855 --> 00:56:00,107
[Mark Sennet] I think it's
something that's so important
1006
00:56:00,190 --> 00:56:02,442
for-- for all the survivors,
1007
00:56:02,526 --> 00:56:05,237
and they deserve $50,000,
1008
00:56:05,320 --> 00:56:06,864
but that's not enough.
1009
00:56:06,947 --> 00:56:08,657
That doesn't even cover the--
1010
00:56:08,740 --> 00:56:10,701
The four or five other people
that are in their family,
1011
00:56:10,784 --> 00:56:14,121
that contracted some sort of
cancer from the nuclear blast.
1012
00:56:14,204 --> 00:56:18,709
So, the certain types of cancer
that are radiation-related,
1013
00:56:18,792 --> 00:56:22,546
that RECA does pay out for,
there's still, though,
1014
00:56:22,629 --> 00:56:26,884
no definitive way to say that
it was caused by the radiation,
1015
00:56:26,967 --> 00:56:28,927
but there is that assumption
that it's there.
1016
00:56:29,011 --> 00:56:30,470
So, it's a hot topic.
1017
00:56:30,554 --> 00:56:32,431
It-- it is a debate
that goes on today,
1018
00:56:32,514 --> 00:56:34,725
and will go on
for many years to come.
1019
00:56:34,808 --> 00:56:36,476
I can't be compensated.
1020
00:56:36,560 --> 00:56:38,478
None of those
54 neighbors can--
1021
00:56:38,562 --> 00:56:40,355
And their families
can be compensated
1022
00:56:40,439 --> 00:56:45,694
because we lived beyond the--
that little boundary they drew,
1023
00:56:45,777 --> 00:56:48,739
as though a lead shield
stopped it mid-state.
1024
00:56:48,822 --> 00:56:52,200
It doesn't stop it from going
into other counties and states.
1025
00:56:52,284 --> 00:56:57,372
โช
1026
00:57:09,176 --> 00:57:12,471
We have a few politicians now,
in the state of Utah,
1027
00:57:12,554 --> 00:57:15,098
that are representing us
in Congress,
1028
00:57:15,182 --> 00:57:18,185
that have made public statements
in the last few years,
1029
00:57:18,268 --> 00:57:22,648
that it's not only okay,
but desirable
1030
00:57:22,731 --> 00:57:25,567
for us to resume
nuclear testing.
1031
00:57:26,234 --> 00:57:28,320
Testing nuclear bombs
1032
00:57:28,403 --> 00:57:30,906
in the Nevada
nuclear testing area.
1033
00:57:31,615 --> 00:57:35,494
I can't think of anything
that disqualifies a person more
1034
00:57:35,577 --> 00:57:37,788
for public service than to--
1035
00:57:37,871 --> 00:57:39,790
Than to make
a statement like that.
1036
00:57:40,832 --> 00:57:44,628
Knowing what that has done
to public health
1037
00:57:44,711 --> 00:57:48,799
here in this state,
and to other downwind states,
1038
00:57:48,882 --> 00:57:51,969
but the idea
that we could dismiss all that,
1039
00:57:52,052 --> 00:57:54,262
that we could say,
the amount of--
1040
00:57:54,346 --> 00:57:57,265
Of human suffering and death
that we have inflicted
1041
00:57:57,349 --> 00:58:01,561
upon our own country,
that we're going to resume that,
1042
00:58:01,645 --> 00:58:05,732
under some sort of
auspices of national security,
1043
00:58:05,816 --> 00:58:09,152
is just
absolutely unconscionable.
1044
00:58:09,736 --> 00:58:12,280
And I don't think
there's any idea
1045
00:58:12,364 --> 00:58:14,366
that disqualifies
a person more
1046
00:58:14,449 --> 00:58:16,201
from being
a member of Congress
1047
00:58:16,284 --> 00:58:18,328
than the idea
that we can resume that.
1048
00:58:20,831 --> 00:58:23,625
[Kevin] Downwinders are people
who live downwind,
1049
00:58:23,709 --> 00:58:28,338
downstream, up the food chain,
down the generations
1050
00:58:28,422 --> 00:58:30,007
from these radioactive
exposures,
1051
00:58:30,090 --> 00:58:32,342
as for nuclear weapons testing
fallout.
1052
00:58:32,426 --> 00:58:34,803
The United States government
literally said,
1053
00:58:34,886 --> 00:58:38,223
in an internal document
that eventually became public,
1054
00:58:38,306 --> 00:58:41,435
that cowboys, Indians,
Mormons,
1055
00:58:41,518 --> 00:58:43,854
the people
who live in Nevada and Utah,
1056
00:58:43,937 --> 00:58:46,523
are a low-use segment
of the population.
1057
00:58:46,606 --> 00:58:47,941
That's a quote.
1058
00:58:48,025 --> 00:58:49,609
"A low-use segment
of the population,โ
1059
00:58:49,693 --> 00:58:51,445
which means sub-human.
1060
00:58:51,528 --> 00:58:54,281
We don't really care about them,
they're not that important.
1061
00:58:54,364 --> 00:58:56,241
If they get hurt, big deal.
1062
00:58:56,324 --> 00:58:57,951
We've got some business
to conduct,
1063
00:58:58,035 --> 00:59:00,537
that is, to develop
a nuclear weapons arsenal,
1064
00:59:00,620 --> 00:59:03,665
so that we can be
a global superpower.
1065
00:59:04,291 --> 00:59:05,959
And in fact,
it gets even worse than that.
1066
00:59:06,043 --> 00:59:07,961
Not just a low-use segment
of the population,
1067
00:59:08,045 --> 00:59:11,631
but in a document
called Project 4.1, again,
1068
00:59:11,715 --> 00:59:14,134
US Atomic Energy Commission,
1069
00:59:14,217 --> 00:59:17,512
there were statements made
in writing that po--
1070
00:59:17,596 --> 00:59:18,972
Certain populations,
1071
00:59:19,056 --> 00:59:20,640
like the Western Shoshone
in Nevada,
1072
00:59:20,724 --> 00:59:23,101
the Marshall Islanders
in the Pacific Ocean,
1073
00:59:23,185 --> 00:59:26,772
"are more like us than mice,"
1074
00:59:26,855 --> 00:59:29,816
therefore any data
that we gather
1075
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:31,777
from their radiological
exposures,
1076
00:59:31,860 --> 00:59:33,487
will really teach us a lot,
1077
00:59:33,570 --> 00:59:35,280
because these people,
1078
00:59:35,363 --> 00:59:38,075
even though they're a low-use
segment of the population,
1079
00:59:38,158 --> 00:59:39,826
"are more like us than mice."
1080
00:59:39,910 --> 00:59:41,661
So these are, in a sense,
1081
00:59:41,745 --> 00:59:45,207
these are genocidal,
um, concepts.
1082
00:59:45,290 --> 00:59:47,959
These were experiments.
1083
00:59:48,043 --> 00:59:49,669
They were being
experimented upon
1084
00:59:49,753 --> 00:59:51,171
like guinea pigs.
1085
00:59:51,254 --> 00:59:56,343
โช
1086
01:00:21,409 --> 01:00:24,496
[narrator] The Radiation
Exposure Compensation Act
1087
01:00:24,579 --> 01:00:26,206
is underfunded,
1088
01:00:26,289 --> 01:00:29,543
and is guided seemingly
by the notion that radiation
1089
01:00:29,626 --> 01:00:34,422
contains itself neatly,
within three states' borders.
1090
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:38,760
[Brian] When people
are exposed to radiation,
1091
01:00:38,844 --> 01:00:41,138
uh, the thing
that's most intuitive,
1092
01:00:41,221 --> 01:00:42,889
uh, is genetic damage.
1093
01:00:43,515 --> 01:00:46,852
And genetic damage
is what we call the break in--
1094
01:00:46,935 --> 01:00:51,064
Breaking of covalent bonds
that hold DNA together.
1095
01:00:51,815 --> 01:00:54,401
When that happens,
there, uh,
1096
01:00:54,484 --> 01:00:57,821
there is a whole cascade
of diseases that can follow.
1097
01:00:57,904 --> 01:00:59,906
What is easiest
for the public to understand,
1098
01:00:59,990 --> 01:01:02,033
and is most familiar with,
is cancer.
1099
01:01:02,534 --> 01:01:04,244
But it isn't just limited
to cancer.
1100
01:01:04,744 --> 01:01:07,289
The functioning,
and proper functioning of genes,
1101
01:01:07,372 --> 01:01:09,499
and the-- the expression
of genes,
1102
01:01:09,583 --> 01:01:13,545
is critical to every single
healthy organ system function
1103
01:01:13,628 --> 01:01:15,213
that keeps
a human being alive.
1104
01:01:15,297 --> 01:01:17,340
It's critical
to the function of the heart,
1105
01:01:17,424 --> 01:01:19,885
the cardiovascular system,
to the lungs,
1106
01:01:19,968 --> 01:01:22,596
to the endocrine system,
to the Gl tract.
1107
01:01:22,679 --> 01:01:25,015
Your genes are responsible
for your health.
1108
01:01:25,098 --> 01:01:27,767
So, if you're exposed
to anything
1109
01:01:27,851 --> 01:01:29,186
that causes genetic damage,
1110
01:01:29,269 --> 01:01:32,230
or even changes
the expression of genes,
1111
01:01:32,314 --> 01:01:37,027
such that we don't see the--
the breakage of covalent bonds,
1112
01:01:37,110 --> 01:01:40,488
but we see genes performing
in ways that they shouldn't,
1113
01:01:40,572 --> 01:01:42,365
they're either turned on
when they shouldn't be,
1114
01:01:42,449 --> 01:01:45,035
or they're turned off
when they shouldn't be,
1115
01:01:45,118 --> 01:01:48,705
that affects virtually
every kind of potential disease
1116
01:01:48,788 --> 01:01:49,956
a person can have.
1117
01:01:54,628 --> 01:01:57,047
Not to mention
the psychological burden
1118
01:01:57,130 --> 01:01:58,798
of knowing that
you have cancer.
1119
01:01:59,382 --> 01:02:02,052
Um, I've had cancer twice.
1120
01:02:04,304 --> 01:02:06,973
And I remember, uh,
the weekend
1121
01:02:07,057 --> 01:02:10,143
when I looked at
a computer screen...
1122
01:02:11,978 --> 01:02:14,064
that told me I had cancer.
1123
01:02:15,482 --> 01:02:17,025
I'll tell you, there's...
1124
01:02:17,901 --> 01:02:20,320
is no feeling
in the world like that.
1125
01:02:20,403 --> 01:02:25,450
O
1126
01:02:32,791 --> 01:02:37,170
-[explosion booming]
-[wind whooshing]
1127
01:02:53,019 --> 01:02:55,397
How many tests
do you have to do,
1128
01:02:55,480 --> 01:02:57,691
to find out that they work,
1129
01:02:57,774 --> 01:03:00,318
and that stuff goes up
in the air,
1130
01:03:00,402 --> 01:03:01,861
a-- and I've had people,
1131
01:03:01,945 --> 01:03:03,822
especially students,
when I speak to class,
1132
01:03:03,905 --> 01:03:05,740
they say, "Well,
why did they do so many tests?"
1133
01:03:05,824 --> 01:03:08,076
It's like, "You know,
it's a really good question."
1134
01:03:08,159 --> 01:03:12,789
Because what did they find out
on the 928th test
1135
01:03:12,872 --> 01:03:14,708
that they didn't know
on the 12th
1136
01:03:14,791 --> 01:03:16,710
or tenth or 20th or 30th?
1137
01:03:16,793 --> 01:03:18,795
Um, and-- and to me,
I always said,
1138
01:03:18,878 --> 01:03:20,171
"Well, it's boys with toys."
1139
01:03:20,255 --> 01:03:23,174
You've got
this incredibly strong,
1140
01:03:23,258 --> 01:03:26,052
I would say,
perilously dangerous
1141
01:03:26,136 --> 01:03:28,555
military-industrial complex,
1142
01:03:28,638 --> 01:03:32,976
and it's really hard
to stop its-- its momentum.
1143
01:03:33,059 --> 01:03:34,394
It's really hard.
1144
01:03:36,271 --> 01:03:38,898
[narrator] The Atomic Energy
Commission's report added,
1145
01:03:38,982 --> 01:03:42,777
quote, "Radiation
is not new in our lives.
1146
01:03:42,861 --> 01:03:44,821
In this atomic age,
we are living
1147
01:03:44,904 --> 01:03:46,614
on a more familiar basis
with it.
1148
01:03:47,115 --> 01:03:49,784
It is important
that we try to understand it,
1149
01:03:49,868 --> 01:03:52,037
accept it, and use it.
1150
01:03:52,537 --> 01:03:55,957
It is also important that
we respect its powers,
1151
01:03:56,041 --> 01:03:58,251
so that we will be guided
by knowledge,
1152
01:03:58,335 --> 01:04:01,755
and not be blinded
by fear of the unknown."
1153
01:04:02,172 --> 01:04:03,298
Unquote.
1154
01:04:07,886 --> 01:04:12,974
O
1155
01:04:25,862 --> 01:04:27,405
[Brian]
The United States government,
1156
01:04:27,489 --> 01:04:30,617
uh, has, through
the Atomic Energy Commission,
1157
01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:35,163
created some real, uh,
media products
1158
01:04:35,246 --> 01:04:36,998
that were pure propaganda.
1159
01:04:38,041 --> 01:04:39,709
And that film
that they produced,
1160
01:04:39,793 --> 01:04:43,213
I think it was in 1957,
was one of those.
1161
01:04:43,797 --> 01:04:45,632
Now a lot of people might say,
1162
01:04:45,715 --> 01:04:47,884
"Well,
we didn't know all the harm
1163
01:04:47,967 --> 01:04:51,679
that nuclear radiation does
to people back in 1957,"
1164
01:04:51,763 --> 01:04:53,515
but actually, that's not true.
1165
01:04:53,598 --> 01:04:55,058
The scientist who works--
1166
01:04:55,141 --> 01:04:57,685
Who worked on the Manhattan
Project knew
1167
01:04:57,769 --> 01:05:02,607
before they ever dropped
the bombs on Japan in 1945,
1168
01:05:02,690 --> 01:05:06,861
that nuclear radiation
could be highly toxic,
1169
01:05:06,945 --> 01:05:08,530
could shorten people's lifes--
1170
01:05:08,613 --> 01:05:11,449
lifespans, and be
a significant cause of cancer.
1171
01:05:11,533 --> 01:05:12,909
We knew that back then.
1172
01:05:13,618 --> 01:05:16,830
Twelve years later,
for the United States government
1173
01:05:16,913 --> 01:05:19,040
to disseminate information
1174
01:05:19,124 --> 01:05:22,210
that blatantly dismissed
all of that,
1175
01:05:22,293 --> 01:05:24,587
and send a message
to the public,
1176
01:05:24,671 --> 01:05:27,173
"Oh, there's no reason
to be concerned here.
1177
01:05:27,257 --> 01:05:29,217
This is all safe.
1178
01:05:29,968 --> 01:05:31,678
But we want you to go inside
1179
01:05:31,761 --> 01:05:34,973
when this radiation cloud
comes over you,
1180
01:05:35,056 --> 01:05:36,516
and we're... [laughs]
1181
01:05:36,599 --> 01:05:38,810
...we're gonna tell children
to-- to hide
1182
01:05:38,893 --> 01:05:41,771
underneath their desks
as an exercise
1183
01:05:41,855 --> 01:05:44,357
in defending yourself
from nuclear war,"
1184
01:05:44,441 --> 01:05:46,192
as if that would have
done anything.
1185
01:05:46,734 --> 01:05:48,736
But somehow, this is all safe.
1186
01:05:48,820 --> 01:05:50,488
[film reel narrator]
But radioactive fallout
1187
01:05:50,572 --> 01:05:52,407
beyond several miles
from the test site
1188
01:05:52,490 --> 01:05:54,742
has not been known
to be serious.
1189
01:05:55,410 --> 01:05:57,745
It is not constituted
an appreciable danger
1190
01:05:57,829 --> 01:06:01,875
to persons, animals,
crops, property, or industry.
1191
01:06:01,958 --> 01:06:05,211
It was absurd at the time.
It was dishonest at the time.
1192
01:06:05,670 --> 01:06:08,131
It was propaganda
even back then.
1193
01:06:08,882 --> 01:06:11,342
In retrospect,
we can certainly identify it
1194
01:06:11,426 --> 01:06:13,553
even more so as propaganda,
1195
01:06:13,636 --> 01:06:16,514
but we knew it
back then as well.
1196
01:06:16,598 --> 01:06:18,057
[film reel narrator]
We must be ready
1197
01:06:18,141 --> 01:06:19,934
for a new danger,
the atomic bomb.
1198
01:06:20,935 --> 01:06:22,854
First, you have to know
what happens
1199
01:06:22,937 --> 01:06:24,564
when an atomic bomb explodes.
1200
01:06:25,231 --> 01:06:26,858
You'll know when it comes.
1201
01:06:26,941 --> 01:06:29,110
We hope it never comes,
but we must get ready.
1202
01:06:29,194 --> 01:06:31,988
[explosion booming]
1203
01:06:35,867 --> 01:06:37,660
[Lewis Black]
You know what they would do?
1204
01:06:37,744 --> 01:06:41,331
They would come to my elementary
school, with-- with films.
1205
01:06:41,706 --> 01:06:43,374
To show me
how to protect myself
1206
01:06:43,458 --> 01:06:45,793
from a nuclear fuck holocaust.
1207
01:06:45,877 --> 01:06:47,378
[audience laughter]
1208
01:06:47,462 --> 01:06:51,758
They would show
this giant nuclear fuckin' bomb,
1209
01:06:51,841 --> 01:06:54,093
just blowing
the shit out of everything.
1210
01:06:54,677 --> 01:06:57,347
Goats
and monkeys flying everywhere.
1211
01:06:57,430 --> 01:06:59,516
[audience laughter]
1212
01:06:59,599 --> 01:07:02,143
The windows of
the elementary school blown out,
1213
01:07:02,227 --> 01:07:06,022
the teacher banged up
against the fuckin' blackboard.
1214
01:07:06,105 --> 01:07:09,108
[laughter, applause]
1215
01:07:11,528 --> 01:07:12,862
But...
1216
01:07:12,946 --> 01:07:14,155
there were the children...
1217
01:07:14,239 --> 01:07:17,200
[audience laughter]
1218
01:07:17,283 --> 01:07:19,494
...hiding safely
under their desks.
1219
01:07:19,577 --> 01:07:22,580
[cheers, applause]
1220
01:07:27,335 --> 01:07:32,382
O
1221
01:07:50,733 --> 01:07:52,860
Yeah, I've always found it
fascinating,
1222
01:07:52,944 --> 01:07:54,862
you know, that
you would create something
1223
01:07:54,946 --> 01:07:56,281
that would destroy the world.
1224
01:07:56,364 --> 01:07:58,992
I mean,
there's a really solid idea,
1225
01:07:59,075 --> 01:08:00,952
it's really solid,
what we can get by.
1226
01:08:01,035 --> 01:08:02,829
We can put some money into that.
1227
01:08:02,912 --> 01:08:04,956
And then you let that--
you-- you know,
1228
01:08:05,039 --> 01:08:06,499
that genie out of the bottle.
1229
01:08:06,583 --> 01:08:07,667
It's the same thing
we're dealin' with--
1230
01:08:07,750 --> 01:08:09,502
With climate, and stuff.
1231
01:08:09,586 --> 01:08:12,338
They're lookin' right at it,
it is staring 'em in the face,
1232
01:08:12,422 --> 01:08:13,715
and they're denying it.
1233
01:08:13,798 --> 01:08:15,592
They're lookin' right at
the nucle--
1234
01:08:15,675 --> 01:08:17,093
Nuclear weapons, you know?
1235
01:08:17,176 --> 01:08:19,804
We're still kinda, you know,
and then--
1236
01:08:19,887 --> 01:08:22,223
And then they let that, uh,
idiot Putin say,
1237
01:08:22,307 --> 01:08:23,641
"You know, I'm gonna--
I may do this."
1238
01:08:23,725 --> 01:08:24,851
What are you, nuts?
1239
01:08:25,810 --> 01:08:28,104
That's the person
you want to get rid of,
1240
01:08:28,187 --> 01:08:31,357
SO you go get somebody
with a blowdart and...
1241
01:08:31,441 --> 01:08:34,319
[blows] ...just behind his ear,
and he's done.
1242
01:08:35,028 --> 01:08:37,113
But then, people say,
"Well, you know,
1243
01:08:37,196 --> 01:08:39,032
the rest of the country would,
you know,
1244
01:08:39,115 --> 01:08:41,659
get really ins-- there'd be
another jackass who'd show up,
1245
01:08:41,743 --> 01:08:43,369
so what do you--
what do you do?"
1246
01:08:43,453 --> 01:08:45,955
Every two weeks,
when I was nine,
1247
01:08:46,039 --> 01:08:49,792
my elementary school
would have an air raid drill.
1248
01:08:49,876 --> 01:08:53,630
I guess to remind me,
I can die at any minute!
1249
01:08:53,713 --> 01:08:57,467
[audience laughter]
1250
01:09:00,428 --> 01:09:02,055
So I go hide under my desk,
1251
01:09:02,138 --> 01:09:04,849
put my hands over my head,
and look at my penis,
1252
01:09:04,932 --> 01:09:07,685
and say, "Goodbye, old fella."
1253
01:09:07,769 --> 01:09:09,812
[audience laughter]
1254
01:09:09,896 --> 01:09:11,731
And we'd just become friends.
1255
01:09:11,814 --> 01:09:14,400
[audience laughter]
1256
01:09:15,902 --> 01:09:17,904
And I'm sittin' there, thinking,
1257
01:09:17,987 --> 01:09:20,031
"The adults in the community
have said that
1258
01:09:20,114 --> 01:09:24,744
I could protect myself,
from a fire fuck ball...
1259
01:09:24,827 --> 01:09:27,330
[audience laughter]
1260
01:09:27,413 --> 01:09:30,333
...by hiding under wood.
1261
01:09:30,416 --> 01:09:33,211
[audience laughter]
1262
01:09:35,463 --> 01:09:37,340
I'm hiding under kindling!
1263
01:09:38,341 --> 01:09:41,844
Maybe I can get some sticks,
so I can burn faster!"
1264
01:09:41,928 --> 01:09:43,680
[audience laughter]
1265
01:09:45,390 --> 01:09:46,766
And I thought, "Wow.
1266
01:09:48,184 --> 01:09:53,314
If this was a real attack,
when the all-clear has sounded,
1267
01:09:53,398 --> 01:09:57,735
I could get up and go out
to the playground, and melt!"
1268
01:09:57,819 --> 01:10:00,947
[laughter, applause]
1269
01:10:10,081 --> 01:10:13,000
I mean, first up, I'll be hon--
It was funny.
1270
01:10:14,043 --> 01:10:17,213
This is a funny idea, um...
1271
01:10:17,714 --> 01:10:22,969
the accident of it was--
was that it defined my comedy,
1272
01:10:23,052 --> 01:10:24,137
in a way, by...
1273
01:10:25,346 --> 01:10:29,058
you know, pointing me to--
with my problems with authority,
1274
01:10:29,142 --> 01:10:32,103
so that's part of
what my act was about,
1275
01:10:32,186 --> 01:10:34,689
and so it-- and it was
really the first time
1276
01:10:34,772 --> 01:10:36,524
where I-- and it's--
I say it, I think,
1277
01:10:36,607 --> 01:10:38,484
in-- in the-- in the-- in it,
1278
01:10:38,568 --> 01:10:40,570
but, you know,
that was when I kinda went,
1279
01:10:40,653 --> 01:10:42,697
"Okay, the--
the adults I was dealing with
1280
01:10:42,780 --> 01:10:45,032
weren't being, you know,
I was in--
1281
01:10:45,116 --> 01:10:46,784
I wasn't gonna start,
I wasn't gonna trust
1282
01:10:46,868 --> 01:10:48,703
the-- the-- you know,
what they said."
1283
01:10:49,412 --> 01:10:51,831
"Cause it wasn't
the government telling me,
1284
01:10:51,914 --> 01:10:53,708
it was the teacher
standing in front of me,
1285
01:10:53,791 --> 01:10:56,294
and get it going in case
of a nuclear attack, but...
1286
01:10:56,377 --> 01:10:59,922
you-- get under your desk,
and-- and, you know,
1287
01:11:00,006 --> 01:11:01,799
it wou-- you wanted to do that,
1288
01:11:01,883 --> 01:11:03,676
you wanted to-- us to do that.
1289
01:11:03,760 --> 01:11:06,345
You don't show us anything,
1290
01:11:06,429 --> 01:11:09,849
you don't show us 12,000 nuclear
tests, you don't show us,
1291
01:11:09,932 --> 01:11:12,602
either when I'm at home
watchin' TV with my parents,
1292
01:11:12,685 --> 01:11:14,395
and they'd show
the bombs blowin' up.
1293
01:11:14,479 --> 01:11:16,397
You don't show it in school,
you know?
1294
01:11:16,481 --> 01:11:17,857
"Your friend the atom,"
1295
01:11:17,940 --> 01:11:19,817
that-- that thing
that they, you know.
1296
01:11:19,901 --> 01:11:21,277
Like,
I guess it was a Disney thing,
1297
01:11:21,360 --> 01:11:22,695
that, you know--
1298
01:11:22,779 --> 01:11:24,405
And then they show
the mushroom cloud.
1299
01:11:24,489 --> 01:11:26,199
You know, you watch this thing,
1300
01:11:26,282 --> 01:11:28,117
or you watch the guy standing
there with those glasses,
1301
01:11:28,201 --> 01:11:29,702
-and the...
-[explosion booming]
1302
01:11:29,786 --> 01:11:31,204
...shit flying over 'em,
and you're goin',
1303
01:11:31,287 --> 01:11:32,872
"Really?
So this is really gonna work?
1304
01:11:32,955 --> 01:11:35,082
This is your idea
of getting under the table?"
1305
01:11:35,166 --> 01:11:39,420
Like, this-- I mean, you're
literally under there like this,
1306
01:11:39,504 --> 01:11:41,380
and you-- and, you know.
1307
01:11:41,464 --> 01:11:44,717
You know, at the age of seven,
eight, nine, you're not stupid.
1308
01:11:44,801 --> 01:11:46,719
[film reel narrator]
Be sure and remember what
1309
01:11:46,803 --> 01:11:48,471
Bert the turtle just did,
friends, because every one of us
1310
01:11:48,554 --> 01:11:50,723
must remember to do
the same thing.
1311
01:11:50,807 --> 01:11:52,642
That's what this film
is all about.
1312
01:11:53,226 --> 01:11:54,727
"Duck and cover."โ
1313
01:11:54,811 --> 01:11:56,562
[film reel narrator 2]
This is an official
1314
01:11:56,646 --> 01:11:58,356
civil defense film,
produced in cooperation
1315
01:11:58,439 --> 01:12:00,566
with the Federal Civil
Defense Administration,
1316
01:12:00,650 --> 01:12:02,819
and in consultation
with the Safety Commission
1317
01:12:02,902 --> 01:12:05,029
of the National
Education Association...
1318
01:12:12,954 --> 01:12:15,039
[sirens wailing]
1319
01:12:39,188 --> 01:12:41,107
[Lewis] I got 13 problems
1320
01:12:41,190 --> 01:12:43,943
before I'm gonna worry
about nukes, maybe 50.
1321
01:12:44,735 --> 01:12:48,281
Maybe 100.
In this-- in New York City.
1322
01:12:48,739 --> 01:12:50,366
I mean, where--
what, you want me to, bu--
1323
01:12:50,449 --> 01:12:51,534
Worry about nukes?
1324
01:12:51,617 --> 01:12:53,160
You kiddin' me?
1325
01:12:53,244 --> 01:12:55,454
Ah, you know,
I'm a-- chances are--
1326
01:12:55,538 --> 01:12:56,873
Are good that we're fucked.
1327
01:12:57,498 --> 01:13:01,252
[laughs] Um, that's--
that's usually the way it works.
1328
01:13:07,884 --> 01:13:13,180
โช
1329
01:13:24,984 --> 01:13:26,277
[Claudia]
What scares me the most
1330
01:13:26,360 --> 01:13:29,530
about becoming an activist is...
1331
01:13:30,698 --> 01:13:34,327
that what if
I hadn't become one?
1332
01:13:34,410 --> 01:13:38,331
Um, and I was a just a drone.
[chuckles]
1333
01:13:38,414 --> 01:13:40,666
And I was headed that way.
1334
01:13:40,750 --> 01:13:45,254
When I was first started,
being an activist about this,
1335
01:13:45,338 --> 01:13:49,216
I-- I had gone through
tremendous loss in my family.
1336
01:13:50,509 --> 01:13:53,930
And my father got sick,
with a brain tumor,
1337
01:13:54,013 --> 01:13:59,101
and his doctors said
it was probably from downwind.
1338
01:13:59,936 --> 01:14:03,314
My sister
was diagnosed with melanoma.
1339
01:14:04,106 --> 01:14:07,360
I had to say, "Please
don't call me an activist."
1340
01:14:07,443 --> 01:14:11,739
I was afraid for people to know
what I was doing.
1341
01:14:11,822 --> 01:14:13,366
My boss would say,
1342
01:14:13,449 --> 01:14:15,368
"Are you going down
to the test site to protest
1343
01:14:15,451 --> 01:14:19,038
with the GD hippies?"
1344
01:14:19,121 --> 01:14:21,082
And I would say,
"Yes. What are you doing?"
1345
01:14:21,791 --> 01:14:26,003
I'm not sure, um,
if they are still testing.
1346
01:14:26,087 --> 01:14:28,756
I know that years ago,
1347
01:14:28,839 --> 01:14:30,383
they were doing
underground testing,
1348
01:14:30,466 --> 01:14:32,927
and we were able to stop that
by our protest.
1349
01:14:33,511 --> 01:14:37,890
And we used to, uh,
do our spiritual walk run for--
1350
01:14:37,974 --> 01:14:40,101
At least
I know I did it for 11 years,
1351
01:14:40,184 --> 01:14:44,105
from, uh, it's 250 miles,
we did 50 miles a-- a day.
1352
01:14:44,188 --> 01:14:47,149
Five-- five days
to get to the test site
1353
01:14:47,233 --> 01:14:49,652
to protest against,
uh, what was going on
1354
01:14:49,735 --> 01:14:51,278
and to shut, uh...
1355
01:14:53,614 --> 01:14:54,699
the test site down.
1356
01:14:55,491 --> 01:14:57,576
We have an alliance
with the United States,
1357
01:14:57,660 --> 01:15:00,162
by treaty,
to preserve the existence
1358
01:15:00,246 --> 01:15:01,706
of both our peoples.
1359
01:15:01,789 --> 01:15:05,418
Your people, my people.
Together, our peoples.
1360
01:15:05,501 --> 01:15:08,045
And that's the term
of diplomatic engagement,
1361
01:15:08,129 --> 01:15:09,171
our peoples!
1362
01:15:09,255 --> 01:15:12,550
[interviewer]
1363
01:15:12,633 --> 01:15:13,884
I'm both.
1364
01:15:13,968 --> 01:15:15,469
I stand on the Consti--
1365
01:15:15,553 --> 01:15:18,014
I am a patriot and an activist.
1366
01:15:18,097 --> 01:15:19,432
I don't sit on my butt.
1367
01:15:19,515 --> 01:15:22,935
โช
1368
01:15:23,019 --> 01:15:24,603
[lan] These fuckers violate
the treaty
1369
01:15:24,687 --> 01:15:26,105
with their weapons of war,
1370
01:15:26,188 --> 01:15:28,816
these ARs, AKs,
and weapons of mass destruction,
1371
01:15:28,899 --> 01:15:31,819
violate every Indian
peace treaty on this continent.
1372
01:15:31,902 --> 01:15:33,446
You signed them,
and we shouldn't be faced
1373
01:15:33,529 --> 01:15:36,115
with weapons of war,
in a civil society.
1374
01:15:36,198 --> 01:15:39,493
We signed this
for equal protection,
1375
01:15:39,577 --> 01:15:42,079
not for abuse by one party.
1376
01:15:42,163 --> 01:15:43,622
And that's what
we're faced with.
1377
01:15:43,706 --> 01:15:45,207
Weapons of war.
1378
01:15:45,291 --> 01:15:48,836
It's not about my backyard.
It's about my rights
1379
01:15:48,919 --> 01:15:51,380
and my obligations
and responsibilities
1380
01:15:51,464 --> 01:15:52,840
to protect all Americans.
1381
01:15:52,923 --> 01:15:54,800
And you have the same
responsibility
1382
01:15:54,884 --> 01:15:57,053
under the United States
Constitution to protect
1383
01:15:57,136 --> 01:15:58,888
my people and your own,
1384
01:15:58,971 --> 01:16:01,474
and you need to step up
as an American and do that.
1385
01:16:01,557 --> 01:16:03,059
And that's what makes me mad,
1386
01:16:03,142 --> 01:16:04,727
that other Americans think
1387
01:16:04,810 --> 01:16:08,147
they can just forget
what has happened.
1388
01:16:08,230 --> 01:16:09,774
I'm not gonna let them.
1389
01:16:21,410 --> 01:16:22,870
We're gonna
have our next meeting
1390
01:16:22,953 --> 01:16:26,165
third Saturday in April, okay?
1391
01:16:26,248 --> 01:16:27,666
So if you--
1392
01:16:27,750 --> 01:16:28,918
[Pauline] Third Saturday.
Yeah, right.
1393
01:16:29,001 --> 01:16:30,169
[lan] If you read in there, we--
1394
01:16:30,252 --> 01:16:31,587
A year ago, or two years ago,
1395
01:16:31,670 --> 01:16:32,588
we said
it's gonna be every quarter.
1396
01:16:32,671 --> 01:16:33,964
[Pauline] Okay.
1397
01:16:34,048 --> 01:16:35,299
[lan] So we'll see you then,
and--
1398
01:16:35,382 --> 01:16:37,093
-Yeah.
-[lan] Thank you.
1399
01:16:37,176 --> 01:16:38,844
[Keith] Where do you draw
the line between deterrence,
1400
01:16:38,928 --> 01:16:41,764
and-- and
the need for-- for peace,
1401
01:16:41,847 --> 01:16:45,017
and the need
to stop nuclear testing?
1402
01:16:45,101 --> 01:16:46,936
Well...
1403
01:16:47,019 --> 01:16:49,271
nuclear bombs have been tested.
1404
01:16:49,355 --> 01:16:52,942
We have those deterrent systems
in place.
1405
01:16:53,025 --> 01:16:55,861
We need to continue
to maintain those
1406
01:16:55,945 --> 01:16:59,824
so-- so that we can live safely,
1407
01:16:59,907 --> 01:17:04,870
without the fear that some
other nation's going to come
1408
01:17:04,954 --> 01:17:07,248
and try and blow us off the map.
1409
01:17:07,915 --> 01:17:11,710
But by the same token,
it was-- it was the--
1410
01:17:11,794 --> 01:17:16,006
The anti-nuclear movement
that brought a lot of awareness
1411
01:17:16,090 --> 01:17:17,675
to-- to the issues,
1412
01:17:17,758 --> 01:17:20,052
the issues of the health effects
of nuclear bombs,
1413
01:17:20,136 --> 01:17:22,888
the issues of, do we need
to test nuclear bombs,
1414
01:17:22,972 --> 01:17:24,557
is this a good idea?
1415
01:17:24,640 --> 01:17:27,685
Well, as long as there's
nuclear bombs in the world,
1416
01:17:27,768 --> 01:17:30,312
you're gonna have to
have a deterrent system
1417
01:17:30,396 --> 01:17:32,731
that works, and you have to--
1418
01:17:32,815 --> 01:17:34,483
You have to be able
to rely on it,
1419
01:17:34,567 --> 01:17:36,902
because that's what
keeps the peace
1420
01:17:36,986 --> 01:17:40,781
from a nuclear holocaust
from erupting.
1421
01:17:41,282 --> 01:17:43,325
[Darwin]
We were able to win the Cold War
1422
01:17:43,409 --> 01:17:46,370
with what we did at the site.
1423
01:17:46,453 --> 01:17:49,582
It contributed greatly
to the winning of the Cold War.
1424
01:17:49,665 --> 01:17:55,337
You saw that Russia wasn't able
to match what we were doing,
1425
01:17:55,421 --> 01:17:58,799
and so when
it all came to the end,
1426
01:17:58,883 --> 01:18:01,385
what we did
at the Nevada test site
1427
01:18:01,468 --> 01:18:03,053
helped win the Cold War,
1428
01:18:03,137 --> 01:18:06,265
helped assure the security
of the United States,
1429
01:18:06,348 --> 01:18:08,017
of the people
of the United States.
1430
01:18:08,100 --> 01:18:11,187
And so, nuclear testing
contributed to that.
1431
01:18:11,270 --> 01:18:13,939
[explosion booming]
1432
01:18:14,023 --> 01:18:15,691
I'm an activist, obviously,
1433
01:18:15,774 --> 01:18:18,360
but sometimes that has
a negative connotation,
1434
01:18:18,444 --> 01:18:20,321
because I'm also a patriot.
1435
01:18:20,863 --> 01:18:22,364
We own that flag, too.
1436
01:18:22,448 --> 01:18:24,992
We own that flag, too.
And you know what?
1437
01:18:25,576 --> 01:18:28,704
That government,
they work for us.
1438
01:18:28,787 --> 01:18:31,874
They work for us.
They need to listen to us.
1439
01:18:32,333 --> 01:18:33,751
It's still my country.
1440
01:18:33,834 --> 01:18:36,962
This government,
it's our government.
1441
01:18:37,046 --> 01:18:40,799
When they talk about "them,"
it's not them, it's us.
1442
01:18:40,883 --> 01:18:44,178
They work for us,
they need to listen to us.
1443
01:18:44,261 --> 01:18:45,930
They need to watch out for us,
1444
01:18:46,013 --> 01:18:49,516
they need to not harm us,
they need to protect us.
1445
01:18:50,267 --> 01:18:52,895
There's such a conflict in me
because I felt like
1446
01:18:52,978 --> 01:18:57,441
I was being un--
I wasn't being patriotic,
1447
01:18:57,524 --> 01:19:02,196
I wasn't being religious,
I wasn't following-- you know.
1448
01:19:02,905 --> 01:19:05,866
But I felt more spiritual
1449
01:19:05,950 --> 01:19:08,953
sitting in the desert
across from the test site
1450
01:19:09,036 --> 01:19:12,498
than I ever did
sitting at church.
1451
01:19:15,584 --> 01:19:16,752
[interviewer]
Are you an activist,
1452
01:19:16,835 --> 01:19:17,962
are you a patriot?
1453
01:19:18,671 --> 01:19:21,423
Uh, I'm a-- I'm an oath keeper.
1454
01:19:21,507 --> 01:19:23,342
I keep the oaths.
1455
01:19:23,425 --> 01:19:26,011
Uh, I-- I'm an oat keeper.
1456
01:19:26,637 --> 01:19:27,763
I drink Oatly.
1457
01:19:27,846 --> 01:19:29,807
Um, no, I'm a, uh...
1458
01:19:29,890 --> 01:19:32,351
I-- I wouldn't call myself--
I was an activist.
1459
01:19:33,227 --> 01:19:36,855
Uh, when I was a kid,
and I did it for a long time.
1460
01:19:36,939 --> 01:19:41,694
I consider my--
whatever activism I have, is...
1461
01:19:41,777 --> 01:19:43,529
uh, that I shoot my mouth off.
1462
01:19:43,946 --> 01:19:45,572
Um...
1463
01:19:45,656 --> 01:19:47,950
and that I try to--
uh, um, no, I--
1464
01:19:48,033 --> 01:19:49,994
What--
what I think has happened,
1465
01:19:50,077 --> 01:19:52,913
i-- is that, uh...
1466
01:19:52,997 --> 01:19:54,873
if we wanna get
anything accomplished,
1467
01:19:54,957 --> 01:19:56,709
and I hate to say this...
1468
01:19:56,792 --> 01:20:00,963
um, but-- and-- and it's--
it's because I'm older,
1469
01:20:01,046 --> 01:20:03,716
you want a government to work,
it has to work in the middle.
1470
01:20:03,799 --> 01:20:06,552
It doesn't work on either side.
1471
01:20:06,635 --> 01:20:09,138
And at times, uh,
what we're gonna--
1472
01:20:09,221 --> 01:20:11,056
What we will get is the--
1473
01:20:11,140 --> 01:20:12,891
You know,
the-- the right came along
1474
01:20:12,975 --> 01:20:15,394
and did its thing,
and now the left will--
1475
01:20:15,477 --> 01:20:18,022
For every action, there's
an equal and opposite reaction,
1476
01:20:18,105 --> 01:20:20,065
SO we--
so the left did some stuff,
1477
01:20:20,149 --> 01:20:22,192
if the-- if the election
goes a certain way,
1478
01:20:22,276 --> 01:20:23,652
the left may do more stuff.
1479
01:20:24,320 --> 01:20:28,866
Um, but in the end,
if you really want a country
1480
01:20:28,949 --> 01:20:33,078
that's together,
it has to be from the middle.
1481
01:20:33,162 --> 01:20:38,250
โช
1482
01:20:53,515 --> 01:20:55,726
[kids shouting playfully]
1483
01:21:20,751 --> 01:21:22,127
[announcer] The China Syndrome.
1484
01:21:25,381 --> 01:21:28,384
It's about people.
People who lie...
1485
01:21:29,718 --> 01:21:33,055
and people faced with the agony
of telling the truth.
1486
01:21:34,348 --> 01:21:36,850
It will start with a tremor
in a nuclear power plant.
1487
01:21:36,934 --> 01:21:39,728
Where it will end
will depend on three people.
1488
01:21:39,812 --> 01:21:41,522
[alarm blaring]
1489
01:21:41,605 --> 01:21:44,149
-[man] No!
-[machines beeping]
1490
01:21:44,233 --> 01:21:45,943
-[man] No!
-[machines beeping]
1491
01:21:46,026 --> 01:21:47,152
[announcer] The China Syndrome.
1492
01:21:47,236 --> 01:21:48,862
[worker] No, wait!
1493
01:21:48,946 --> 01:21:51,490
[announcer] Today,
only a handful of people know
1494
01:21:51,573 --> 01:21:54,493
-what it really means.
-[indistinct shouting]
1495
01:21:54,576 --> 01:21:57,413
[high-pitched humming]
1496
01:22:06,588 --> 01:22:11,927
I became active, um,
because of this script
1497
01:22:12,010 --> 01:22:13,720
that came over my desk,
1498
01:22:13,804 --> 01:22:17,641
unsolicited, early in my career,
called The China Syndrome.
1499
01:22:18,183 --> 01:22:21,937
Which was written by
a guy named Mike Gray,
1500
01:22:22,020 --> 01:22:24,982
uh,
who's a documentary filmmaker.
1501
01:22:25,065 --> 01:22:29,653
And I saw it as a, uh,
a great horror movie.
1502
01:22:29,736 --> 01:22:33,282
Then, as I began
the whole process of-- of,
1503
01:22:33,365 --> 01:22:35,826
uh, of-- of-- of working
on this picture,
1504
01:22:35,909 --> 01:22:38,036
and realized that
we needed to get some re--
1505
01:22:38,120 --> 01:22:39,830
Real legitimacy and credibility,
1506
01:22:39,913 --> 01:22:46,211
we hired two retired quality
assurance experts from GE.
1507
01:22:46,295 --> 01:22:49,214
And they had had
a loss of faith,
1508
01:22:49,298 --> 01:22:52,676
and they basically
go on to the other side,
1509
01:22:52,759 --> 01:22:58,265
and so we used them to give us
sort of the sequence of events
1510
01:22:58,348 --> 01:23:01,059
for our final meltdown.
1511
01:23:01,143 --> 01:23:03,437
And so we made this movie,
1512
01:23:03,520 --> 01:23:07,399
and, uh, we dealt with
a fair amount of criticism.
1513
01:23:07,483 --> 01:23:10,736
Particularly from Jane's,
uh, part of-- point of view,
1514
01:23:10,819 --> 01:23:12,237
where she was at.
1515
01:23:12,321 --> 01:23:15,199
And then 13 days
after the movie came out,
1516
01:23:15,282 --> 01:23:19,495
we had the Harrisburg
Three Mile Island, uh, incident.
1517
01:23:20,329 --> 01:23:22,331
And all of a sudden,
I, like everybody,
1518
01:23:22,414 --> 01:23:25,375
was watching the news,
and there was our...
1519
01:23:26,752 --> 01:23:28,754
our movie-- our movie,
1520
01:23:28,837 --> 01:23:31,548
uh,
public relations spokesperson,
1521
01:23:31,632 --> 01:23:35,093
on a split screen,
with Three Mile Island's person,
1522
01:23:35,177 --> 01:23:39,765
and-- and one began to see
these unbelievable sort of s--
1523
01:23:39,848 --> 01:23:41,475
Uh, similarities.
1524
01:23:41,558 --> 01:23:43,268
[reporter]
The accident occurred here,
1525
01:23:43,352 --> 01:23:45,729
at the Three Mile Island
nuclear power plant,
1526
01:23:45,812 --> 01:23:47,814
a dozen miles
south of Harrisburg.
1527
01:23:47,898 --> 01:23:49,942
At about four o'clock
this morning,
1528
01:23:50,025 --> 01:23:53,737
two water pumps that help cool
Reactor Number Two shut down.
1529
01:23:53,820 --> 01:23:57,032
Officials say some
50-60,000 gallons
1530
01:23:57,115 --> 01:24:00,369
of radioactive water escaped
into the reactor building.
1531
01:24:00,452 --> 01:24:02,287
Steam escaped
into the atmosphere,
1532
01:24:02,371 --> 01:24:05,749
and radiation was detected
as far as a mile away.
1533
01:24:06,375 --> 01:24:09,670
So this was an epiphany,
uh, for me.
1534
01:24:09,753 --> 01:24:10,963
It was like somebody
was trying to--
1535
01:24:11,046 --> 01:24:12,381
To-- to tell me something.
1536
01:24:12,464 --> 01:24:14,550
Uh, because we were under...
1537
01:24:15,467 --> 01:24:17,844
such pressure,
and as it was turning out,
1538
01:24:17,928 --> 01:24:19,888
this thing was,
uh, more accurate
1539
01:24:19,972 --> 01:24:21,473
than we had ever known.
1540
01:24:22,182 --> 01:24:24,017
So,
that was sort of the beginning
1541
01:24:24,101 --> 01:24:26,311
of my pursuit into this.
1542
01:24:27,062 --> 01:24:29,690
And then, um, uh,
a few years later,
1543
01:24:29,773 --> 01:24:31,108
Chernobyl happened.
1544
01:24:31,733 --> 01:24:35,904
Uh, and we watched
that unfold and unveil.
1545
01:24:36,697 --> 01:24:38,156
And a couple of years
after that,
1546
01:24:38,240 --> 01:24:39,950
I was just-- I was feeling...
1547
01:24:41,159 --> 01:24:42,661
I don't know, nostalgic,
1548
01:24:42,744 --> 01:24:45,789
but trying to trace
my family roots, you know.
1549
01:24:46,373 --> 01:24:50,502
And my father, um,
came from Belarus.
1550
01:24:51,253 --> 01:24:55,173
Uh, from the country of Belarus,
he was born here,
1551
01:24:55,257 --> 01:24:57,342
but my grandfather
was from there.
1552
01:24:58,385 --> 01:24:59,928
And as we tried to trace
1553
01:25:00,012 --> 01:25:03,890
where my father came
from in Belarus,
1554
01:25:03,974 --> 01:25:08,353
we discovered that Chernobyl,
which,
1555
01:25:08,437 --> 01:25:09,896
because of
all the current events
1556
01:25:09,980 --> 01:25:12,024
that are going on
with Ukraine right now,
1557
01:25:12,107 --> 01:25:14,067
we understand
that's on the border,
1558
01:25:14,151 --> 01:25:15,611
just about, with Belarus.
1559
01:25:16,403 --> 01:25:21,992
That after that, uh, tragedy,
Belarus took most of the fall,
1560
01:25:22,075 --> 01:25:25,746
because they were
downwind of Ukraine.
1561
01:25:26,455 --> 01:25:29,207
And lo and behold,
I couldn't find
1562
01:25:29,291 --> 01:25:33,128
my father's village anymore
because it was downwind.
1563
01:25:33,712 --> 01:25:35,380
It was in that area of Belarus,
1564
01:25:35,464 --> 01:25:38,592
what was lost,
it had been-- been vacated.
1565
01:25:38,675 --> 01:25:44,264
โช
1566
01:25:44,348 --> 01:25:46,391
I love my country, and, uh,
1567
01:25:46,475 --> 01:25:49,186
I'm s-- so proud about it,
in SO many ways.
1568
01:25:49,269 --> 01:25:51,188
It doesn't mean
things can't be better.
1569
01:25:51,271 --> 01:25:53,774
You still try to make things,
improve things,
1570
01:25:53,857 --> 01:25:56,526
and-- and the quality of--
of what they are.
1571
01:25:56,610 --> 01:25:58,153
You don't stand fast.
1572
01:25:58,820 --> 01:26:02,741
Patriotism, again,
is not one-- one thing,
1573
01:26:02,824 --> 01:26:04,576
it's a-- a--
it's a moving object.
1574
01:26:05,327 --> 01:26:06,787
Um, because
the country's moving.
1575
01:26:07,329 --> 01:26:08,830
I-- I wanted to thank very much,
1576
01:26:08,914 --> 01:26:12,292
uh, Mr. Douglas for, uh,
his great contribution
1577
01:26:12,376 --> 01:26:14,211
as a Messenger of Peace.
1578
01:26:14,753 --> 01:26:16,254
And I think
it's a great inspiration
1579
01:26:16,338 --> 01:26:18,256
for all of us, uh,
to talk out of the box.
1580
01:26:18,340 --> 01:26:20,133
And to make
this world that he's,
1581
01:26:20,217 --> 01:26:23,095
uh, looking for, and we're all
looking for, come a lot closer.
1582
01:26:23,178 --> 01:26:25,097
So it's aโ-
it's a big task for all of you.
1583
01:26:26,098 --> 01:26:29,059
[Michael Douglas] It, um,
being the most patriotic,
1584
01:26:29,142 --> 01:26:32,354
in terms of whatever,
uh, I can do to fight--
1585
01:26:32,437 --> 01:26:34,564
To eliminate nuclear weapons,
1586
01:26:34,648 --> 01:26:36,024
and the secrecy,
1587
01:26:36,108 --> 01:26:38,443
the secrecy that's been in--
involved
1588
01:26:38,527 --> 01:26:40,779
for something
that is so poisonous,
1589
01:26:40,862 --> 01:26:42,698
has such a long lifespan.
1590
01:26:43,198 --> 01:26:47,786
Um, and how we have been-- uh,
how we have been lied to,
1591
01:26:47,869 --> 01:26:52,249
by both our government, and--
and-- and corporate America.
1592
01:26:54,876 --> 01:26:56,378
It's my privilege...
1593
01:26:57,462 --> 01:27:00,090
to have this opportunity
to recognize
1594
01:27:00,173 --> 01:27:04,469
the important role of scholars
in addressing an issue
1595
01:27:04,553 --> 01:27:07,514
that has plagued the
international community
1596
01:27:07,597 --> 01:27:09,141
for far too long.
1597
01:27:10,434 --> 01:27:15,772
Growing up in the Cold War,
I was routinely reminded
1598
01:27:15,856 --> 01:27:17,566
of the threat
of nuclear weapons,
1599
01:27:17,649 --> 01:27:20,485
either when I was hiding
under my wooden desk...
1600
01:27:21,403 --> 01:27:24,114
uh, looking out
for the bright light
1601
01:27:24,197 --> 01:27:25,574
that might fall.
1602
01:27:25,657 --> 01:27:28,869
Fallout shelters,
duck for cover drills,
1603
01:27:28,952 --> 01:27:31,663
it was part
of our-- our daily lives.
1604
01:27:32,414 --> 01:27:35,459
But the threat posed
by nuclear weapons
1605
01:27:35,542 --> 01:27:39,755
is no less important today
than it was during my childhood.
1606
01:27:39,838 --> 01:27:41,173
[explosion rumbling]
1607
01:27:41,256 --> 01:27:43,842
We may have
fewer nuclear weapons,
1608
01:27:43,925 --> 01:27:46,470
but these weapons,
and their delivery systems,
1609
01:27:46,553 --> 01:27:49,556
are more powerful
and more sophisticated
1610
01:27:49,639 --> 01:27:50,682
than ever before.
1611
01:27:51,266 --> 01:27:54,770
I really cannot forgive, um,
our leaders,
1612
01:27:54,853 --> 01:27:57,022
our politicians,
for not addressing this,
1613
01:27:57,105 --> 01:28:03,320
this has been a-- a terrible pox
on-- on-- on humanity.
1614
01:28:03,403 --> 01:28:06,114
This has--
it has created the worst fear
1615
01:28:06,198 --> 01:28:08,867
on our planet,
that ever-- ever existed.
1616
01:28:09,576 --> 01:28:12,537
Uh, in terms
of the possible contamination.
1617
01:28:13,038 --> 01:28:14,790
Uh, not to mention the weaponry.
1618
01:28:15,373 --> 01:28:20,128
Um, and we're seeing it,
as we speak, right now.
1619
01:28:21,630 --> 01:28:24,007
Uh, we-- we-- we-- we-- we watch
this sort of drift at--
1620
01:28:24,090 --> 01:28:26,593
Drift away
because of climate issues
1621
01:28:26,676 --> 01:28:28,011
sort of took over.
1622
01:28:28,094 --> 01:28:29,805
Climate became--
it was more important,
1623
01:28:29,888 --> 01:28:31,181
although there's-- there is--
they're interrelated.
1624
01:28:31,848 --> 01:28:33,391
But now we're--
we're looking at a--
1625
01:28:33,475 --> 01:28:36,311
At a Russian leader who's...
1626
01:28:36,394 --> 01:28:39,689
again, speaking about
nuclear weapons.
1627
01:28:40,190 --> 01:28:42,067
The one thing I'd hoped for
in my lifetime
1628
01:28:42,150 --> 01:28:45,070
was to rid this planet,
or to have some part of--
1629
01:28:45,153 --> 01:28:47,405
To rid this planet
of nuclear weapons.
1630
01:28:47,489 --> 01:28:49,241
It looks like
it's not gonna happen.
1631
01:28:51,952 --> 01:28:54,204
[plane whooshing]
1632
01:28:55,080 --> 01:28:58,083
[narrator] The United States
is the only nation on Earth
1633
01:28:58,166 --> 01:29:00,919
to use atomic weaponry
in wartime.
1634
01:29:01,545 --> 01:29:04,047
More than 200,000 people died
1635
01:29:04,130 --> 01:29:07,926
from the bombs dropped
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1636
01:29:08,009 --> 01:29:13,932
โช
1637
01:29:16,852 --> 01:29:20,438
The greatest marvel is not
the size of the enterprise,
1638
01:29:20,522 --> 01:29:23,692
its secrecy, or its cost,
1639
01:29:23,775 --> 01:29:26,403
but the achievement
of scientific brains
1640
01:29:26,486 --> 01:29:28,113
in making it work.
1641
01:29:28,196 --> 01:29:31,199
We have spent
more than two billion dollars
1642
01:29:31,283 --> 01:29:34,870
on the greatest scientific
gamble in history,
1643
01:29:34,953 --> 01:29:36,580
and we have won.
1644
01:29:36,663 --> 01:29:40,542
[static crackling]
1645
01:29:40,625 --> 01:29:45,672
โช
1646
01:30:01,813 --> 01:30:04,274
[narrator]
Despite a moratorium on testing,
1647
01:30:04,357 --> 01:30:06,693
the United States continues
to develop
1648
01:30:06,776 --> 01:30:10,196
its nuclear weapons program
in earnest.
1649
01:30:11,823 --> 01:30:14,784
The Nevada test site
remains operational,
1650
01:30:14,868 --> 01:30:17,537
and resumption
of nuclear testing
1651
01:30:17,621 --> 01:30:19,039
is under debate.
1652
01:30:31,051 --> 01:30:32,761
The United States Constitution
1653
01:30:33,511 --> 01:30:36,014
made this great nation
what it is today,
1654
01:30:36,097 --> 01:30:37,849
and we've lived here for 10,000
years
1655
01:30:37,933 --> 01:30:39,309
before the Common Era.
1656
01:30:39,392 --> 01:30:41,102
We're trying to share
our knowledge
1657
01:30:41,186 --> 01:30:43,438
of how to live with the land.
1658
01:30:43,521 --> 01:30:45,023
We are part of the land,
1659
01:30:45,106 --> 01:30:46,942
I am water, you are water.
1660
01:30:47,025 --> 01:30:50,987
We need to protect the water.
We need to protect the land.
1661
01:30:51,071 --> 01:30:53,615
We are sharing
our knowledge with you.
1662
01:30:53,698 --> 01:30:55,951
10,000 years
before the Common Era.
1663
01:30:56,034 --> 01:30:57,577
That's what we have to give.
1664
01:31:05,919 --> 01:31:08,129
I'm working with downwinders
in other states,
1665
01:31:08,213 --> 01:31:09,464
and I'll tell you,
1666
01:31:09,547 --> 01:31:10,966
that little group
of downwinders,
1667
01:31:11,049 --> 01:31:12,592
we've become, like,
this community
1668
01:31:12,676 --> 01:31:15,887
and-- because
it's a real sense of solidarity.
1669
01:31:15,971 --> 01:31:18,598
We've all lived the same thing,
you know?
1670
01:31:19,140 --> 01:31:22,936
And it's our shared experience
that kinda unites us.
1671
01:31:32,070 --> 01:31:34,489
I would just want to leave
the message
1672
01:31:34,572 --> 01:31:40,161
to e-- everyone
that we're all downwinders.
1673
01:31:40,245 --> 01:31:42,414
Everyone is a downwinder.
1674
01:31:42,497 --> 01:31:47,585
โช
1675
01:32:42,557 --> 01:32:47,645
โช
1676
01:33:42,617 --> 01:33:47,705
โช
1677
01:34:42,677 --> 01:34:47,765
โช
1678
01:35:42,737 --> 01:35:47,825
โช
119359
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