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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,293 --> 00:00:03,712 The lethal aspect of this story 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 3 00:00:03,795 --> 00:00:06,507 is one that people don't want to talk about, 4 00:00:06,590 --> 00:00:10,427 They-- they ju-- they just do not want to talk about. 5 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 6 00:00:10,886 --> 00:00:15,015 [eerie wind blowing] 7 00:00:27,528 --> 00:00:31,657 [keyboard clacking] 8 00:00:43,460 --> 00:00:47,589 [insects chirping] 9 00:00:48,882 --> 00:00:53,011 [insects buzz] 10 00:00:54,763 --> 00:00:58,976 -[street din] -[dog barks] 11 00:01:00,561 --> 00:01:04,648 -[bell tolls] -[crickets chirp] 12 00:01:05,232 --> 00:01:06,567 [announcer] Put on your goggles. 13 00:01:07,109 --> 00:01:08,819 Observers without goggles 14 00:01:08,902 --> 00:01:11,446 must face away from the blast. 15 00:01:15,742 --> 00:01:17,786 H minus ten seconds. 16 00:01:18,412 --> 00:01:20,414 Nine, eight... 17 00:01:21,415 --> 00:01:24,001 seven, Six, 18 00:01:24,084 --> 00:01:27,337 five, four, three, 19 00:01:27,796 --> 00:01:29,965 two, one, 20 00:01:30,048 --> 00:01:31,466 zero! 21 00:01:31,550 --> 00:01:35,679 [explosion rumbles] 22 00:01:50,110 --> 00:01:52,738 [crackling] 23 00:01:52,821 --> 00:01:54,489 [indistinct chatter on radio] 24 00:01:54,573 --> 00:01:55,657 [woman] [indistinct] 46. 25 00:01:56,783 --> 00:02:00,245 -[man on radio] 710-4. -[man on radio] [indistinct] 26 00:02:06,501 --> 00:02:10,672 [eerie synth music plays] 27 00:02:20,349 --> 00:02:24,186 [Claudia Peterson] When the declassified information 28 00:02:24,269 --> 00:02:25,312 came out, 29 00:02:25,395 --> 00:02:27,606 when they were finding an area, 30 00:02:27,689 --> 00:02:29,816 they chose to test that because... 31 00:02:30,692 --> 00:02:33,362 they felt like they already owned the land. 32 00:02:33,445 --> 00:02:35,864 They didn't, it was Shoshone land. 33 00:02:36,782 --> 00:02:38,533 They weren't gonna have to pay for it. 34 00:02:39,076 --> 00:02:42,954 They were told to do it back East, would be better, 35 00:02:43,038 --> 00:02:44,748 'cause it would go over the ocean, 36 00:02:44,831 --> 00:02:48,669 it wouldn't contaminate the people downwind. 37 00:02:50,921 --> 00:02:53,674 But they decided it was cheaper 38 00:02:53,757 --> 00:02:55,342 to be in Nevada, 39 00:02:55,717 --> 00:02:58,845 and it was a low-use segment 40 00:02:58,929 --> 00:03:01,973 of the population they would be exposing. 41 00:03:03,141 --> 00:03:04,142 Downwind. 42 00:03:04,226 --> 00:03:08,355 [orchestral music plays] 43 00:03:11,566 --> 00:03:15,696 [electronic music plays] 44 00:04:09,458 --> 00:04:13,628 [somber orchestral music plays] 45 00:04:41,990 --> 00:04:45,118 [film reel crackling] 46 00:04:52,751 --> 00:04:54,294 A short time ago, 47 00:04:54,377 --> 00:04:57,631 an American airplane dropped one bomb 48 00:04:57,714 --> 00:04:59,299 on Hiroshima 49 00:04:59,382 --> 00:05:02,594 and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. 50 00:05:02,677 --> 00:05:04,387 That bomb has more power 51 00:05:04,471 --> 00:05:07,432 than 20,000 tons of TNT. 52 00:05:08,475 --> 00:05:11,937 The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor. 53 00:05:12,646 --> 00:05:14,981 They have been repaid manyfold. 54 00:05:15,649 --> 00:05:17,442 And the end is not yet. 55 00:05:18,401 --> 00:05:20,612 With this bomb, we have now added 56 00:05:20,695 --> 00:05:24,115 a new and revolutionary increase 57 00:05:24,199 --> 00:05:25,492 in destruction, 58 00:05:25,575 --> 00:05:27,452 to supplement the growing power 59 00:05:27,536 --> 00:05:29,162 of our armed forces. 60 00:05:29,871 --> 00:05:31,498 In their present form, 61 00:05:31,581 --> 00:05:33,875 these bombs are now in production. 62 00:05:34,376 --> 00:05:38,839 And even more powerful bombs are in development. 63 00:05:38,922 --> 00:05:40,632 It is an atomic bomb. 64 00:05:41,341 --> 00:05:42,759 It is a harnessing 65 00:05:42,843 --> 00:05:44,553 of the basic power of the universe. 66 00:05:45,262 --> 00:05:48,098 The force from which the sun draws his power 67 00:05:48,181 --> 00:05:49,975 has been loosed against those 68 00:05:50,058 --> 00:05:52,936 who've brought war to the Far East. 69 00:05:55,063 --> 00:05:56,439 [narrator] It is tempting to believe 70 00:05:56,523 --> 00:05:58,191 the buck stopped there. 71 00:05:58,275 --> 00:06:00,777 However, the awe-striking horrors 72 00:06:00,861 --> 00:06:02,696 of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 73 00:06:02,779 --> 00:06:05,949 though arguably may have ended one war, 74 00:06:06,032 --> 00:06:07,284 they started another. 75 00:06:07,951 --> 00:06:09,035 The Cold War. 76 00:06:09,119 --> 00:06:11,246 [solemn orchestral music plays] 77 00:06:11,329 --> 00:06:12,539 [military reel narrator] This is the valley 78 00:06:12,622 --> 00:06:14,249 where the giant mushrooms grow. 79 00:06:14,833 --> 00:06:17,043 More atomic bombs have been exploded 80 00:06:17,127 --> 00:06:19,713 on these 200 square miles of desert 81 00:06:19,796 --> 00:06:21,715 than on any other spot on the globe. 82 00:06:22,257 --> 00:06:25,176 [narrator] On January 27th, 1951, 83 00:06:25,260 --> 00:06:29,014 the United States air-dropped the first nuclear device 84 00:06:29,097 --> 00:06:31,725 -on the Nevada test site. -[explosion booms] 85 00:06:32,183 --> 00:06:33,727 It was codenamed "Able." 86 00:06:34,311 --> 00:06:36,104 Apparently, it was determined 87 00:06:36,187 --> 00:06:39,649 that the detonation of this one kiloton device, 88 00:06:39,733 --> 00:06:43,945 and the 927 tests conducted thereafter... 89 00:06:45,030 --> 00:06:48,074 would be perfectly safe on American soil. 90 00:06:48,158 --> 00:06:52,287 [ominous music plays] 91 00:07:12,057 --> 00:07:13,516 My name is lan Zabarte, 92 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:15,352 I am Principal Man of the Western Bands 93 00:07:15,435 --> 00:07:17,103 of the Shoshone Nation of Indians. 94 00:07:17,187 --> 00:07:18,521 I'm also secretary 95 00:07:18,605 --> 00:07:20,523 of the Native Community Action Council. 96 00:07:20,607 --> 00:07:21,900 Party with standing 97 00:07:21,983 --> 00:07:23,985 in the Atomic Safety Licensing Board 98 00:07:24,069 --> 00:07:25,654 of the proposed 99 00:07:25,737 --> 00:07:27,656 Yucca Mountain High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository, 100 00:07:27,739 --> 00:07:29,616 docket 63-001. 101 00:07:33,411 --> 00:07:35,580 My family, personally, um... 102 00:07:37,040 --> 00:07:40,251 my grandfather, my uncle, 103 00:07:40,335 --> 00:07:43,546 uh, other first cousins... 104 00:07:46,257 --> 00:07:49,886 have died of cancer and today are still dying 105 00:07:49,970 --> 00:07:52,889 of various forms of cancer, 106 00:07:52,973 --> 00:07:55,225 fro-- and-- and other illnesses 107 00:07:55,308 --> 00:07:57,560 known to be plausible from exposure to radiation. 108 00:07:57,644 --> 00:08:00,355 My grandfather, um, 109 00:08:00,438 --> 00:08:01,815 he had an immune deficiency, 110 00:08:01,898 --> 00:08:05,276 and his skin became hard and fell off. 111 00:08:06,069 --> 00:08:07,737 That is a type of illness 112 00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:11,449 that is potentially related to exposure to radiation, 113 00:08:11,533 --> 00:08:14,577 and ultimately he died from a heart attack 114 00:08:14,661 --> 00:08:15,996 a month after his skin fell off, 115 00:08:16,079 --> 00:08:18,415 but that produced stress on his body, 116 00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:21,876 which, I believe, uh, led to his heart attack. 117 00:08:22,669 --> 00:08:24,963 A lot of our activities were outside. 118 00:08:25,630 --> 00:08:29,259 And, uh, my uncles and aunts 119 00:08:29,342 --> 00:08:32,971 and, uh, other family members played in the fallout. 120 00:08:33,054 --> 00:08:35,557 I was luckily-- lucky enough not to be exposed, 121 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:37,809 as far as I am aware. 122 00:08:39,561 --> 00:08:41,062 That's... 123 00:08:41,146 --> 00:08:44,774 -[eerie music plays] -[Geiger counter crackles] 124 00:08:52,365 --> 00:08:54,242 [Darlene Graham] When we were little kids, 125 00:08:54,325 --> 00:08:57,162 livin' on the reservation in Duckwater, Nevada, 126 00:08:57,245 --> 00:08:59,831 we used to hear this great big boom, 127 00:08:59,914 --> 00:09:01,458 and then we'd run out, 128 00:09:01,541 --> 00:09:03,084 and we could see this cloud comin' up. 129 00:09:03,168 --> 00:09:04,419 They call it a mushroom. 130 00:09:04,961 --> 00:09:08,131 We-- we would see that come up, and we didn't know what it was. 131 00:09:08,214 --> 00:09:10,633 [announcer] Three, two, one, 132 00:09:10,717 --> 00:09:14,929 -zero. -[explosion rumbles] 133 00:09:17,098 --> 00:09:19,684 Over time, uh, it was later on 134 00:09:19,768 --> 00:09:22,145 that when we were told, uh, 135 00:09:22,228 --> 00:09:25,356 that they were doing the testing there, and, uh, 136 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:29,152 there was radiation spreading out across the-- 137 00:09:29,235 --> 00:09:32,322 Yeah, Nevada and across the States, 138 00:09:32,405 --> 00:09:34,991 and we found out that, uh, 139 00:09:35,075 --> 00:09:37,327 it caused cancer and leukemia. 140 00:09:37,911 --> 00:09:39,996 The cancer was my youngest brother. 141 00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:42,957 We had noticed that when he was growing up, 142 00:09:43,041 --> 00:09:44,918 he was having sore throats all the time, 143 00:09:45,001 --> 00:09:47,253 and the doctor was giving him antibiotics. 144 00:09:47,337 --> 00:09:49,964 And I remember, 145 00:09:50,048 --> 00:09:52,509 we would see the-- 146 00:09:52,592 --> 00:09:54,511 The dust come up, 147 00:09:54,594 --> 00:09:56,471 like a, you-- single comb, 148 00:09:56,554 --> 00:09:58,264 and then it spread out like a mushroom. 149 00:09:58,348 --> 00:10:00,016 That's why they call it a mushroom. 150 00:10:00,100 --> 00:10:01,893 Once we've seen the-- the mushroom, 151 00:10:01,976 --> 00:10:03,478 we went back in the house. 152 00:10:06,106 --> 00:10:08,024 My brother, Philip Graham, 153 00:10:08,108 --> 00:10:12,028 later on, was diagnosed with cancer of the throat. 154 00:10:12,612 --> 00:10:16,574 Even if he went to the doctor's in Phoenix, Las Vegas, 155 00:10:16,658 --> 00:10:20,120 they did not diagnose him with cancer at that time. 156 00:10:21,079 --> 00:10:23,998 No one ever warned us about the testing 157 00:10:24,082 --> 00:10:25,458 and what it would cause. 158 00:10:27,335 --> 00:10:29,087 Our ancestors used to live... 159 00:10:30,088 --> 00:10:31,881 wi-- uh, off the land. 160 00:10:31,965 --> 00:10:35,385 And we still do, at times. 161 00:10:35,468 --> 00:10:37,262 And that was being taken away, 162 00:10:37,345 --> 00:10:39,889 and because of-- we can't even go on to the test site. 163 00:10:39,973 --> 00:10:41,349 If we do, we get arrested. 164 00:10:41,432 --> 00:10:43,268 And it's destroying our medicine, 165 00:10:43,351 --> 00:10:45,353 it's destroying our animals, 166 00:10:45,436 --> 00:10:46,771 destroying our plants. 167 00:10:46,855 --> 00:10:48,231 It's destroying everything. 168 00:10:49,190 --> 00:10:51,609 We know it's the cancer from the radiation. 169 00:10:51,693 --> 00:10:53,903 'Cause it's called downwind. 170 00:10:53,987 --> 00:10:55,405 We're downwinders. 171 00:10:55,488 --> 00:10:57,240 "Cause that's where the radiation go, 172 00:10:57,323 --> 00:10:58,783 down towards us. 173 00:10:59,325 --> 00:11:00,660 Wherever we're livin'. 174 00:11:01,619 --> 00:11:03,371 And it's like a, um... 175 00:11:04,455 --> 00:11:06,416 cross-- all across the United States, 176 00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:07,959 from the test site it goes like this 177 00:11:08,042 --> 00:11:09,752 all the way across the United States 178 00:11:09,836 --> 00:11:12,088 and not only affects people in Duckwater. 179 00:11:12,714 --> 00:11:13,756 All the areas. 180 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:16,259 [eerie music plays] 181 00:11:16,342 --> 00:11:20,471 [explosion booms] 182 00:11:41,409 --> 00:11:43,703 [narrator] The path of radioactive fallout 183 00:11:43,786 --> 00:11:45,163 from each blast 184 00:11:45,246 --> 00:11:47,332 depended on predicted wind 185 00:11:47,415 --> 00:11:48,875 and weather patterns. 186 00:12:02,138 --> 00:12:04,015 [Patrick Wayne] My father was under contract for, 187 00:12:04,098 --> 00:12:07,477 and made two pictures for Howard Hughes and RKO. 188 00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:10,104 Jet Pilot and The Conqueror. 189 00:12:10,813 --> 00:12:13,650 If my dad had to make a choice, he never would have-- 190 00:12:13,733 --> 00:12:15,485 He never would have played Genghis Khan, 191 00:12:15,568 --> 00:12:17,195 because this is like-- I mean, I don't know. 192 00:12:17,278 --> 00:12:18,988 I do remember that, uh, you know, 193 00:12:19,072 --> 00:12:20,740 we're down here in St. George, 194 00:12:20,823 --> 00:12:22,617 it was towards the end of summer, I think. 195 00:12:22,700 --> 00:12:25,245 We had no idea that the testing was going on. 196 00:12:25,328 --> 00:12:26,913 That was a big hush-hush secret. 197 00:12:27,497 --> 00:12:30,166 But what we did know, was at that time, 198 00:12:30,250 --> 00:12:32,210 uranium was, like, the big thing. 199 00:12:32,293 --> 00:12:33,628 Uranium mining was a big thing, 200 00:12:33,711 --> 00:12:35,004 everybody was gonna make a fortune, 201 00:12:35,088 --> 00:12:36,756 um, on this uranium mining. 202 00:12:37,340 --> 00:12:39,300 -Everybody had Geiger counters. -[Geiger counter clicking] 203 00:12:39,384 --> 00:12:40,760 Well, they turned these Geiger counters, 204 00:12:40,843 --> 00:12:42,512 it didn't matter where you were, 205 00:12:42,595 --> 00:12:44,430 I mean, these things were goin' [imitates Geiger counter]. 206 00:12:44,514 --> 00:12:46,474 We thought, you know, we're gonna discover uranium, 207 00:12:46,557 --> 00:12:48,309 it's right here, we're gonna all be, 208 00:12:48,393 --> 00:12:49,686 you know, kajillionaires. 209 00:12:50,186 --> 00:12:52,814 It turned out that it was something much more sinister, 210 00:12:52,897 --> 00:12:55,024 -as we-- we know now. -[explosion booms] 211 00:12:55,108 --> 00:12:57,443 Uh, this, uh, you know, the fallout from the-- 212 00:12:57,527 --> 00:13:00,697 From the testing up north was drifting down 213 00:13:00,780 --> 00:13:02,615 to, um, to this area. 214 00:13:02,699 --> 00:13:05,159 Wha-- what?-- what's the results of all this stuff? 215 00:13:05,243 --> 00:13:06,369 Well... 216 00:13:07,287 --> 00:13:09,330 I mean, uh, when you look at the cast and crew 217 00:13:09,414 --> 00:13:12,333 on the film The Conquerors, it's, uh, 218 00:13:12,417 --> 00:13:14,669 just a whacked-out number of people, 219 00:13:14,752 --> 00:13:18,047 a percentage of people, who passed away, 220 00:13:18,131 --> 00:13:19,716 died from cancer. 221 00:13:19,799 --> 00:13:22,719 Uh, and it's just so much higher 222 00:13:22,802 --> 00:13:24,470 than the typical demographic 223 00:13:24,554 --> 00:13:27,140 that, uh, you know, by-- skewed by so many. 224 00:13:27,598 --> 00:13:30,810 You know, if it's 60%, it maybe should be 14%. 225 00:13:31,269 --> 00:13:34,230 I mean, uh, one of the reasons could have been 226 00:13:34,314 --> 00:13:36,774 that they were exposed to this stuff on, uh, 227 00:13:36,858 --> 00:13:38,151 on The Conqueror. 228 00:13:38,609 --> 00:13:40,945 Um, RKO Studios, I don't know what they call it now, 229 00:13:41,029 --> 00:13:43,239 in, um, in Los Angeles, um, 230 00:13:43,323 --> 00:13:44,991 they had taken a bunch of the soil 231 00:13:45,074 --> 00:13:47,452 back to the studio, uh, 232 00:13:47,535 --> 00:13:50,872 for interiors, uh, that they shot at their studio. 233 00:13:51,331 --> 00:13:53,750 And there was still a big pile of this red dirt 234 00:13:53,833 --> 00:13:56,085 on the back lot at, uh, the RKO lot. 235 00:13:56,669 --> 00:13:59,464 And we went back there in the-- I guess this was-- 236 00:13:59,547 --> 00:14:01,007 I think it was in the-- 237 00:14:01,090 --> 00:14:02,925 Still, the late '90s, somethin' like that. 238 00:14:03,009 --> 00:14:04,594 And we went over with a Geiger counter, 239 00:14:04,677 --> 00:14:07,013 and this thing was still, like, radioactive. 240 00:14:07,096 --> 00:14:08,556 I mean, it has a half-year-- 241 00:14:08,639 --> 00:14:10,767 Half-life of 10,000 years or something. 242 00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:12,101 It's not going anywhere. 243 00:14:12,810 --> 00:14:14,604 So, that was a pretty good indication 244 00:14:14,687 --> 00:14:18,107 of what they were going through, and living with, and eating. 245 00:14:18,608 --> 00:14:20,193 Certainly, you know, it gets in the food, 246 00:14:20,276 --> 00:14:22,779 it gets in the water, gets in the food chain, 247 00:14:22,862 --> 00:14:24,447 it gets in the-- 248 00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:26,824 The feed that the cattle were chewing, and bu-- yeah, 249 00:14:26,908 --> 00:14:30,119 so, I mean, it's pervasive-- pervasive stuff. 250 00:14:31,704 --> 00:14:35,833 [horses neighing] 251 00:14:38,753 --> 00:14:43,049 -[men shouting indistinctly] -[epic music plays] 252 00:14:55,895 --> 00:14:57,313 [Mark Sennet] I was on assignment 253 00:14:57,397 --> 00:14:58,648 in St. George, Utah 254 00:14:58,731 --> 00:15:00,316 for People magazine. 255 00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:01,859 We were doing a story 256 00:15:01,943 --> 00:15:03,945 on this woman called Irma Thomas. 257 00:15:04,028 --> 00:15:06,989 And Irma was kind of the activist, 258 00:15:07,073 --> 00:15:08,408 you know, in St. George, 259 00:15:08,491 --> 00:15:09,992 because she was so alarmed 260 00:15:10,076 --> 00:15:11,828 and trying to get St. George alarmed 261 00:15:11,911 --> 00:15:14,288 about the tremendous leukemia rate. 262 00:15:14,372 --> 00:15:16,249 And she turned to me, and she said, 263 00:15:16,332 --> 00:15:18,876 "You know, they've made about 40 movies out here, 264 00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:21,170 in Snow Canyon, and, uh, 265 00:15:21,254 --> 00:15:23,047 you know, John Wayne made a-- 266 00:15:23,131 --> 00:15:24,674 This movie called The Conqueror." 267 00:15:25,383 --> 00:15:26,884 [Temuijin] You do well, Kumlek. 268 00:15:26,968 --> 00:15:29,846 For while I have fingers to grasp a sword 269 00:15:29,929 --> 00:15:31,639 and eyes to see, 270 00:15:31,722 --> 00:15:35,059 your treacherous head is not safe on your shoulders. 271 00:15:35,518 --> 00:15:37,520 Nor your daughter in her bed. 272 00:15:37,603 --> 00:15:41,357 [epic music fades] 273 00:15:44,026 --> 00:15:46,279 I immediately picked up the phone, 274 00:15:46,362 --> 00:15:48,656 and I called Michael in LA. 275 00:15:48,739 --> 00:15:50,700 And I said, "Michael, please... 276 00:15:51,576 --> 00:15:53,453 tell me this story about-- 277 00:15:53,536 --> 00:15:56,956 About your father doing this movie, The Conqueror, 278 00:15:57,039 --> 00:16:00,042 because there is so much r-- radiation up here 279 00:16:00,126 --> 00:16:03,921 from all the atomic blasts that were above ground, 280 00:16:04,005 --> 00:16:06,716 um, probably affected, you know, 281 00:16:06,799 --> 00:16:08,718 uh, the work on the set." 282 00:16:08,801 --> 00:16:10,678 Michael and I had to decide, 283 00:16:10,761 --> 00:16:13,306 how could we crack this story? 284 00:16:13,389 --> 00:16:15,933 You know, because this is so important, 285 00:16:16,017 --> 00:16:18,728 because you had 220 people 286 00:16:18,811 --> 00:16:20,396 that left Los Angeles. 287 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,733 And-- and we counted, on my calculations 288 00:16:23,816 --> 00:16:25,735 and my partner, Karen Jackovich, 289 00:16:25,818 --> 00:16:29,739 out of 220 people, if our estimates are correct, 290 00:16:29,822 --> 00:16:31,741 110 people died of cancer. 291 00:16:32,366 --> 00:16:36,412 It just seems to me quite a coincidence that-- 292 00:16:36,496 --> 00:16:38,498 That a whole group of people, 293 00:16:38,581 --> 00:16:40,541 uh, passed away. 294 00:16:40,625 --> 00:16:42,293 And by the way, yeah, 295 00:16:42,376 --> 00:16:44,003 there were people that smoked on this set. 296 00:16:44,879 --> 00:16:47,256 People smoked then. That's what everybody did. 297 00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:49,926 I don't think the people on the crew, 298 00:16:50,009 --> 00:16:51,511 I don't know what the numbers are, 299 00:16:51,594 --> 00:16:53,221 but I don't know if they all happened to die 300 00:16:53,304 --> 00:16:54,889 from lung cancer, I don't think so. 301 00:16:55,431 --> 00:16:57,934 My father ended up dying from stomach cancer... 302 00:16:58,768 --> 00:17:00,937 some 15 years after he had lung cancer. 303 00:17:01,687 --> 00:17:03,481 [Mark] As the headlines are coming in, 304 00:17:03,564 --> 00:17:05,608 "Did America Kill John Wayne?", 305 00:17:05,691 --> 00:17:07,443 um, we felt, 306 00:17:07,527 --> 00:17:10,821 at the end of this whole purpose of putting this piece together, 307 00:17:10,905 --> 00:17:13,199 was to shine a light on-- 308 00:17:13,282 --> 00:17:15,284 On the nuclear problem. 309 00:17:16,285 --> 00:17:18,204 110 people died of cancer. 310 00:17:18,704 --> 00:17:21,999 From below the line, you know, grips, electric, 311 00:17:22,083 --> 00:17:24,210 you know, to the main stars. 312 00:17:24,293 --> 00:17:25,670 And-- and the way 313 00:17:25,753 --> 00:17:28,381 that they all died was different, 314 00:17:28,464 --> 00:17:30,132 but they all seemed to contract cancer 315 00:17:30,216 --> 00:17:33,135 within the first ten to 15 years. 316 00:17:33,219 --> 00:17:37,348 [eerie music plays] 317 00:18:26,772 --> 00:18:29,525 [narrator] Radiation permeates everything. 318 00:18:29,609 --> 00:18:32,028 It gets there, it stays there. 319 00:18:32,695 --> 00:18:35,364 Wind, earth and water. 320 00:18:37,074 --> 00:18:40,119 The radiation is in the water, 321 00:18:40,202 --> 00:18:43,205 it is, uh, going to be transported. 322 00:18:43,289 --> 00:18:46,417 The estimates are between 200 foot per year 323 00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:49,712 and 200,000 foot per year travel time. 324 00:18:50,296 --> 00:18:53,382 If that's the case, then it's already off site, 325 00:18:53,466 --> 00:18:56,886 and it's heading towards Beatty, and, uh, 326 00:18:56,969 --> 00:18:58,679 it'll get into the Amargosa River, 327 00:18:58,763 --> 00:19:01,349 and it'll be transported even faster 328 00:19:01,432 --> 00:19:02,975 towards our community. 329 00:19:03,059 --> 00:19:05,645 That's why we need a safe place for my people. 330 00:19:06,854 --> 00:19:08,356 I'm descended from Chief Kawich. 331 00:19:08,439 --> 00:19:12,693 Kawich Valley, Kawich Peak, Kawich Mountain. 332 00:19:13,319 --> 00:19:16,989 And this is the headwaters 333 00:19:17,073 --> 00:19:18,449 of the Amargosa River. 334 00:19:19,075 --> 00:19:20,576 Goes down through Beatty, 335 00:19:20,660 --> 00:19:24,205 comes all the way down to Shoshone and Tecopa, 336 00:19:24,288 --> 00:19:26,499 where we're at, to China Ranch. 337 00:19:26,582 --> 00:19:29,877 And then it makes a turn down into Death Valley... 338 00:19:31,003 --> 00:19:33,714 to our community, at Furnace Creek. 339 00:19:35,049 --> 00:19:37,093 So, we have the radiation 340 00:19:37,176 --> 00:19:39,679 from weapons testing, underground, 341 00:19:39,762 --> 00:19:42,973 at Paiute Mesa, into the river. 342 00:19:43,057 --> 00:19:44,725 The potential for Yucca Mountain 343 00:19:44,809 --> 00:19:48,813 to release radiation into the river. 344 00:19:48,896 --> 00:19:51,774 But that water's the most important thing 345 00:19:51,857 --> 00:19:52,983 in the desert. 346 00:19:54,443 --> 00:19:58,572 [light music plays] 347 00:20:04,995 --> 00:20:09,959 โ™ช [Shoshone lyrics] โ™ช 348 00:20:10,042 --> 00:20:12,628 โ™ช [Shoshone lyrics] โ™ช 349 00:20:12,712 --> 00:20:16,090 โ™ช [Shoshone lyrics] โ™ช 350 00:20:16,173 --> 00:20:17,883 โ™ช [Shoshone lyrics] โ™ช 351 00:20:17,967 --> 00:20:22,138 โ™ช [Shoshone lyrics] โ™ช 352 00:20:22,221 --> 00:20:25,307 โ™ช [Shoshone lyrics] โ™ช 353 00:20:36,569 --> 00:20:39,739 I feel that it is disgustingly shameful 354 00:20:39,822 --> 00:20:42,158 that the scientists and engineers 355 00:20:42,241 --> 00:20:44,452 come into my country, 356 00:20:44,535 --> 00:20:46,871 come into my people's land, 357 00:20:46,954 --> 00:20:48,914 my family's land, 358 00:20:48,998 --> 00:20:51,459 they collect my family's things. 359 00:20:51,542 --> 00:20:53,127 The security there shoot 360 00:20:53,210 --> 00:20:55,838 at thousands-of-year-old petroglyphs 361 00:20:55,921 --> 00:20:57,673 and destroy my family's things, 362 00:20:57,757 --> 00:20:59,967 and they wanna tell me all about it. 363 00:21:00,050 --> 00:21:02,845 The-- the anthropologists, these researchers, 364 00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,389 they don't know what they're trying to protect. 365 00:21:06,766 --> 00:21:09,727 Engineers and scientists, they wanna do science. 366 00:21:09,810 --> 00:21:11,187 They wanna build things. 367 00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:13,189 They're not trying to protect my interests, 368 00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:15,024 They're not trying to follow the law. 369 00:21:15,107 --> 00:21:17,109 They're not trying to follow the law. 370 00:21:17,193 --> 00:21:19,445 They're there in secret, and they do what they want. 371 00:21:19,528 --> 00:21:21,363 It's disgustingly shameful. 372 00:21:25,075 --> 00:21:27,036 So, our water flows under the road here. 373 00:21:27,745 --> 00:21:29,246 There's very important life here. 374 00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:31,415 At night, you can hear the frogs. 375 00:21:33,042 --> 00:21:34,210 Hear 'em? 376 00:21:35,294 --> 00:21:36,504 [frogs croaking] 377 00:21:36,587 --> 00:21:38,172 So, these frogs are important. 378 00:21:38,255 --> 00:21:41,425 They're, um, indicators of environmental quality. 379 00:21:41,509 --> 00:21:43,886 And so is the little-- the little worm. 380 00:21:43,969 --> 00:21:47,389 These are very, uh, special animals, 381 00:21:47,473 --> 00:21:49,892 and our people took the time, you know, 382 00:21:49,975 --> 00:21:52,895 to understand and commune with these things 383 00:21:52,978 --> 00:21:55,397 and use them out of respect and reverence. 384 00:21:55,481 --> 00:21:56,816 We know what we're trying to protect. 385 00:21:57,358 --> 00:21:58,734 We're trying to protect this water 386 00:21:58,818 --> 00:22:00,569 and all the life that comes from it. 387 00:22:01,028 --> 00:22:04,240 And honestly, that's all of us. 388 00:22:04,323 --> 00:22:06,659 We are water. I am water. 389 00:22:07,576 --> 00:22:09,703 And we need other people to understand that. 390 00:22:10,204 --> 00:22:11,539 Where are they-- where are they gonna get 391 00:22:11,622 --> 00:22:13,082 their water from in the future? 392 00:22:13,165 --> 00:22:15,543 How are they going to protect themselves 393 00:22:15,626 --> 00:22:17,086 without clean water? 394 00:22:18,087 --> 00:22:19,380 We're running into that right now. 395 00:22:19,463 --> 00:22:20,756 Flint, Michigan. 396 00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:22,049 You know, f-- is-- is a good example. 397 00:22:22,132 --> 00:22:23,926 You have to have pure water 398 00:22:24,009 --> 00:22:27,054 otherwise, uh-- uh, you're not going to survive. 399 00:22:28,138 --> 00:22:32,268 [ominous music plays] 400 00:22:42,027 --> 00:22:45,447 [Claudia] Growing up in, um, Cedar City was fabulous. 401 00:22:45,531 --> 00:22:48,033 I had an idyllic childhood. 402 00:22:48,117 --> 00:22:50,953 We lived on a little-- it was a little farm. 403 00:22:51,036 --> 00:22:52,621 My mother was an RN, 404 00:22:52,705 --> 00:22:55,124 and my dad worked for the State Road, 405 00:22:55,207 --> 00:22:57,960 and we had a big-- 406 00:22:58,043 --> 00:22:59,795 My mother had a great big garden, 407 00:22:59,879 --> 00:23:02,756 and we had some farm animals, 408 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,302 and I spent all my days outside, playing. 409 00:23:07,052 --> 00:23:10,598 I do remember coming with, uh, Geiger counters. 410 00:23:11,098 --> 00:23:13,142 I remember lighting one up, one time, 411 00:23:13,225 --> 00:23:16,478 and asking the question, why would I light-- 412 00:23:16,562 --> 00:23:18,022 Why did I light up? 413 00:23:18,105 --> 00:23:20,149 I was excited, I thought it was pretty exciting 414 00:23:20,232 --> 00:23:22,860 that I lit up the Geiger counter. 415 00:23:23,569 --> 00:23:25,446 And the guy told me 416 00:23:25,529 --> 00:23:27,364 it was 'cause I'd had a dental X-ray. 417 00:23:27,448 --> 00:23:30,326 [solemn music plays] 418 00:23:30,409 --> 00:23:32,161 My sister's class, 419 00:23:32,244 --> 00:23:35,414 they passed out big pills. 420 00:23:36,290 --> 00:23:38,208 And I later learned 421 00:23:38,292 --> 00:23:39,793 that it was done randomly, 422 00:23:39,877 --> 00:23:42,630 and that was potassium iodine pills. 423 00:23:42,713 --> 00:23:44,465 But they were passing them out 424 00:23:44,548 --> 00:23:47,176 after a test, 425 00:23:47,259 --> 00:23:48,510 instead of before, 426 00:23:48,594 --> 00:23:51,013 and it was supposed to inhibit the, uh, 427 00:23:51,096 --> 00:23:54,516 absorption of the-- the radiation. 428 00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:58,270 [Geiger counter clicking] 429 00:23:58,354 --> 00:24:01,023 [narrator] In January 1955, 430 00:24:01,106 --> 00:24:03,525 the United States Atomic Energy Commission 431 00:24:03,609 --> 00:24:05,069 released a report 432 00:24:05,152 --> 00:24:07,321 that assured the public that, quote, 433 00:24:07,404 --> 00:24:09,740 "Radiation is nothing new. 434 00:24:09,823 --> 00:24:11,533 Since the beginning of time, 435 00:24:11,617 --> 00:24:13,953 mankind has been bombarded by radiation 436 00:24:14,036 --> 00:24:15,496 from outer space 437 00:24:15,579 --> 00:24:17,039 and from the ground beneath him." 438 00:24:17,706 --> 00:24:19,041 [film reel narrator] Radium turned out to be 439 00:24:19,124 --> 00:24:21,293 a mysterious source of energy. 440 00:24:22,378 --> 00:24:25,214 But this remarkable element would go on radiating 441 00:24:25,297 --> 00:24:27,341 like an endlessly flowing spring. 442 00:24:28,717 --> 00:24:31,512 This was against all laws of science 443 00:24:31,595 --> 00:24:32,888 known at that time. 444 00:24:33,847 --> 00:24:37,685 How could this tiny mass contain so much energy? 445 00:24:40,270 --> 00:24:42,022 [show narrator] Radiation from any source 446 00:24:42,106 --> 00:24:45,192 can attack the thyroid, the skin, 447 00:24:45,275 --> 00:24:47,569 the lungs, the spleen, 448 00:24:47,653 --> 00:24:49,947 the liver, the kidneys, 449 00:24:50,030 --> 00:24:52,116 the bone, the muscle, 450 00:24:52,199 --> 00:24:53,617 the reproductive organs. 451 00:24:54,201 --> 00:24:57,705 Its effects: cancers, genetic mutations. 452 00:24:57,788 --> 00:25:01,959 [ominous orchestral music plays] 453 00:25:12,344 --> 00:25:15,764 [Mary Dickson] People are still getting sick. 454 00:25:16,348 --> 00:25:18,225 Their cancers are coming back. 455 00:25:24,023 --> 00:25:26,316 It's not like you just have cancer, 456 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:27,901 and it goes away. 457 00:25:28,819 --> 00:25:31,530 You-- no, you're dealing with it the rest of your life, 458 00:25:31,613 --> 00:25:33,574 and it's not just the physical, either. 459 00:25:33,657 --> 00:25:36,618 It's-- it-- it's a huge emotional problem, 460 00:25:36,702 --> 00:25:39,955 like, every new lump you feel. 461 00:25:40,039 --> 00:25:41,874 Every time you get sick. 462 00:25:41,957 --> 00:25:43,459 Every ache, every pain, you think, 463 00:25:43,542 --> 00:25:45,169 "Oh, my God, it's come back." 464 00:25:45,252 --> 00:25:47,296 And just how it affects your family 465 00:25:47,379 --> 00:25:49,798 and the people who love you, um... 466 00:25:50,674 --> 00:25:54,136 it's so, so hard to live with that. 467 00:25:54,219 --> 00:25:56,513 And it's-- you know, the more work I did on this, 468 00:25:56,597 --> 00:25:58,640 the more people come to me with their stories. 469 00:25:58,724 --> 00:26:00,809 I hear these stories that just kill me. 470 00:26:00,893 --> 00:26:03,729 I was, um, on my way to work one day, 471 00:26:03,812 --> 00:26:05,147 and I get a call. 472 00:26:05,230 --> 00:26:07,566 And the woman is telling me that-- 473 00:26:07,649 --> 00:26:11,236 That she lost three children to leukemia as babies, 474 00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:12,946 during atmospheric testing, 475 00:26:13,030 --> 00:26:15,407 and now her surviving adult children have cancer. 476 00:26:17,409 --> 00:26:19,578 I have wondered, all these years, 477 00:26:19,661 --> 00:26:21,121 why more people don't know. 478 00:26:21,580 --> 00:26:24,166 I mean, there are even people in my own state 479 00:26:24,249 --> 00:26:27,836 and in southern Utah who don't really know much. 480 00:26:28,587 --> 00:26:31,840 I don't think it ever was in history books. 481 00:26:31,924 --> 00:26:34,134 They never learned it. I mean, how do you learn it? 482 00:26:34,218 --> 00:26:38,263 And-- and there have been newspaper articles, but... 483 00:26:39,181 --> 00:26:40,808 how-- how do you learn it? 484 00:26:40,891 --> 00:26:43,936 Unless you're taught it. And it's not taught. 485 00:26:44,019 --> 00:26:48,148 It's just simply not part of our recorded history. 486 00:26:50,109 --> 00:26:53,320 You know, my sister and I were only 13 months apart, 487 00:26:53,403 --> 00:26:56,323 and I think she'd say, "Keep going," 488 00:26:56,406 --> 00:26:59,618 and sometimes, like, I invoke all of them, 489 00:26:59,701 --> 00:27:00,911 these people I've lost. 490 00:27:01,370 --> 00:27:04,498 It's like, "Preston, Michelle, Anne, just help me. 491 00:27:04,581 --> 00:27:05,999 Help me get through this 492 00:27:06,083 --> 00:27:08,210 because it's hard to carry that baton." 493 00:27:08,293 --> 00:27:10,462 It's like, sometimes I just need to say... 494 00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:14,633 "Okay, I need help. I've gotta have help doing this. 495 00:27:14,716 --> 00:27:15,926 I can't do it all." 496 00:27:19,138 --> 00:27:23,308 [solemn piano music plays] 497 00:27:36,697 --> 00:27:38,699 [announcer] If you were driving from Los Angeles 498 00:27:38,782 --> 00:27:41,451 to Salt Lake City, on US Highway 91, 499 00:27:41,535 --> 00:27:44,413 you would pass through St. George, Utah. 500 00:27:44,955 --> 00:27:48,208 As this thriving community went about its business, 501 00:27:48,292 --> 00:27:51,086 youngsters on their way to school, 502 00:27:51,170 --> 00:27:53,964 housewives starting on the chores of the day. 503 00:27:54,464 --> 00:27:56,383 [news anchor] Ladies and gentlemen, 504 00:27:56,466 --> 00:27:59,178 we interrupt this program to bring you important news. 505 00:27:59,928 --> 00:28:01,430 Word has just been received 506 00:28:01,513 --> 00:28:03,599 from the Atomic Energy Commission 507 00:28:03,682 --> 00:28:06,143 that due to a change in wind direction, 508 00:28:06,226 --> 00:28:09,104 the residue from this morning's atomic detonation 509 00:28:09,188 --> 00:28:11,815 is drifting in the direction of St. George. 510 00:28:12,441 --> 00:28:15,444 It is suggested that everyone remain indoors 511 00:28:15,527 --> 00:28:18,447 for one hour or until further notice. 512 00:28:18,530 --> 00:28:20,115 There is no danger. 513 00:28:20,199 --> 00:28:24,328 [ominous music plays] 514 00:28:26,830 --> 00:28:28,165 [Claudia] My life was great. 515 00:28:28,832 --> 00:28:32,794 I went to college and met my husband in college. 516 00:28:32,878 --> 00:28:35,714 I had three beautiful children. 517 00:28:38,091 --> 00:28:41,970 When our youngest daughter was three... 518 00:28:50,604 --> 00:28:52,064 even all these years later, 519 00:28:52,147 --> 00:28:53,941 it hurts to even talk about it. 520 00:28:55,234 --> 00:28:59,112 She was diagnosed with neuroblastoma. 521 00:29:02,658 --> 00:29:04,910 I took her to, like, four or five doctors here, 522 00:29:04,993 --> 00:29:07,162 and they just kept saying, "Nothing's wrong with her, 523 00:29:07,246 --> 00:29:08,705 she's just constipated.โ€ 524 00:29:08,789 --> 00:29:11,208 But I had-- I drove her to Primary Children's 525 00:29:11,291 --> 00:29:12,709 in the middle of the night and said, 526 00:29:12,793 --> 00:29:13,919 "Something's wrong with my child, 527 00:29:14,002 --> 00:29:15,379 and nobody's listening." 528 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:20,509 A-- and they said, "Well, we'll check her out and see." 529 00:29:20,592 --> 00:29:23,011 And she had a tumor 530 00:29:23,095 --> 00:29:24,846 the size of an orange 531 00:29:24,930 --> 00:29:26,014 in her abdomen. 532 00:29:27,224 --> 00:29:30,852 And it was Stage V. Bone and bone marrow. 533 00:29:32,479 --> 00:29:34,564 A hematologist came in and said, 534 00:29:34,648 --> 00:29:38,193 "Well, she's got a 5% chance she'll live two years." 535 00:29:38,277 --> 00:29:40,362 And I said, "Okay! 536 00:29:40,445 --> 00:29:42,197 We can-- we can do that, we'll--" 537 00:29:42,948 --> 00:29:46,535 And her hematologist had been to the test site... 538 00:29:47,286 --> 00:29:49,538 and protested the test site. 539 00:29:50,289 --> 00:29:54,293 Her-- 'cause I asked if it could be fallout-related, 540 00:29:54,376 --> 00:29:55,919 what I passed on to her, 541 00:29:56,003 --> 00:29:59,172 and her oncologist said, "You could never prove it." 542 00:29:59,256 --> 00:30:01,216 I said, "I don't need to prove it. 543 00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:02,342 I know it is." 544 00:30:02,426 --> 00:30:06,555 [solemn music plays] 545 00:30:08,265 --> 00:30:10,100 Then she had a nine-hour surgery. 546 00:30:10,684 --> 00:30:12,311 She came through that, 547 00:30:12,394 --> 00:30:14,104 and they were still doing chemotherapy, 548 00:30:14,187 --> 00:30:16,398 but they had to just keep cuttin' it back and back, 549 00:30:16,481 --> 00:30:17,941 'cause she couldn't tolerate it, 550 00:30:18,025 --> 00:30:19,985 and finally, they took her off of it, 551 00:30:20,068 --> 00:30:23,030 and she was doing fabulous. 552 00:30:25,907 --> 00:30:27,159 She started school, 553 00:30:27,242 --> 00:30:28,702 and her teacher called me, like... 554 00:30:29,828 --> 00:30:33,623 the second day and said, "She's too tired to walk home." 555 00:30:35,792 --> 00:30:37,586 And it was just down the hill. 556 00:30:38,378 --> 00:30:39,963 I said, "I'll come get her." 557 00:30:40,047 --> 00:30:42,758 And I went and got her, and she had a bloody nose, 558 00:30:42,841 --> 00:30:44,926 and I'm going, "What's going on?" 559 00:30:45,010 --> 00:30:47,512 And she-- "I don't know, I'm just really tired, Mom." 560 00:30:47,596 --> 00:30:49,264 And this just wasn't her. 561 00:30:53,852 --> 00:30:55,937 I had taken my sister, 562 00:30:56,021 --> 00:30:57,689 drug my sister to Salt Lake 563 00:30:57,773 --> 00:31:00,150 when she was nine months pregnant. 564 00:31:00,233 --> 00:31:01,943 She's kept sa yin' she's fine, she's fine. 565 00:31:02,027 --> 00:31:04,613 I said, "You're not fine. Something is wrong." 566 00:31:05,030 --> 00:31:06,698 Got her into an oncologist. 567 00:31:06,782 --> 00:31:08,825 She had brain, lung, liver. 568 00:31:08,909 --> 00:31:10,243 It was everywhere, 569 00:31:10,327 --> 00:31:11,620 and she was nine months pregnant. 570 00:31:12,829 --> 00:31:16,541 The day Bethany was diagnosed with the... 571 00:31:18,543 --> 00:31:22,047 leukemia, I drove home with Bethany, 572 00:31:22,130 --> 00:31:23,382 I said, "Well, I've got to go home, 573 00:31:23,465 --> 00:31:25,717 my sister's not doing well." 574 00:31:27,386 --> 00:31:29,012 I got home, about two in the morning, 575 00:31:29,096 --> 00:31:30,680 the hospital called and said, 576 00:31:30,764 --> 00:31:34,101 "Your sister's thrown a clot to her lung, or some--" 577 00:31:34,184 --> 00:31:36,645 I crawled on the bed with my sister, 578 00:31:36,728 --> 00:31:38,522 and I-- she's on a vent, and I said, 579 00:31:38,605 --> 00:31:41,400 "You've gotta come get Bethany when it's time for her to go 580 00:31:41,483 --> 00:31:43,068 because I can't let her go. 581 00:31:43,735 --> 00:31:46,279 I can't let her go without somebody." 582 00:31:47,447 --> 00:31:50,158 So-- and I know she heard me, but... 583 00:31:51,201 --> 00:31:53,245 we took my sister off life support 584 00:31:53,328 --> 00:31:55,205 the next morning, and... 585 00:31:56,957 --> 00:31:59,167 did her funeral, and then... 586 00:32:00,168 --> 00:32:02,045 we went back to Salt Lake, and... 587 00:32:03,755 --> 00:32:07,801 we were there for a month, and Bethany died a month later. 588 00:32:07,884 --> 00:32:12,055 [solemn orchestral music plays] 589 00:33:12,699 --> 00:33:17,787 โ™ช 590 00:33:33,929 --> 00:33:36,765 [narrator] On October 1st, 1997, 591 00:33:36,848 --> 00:33:39,434 then-senator Tom Harkin, from Iowa, 592 00:33:39,518 --> 00:33:41,353 addressed a congressional hearing 593 00:33:41,436 --> 00:33:42,979 on radioactive fallout 594 00:33:43,063 --> 00:33:45,482 and asked, quote, "Why did the government, 595 00:33:45,565 --> 00:33:47,275 when they had all the information 596 00:33:47,359 --> 00:33:49,110 about hot spots and fallout, 597 00:33:49,194 --> 00:33:51,905 why did they not warn the people of this country 598 00:33:51,988 --> 00:33:55,700 about the dangers inherent in radioactive fallout?" 599 00:33:55,784 --> 00:33:56,785 Unquote. 600 00:33:56,868 --> 00:33:59,287 [Geiger counter clicking] 601 00:33:59,371 --> 00:34:04,459 โ™ช 602 00:34:23,103 --> 00:34:25,480 [Brian Moench] There is no question that, uh, 603 00:34:25,564 --> 00:34:27,023 the United States government... 604 00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:32,112 uh, scheduled and manipulated 605 00:34:32,195 --> 00:34:35,323 the nuclear testing era in such a way 606 00:34:35,407 --> 00:34:37,492 as to not expose 607 00:34:37,576 --> 00:34:39,828 the people in Southern California any more 608 00:34:39,911 --> 00:34:41,746 than absolutely necessary, but... 609 00:34:42,622 --> 00:34:45,709 uh, would exchange their exposure 610 00:34:45,792 --> 00:34:48,003 for exposure of people in Southern Utah. 611 00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:52,507 Now, I suppose you-- if-- if you are convinced 612 00:34:52,591 --> 00:34:54,759 that we're gonna expose the population to this, 613 00:34:54,843 --> 00:34:56,761 and it's an absolute imperative 614 00:34:56,845 --> 00:34:59,389 that it makes some sense to expose 615 00:34:59,472 --> 00:35:01,016 a fewer number of people. 616 00:35:01,683 --> 00:35:04,394 But you can't convince anybody in the state of Utah 617 00:35:04,477 --> 00:35:07,022 that we weren't viewed, as a state, 618 00:35:07,105 --> 00:35:10,442 as more expendable than the people in California. 619 00:35:11,610 --> 00:35:12,861 I don't know if that was part 620 00:35:12,944 --> 00:35:15,113 of the conscious deliberations, 621 00:35:15,196 --> 00:35:17,741 on the part of people who made that decision... 622 00:35:18,783 --> 00:35:19,909 but, um... 623 00:35:20,869 --> 00:35:22,245 if-- if you're gonna say, "Well, 624 00:35:22,329 --> 00:35:24,706 let's expose 10,000 people 625 00:35:24,789 --> 00:35:27,083 and not expose 100,000 people,โ€ 626 00:35:27,167 --> 00:35:28,627 well, maybe, that makes sense. 627 00:35:29,294 --> 00:35:33,089 But obviously, the 10,000 people that you're going to expose... 628 00:35:34,007 --> 00:35:36,718 are never going to view that as anything other than 629 00:35:36,801 --> 00:35:38,345 their lives were made expendable. 630 00:35:38,428 --> 00:35:42,223 [eerie music plays] 631 00:35:57,697 --> 00:35:59,616 [film reel narrator] We in the military biomedical group 632 00:35:59,699 --> 00:36:02,661 begin the task of readying our test animals. 633 00:36:03,161 --> 00:36:06,247 These are the standard animals we work with daily 634 00:36:06,331 --> 00:36:07,749 in our laboratories. 635 00:36:08,249 --> 00:36:11,419 Knowing and working with them, we find that in many ways, 636 00:36:11,503 --> 00:36:13,380 they are affected very much like humans. 637 00:36:13,463 --> 00:36:17,717 -[announcer] One, zero! -[explosion rumbles] 638 00:36:25,684 --> 00:36:27,811 [film reel narrator] Early in the Plumbbob Operation, 639 00:36:27,894 --> 00:36:30,772 135 pigs, in aluminum containers 640 00:36:30,855 --> 00:36:33,274 for protection against blast and thermal, 641 00:36:33,358 --> 00:36:35,443 were exposed to the Franklin shot 642 00:36:35,527 --> 00:36:37,654 to determine the effects of combined neutron 643 00:36:37,737 --> 00:36:40,448 and gamma radiation and straight gamma. 644 00:36:41,157 --> 00:36:44,619 The mortality rates, nearly 100%, 645 00:36:44,703 --> 00:36:45,912 can be applied to man. 646 00:36:46,538 --> 00:36:49,416 Outside the precursor, those animals in the open, 647 00:36:49,499 --> 00:36:51,793 which escaped total missile injury, 648 00:36:51,876 --> 00:36:53,461 survived temporarily, 649 00:36:53,545 --> 00:36:55,630 until the massive radiation they received 650 00:36:55,714 --> 00:36:56,965 took its fatal toll. 651 00:36:57,590 --> 00:36:59,217 Flying glass fragments 652 00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:01,803 did not significantly influence overall mortality. 653 00:37:02,512 --> 00:37:06,099 [narrator] Downwinders were, and remain, expendable. 654 00:37:07,767 --> 00:37:09,561 Unfortunately for the humans 655 00:37:09,644 --> 00:37:12,689 who lived downwind from the Nevada test site, 656 00:37:12,772 --> 00:37:16,192 they were no more aware of being lab rats 657 00:37:16,276 --> 00:37:17,485 than the rats were. 658 00:37:19,070 --> 00:37:23,241 [ominous music plays] 659 00:37:57,025 --> 00:37:58,651 [Darwin Morgan] The world was in a different 660 00:37:58,735 --> 00:38:00,487 political situation back then, 661 00:38:00,570 --> 00:38:02,614 with the Cold War that was going on. 662 00:38:03,406 --> 00:38:06,451 So, I-- whatever the subject is, 663 00:38:06,534 --> 00:38:08,161 it's very easy 664 00:38:08,244 --> 00:38:12,040 to sit and armchair quarterback the view from today, 665 00:38:12,123 --> 00:38:13,458 to how we think 666 00:38:13,541 --> 00:38:14,542 they should have done it back then. 667 00:38:14,626 --> 00:38:19,714 O 668 00:38:30,809 --> 00:38:32,602 They were faced with the situation 669 00:38:32,685 --> 00:38:34,437 that they were in at that day with the knowledge 670 00:38:34,521 --> 00:38:36,022 and the instruments and the capabilities 671 00:38:36,105 --> 00:38:37,565 that they had at that time. 672 00:38:38,066 --> 00:38:40,860 So, yes, it's easy, 673 00:38:40,944 --> 00:38:44,072 very easy to look back and criticize 674 00:38:44,155 --> 00:38:46,157 the decisions that were made, 675 00:38:46,241 --> 00:38:47,784 the public safety. 676 00:38:47,867 --> 00:38:49,577 Would we have done it that way today? 677 00:38:49,661 --> 00:38:51,079 No. 678 00:38:51,162 --> 00:38:53,206 Would we have been able to have done it at all, 679 00:38:53,289 --> 00:38:54,374 in today's climate? 680 00:38:54,457 --> 00:38:55,667 Probably not. 681 00:38:55,750 --> 00:38:57,836 But again, it was a different time, 682 00:38:57,919 --> 00:38:59,420 different political situation. 683 00:39:00,171 --> 00:39:02,298 [film reel narrator] 640 square miles 684 00:39:02,382 --> 00:39:03,800 of desert and mountains. 685 00:39:03,883 --> 00:39:06,719 65 miles northwest from Las Vegas, 686 00:39:06,803 --> 00:39:08,596 set in some of the loneliest acres 687 00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:10,265 the world has ever seen. 688 00:39:11,349 --> 00:39:13,893 These men are here for a vital purpose. 689 00:39:14,644 --> 00:39:17,063 Since we have no atomic monopoly, 690 00:39:17,146 --> 00:39:19,440 we must continue to increase our knowledge 691 00:39:19,524 --> 00:39:21,025 of atomic weapons 692 00:39:21,109 --> 00:39:23,778 to guarantee maximum military atomic spring. 693 00:39:24,904 --> 00:39:27,365 But naturally, the folks in St. George, 694 00:39:27,448 --> 00:39:29,534 as they look upon their silent city, 695 00:39:29,617 --> 00:39:33,246 wonder why weapons are tested inside the United States, 696 00:39:33,329 --> 00:39:35,582 instead of the far Pacific area. 697 00:39:36,374 --> 00:39:38,001 The reason that they chose this site 698 00:39:38,084 --> 00:39:40,295 goes all the way back to the atmospheric testing 699 00:39:40,378 --> 00:39:41,421 in the Pacific Ocean. 700 00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:44,257 Um, the scientists were getting concerned 701 00:39:44,340 --> 00:39:47,760 about the safety of going out to the Paci-- Pacific. 702 00:39:47,844 --> 00:39:50,138 Um, the security alone 703 00:39:50,221 --> 00:39:51,973 was starting to begin-- become horrendous, 704 00:39:52,056 --> 00:39:54,142 because they were having all of these boats 705 00:39:54,225 --> 00:39:55,810 of "fishing trawlers" 706 00:39:55,894 --> 00:39:58,187 that were coming out and spying on what was going on, 707 00:39:58,271 --> 00:39:59,606 trying to learn what it was 708 00:39:59,689 --> 00:40:01,149 that the United States was doing. 709 00:40:01,232 --> 00:40:03,151 But safety was also a primary issue. 710 00:40:03,234 --> 00:40:07,113 So the President authorized a top-secret program, 711 00:40:07,196 --> 00:40:08,197 Project Nutmeg, 712 00:40:08,281 --> 00:40:09,991 to look at and find, 713 00:40:10,074 --> 00:40:11,951 on the continental United States, 714 00:40:12,035 --> 00:40:13,328 a location where they could do 715 00:40:13,411 --> 00:40:15,204 the lower yield atmospheric tests. 716 00:40:15,288 --> 00:40:18,291 So they looked here, at the Nevada Proving Grounds, 717 00:40:18,374 --> 00:40:19,959 which was the initial name of it, 718 00:40:20,043 --> 00:40:21,753 where they carved away a piece 719 00:40:21,836 --> 00:40:23,504 of the Nevada Bombing and Gunnery Range, 720 00:40:23,588 --> 00:40:25,006 as it was called back then. 721 00:40:25,089 --> 00:40:27,091 They looked at a Camp Lejeune, 722 00:40:27,175 --> 00:40:29,344 what is now Camp Lejeune in North Carolina. 723 00:40:29,427 --> 00:40:32,221 Dugway Proving Ground and White Sands Missile Range. 724 00:40:32,305 --> 00:40:34,432 But they chose here, 725 00:40:34,515 --> 00:40:36,309 uh, very remote location at the time. 726 00:40:36,392 --> 00:40:38,186 You gotta remember, the population center 727 00:40:38,269 --> 00:40:40,021 was much smaller than it is now, 728 00:40:40,104 --> 00:40:42,649 40,000 people, 45,000 people. 729 00:40:42,732 --> 00:40:44,275 Very remote, very hard to get to, 730 00:40:44,359 --> 00:40:48,237 a very enclosed valley that they could control, 731 00:40:48,321 --> 00:40:49,572 security. 732 00:40:49,656 --> 00:40:51,199 And so they picked this location. 733 00:40:51,282 --> 00:40:52,825 The President signed the paperwork 734 00:40:52,909 --> 00:40:55,286 on December 18th, 1950. 735 00:40:55,370 --> 00:40:57,288 And 45 calendar days later, 736 00:40:57,372 --> 00:40:59,332 they dropped the first bomb on the United States. 737 00:40:59,415 --> 00:41:03,670 -[announcer] Two! -[explosion rumbles] 738 00:41:03,753 --> 00:41:08,800 โ™ช 739 00:41:18,643 --> 00:41:19,894 [film reel narrator] The answer is, 740 00:41:19,978 --> 00:41:22,522 we need both testing areas. 741 00:41:23,189 --> 00:41:26,401 In the vast, isolated reaches of the Mid-Pacific, 742 00:41:26,484 --> 00:41:28,945 we test weapons of tremendous strength. 743 00:41:29,988 --> 00:41:33,741 Only smaller bombs are tested inside the United States. 744 00:41:34,242 --> 00:41:35,952 These smaller devices, 745 00:41:36,035 --> 00:41:38,246 just as important to America's weapons strength 746 00:41:38,329 --> 00:41:39,580 as the larger ones, 747 00:41:39,664 --> 00:41:41,416 could not be tested so quickly 748 00:41:41,499 --> 00:41:44,085 if they had to be taken to the Pacific Proving Ground, 749 00:41:44,168 --> 00:41:47,588 about 5,000 miles from our western coast. 750 00:41:47,672 --> 00:41:49,924 An operation like this takes time. 751 00:41:50,008 --> 00:41:52,010 Months and months of time. 752 00:41:52,093 --> 00:41:54,095 While atomic progress waits. 753 00:41:54,178 --> 00:41:56,264 [Keith Rogers] Testing underground continued 754 00:41:56,347 --> 00:42:00,685 until, I think it was September 23rd, 1992. 755 00:42:01,477 --> 00:42:03,855 There were others that were lined up to go off. 756 00:42:03,938 --> 00:42:07,817 Ice Cap was ready and, uh, 757 00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:11,279 and then after the-- that last test, uh, 758 00:42:11,362 --> 00:42:13,906 we suspended nuclear testing altogether. 759 00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:19,037 โ™ช 760 00:42:22,123 --> 00:42:24,959 Edward Teller was, you talk about regret, he-- 761 00:42:25,043 --> 00:42:28,629 He didn't like to be known as the Father of Hydrogen Bomb. 762 00:42:28,713 --> 00:42:30,631 He'd like to be known as the physicist 763 00:42:30,715 --> 00:42:32,717 who helped stop the war, 764 00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:35,720 and he saw things that way, uh, you know. 765 00:42:35,803 --> 00:42:38,306 When I asked him, where we were as far as being, 766 00:42:38,389 --> 00:42:41,809 you know, progressing as to whatever level, 767 00:42:41,893 --> 00:42:44,103 he stopped the interview one time, 768 00:42:44,187 --> 00:42:46,189 "cause, you know, Teller used to-- 769 00:42:46,272 --> 00:42:48,483 He always talked in "If... then..." 770 00:42:48,566 --> 00:42:51,569 He had those big, bushy eyebrows, you know. 771 00:42:51,652 --> 00:42:54,363 And he'd go, "If... then..." you know? 772 00:42:54,447 --> 00:42:56,074 And-- and you would get this whole-- 773 00:42:56,157 --> 00:42:58,659 He would analyze it for you and give you the answer, 774 00:42:58,743 --> 00:43:00,703 you know, from the mind of a physicist. 775 00:43:01,412 --> 00:43:02,955 And all of a sudden, 776 00:43:03,039 --> 00:43:05,958 he just got in the middle of his, "If... then..." 777 00:43:06,042 --> 00:43:07,418 And he stopped. 778 00:43:08,086 --> 00:43:11,464 And he goes, "I don't want to go any further in the interview." 779 00:43:12,340 --> 00:43:15,051 And I don't know what it was, but it was like... 780 00:43:16,052 --> 00:43:17,762 we all looked around and, you know, 781 00:43:17,845 --> 00:43:20,306 I got a few quotes from Teller and got out of there. 782 00:43:21,182 --> 00:43:23,851 [film reel narrator] Some of the tiny, radioactive particles 783 00:43:23,935 --> 00:43:27,188 settle back to Earth, as the wind disperses the cloud. 784 00:43:27,855 --> 00:43:31,692 These particles are called "fallout.โ€ 785 00:43:31,776 --> 00:43:34,403 The bulk of the particles soon fall out, 786 00:43:34,487 --> 00:43:36,239 and the cloud disappears. 787 00:43:37,115 --> 00:43:39,450 An invisible remnant of radioactive material 788 00:43:39,534 --> 00:43:42,912 is lifted high, wide and far by the winds, 789 00:43:42,995 --> 00:43:44,914 eventually settling to Earth. 790 00:43:45,623 --> 00:43:47,208 But radioactive fallout, 791 00:43:47,291 --> 00:43:49,210 beyond several miles from the test site, 792 00:43:49,293 --> 00:43:51,379 has not been known to be serious. 793 00:43:52,004 --> 00:43:54,382 It is not constituted an appreciable danger 794 00:43:54,465 --> 00:43:58,469 to persons, animals, crops, property, or industry. 795 00:43:59,137 --> 00:44:00,638 [Keith] But this was the land-- 796 00:44:00,721 --> 00:44:03,891 Was the homeland of the Western Shoshone, 797 00:44:03,975 --> 00:44:05,560 and the Western Shoshones... 798 00:44:06,394 --> 00:44:09,230 didn't want nuclear testing on their land. 799 00:44:09,313 --> 00:44:12,525 And what happened was, the-- the government, 800 00:44:12,608 --> 00:44:14,694 for the need of national security, 801 00:44:14,777 --> 00:44:15,903 essentially... 802 00:44:17,113 --> 00:44:20,158 restricted their access to this land. 803 00:44:21,033 --> 00:44:24,287 But their-- their heritage was still there. 804 00:44:24,370 --> 00:44:27,665 So, |I-- In-- in the early 1990s, |-- 805 00:44:27,748 --> 00:44:28,749 I looked into this. 806 00:44:29,417 --> 00:44:33,171 And I, uh, I got a hold of lan Zabarte, 807 00:44:33,254 --> 00:44:36,841 and he said, "Well, you need to talk to my-- 808 00:44:36,924 --> 00:44:38,009 My great-uncle. 809 00:44:38,634 --> 00:44:39,594 Teddy Shaw. 810 00:44:40,219 --> 00:44:43,764 So, we got a photographer, and we drove up there, 811 00:44:43,848 --> 00:44:45,016 and I ask him... 812 00:44:46,184 --> 00:44:49,103 about nuclear testing 813 00:44:49,187 --> 00:44:50,980 and how he felt about it. 814 00:44:52,356 --> 00:44:54,609 And his stare 815 00:44:54,692 --> 00:44:56,360 got as cold as the-- 816 00:44:56,444 --> 00:44:59,947 The snow on the windowsill outside that little frame house 817 00:45:00,031 --> 00:45:01,073 he was living in. 818 00:45:01,699 --> 00:45:04,285 And he looked at me, and he said, 819 00:45:04,368 --> 00:45:06,829 "It made the land sick." 820 00:45:08,080 --> 00:45:10,833 And, you know, he's right. 821 00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:12,793 It did. 822 00:45:12,877 --> 00:45:14,837 And, uh, you know, 823 00:45:14,921 --> 00:45:16,464 it has affected those people. 824 00:45:19,467 --> 00:45:23,638 [solemn piano music plays] 825 00:45:48,037 --> 00:45:52,041 [air raid siren blares] 826 00:45:52,124 --> 00:45:53,834 [radio crackling] 827 00:45:53,918 --> 00:45:56,337 [narrator] Over the 41 years of testing in Nevada, 828 00:45:56,420 --> 00:46:00,216 100 atomic bombs were detonated above ground, 829 00:46:00,299 --> 00:46:02,802 from airplanes, towers, cannons 830 00:46:02,885 --> 00:46:04,262 and even balloons. 831 00:46:05,096 --> 00:46:09,225 828 bombs were conducted underground, 832 00:46:09,308 --> 00:46:10,810 including "Boxcar," 833 00:46:10,893 --> 00:46:13,521 a 1.3 megaton blast 834 00:46:13,604 --> 00:46:15,189 with an equivalent yield 835 00:46:15,273 --> 00:46:18,109 of 65 Hiroshima bombs. 836 00:46:18,192 --> 00:46:21,904 [ominous orchestral music plays] 837 00:46:54,979 --> 00:46:57,565 When they were shooting tests back then, 838 00:46:57,648 --> 00:46:59,066 the atmospheric tests, 839 00:46:59,150 --> 00:47:00,776 they were looking for the cloud formation 840 00:47:00,860 --> 00:47:03,154 to go in a particular or-- direction. 841 00:47:03,237 --> 00:47:04,989 Back then, the population centers 842 00:47:05,072 --> 00:47:06,490 were not as they are now, 843 00:47:06,574 --> 00:47:09,243 so there was very, very low population 844 00:47:09,327 --> 00:47:11,537 to the northeast of the site. 845 00:47:11,620 --> 00:47:13,122 That's where they tended to make sure 846 00:47:13,205 --> 00:47:15,541 that the clouds would go in those directions. 847 00:47:15,624 --> 00:47:18,711 So EPA would go out into the communities 848 00:47:18,794 --> 00:47:20,504 and let them know that on these days 849 00:47:20,588 --> 00:47:21,964 we're gonna have a test. 850 00:47:22,048 --> 00:47:23,716 They may not give the specific time, 851 00:47:23,799 --> 00:47:25,843 and then there would be the EPA monitors out 852 00:47:25,926 --> 00:47:27,303 in the community. 853 00:47:27,386 --> 00:47:29,096 And if there was a prompt massive venting, 854 00:47:29,180 --> 00:47:32,058 then the EPA was ready to start doing the evacuations 855 00:47:32,141 --> 00:47:33,726 in those communities. 856 00:47:33,809 --> 00:47:36,103 But they literally knew where every sheepherder was, 857 00:47:36,187 --> 00:47:37,563 where every wood cutter was. 858 00:47:37,646 --> 00:47:39,774 If there was hunting going on, 859 00:47:39,857 --> 00:47:41,359 they knew where every hunter was. 860 00:47:41,442 --> 00:47:43,319 So they knew where the population was, 861 00:47:43,402 --> 00:47:45,321 where they could get them out if they needed to. 862 00:47:45,821 --> 00:47:47,365 Each test had a name. 863 00:47:47,865 --> 00:47:50,368 And the names of the tests had to be something 864 00:47:50,451 --> 00:47:52,119 that was not gonna offend anybody, 865 00:47:52,203 --> 00:47:54,288 non-religious, things like that. 866 00:47:54,372 --> 00:47:57,375 And then the laboratories would submit those to DOE, 867 00:47:57,458 --> 00:47:58,751 the DOE'd submit those 868 00:47:58,834 --> 00:48:00,294 to the National Security Council, 869 00:48:00,378 --> 00:48:01,712 it got approved, came back, 870 00:48:01,796 --> 00:48:04,298 and so you'd see these nicknames on tests 871 00:48:04,382 --> 00:48:08,677 that ranged from everything from, uh, horses, vegetables, 872 00:48:08,761 --> 00:48:11,222 New Mexico counties, Texas towns. 873 00:48:11,305 --> 00:48:15,226 [lan] Out of the 928 tests, here at the Nevada test site, 874 00:48:15,309 --> 00:48:17,645 24 jointly with the United Kingdom, 875 00:48:17,728 --> 00:48:19,814 they have a list of... 876 00:48:21,607 --> 00:48:26,487 of names, and we have Zuni, Yuma, Erie, Seminole, 877 00:48:26,570 --> 00:48:29,615 Flathead, Blackfoot, Kickapoo, Osage, Inca, Dakota, 878 00:48:29,698 --> 00:48:32,451 Mohawk, Apache, Navajo, Tiwa, Huron. 879 00:48:32,535 --> 00:48:36,664 They named their weapons tests after, 880 00:48:36,747 --> 00:48:40,876 uh-- uh, Indian tribes, and that shows a lack of-- 881 00:48:40,960 --> 00:48:42,420 Of respect and dignity. 882 00:48:42,503 --> 00:48:44,630 And we began our investigations 883 00:48:44,713 --> 00:48:46,882 on the adverse health consequences 884 00:48:46,966 --> 00:48:49,427 that my people were suffering, 885 00:48:49,510 --> 00:48:51,470 looking at the period of weapons testing 886 00:48:51,554 --> 00:48:55,641 here at the Nevada test site, '51 through '63. 887 00:48:55,724 --> 00:48:57,184 But it's important-- 888 00:48:57,268 --> 00:48:58,727 Those were the above-ground weapons tests, 889 00:48:58,811 --> 00:49:00,187 and it's important to understand that 890 00:49:00,271 --> 00:49:01,397 even after that, 891 00:49:01,480 --> 00:49:03,190 underground weapons testing 892 00:49:03,274 --> 00:49:05,901 released radioactive fallout globally, 893 00:49:05,985 --> 00:49:09,530 because every test, uh-- uh, vents. 894 00:49:09,613 --> 00:49:11,824 [Darwin] If the weather was going to carry the cloud 895 00:49:11,907 --> 00:49:13,909 above a certain radioactive limit-- 896 00:49:13,993 --> 00:49:16,203 Back then it was called 170 millirems-- 897 00:49:16,287 --> 00:49:18,205 They didn't do the test. 898 00:49:18,289 --> 00:49:22,168 If it was going to stay within that range of 170 millirems, 899 00:49:22,251 --> 00:49:24,170 if they had a prompt massive venting, 900 00:49:24,253 --> 00:49:27,047 and the 170 millirem limit 901 00:49:27,131 --> 00:49:28,674 was gonna be inside a certain area, 902 00:49:28,757 --> 00:49:31,343 then they would go ahead and do the test. 903 00:49:32,011 --> 00:49:35,931 โ™ช 904 00:50:09,465 --> 00:50:11,008 [narrator] Through nuclear testing, 905 00:50:11,091 --> 00:50:13,177 the population of the United States 906 00:50:13,260 --> 00:50:15,763 was exposed to nearly three times 907 00:50:15,846 --> 00:50:19,767 the total radiation dose of the Chernobyl disaster. 908 00:50:19,850 --> 00:50:23,938 โ™ช 909 00:50:53,217 --> 00:50:54,760 Somehow, fallout has, 910 00:50:54,843 --> 00:50:58,305 uh, found its way into the environment, globally. 911 00:50:58,973 --> 00:51:01,976 And, um, the perfect example 912 00:51:02,059 --> 00:51:05,312 is right here at the Nevada test site where, 913 00:51:05,396 --> 00:51:08,107 on the southwestern edge, 914 00:51:08,190 --> 00:51:10,693 you have this mountain called Yucca Mountain, 915 00:51:10,776 --> 00:51:14,071 and it straddles the southwest boundary 916 00:51:14,154 --> 00:51:15,781 of the Nevada test site. 917 00:51:15,864 --> 00:51:19,618 And it's this-- this long volcanic rock ridge 918 00:51:19,702 --> 00:51:23,205 that-- that in Western Shoshone lore 919 00:51:23,289 --> 00:51:25,499 is a snake. 920 00:51:26,292 --> 00:51:30,337 And this was where the Department of Energy 921 00:51:30,421 --> 00:51:34,592 wanted to try to see if it was suitable 922 00:51:34,675 --> 00:51:37,845 for a repository to store nuclear waste. 923 00:51:38,429 --> 00:51:41,932 The highest, deadliest nuclear waste in the world 924 00:51:42,016 --> 00:51:45,477 from-- from commercial nuclear reactors. 925 00:51:46,103 --> 00:51:47,688 And the spent fuel rods 926 00:51:47,771 --> 00:51:49,773 would be entombed in this mountain. 927 00:51:50,316 --> 00:51:52,067 And it turns out, Yucca Mountain's 928 00:51:52,151 --> 00:51:54,111 really not a good place to put nuclear waste, 929 00:51:54,194 --> 00:51:56,238 because they found out, 930 00:51:56,322 --> 00:51:59,199 through worldwide, global fallout... 931 00:52:00,159 --> 00:52:02,536 that-- that nuclear remnants 932 00:52:02,620 --> 00:52:05,039 from worldwide testing... 933 00:52:05,914 --> 00:52:08,876 had gone from the top of Yucca Mountain 934 00:52:08,959 --> 00:52:11,837 down to the exploratory tunnel level, 935 00:52:11,920 --> 00:52:15,716 about 1,000 feet below the top of the mountain, 936 00:52:15,799 --> 00:52:19,762 in less than-- well, roughly 50 years-- 937 00:52:19,845 --> 00:52:20,971 50, 60 years. 938 00:52:21,055 --> 00:52:23,891 So, the point is... 939 00:52:23,974 --> 00:52:27,811 fallout was so widespread 940 00:52:27,895 --> 00:52:32,149 that-- that the scientists could track 941 00:52:32,232 --> 00:52:34,610 the various nuclear bombs that they were detonating 942 00:52:34,693 --> 00:52:37,321 by the signatures of their isotopes. 943 00:52:37,821 --> 00:52:40,532 And that's how we know how far it traveled, 944 00:52:40,616 --> 00:52:42,910 from specific tests. 945 00:52:44,411 --> 00:52:46,538 [narrator] So what does the American government do 946 00:52:46,622 --> 00:52:49,249 when it can't solve an actual problem? 947 00:52:50,668 --> 00:52:52,503 It buys its way out. 948 00:52:53,337 --> 00:52:58,175 โ™ช 949 00:53:34,378 --> 00:53:36,088 [Kevin Kamps] RECA is short 950 00:53:36,171 --> 00:53:37,881 for the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, 951 00:53:37,965 --> 00:53:42,136 and it's a federal law to compensate 952 00:53:42,219 --> 00:53:43,804 segments of the population 953 00:53:43,887 --> 00:53:45,806 who have suffered radioactive exposure. 954 00:53:45,889 --> 00:53:49,560 Unfortunately, its scope is way too limited, 955 00:53:49,643 --> 00:53:51,228 and it's not just cancer. 956 00:53:51,311 --> 00:53:53,772 It's other diseases, it's genetic damage, 957 00:53:53,856 --> 00:53:55,399 it's birth defects. 958 00:53:55,482 --> 00:53:57,109 The amount of money being offered 959 00:53:57,192 --> 00:54:00,988 to the survivors, or their-- their survivors, 960 00:54:01,071 --> 00:54:03,824 the people who didn't survive, is way too small. 961 00:54:03,907 --> 00:54:08,495 I mean, $50,000 doesn't buy much in the way of chemotherapy, 962 00:54:08,579 --> 00:54:10,539 or other state-of-the-art medical care, 963 00:54:10,622 --> 00:54:12,833 which is required to deal with the cancers 964 00:54:12,916 --> 00:54:17,087 and other maladies that result from radioactive exposures, 965 00:54:17,171 --> 00:54:19,548 radioactive fallout exposures, and in fact, 966 00:54:19,631 --> 00:54:21,300 that's another problem with RECA, 967 00:54:21,383 --> 00:54:24,344 is it only recognizes a certain number of cancers. 968 00:54:24,428 --> 00:54:28,098 But the United States government almost never admits guilt, 969 00:54:28,182 --> 00:54:31,393 and so they express it in different ways, 970 00:54:31,477 --> 00:54:32,895 and they do it kicking and screaming. 971 00:54:32,978 --> 00:54:35,022 I mean, it took many decades, 972 00:54:35,105 --> 00:54:37,316 from the opening of the test site in 1951, 973 00:54:37,399 --> 00:54:38,859 before RECA was even passed. 974 00:54:39,318 --> 00:54:40,903 And like I said, there was a lot of people 975 00:54:40,986 --> 00:54:42,696 who've been exposed to radioactive fallout 976 00:54:42,780 --> 00:54:45,199 in certain states, including from the test site, 977 00:54:45,282 --> 00:54:47,493 that have never been recognized under the RECA statute, 978 00:54:47,576 --> 00:54:52,289 so it's a great uphill battle, and, uh... 979 00:54:53,081 --> 00:54:55,501 it is an admission of guilt on a certain level. 980 00:54:56,084 --> 00:54:58,212 I'm shocked that the government admitted to it, 981 00:54:58,295 --> 00:55:01,715 because the liability's gonna-- could be enormous. 982 00:55:01,799 --> 00:55:02,883 Uh... 983 00:55:04,218 --> 00:55:05,552 there is no amount of money 984 00:55:05,636 --> 00:55:08,847 that-- that would really replace, or... 985 00:55:10,224 --> 00:55:12,392 someone in-- that suffers from this, 986 00:55:12,476 --> 00:55:16,980 or even dies from it, but this is ridiculous. 987 00:55:17,064 --> 00:55:19,858 $50,000 is-- is-- 988 00:55:19,942 --> 00:55:21,068 It's insulting. 989 00:55:21,860 --> 00:55:23,612 Some people are always askin' me, 990 00:55:23,695 --> 00:55:25,447 "Okay, what do we do next? What do we do?" 991 00:55:25,531 --> 00:55:27,866 And I say, "Well, first of all, 992 00:55:27,950 --> 00:55:30,786 we work to compensate those downwinders 993 00:55:30,869 --> 00:55:32,538 who are still struggling to pay bills, 994 00:55:32,621 --> 00:55:34,414 and who are still getting sick." 995 00:55:34,498 --> 00:55:35,874 So there is 996 00:55:35,958 --> 00:55:37,584 the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, 997 00:55:37,668 --> 00:55:39,837 that was always incredibly limited, 998 00:55:39,920 --> 00:55:41,588 that finally got passed in 1990. 999 00:55:41,672 --> 00:55:43,257 It's never gone far enough, 1000 00:55:43,340 --> 00:55:45,717 it just does a little circle around southern Utah 1001 00:55:45,801 --> 00:55:49,596 and northern Arizona, and southeast Nevada. 1002 00:55:49,680 --> 00:55:52,850 And that's why I think people still think 1003 00:55:52,933 --> 00:55:54,560 it only affected that area, 1004 00:55:54,643 --> 00:55:57,020 "cause that's the only area that got compensated. 1005 00:55:57,855 --> 00:56:00,107 [Mark Sennet] I think it's something that's so important 1006 00:56:00,190 --> 00:56:02,442 for-- for all the survivors, 1007 00:56:02,526 --> 00:56:05,237 and they deserve $50,000, 1008 00:56:05,320 --> 00:56:06,864 but that's not enough. 1009 00:56:06,947 --> 00:56:08,657 That doesn't even cover the-- 1010 00:56:08,740 --> 00:56:10,701 The four or five other people that are in their family, 1011 00:56:10,784 --> 00:56:14,121 that contracted some sort of cancer from the nuclear blast. 1012 00:56:14,204 --> 00:56:18,709 So, the certain types of cancer that are radiation-related, 1013 00:56:18,792 --> 00:56:22,546 that RECA does pay out for, there's still, though, 1014 00:56:22,629 --> 00:56:26,884 no definitive way to say that it was caused by the radiation, 1015 00:56:26,967 --> 00:56:28,927 but there is that assumption that it's there. 1016 00:56:29,011 --> 00:56:30,470 So, it's a hot topic. 1017 00:56:30,554 --> 00:56:32,431 It-- it is a debate that goes on today, 1018 00:56:32,514 --> 00:56:34,725 and will go on for many years to come. 1019 00:56:34,808 --> 00:56:36,476 I can't be compensated. 1020 00:56:36,560 --> 00:56:38,478 None of those 54 neighbors can-- 1021 00:56:38,562 --> 00:56:40,355 And their families can be compensated 1022 00:56:40,439 --> 00:56:45,694 because we lived beyond the-- that little boundary they drew, 1023 00:56:45,777 --> 00:56:48,739 as though a lead shield stopped it mid-state. 1024 00:56:48,822 --> 00:56:52,200 It doesn't stop it from going into other counties and states. 1025 00:56:52,284 --> 00:56:57,372 โ™ช 1026 00:57:09,176 --> 00:57:12,471 We have a few politicians now, in the state of Utah, 1027 00:57:12,554 --> 00:57:15,098 that are representing us in Congress, 1028 00:57:15,182 --> 00:57:18,185 that have made public statements in the last few years, 1029 00:57:18,268 --> 00:57:22,648 that it's not only okay, but desirable 1030 00:57:22,731 --> 00:57:25,567 for us to resume nuclear testing. 1031 00:57:26,234 --> 00:57:28,320 Testing nuclear bombs 1032 00:57:28,403 --> 00:57:30,906 in the Nevada nuclear testing area. 1033 00:57:31,615 --> 00:57:35,494 I can't think of anything that disqualifies a person more 1034 00:57:35,577 --> 00:57:37,788 for public service than to-- 1035 00:57:37,871 --> 00:57:39,790 Than to make a statement like that. 1036 00:57:40,832 --> 00:57:44,628 Knowing what that has done to public health 1037 00:57:44,711 --> 00:57:48,799 here in this state, and to other downwind states, 1038 00:57:48,882 --> 00:57:51,969 but the idea that we could dismiss all that, 1039 00:57:52,052 --> 00:57:54,262 that we could say, the amount of-- 1040 00:57:54,346 --> 00:57:57,265 Of human suffering and death that we have inflicted 1041 00:57:57,349 --> 00:58:01,561 upon our own country, that we're going to resume that, 1042 00:58:01,645 --> 00:58:05,732 under some sort of auspices of national security, 1043 00:58:05,816 --> 00:58:09,152 is just absolutely unconscionable. 1044 00:58:09,736 --> 00:58:12,280 And I don't think there's any idea 1045 00:58:12,364 --> 00:58:14,366 that disqualifies a person more 1046 00:58:14,449 --> 00:58:16,201 from being a member of Congress 1047 00:58:16,284 --> 00:58:18,328 than the idea that we can resume that. 1048 00:58:20,831 --> 00:58:23,625 [Kevin] Downwinders are people who live downwind, 1049 00:58:23,709 --> 00:58:28,338 downstream, up the food chain, down the generations 1050 00:58:28,422 --> 00:58:30,007 from these radioactive exposures, 1051 00:58:30,090 --> 00:58:32,342 as for nuclear weapons testing fallout. 1052 00:58:32,426 --> 00:58:34,803 The United States government literally said, 1053 00:58:34,886 --> 00:58:38,223 in an internal document that eventually became public, 1054 00:58:38,306 --> 00:58:41,435 that cowboys, Indians, Mormons, 1055 00:58:41,518 --> 00:58:43,854 the people who live in Nevada and Utah, 1056 00:58:43,937 --> 00:58:46,523 are a low-use segment of the population. 1057 00:58:46,606 --> 00:58:47,941 That's a quote. 1058 00:58:48,025 --> 00:58:49,609 "A low-use segment of the population,โ€ 1059 00:58:49,693 --> 00:58:51,445 which means sub-human. 1060 00:58:51,528 --> 00:58:54,281 We don't really care about them, they're not that important. 1061 00:58:54,364 --> 00:58:56,241 If they get hurt, big deal. 1062 00:58:56,324 --> 00:58:57,951 We've got some business to conduct, 1063 00:58:58,035 --> 00:59:00,537 that is, to develop a nuclear weapons arsenal, 1064 00:59:00,620 --> 00:59:03,665 so that we can be a global superpower. 1065 00:59:04,291 --> 00:59:05,959 And in fact, it gets even worse than that. 1066 00:59:06,043 --> 00:59:07,961 Not just a low-use segment of the population, 1067 00:59:08,045 --> 00:59:11,631 but in a document called Project 4.1, again, 1068 00:59:11,715 --> 00:59:14,134 US Atomic Energy Commission, 1069 00:59:14,217 --> 00:59:17,512 there were statements made in writing that po-- 1070 00:59:17,596 --> 00:59:18,972 Certain populations, 1071 00:59:19,056 --> 00:59:20,640 like the Western Shoshone in Nevada, 1072 00:59:20,724 --> 00:59:23,101 the Marshall Islanders in the Pacific Ocean, 1073 00:59:23,185 --> 00:59:26,772 "are more like us than mice," 1074 00:59:26,855 --> 00:59:29,816 therefore any data that we gather 1075 00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:31,777 from their radiological exposures, 1076 00:59:31,860 --> 00:59:33,487 will really teach us a lot, 1077 00:59:33,570 --> 00:59:35,280 because these people, 1078 00:59:35,363 --> 00:59:38,075 even though they're a low-use segment of the population, 1079 00:59:38,158 --> 00:59:39,826 "are more like us than mice." 1080 00:59:39,910 --> 00:59:41,661 So these are, in a sense, 1081 00:59:41,745 --> 00:59:45,207 these are genocidal, um, concepts. 1082 00:59:45,290 --> 00:59:47,959 These were experiments. 1083 00:59:48,043 --> 00:59:49,669 They were being experimented upon 1084 00:59:49,753 --> 00:59:51,171 like guinea pigs. 1085 00:59:51,254 --> 00:59:56,343 โ™ช 1086 01:00:21,409 --> 01:00:24,496 [narrator] The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act 1087 01:00:24,579 --> 01:00:26,206 is underfunded, 1088 01:00:26,289 --> 01:00:29,543 and is guided seemingly by the notion that radiation 1089 01:00:29,626 --> 01:00:34,422 contains itself neatly, within three states' borders. 1090 01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:38,760 [Brian] When people are exposed to radiation, 1091 01:00:38,844 --> 01:00:41,138 uh, the thing that's most intuitive, 1092 01:00:41,221 --> 01:00:42,889 uh, is genetic damage. 1093 01:00:43,515 --> 01:00:46,852 And genetic damage is what we call the break in-- 1094 01:00:46,935 --> 01:00:51,064 Breaking of covalent bonds that hold DNA together. 1095 01:00:51,815 --> 01:00:54,401 When that happens, there, uh, 1096 01:00:54,484 --> 01:00:57,821 there is a whole cascade of diseases that can follow. 1097 01:00:57,904 --> 01:00:59,906 What is easiest for the public to understand, 1098 01:00:59,990 --> 01:01:02,033 and is most familiar with, is cancer. 1099 01:01:02,534 --> 01:01:04,244 But it isn't just limited to cancer. 1100 01:01:04,744 --> 01:01:07,289 The functioning, and proper functioning of genes, 1101 01:01:07,372 --> 01:01:09,499 and the-- the expression of genes, 1102 01:01:09,583 --> 01:01:13,545 is critical to every single healthy organ system function 1103 01:01:13,628 --> 01:01:15,213 that keeps a human being alive. 1104 01:01:15,297 --> 01:01:17,340 It's critical to the function of the heart, 1105 01:01:17,424 --> 01:01:19,885 the cardiovascular system, to the lungs, 1106 01:01:19,968 --> 01:01:22,596 to the endocrine system, to the Gl tract. 1107 01:01:22,679 --> 01:01:25,015 Your genes are responsible for your health. 1108 01:01:25,098 --> 01:01:27,767 So, if you're exposed to anything 1109 01:01:27,851 --> 01:01:29,186 that causes genetic damage, 1110 01:01:29,269 --> 01:01:32,230 or even changes the expression of genes, 1111 01:01:32,314 --> 01:01:37,027 such that we don't see the-- the breakage of covalent bonds, 1112 01:01:37,110 --> 01:01:40,488 but we see genes performing in ways that they shouldn't, 1113 01:01:40,572 --> 01:01:42,365 they're either turned on when they shouldn't be, 1114 01:01:42,449 --> 01:01:45,035 or they're turned off when they shouldn't be, 1115 01:01:45,118 --> 01:01:48,705 that affects virtually every kind of potential disease 1116 01:01:48,788 --> 01:01:49,956 a person can have. 1117 01:01:54,628 --> 01:01:57,047 Not to mention the psychological burden 1118 01:01:57,130 --> 01:01:58,798 of knowing that you have cancer. 1119 01:01:59,382 --> 01:02:02,052 Um, I've had cancer twice. 1120 01:02:04,304 --> 01:02:06,973 And I remember, uh, the weekend 1121 01:02:07,057 --> 01:02:10,143 when I looked at a computer screen... 1122 01:02:11,978 --> 01:02:14,064 that told me I had cancer. 1123 01:02:15,482 --> 01:02:17,025 I'll tell you, there's... 1124 01:02:17,901 --> 01:02:20,320 is no feeling in the world like that. 1125 01:02:20,403 --> 01:02:25,450 O 1126 01:02:32,791 --> 01:02:37,170 -[explosion booming] -[wind whooshing] 1127 01:02:53,019 --> 01:02:55,397 How many tests do you have to do, 1128 01:02:55,480 --> 01:02:57,691 to find out that they work, 1129 01:02:57,774 --> 01:03:00,318 and that stuff goes up in the air, 1130 01:03:00,402 --> 01:03:01,861 a-- and I've had people, 1131 01:03:01,945 --> 01:03:03,822 especially students, when I speak to class, 1132 01:03:03,905 --> 01:03:05,740 they say, "Well, why did they do so many tests?" 1133 01:03:05,824 --> 01:03:08,076 It's like, "You know, it's a really good question." 1134 01:03:08,159 --> 01:03:12,789 Because what did they find out on the 928th test 1135 01:03:12,872 --> 01:03:14,708 that they didn't know on the 12th 1136 01:03:14,791 --> 01:03:16,710 or tenth or 20th or 30th? 1137 01:03:16,793 --> 01:03:18,795 Um, and-- and to me, I always said, 1138 01:03:18,878 --> 01:03:20,171 "Well, it's boys with toys." 1139 01:03:20,255 --> 01:03:23,174 You've got this incredibly strong, 1140 01:03:23,258 --> 01:03:26,052 I would say, perilously dangerous 1141 01:03:26,136 --> 01:03:28,555 military-industrial complex, 1142 01:03:28,638 --> 01:03:32,976 and it's really hard to stop its-- its momentum. 1143 01:03:33,059 --> 01:03:34,394 It's really hard. 1144 01:03:36,271 --> 01:03:38,898 [narrator] The Atomic Energy Commission's report added, 1145 01:03:38,982 --> 01:03:42,777 quote, "Radiation is not new in our lives. 1146 01:03:42,861 --> 01:03:44,821 In this atomic age, we are living 1147 01:03:44,904 --> 01:03:46,614 on a more familiar basis with it. 1148 01:03:47,115 --> 01:03:49,784 It is important that we try to understand it, 1149 01:03:49,868 --> 01:03:52,037 accept it, and use it. 1150 01:03:52,537 --> 01:03:55,957 It is also important that we respect its powers, 1151 01:03:56,041 --> 01:03:58,251 so that we will be guided by knowledge, 1152 01:03:58,335 --> 01:04:01,755 and not be blinded by fear of the unknown." 1153 01:04:02,172 --> 01:04:03,298 Unquote. 1154 01:04:07,886 --> 01:04:12,974 O 1155 01:04:25,862 --> 01:04:27,405 [Brian] The United States government, 1156 01:04:27,489 --> 01:04:30,617 uh, has, through the Atomic Energy Commission, 1157 01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:35,163 created some real, uh, media products 1158 01:04:35,246 --> 01:04:36,998 that were pure propaganda. 1159 01:04:38,041 --> 01:04:39,709 And that film that they produced, 1160 01:04:39,793 --> 01:04:43,213 I think it was in 1957, was one of those. 1161 01:04:43,797 --> 01:04:45,632 Now a lot of people might say, 1162 01:04:45,715 --> 01:04:47,884 "Well, we didn't know all the harm 1163 01:04:47,967 --> 01:04:51,679 that nuclear radiation does to people back in 1957," 1164 01:04:51,763 --> 01:04:53,515 but actually, that's not true. 1165 01:04:53,598 --> 01:04:55,058 The scientist who works-- 1166 01:04:55,141 --> 01:04:57,685 Who worked on the Manhattan Project knew 1167 01:04:57,769 --> 01:05:02,607 before they ever dropped the bombs on Japan in 1945, 1168 01:05:02,690 --> 01:05:06,861 that nuclear radiation could be highly toxic, 1169 01:05:06,945 --> 01:05:08,530 could shorten people's lifes-- 1170 01:05:08,613 --> 01:05:11,449 lifespans, and be a significant cause of cancer. 1171 01:05:11,533 --> 01:05:12,909 We knew that back then. 1172 01:05:13,618 --> 01:05:16,830 Twelve years later, for the United States government 1173 01:05:16,913 --> 01:05:19,040 to disseminate information 1174 01:05:19,124 --> 01:05:22,210 that blatantly dismissed all of that, 1175 01:05:22,293 --> 01:05:24,587 and send a message to the public, 1176 01:05:24,671 --> 01:05:27,173 "Oh, there's no reason to be concerned here. 1177 01:05:27,257 --> 01:05:29,217 This is all safe. 1178 01:05:29,968 --> 01:05:31,678 But we want you to go inside 1179 01:05:31,761 --> 01:05:34,973 when this radiation cloud comes over you, 1180 01:05:35,056 --> 01:05:36,516 and we're... [laughs] 1181 01:05:36,599 --> 01:05:38,810 ...we're gonna tell children to-- to hide 1182 01:05:38,893 --> 01:05:41,771 underneath their desks as an exercise 1183 01:05:41,855 --> 01:05:44,357 in defending yourself from nuclear war," 1184 01:05:44,441 --> 01:05:46,192 as if that would have done anything. 1185 01:05:46,734 --> 01:05:48,736 But somehow, this is all safe. 1186 01:05:48,820 --> 01:05:50,488 [film reel narrator] But radioactive fallout 1187 01:05:50,572 --> 01:05:52,407 beyond several miles from the test site 1188 01:05:52,490 --> 01:05:54,742 has not been known to be serious. 1189 01:05:55,410 --> 01:05:57,745 It is not constituted an appreciable danger 1190 01:05:57,829 --> 01:06:01,875 to persons, animals, crops, property, or industry. 1191 01:06:01,958 --> 01:06:05,211 It was absurd at the time. It was dishonest at the time. 1192 01:06:05,670 --> 01:06:08,131 It was propaganda even back then. 1193 01:06:08,882 --> 01:06:11,342 In retrospect, we can certainly identify it 1194 01:06:11,426 --> 01:06:13,553 even more so as propaganda, 1195 01:06:13,636 --> 01:06:16,514 but we knew it back then as well. 1196 01:06:16,598 --> 01:06:18,057 [film reel narrator] We must be ready 1197 01:06:18,141 --> 01:06:19,934 for a new danger, the atomic bomb. 1198 01:06:20,935 --> 01:06:22,854 First, you have to know what happens 1199 01:06:22,937 --> 01:06:24,564 when an atomic bomb explodes. 1200 01:06:25,231 --> 01:06:26,858 You'll know when it comes. 1201 01:06:26,941 --> 01:06:29,110 We hope it never comes, but we must get ready. 1202 01:06:29,194 --> 01:06:31,988 [explosion booming] 1203 01:06:35,867 --> 01:06:37,660 [Lewis Black] You know what they would do? 1204 01:06:37,744 --> 01:06:41,331 They would come to my elementary school, with-- with films. 1205 01:06:41,706 --> 01:06:43,374 To show me how to protect myself 1206 01:06:43,458 --> 01:06:45,793 from a nuclear fuck holocaust. 1207 01:06:45,877 --> 01:06:47,378 [audience laughter] 1208 01:06:47,462 --> 01:06:51,758 They would show this giant nuclear fuckin' bomb, 1209 01:06:51,841 --> 01:06:54,093 just blowing the shit out of everything. 1210 01:06:54,677 --> 01:06:57,347 Goats and monkeys flying everywhere. 1211 01:06:57,430 --> 01:06:59,516 [audience laughter] 1212 01:06:59,599 --> 01:07:02,143 The windows of the elementary school blown out, 1213 01:07:02,227 --> 01:07:06,022 the teacher banged up against the fuckin' blackboard. 1214 01:07:06,105 --> 01:07:09,108 [laughter, applause] 1215 01:07:11,528 --> 01:07:12,862 But... 1216 01:07:12,946 --> 01:07:14,155 there were the children... 1217 01:07:14,239 --> 01:07:17,200 [audience laughter] 1218 01:07:17,283 --> 01:07:19,494 ...hiding safely under their desks. 1219 01:07:19,577 --> 01:07:22,580 [cheers, applause] 1220 01:07:27,335 --> 01:07:32,382 O 1221 01:07:50,733 --> 01:07:52,860 Yeah, I've always found it fascinating, 1222 01:07:52,944 --> 01:07:54,862 you know, that you would create something 1223 01:07:54,946 --> 01:07:56,281 that would destroy the world. 1224 01:07:56,364 --> 01:07:58,992 I mean, there's a really solid idea, 1225 01:07:59,075 --> 01:08:00,952 it's really solid, what we can get by. 1226 01:08:01,035 --> 01:08:02,829 We can put some money into that. 1227 01:08:02,912 --> 01:08:04,956 And then you let that-- you-- you know, 1228 01:08:05,039 --> 01:08:06,499 that genie out of the bottle. 1229 01:08:06,583 --> 01:08:07,667 It's the same thing we're dealin' with-- 1230 01:08:07,750 --> 01:08:09,502 With climate, and stuff. 1231 01:08:09,586 --> 01:08:12,338 They're lookin' right at it, it is staring 'em in the face, 1232 01:08:12,422 --> 01:08:13,715 and they're denying it. 1233 01:08:13,798 --> 01:08:15,592 They're lookin' right at the nucle-- 1234 01:08:15,675 --> 01:08:17,093 Nuclear weapons, you know? 1235 01:08:17,176 --> 01:08:19,804 We're still kinda, you know, and then-- 1236 01:08:19,887 --> 01:08:22,223 And then they let that, uh, idiot Putin say, 1237 01:08:22,307 --> 01:08:23,641 "You know, I'm gonna-- I may do this." 1238 01:08:23,725 --> 01:08:24,851 What are you, nuts? 1239 01:08:25,810 --> 01:08:28,104 That's the person you want to get rid of, 1240 01:08:28,187 --> 01:08:31,357 SO you go get somebody with a blowdart and... 1241 01:08:31,441 --> 01:08:34,319 [blows] ...just behind his ear, and he's done. 1242 01:08:35,028 --> 01:08:37,113 But then, people say, "Well, you know, 1243 01:08:37,196 --> 01:08:39,032 the rest of the country would, you know, 1244 01:08:39,115 --> 01:08:41,659 get really ins-- there'd be another jackass who'd show up, 1245 01:08:41,743 --> 01:08:43,369 so what do you-- what do you do?" 1246 01:08:43,453 --> 01:08:45,955 Every two weeks, when I was nine, 1247 01:08:46,039 --> 01:08:49,792 my elementary school would have an air raid drill. 1248 01:08:49,876 --> 01:08:53,630 I guess to remind me, I can die at any minute! 1249 01:08:53,713 --> 01:08:57,467 [audience laughter] 1250 01:09:00,428 --> 01:09:02,055 So I go hide under my desk, 1251 01:09:02,138 --> 01:09:04,849 put my hands over my head, and look at my penis, 1252 01:09:04,932 --> 01:09:07,685 and say, "Goodbye, old fella." 1253 01:09:07,769 --> 01:09:09,812 [audience laughter] 1254 01:09:09,896 --> 01:09:11,731 And we'd just become friends. 1255 01:09:11,814 --> 01:09:14,400 [audience laughter] 1256 01:09:15,902 --> 01:09:17,904 And I'm sittin' there, thinking, 1257 01:09:17,987 --> 01:09:20,031 "The adults in the community have said that 1258 01:09:20,114 --> 01:09:24,744 I could protect myself, from a fire fuck ball... 1259 01:09:24,827 --> 01:09:27,330 [audience laughter] 1260 01:09:27,413 --> 01:09:30,333 ...by hiding under wood. 1261 01:09:30,416 --> 01:09:33,211 [audience laughter] 1262 01:09:35,463 --> 01:09:37,340 I'm hiding under kindling! 1263 01:09:38,341 --> 01:09:41,844 Maybe I can get some sticks, so I can burn faster!" 1264 01:09:41,928 --> 01:09:43,680 [audience laughter] 1265 01:09:45,390 --> 01:09:46,766 And I thought, "Wow. 1266 01:09:48,184 --> 01:09:53,314 If this was a real attack, when the all-clear has sounded, 1267 01:09:53,398 --> 01:09:57,735 I could get up and go out to the playground, and melt!" 1268 01:09:57,819 --> 01:10:00,947 [laughter, applause] 1269 01:10:10,081 --> 01:10:13,000 I mean, first up, I'll be hon-- It was funny. 1270 01:10:14,043 --> 01:10:17,213 This is a funny idea, um... 1271 01:10:17,714 --> 01:10:22,969 the accident of it was-- was that it defined my comedy, 1272 01:10:23,052 --> 01:10:24,137 in a way, by... 1273 01:10:25,346 --> 01:10:29,058 you know, pointing me to-- with my problems with authority, 1274 01:10:29,142 --> 01:10:32,103 so that's part of what my act was about, 1275 01:10:32,186 --> 01:10:34,689 and so it-- and it was really the first time 1276 01:10:34,772 --> 01:10:36,524 where I-- and it's-- I say it, I think, 1277 01:10:36,607 --> 01:10:38,484 in-- in the-- in the-- in it, 1278 01:10:38,568 --> 01:10:40,570 but, you know, that was when I kinda went, 1279 01:10:40,653 --> 01:10:42,697 "Okay, the-- the adults I was dealing with 1280 01:10:42,780 --> 01:10:45,032 weren't being, you know, I was in-- 1281 01:10:45,116 --> 01:10:46,784 I wasn't gonna start, I wasn't gonna trust 1282 01:10:46,868 --> 01:10:48,703 the-- the-- you know, what they said." 1283 01:10:49,412 --> 01:10:51,831 "Cause it wasn't the government telling me, 1284 01:10:51,914 --> 01:10:53,708 it was the teacher standing in front of me, 1285 01:10:53,791 --> 01:10:56,294 and get it going in case of a nuclear attack, but... 1286 01:10:56,377 --> 01:10:59,922 you-- get under your desk, and-- and, you know, 1287 01:11:00,006 --> 01:11:01,799 it wou-- you wanted to do that, 1288 01:11:01,883 --> 01:11:03,676 you wanted to-- us to do that. 1289 01:11:03,760 --> 01:11:06,345 You don't show us anything, 1290 01:11:06,429 --> 01:11:09,849 you don't show us 12,000 nuclear tests, you don't show us, 1291 01:11:09,932 --> 01:11:12,602 either when I'm at home watchin' TV with my parents, 1292 01:11:12,685 --> 01:11:14,395 and they'd show the bombs blowin' up. 1293 01:11:14,479 --> 01:11:16,397 You don't show it in school, you know? 1294 01:11:16,481 --> 01:11:17,857 "Your friend the atom," 1295 01:11:17,940 --> 01:11:19,817 that-- that thing that they, you know. 1296 01:11:19,901 --> 01:11:21,277 Like, I guess it was a Disney thing, 1297 01:11:21,360 --> 01:11:22,695 that, you know-- 1298 01:11:22,779 --> 01:11:24,405 And then they show the mushroom cloud. 1299 01:11:24,489 --> 01:11:26,199 You know, you watch this thing, 1300 01:11:26,282 --> 01:11:28,117 or you watch the guy standing there with those glasses, 1301 01:11:28,201 --> 01:11:29,702 -and the... -[explosion booming] 1302 01:11:29,786 --> 01:11:31,204 ...shit flying over 'em, and you're goin', 1303 01:11:31,287 --> 01:11:32,872 "Really? So this is really gonna work? 1304 01:11:32,955 --> 01:11:35,082 This is your idea of getting under the table?" 1305 01:11:35,166 --> 01:11:39,420 Like, this-- I mean, you're literally under there like this, 1306 01:11:39,504 --> 01:11:41,380 and you-- and, you know. 1307 01:11:41,464 --> 01:11:44,717 You know, at the age of seven, eight, nine, you're not stupid. 1308 01:11:44,801 --> 01:11:46,719 [film reel narrator] Be sure and remember what 1309 01:11:46,803 --> 01:11:48,471 Bert the turtle just did, friends, because every one of us 1310 01:11:48,554 --> 01:11:50,723 must remember to do the same thing. 1311 01:11:50,807 --> 01:11:52,642 That's what this film is all about. 1312 01:11:53,226 --> 01:11:54,727 "Duck and cover."โ€ 1313 01:11:54,811 --> 01:11:56,562 [film reel narrator 2] This is an official 1314 01:11:56,646 --> 01:11:58,356 civil defense film, produced in cooperation 1315 01:11:58,439 --> 01:12:00,566 with the Federal Civil Defense Administration, 1316 01:12:00,650 --> 01:12:02,819 and in consultation with the Safety Commission 1317 01:12:02,902 --> 01:12:05,029 of the National Education Association... 1318 01:12:12,954 --> 01:12:15,039 [sirens wailing] 1319 01:12:39,188 --> 01:12:41,107 [Lewis] I got 13 problems 1320 01:12:41,190 --> 01:12:43,943 before I'm gonna worry about nukes, maybe 50. 1321 01:12:44,735 --> 01:12:48,281 Maybe 100. In this-- in New York City. 1322 01:12:48,739 --> 01:12:50,366 I mean, where-- what, you want me to, bu-- 1323 01:12:50,449 --> 01:12:51,534 Worry about nukes? 1324 01:12:51,617 --> 01:12:53,160 You kiddin' me? 1325 01:12:53,244 --> 01:12:55,454 Ah, you know, I'm a-- chances are-- 1326 01:12:55,538 --> 01:12:56,873 Are good that we're fucked. 1327 01:12:57,498 --> 01:13:01,252 [laughs] Um, that's-- that's usually the way it works. 1328 01:13:07,884 --> 01:13:13,180 โ™ช 1329 01:13:24,984 --> 01:13:26,277 [Claudia] What scares me the most 1330 01:13:26,360 --> 01:13:29,530 about becoming an activist is... 1331 01:13:30,698 --> 01:13:34,327 that what if I hadn't become one? 1332 01:13:34,410 --> 01:13:38,331 Um, and I was a just a drone. [chuckles] 1333 01:13:38,414 --> 01:13:40,666 And I was headed that way. 1334 01:13:40,750 --> 01:13:45,254 When I was first started, being an activist about this, 1335 01:13:45,338 --> 01:13:49,216 I-- I had gone through tremendous loss in my family. 1336 01:13:50,509 --> 01:13:53,930 And my father got sick, with a brain tumor, 1337 01:13:54,013 --> 01:13:59,101 and his doctors said it was probably from downwind. 1338 01:13:59,936 --> 01:14:03,314 My sister was diagnosed with melanoma. 1339 01:14:04,106 --> 01:14:07,360 I had to say, "Please don't call me an activist." 1340 01:14:07,443 --> 01:14:11,739 I was afraid for people to know what I was doing. 1341 01:14:11,822 --> 01:14:13,366 My boss would say, 1342 01:14:13,449 --> 01:14:15,368 "Are you going down to the test site to protest 1343 01:14:15,451 --> 01:14:19,038 with the GD hippies?" 1344 01:14:19,121 --> 01:14:21,082 And I would say, "Yes. What are you doing?" 1345 01:14:21,791 --> 01:14:26,003 I'm not sure, um, if they are still testing. 1346 01:14:26,087 --> 01:14:28,756 I know that years ago, 1347 01:14:28,839 --> 01:14:30,383 they were doing underground testing, 1348 01:14:30,466 --> 01:14:32,927 and we were able to stop that by our protest. 1349 01:14:33,511 --> 01:14:37,890 And we used to, uh, do our spiritual walk run for-- 1350 01:14:37,974 --> 01:14:40,101 At least I know I did it for 11 years, 1351 01:14:40,184 --> 01:14:44,105 from, uh, it's 250 miles, we did 50 miles a-- a day. 1352 01:14:44,188 --> 01:14:47,149 Five-- five days to get to the test site 1353 01:14:47,233 --> 01:14:49,652 to protest against, uh, what was going on 1354 01:14:49,735 --> 01:14:51,278 and to shut, uh... 1355 01:14:53,614 --> 01:14:54,699 the test site down. 1356 01:14:55,491 --> 01:14:57,576 We have an alliance with the United States, 1357 01:14:57,660 --> 01:15:00,162 by treaty, to preserve the existence 1358 01:15:00,246 --> 01:15:01,706 of both our peoples. 1359 01:15:01,789 --> 01:15:05,418 Your people, my people. Together, our peoples. 1360 01:15:05,501 --> 01:15:08,045 And that's the term of diplomatic engagement, 1361 01:15:08,129 --> 01:15:09,171 our peoples! 1362 01:15:09,255 --> 01:15:12,550 [interviewer] 1363 01:15:12,633 --> 01:15:13,884 I'm both. 1364 01:15:13,968 --> 01:15:15,469 I stand on the Consti-- 1365 01:15:15,553 --> 01:15:18,014 I am a patriot and an activist. 1366 01:15:18,097 --> 01:15:19,432 I don't sit on my butt. 1367 01:15:19,515 --> 01:15:22,935 โ™ช 1368 01:15:23,019 --> 01:15:24,603 [lan] These fuckers violate the treaty 1369 01:15:24,687 --> 01:15:26,105 with their weapons of war, 1370 01:15:26,188 --> 01:15:28,816 these ARs, AKs, and weapons of mass destruction, 1371 01:15:28,899 --> 01:15:31,819 violate every Indian peace treaty on this continent. 1372 01:15:31,902 --> 01:15:33,446 You signed them, and we shouldn't be faced 1373 01:15:33,529 --> 01:15:36,115 with weapons of war, in a civil society. 1374 01:15:36,198 --> 01:15:39,493 We signed this for equal protection, 1375 01:15:39,577 --> 01:15:42,079 not for abuse by one party. 1376 01:15:42,163 --> 01:15:43,622 And that's what we're faced with. 1377 01:15:43,706 --> 01:15:45,207 Weapons of war. 1378 01:15:45,291 --> 01:15:48,836 It's not about my backyard. It's about my rights 1379 01:15:48,919 --> 01:15:51,380 and my obligations and responsibilities 1380 01:15:51,464 --> 01:15:52,840 to protect all Americans. 1381 01:15:52,923 --> 01:15:54,800 And you have the same responsibility 1382 01:15:54,884 --> 01:15:57,053 under the United States Constitution to protect 1383 01:15:57,136 --> 01:15:58,888 my people and your own, 1384 01:15:58,971 --> 01:16:01,474 and you need to step up as an American and do that. 1385 01:16:01,557 --> 01:16:03,059 And that's what makes me mad, 1386 01:16:03,142 --> 01:16:04,727 that other Americans think 1387 01:16:04,810 --> 01:16:08,147 they can just forget what has happened. 1388 01:16:08,230 --> 01:16:09,774 I'm not gonna let them. 1389 01:16:21,410 --> 01:16:22,870 We're gonna have our next meeting 1390 01:16:22,953 --> 01:16:26,165 third Saturday in April, okay? 1391 01:16:26,248 --> 01:16:27,666 So if you-- 1392 01:16:27,750 --> 01:16:28,918 [Pauline] Third Saturday. Yeah, right. 1393 01:16:29,001 --> 01:16:30,169 [lan] If you read in there, we-- 1394 01:16:30,252 --> 01:16:31,587 A year ago, or two years ago, 1395 01:16:31,670 --> 01:16:32,588 we said it's gonna be every quarter. 1396 01:16:32,671 --> 01:16:33,964 [Pauline] Okay. 1397 01:16:34,048 --> 01:16:35,299 [lan] So we'll see you then, and-- 1398 01:16:35,382 --> 01:16:37,093 -Yeah. -[lan] Thank you. 1399 01:16:37,176 --> 01:16:38,844 [Keith] Where do you draw the line between deterrence, 1400 01:16:38,928 --> 01:16:41,764 and-- and the need for-- for peace, 1401 01:16:41,847 --> 01:16:45,017 and the need to stop nuclear testing? 1402 01:16:45,101 --> 01:16:46,936 Well... 1403 01:16:47,019 --> 01:16:49,271 nuclear bombs have been tested. 1404 01:16:49,355 --> 01:16:52,942 We have those deterrent systems in place. 1405 01:16:53,025 --> 01:16:55,861 We need to continue to maintain those 1406 01:16:55,945 --> 01:16:59,824 so-- so that we can live safely, 1407 01:16:59,907 --> 01:17:04,870 without the fear that some other nation's going to come 1408 01:17:04,954 --> 01:17:07,248 and try and blow us off the map. 1409 01:17:07,915 --> 01:17:11,710 But by the same token, it was-- it was the-- 1410 01:17:11,794 --> 01:17:16,006 The anti-nuclear movement that brought a lot of awareness 1411 01:17:16,090 --> 01:17:17,675 to-- to the issues, 1412 01:17:17,758 --> 01:17:20,052 the issues of the health effects of nuclear bombs, 1413 01:17:20,136 --> 01:17:22,888 the issues of, do we need to test nuclear bombs, 1414 01:17:22,972 --> 01:17:24,557 is this a good idea? 1415 01:17:24,640 --> 01:17:27,685 Well, as long as there's nuclear bombs in the world, 1416 01:17:27,768 --> 01:17:30,312 you're gonna have to have a deterrent system 1417 01:17:30,396 --> 01:17:32,731 that works, and you have to-- 1418 01:17:32,815 --> 01:17:34,483 You have to be able to rely on it, 1419 01:17:34,567 --> 01:17:36,902 because that's what keeps the peace 1420 01:17:36,986 --> 01:17:40,781 from a nuclear holocaust from erupting. 1421 01:17:41,282 --> 01:17:43,325 [Darwin] We were able to win the Cold War 1422 01:17:43,409 --> 01:17:46,370 with what we did at the site. 1423 01:17:46,453 --> 01:17:49,582 It contributed greatly to the winning of the Cold War. 1424 01:17:49,665 --> 01:17:55,337 You saw that Russia wasn't able to match what we were doing, 1425 01:17:55,421 --> 01:17:58,799 and so when it all came to the end, 1426 01:17:58,883 --> 01:18:01,385 what we did at the Nevada test site 1427 01:18:01,468 --> 01:18:03,053 helped win the Cold War, 1428 01:18:03,137 --> 01:18:06,265 helped assure the security of the United States, 1429 01:18:06,348 --> 01:18:08,017 of the people of the United States. 1430 01:18:08,100 --> 01:18:11,187 And so, nuclear testing contributed to that. 1431 01:18:11,270 --> 01:18:13,939 [explosion booming] 1432 01:18:14,023 --> 01:18:15,691 I'm an activist, obviously, 1433 01:18:15,774 --> 01:18:18,360 but sometimes that has a negative connotation, 1434 01:18:18,444 --> 01:18:20,321 because I'm also a patriot. 1435 01:18:20,863 --> 01:18:22,364 We own that flag, too. 1436 01:18:22,448 --> 01:18:24,992 We own that flag, too. And you know what? 1437 01:18:25,576 --> 01:18:28,704 That government, they work for us. 1438 01:18:28,787 --> 01:18:31,874 They work for us. They need to listen to us. 1439 01:18:32,333 --> 01:18:33,751 It's still my country. 1440 01:18:33,834 --> 01:18:36,962 This government, it's our government. 1441 01:18:37,046 --> 01:18:40,799 When they talk about "them," it's not them, it's us. 1442 01:18:40,883 --> 01:18:44,178 They work for us, they need to listen to us. 1443 01:18:44,261 --> 01:18:45,930 They need to watch out for us, 1444 01:18:46,013 --> 01:18:49,516 they need to not harm us, they need to protect us. 1445 01:18:50,267 --> 01:18:52,895 There's such a conflict in me because I felt like 1446 01:18:52,978 --> 01:18:57,441 I was being un-- I wasn't being patriotic, 1447 01:18:57,524 --> 01:19:02,196 I wasn't being religious, I wasn't following-- you know. 1448 01:19:02,905 --> 01:19:05,866 But I felt more spiritual 1449 01:19:05,950 --> 01:19:08,953 sitting in the desert across from the test site 1450 01:19:09,036 --> 01:19:12,498 than I ever did sitting at church. 1451 01:19:15,584 --> 01:19:16,752 [interviewer] Are you an activist, 1452 01:19:16,835 --> 01:19:17,962 are you a patriot? 1453 01:19:18,671 --> 01:19:21,423 Uh, I'm a-- I'm an oath keeper. 1454 01:19:21,507 --> 01:19:23,342 I keep the oaths. 1455 01:19:23,425 --> 01:19:26,011 Uh, I-- I'm an oat keeper. 1456 01:19:26,637 --> 01:19:27,763 I drink Oatly. 1457 01:19:27,846 --> 01:19:29,807 Um, no, I'm a, uh... 1458 01:19:29,890 --> 01:19:32,351 I-- I wouldn't call myself-- I was an activist. 1459 01:19:33,227 --> 01:19:36,855 Uh, when I was a kid, and I did it for a long time. 1460 01:19:36,939 --> 01:19:41,694 I consider my-- whatever activism I have, is... 1461 01:19:41,777 --> 01:19:43,529 uh, that I shoot my mouth off. 1462 01:19:43,946 --> 01:19:45,572 Um... 1463 01:19:45,656 --> 01:19:47,950 and that I try to-- uh, um, no, I-- 1464 01:19:48,033 --> 01:19:49,994 What-- what I think has happened, 1465 01:19:50,077 --> 01:19:52,913 i-- is that, uh... 1466 01:19:52,997 --> 01:19:54,873 if we wanna get anything accomplished, 1467 01:19:54,957 --> 01:19:56,709 and I hate to say this... 1468 01:19:56,792 --> 01:20:00,963 um, but-- and-- and it's-- it's because I'm older, 1469 01:20:01,046 --> 01:20:03,716 you want a government to work, it has to work in the middle. 1470 01:20:03,799 --> 01:20:06,552 It doesn't work on either side. 1471 01:20:06,635 --> 01:20:09,138 And at times, uh, what we're gonna-- 1472 01:20:09,221 --> 01:20:11,056 What we will get is the-- 1473 01:20:11,140 --> 01:20:12,891 You know, the-- the right came along 1474 01:20:12,975 --> 01:20:15,394 and did its thing, and now the left will-- 1475 01:20:15,477 --> 01:20:18,022 For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction, 1476 01:20:18,105 --> 01:20:20,065 SO we-- so the left did some stuff, 1477 01:20:20,149 --> 01:20:22,192 if the-- if the election goes a certain way, 1478 01:20:22,276 --> 01:20:23,652 the left may do more stuff. 1479 01:20:24,320 --> 01:20:28,866 Um, but in the end, if you really want a country 1480 01:20:28,949 --> 01:20:33,078 that's together, it has to be from the middle. 1481 01:20:33,162 --> 01:20:38,250 โ™ช 1482 01:20:53,515 --> 01:20:55,726 [kids shouting playfully] 1483 01:21:20,751 --> 01:21:22,127 [announcer] The China Syndrome. 1484 01:21:25,381 --> 01:21:28,384 It's about people. People who lie... 1485 01:21:29,718 --> 01:21:33,055 and people faced with the agony of telling the truth. 1486 01:21:34,348 --> 01:21:36,850 It will start with a tremor in a nuclear power plant. 1487 01:21:36,934 --> 01:21:39,728 Where it will end will depend on three people. 1488 01:21:39,812 --> 01:21:41,522 [alarm blaring] 1489 01:21:41,605 --> 01:21:44,149 -[man] No! -[machines beeping] 1490 01:21:44,233 --> 01:21:45,943 -[man] No! -[machines beeping] 1491 01:21:46,026 --> 01:21:47,152 [announcer] The China Syndrome. 1492 01:21:47,236 --> 01:21:48,862 [worker] No, wait! 1493 01:21:48,946 --> 01:21:51,490 [announcer] Today, only a handful of people know 1494 01:21:51,573 --> 01:21:54,493 -what it really means. -[indistinct shouting] 1495 01:21:54,576 --> 01:21:57,413 [high-pitched humming] 1496 01:22:06,588 --> 01:22:11,927 I became active, um, because of this script 1497 01:22:12,010 --> 01:22:13,720 that came over my desk, 1498 01:22:13,804 --> 01:22:17,641 unsolicited, early in my career, called The China Syndrome. 1499 01:22:18,183 --> 01:22:21,937 Which was written by a guy named Mike Gray, 1500 01:22:22,020 --> 01:22:24,982 uh, who's a documentary filmmaker. 1501 01:22:25,065 --> 01:22:29,653 And I saw it as a, uh, a great horror movie. 1502 01:22:29,736 --> 01:22:33,282 Then, as I began the whole process of-- of, 1503 01:22:33,365 --> 01:22:35,826 uh, of-- of-- of working on this picture, 1504 01:22:35,909 --> 01:22:38,036 and realized that we needed to get some re-- 1505 01:22:38,120 --> 01:22:39,830 Real legitimacy and credibility, 1506 01:22:39,913 --> 01:22:46,211 we hired two retired quality assurance experts from GE. 1507 01:22:46,295 --> 01:22:49,214 And they had had a loss of faith, 1508 01:22:49,298 --> 01:22:52,676 and they basically go on to the other side, 1509 01:22:52,759 --> 01:22:58,265 and so we used them to give us sort of the sequence of events 1510 01:22:58,348 --> 01:23:01,059 for our final meltdown. 1511 01:23:01,143 --> 01:23:03,437 And so we made this movie, 1512 01:23:03,520 --> 01:23:07,399 and, uh, we dealt with a fair amount of criticism. 1513 01:23:07,483 --> 01:23:10,736 Particularly from Jane's, uh, part of-- point of view, 1514 01:23:10,819 --> 01:23:12,237 where she was at. 1515 01:23:12,321 --> 01:23:15,199 And then 13 days after the movie came out, 1516 01:23:15,282 --> 01:23:19,495 we had the Harrisburg Three Mile Island, uh, incident. 1517 01:23:20,329 --> 01:23:22,331 And all of a sudden, I, like everybody, 1518 01:23:22,414 --> 01:23:25,375 was watching the news, and there was our... 1519 01:23:26,752 --> 01:23:28,754 our movie-- our movie, 1520 01:23:28,837 --> 01:23:31,548 uh, public relations spokesperson, 1521 01:23:31,632 --> 01:23:35,093 on a split screen, with Three Mile Island's person, 1522 01:23:35,177 --> 01:23:39,765 and-- and one began to see these unbelievable sort of s-- 1523 01:23:39,848 --> 01:23:41,475 Uh, similarities. 1524 01:23:41,558 --> 01:23:43,268 [reporter] The accident occurred here, 1525 01:23:43,352 --> 01:23:45,729 at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, 1526 01:23:45,812 --> 01:23:47,814 a dozen miles south of Harrisburg. 1527 01:23:47,898 --> 01:23:49,942 At about four o'clock this morning, 1528 01:23:50,025 --> 01:23:53,737 two water pumps that help cool Reactor Number Two shut down. 1529 01:23:53,820 --> 01:23:57,032 Officials say some 50-60,000 gallons 1530 01:23:57,115 --> 01:24:00,369 of radioactive water escaped into the reactor building. 1531 01:24:00,452 --> 01:24:02,287 Steam escaped into the atmosphere, 1532 01:24:02,371 --> 01:24:05,749 and radiation was detected as far as a mile away. 1533 01:24:06,375 --> 01:24:09,670 So this was an epiphany, uh, for me. 1534 01:24:09,753 --> 01:24:10,963 It was like somebody was trying to-- 1535 01:24:11,046 --> 01:24:12,381 To-- to tell me something. 1536 01:24:12,464 --> 01:24:14,550 Uh, because we were under... 1537 01:24:15,467 --> 01:24:17,844 such pressure, and as it was turning out, 1538 01:24:17,928 --> 01:24:19,888 this thing was, uh, more accurate 1539 01:24:19,972 --> 01:24:21,473 than we had ever known. 1540 01:24:22,182 --> 01:24:24,017 So, that was sort of the beginning 1541 01:24:24,101 --> 01:24:26,311 of my pursuit into this. 1542 01:24:27,062 --> 01:24:29,690 And then, um, uh, a few years later, 1543 01:24:29,773 --> 01:24:31,108 Chernobyl happened. 1544 01:24:31,733 --> 01:24:35,904 Uh, and we watched that unfold and unveil. 1545 01:24:36,697 --> 01:24:38,156 And a couple of years after that, 1546 01:24:38,240 --> 01:24:39,950 I was just-- I was feeling... 1547 01:24:41,159 --> 01:24:42,661 I don't know, nostalgic, 1548 01:24:42,744 --> 01:24:45,789 but trying to trace my family roots, you know. 1549 01:24:46,373 --> 01:24:50,502 And my father, um, came from Belarus. 1550 01:24:51,253 --> 01:24:55,173 Uh, from the country of Belarus, he was born here, 1551 01:24:55,257 --> 01:24:57,342 but my grandfather was from there. 1552 01:24:58,385 --> 01:24:59,928 And as we tried to trace 1553 01:25:00,012 --> 01:25:03,890 where my father came from in Belarus, 1554 01:25:03,974 --> 01:25:08,353 we discovered that Chernobyl, which, 1555 01:25:08,437 --> 01:25:09,896 because of all the current events 1556 01:25:09,980 --> 01:25:12,024 that are going on with Ukraine right now, 1557 01:25:12,107 --> 01:25:14,067 we understand that's on the border, 1558 01:25:14,151 --> 01:25:15,611 just about, with Belarus. 1559 01:25:16,403 --> 01:25:21,992 That after that, uh, tragedy, Belarus took most of the fall, 1560 01:25:22,075 --> 01:25:25,746 because they were downwind of Ukraine. 1561 01:25:26,455 --> 01:25:29,207 And lo and behold, I couldn't find 1562 01:25:29,291 --> 01:25:33,128 my father's village anymore because it was downwind. 1563 01:25:33,712 --> 01:25:35,380 It was in that area of Belarus, 1564 01:25:35,464 --> 01:25:38,592 what was lost, it had been-- been vacated. 1565 01:25:38,675 --> 01:25:44,264 โ™ช 1566 01:25:44,348 --> 01:25:46,391 I love my country, and, uh, 1567 01:25:46,475 --> 01:25:49,186 I'm s-- so proud about it, in SO many ways. 1568 01:25:49,269 --> 01:25:51,188 It doesn't mean things can't be better. 1569 01:25:51,271 --> 01:25:53,774 You still try to make things, improve things, 1570 01:25:53,857 --> 01:25:56,526 and-- and the quality of-- of what they are. 1571 01:25:56,610 --> 01:25:58,153 You don't stand fast. 1572 01:25:58,820 --> 01:26:02,741 Patriotism, again, is not one-- one thing, 1573 01:26:02,824 --> 01:26:04,576 it's a-- a-- it's a moving object. 1574 01:26:05,327 --> 01:26:06,787 Um, because the country's moving. 1575 01:26:07,329 --> 01:26:08,830 I-- I wanted to thank very much, 1576 01:26:08,914 --> 01:26:12,292 uh, Mr. Douglas for, uh, his great contribution 1577 01:26:12,376 --> 01:26:14,211 as a Messenger of Peace. 1578 01:26:14,753 --> 01:26:16,254 And I think it's a great inspiration 1579 01:26:16,338 --> 01:26:18,256 for all of us, uh, to talk out of the box. 1580 01:26:18,340 --> 01:26:20,133 And to make this world that he's, 1581 01:26:20,217 --> 01:26:23,095 uh, looking for, and we're all looking for, come a lot closer. 1582 01:26:23,178 --> 01:26:25,097 So it's aโ€”- it's a big task for all of you. 1583 01:26:26,098 --> 01:26:29,059 [Michael Douglas] It, um, being the most patriotic, 1584 01:26:29,142 --> 01:26:32,354 in terms of whatever, uh, I can do to fight-- 1585 01:26:32,437 --> 01:26:34,564 To eliminate nuclear weapons, 1586 01:26:34,648 --> 01:26:36,024 and the secrecy, 1587 01:26:36,108 --> 01:26:38,443 the secrecy that's been in-- involved 1588 01:26:38,527 --> 01:26:40,779 for something that is so poisonous, 1589 01:26:40,862 --> 01:26:42,698 has such a long lifespan. 1590 01:26:43,198 --> 01:26:47,786 Um, and how we have been-- uh, how we have been lied to, 1591 01:26:47,869 --> 01:26:52,249 by both our government, and-- and-- and corporate America. 1592 01:26:54,876 --> 01:26:56,378 It's my privilege... 1593 01:26:57,462 --> 01:27:00,090 to have this opportunity to recognize 1594 01:27:00,173 --> 01:27:04,469 the important role of scholars in addressing an issue 1595 01:27:04,553 --> 01:27:07,514 that has plagued the international community 1596 01:27:07,597 --> 01:27:09,141 for far too long. 1597 01:27:10,434 --> 01:27:15,772 Growing up in the Cold War, I was routinely reminded 1598 01:27:15,856 --> 01:27:17,566 of the threat of nuclear weapons, 1599 01:27:17,649 --> 01:27:20,485 either when I was hiding under my wooden desk... 1600 01:27:21,403 --> 01:27:24,114 uh, looking out for the bright light 1601 01:27:24,197 --> 01:27:25,574 that might fall. 1602 01:27:25,657 --> 01:27:28,869 Fallout shelters, duck for cover drills, 1603 01:27:28,952 --> 01:27:31,663 it was part of our-- our daily lives. 1604 01:27:32,414 --> 01:27:35,459 But the threat posed by nuclear weapons 1605 01:27:35,542 --> 01:27:39,755 is no less important today than it was during my childhood. 1606 01:27:39,838 --> 01:27:41,173 [explosion rumbling] 1607 01:27:41,256 --> 01:27:43,842 We may have fewer nuclear weapons, 1608 01:27:43,925 --> 01:27:46,470 but these weapons, and their delivery systems, 1609 01:27:46,553 --> 01:27:49,556 are more powerful and more sophisticated 1610 01:27:49,639 --> 01:27:50,682 than ever before. 1611 01:27:51,266 --> 01:27:54,770 I really cannot forgive, um, our leaders, 1612 01:27:54,853 --> 01:27:57,022 our politicians, for not addressing this, 1613 01:27:57,105 --> 01:28:03,320 this has been a-- a terrible pox on-- on-- on humanity. 1614 01:28:03,403 --> 01:28:06,114 This has-- it has created the worst fear 1615 01:28:06,198 --> 01:28:08,867 on our planet, that ever-- ever existed. 1616 01:28:09,576 --> 01:28:12,537 Uh, in terms of the possible contamination. 1617 01:28:13,038 --> 01:28:14,790 Uh, not to mention the weaponry. 1618 01:28:15,373 --> 01:28:20,128 Um, and we're seeing it, as we speak, right now. 1619 01:28:21,630 --> 01:28:24,007 Uh, we-- we-- we-- we-- we watch this sort of drift at-- 1620 01:28:24,090 --> 01:28:26,593 Drift away because of climate issues 1621 01:28:26,676 --> 01:28:28,011 sort of took over. 1622 01:28:28,094 --> 01:28:29,805 Climate became-- it was more important, 1623 01:28:29,888 --> 01:28:31,181 although there's-- there is-- they're interrelated. 1624 01:28:31,848 --> 01:28:33,391 But now we're-- we're looking at a-- 1625 01:28:33,475 --> 01:28:36,311 At a Russian leader who's... 1626 01:28:36,394 --> 01:28:39,689 again, speaking about nuclear weapons. 1627 01:28:40,190 --> 01:28:42,067 The one thing I'd hoped for in my lifetime 1628 01:28:42,150 --> 01:28:45,070 was to rid this planet, or to have some part of-- 1629 01:28:45,153 --> 01:28:47,405 To rid this planet of nuclear weapons. 1630 01:28:47,489 --> 01:28:49,241 It looks like it's not gonna happen. 1631 01:28:51,952 --> 01:28:54,204 [plane whooshing] 1632 01:28:55,080 --> 01:28:58,083 [narrator] The United States is the only nation on Earth 1633 01:28:58,166 --> 01:29:00,919 to use atomic weaponry in wartime. 1634 01:29:01,545 --> 01:29:04,047 More than 200,000 people died 1635 01:29:04,130 --> 01:29:07,926 from the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 1636 01:29:08,009 --> 01:29:13,932 โ™ช 1637 01:29:16,852 --> 01:29:20,438 The greatest marvel is not the size of the enterprise, 1638 01:29:20,522 --> 01:29:23,692 its secrecy, or its cost, 1639 01:29:23,775 --> 01:29:26,403 but the achievement of scientific brains 1640 01:29:26,486 --> 01:29:28,113 in making it work. 1641 01:29:28,196 --> 01:29:31,199 We have spent more than two billion dollars 1642 01:29:31,283 --> 01:29:34,870 on the greatest scientific gamble in history, 1643 01:29:34,953 --> 01:29:36,580 and we have won. 1644 01:29:36,663 --> 01:29:40,542 [static crackling] 1645 01:29:40,625 --> 01:29:45,672 โ™ช 1646 01:30:01,813 --> 01:30:04,274 [narrator] Despite a moratorium on testing, 1647 01:30:04,357 --> 01:30:06,693 the United States continues to develop 1648 01:30:06,776 --> 01:30:10,196 its nuclear weapons program in earnest. 1649 01:30:11,823 --> 01:30:14,784 The Nevada test site remains operational, 1650 01:30:14,868 --> 01:30:17,537 and resumption of nuclear testing 1651 01:30:17,621 --> 01:30:19,039 is under debate. 1652 01:30:31,051 --> 01:30:32,761 The United States Constitution 1653 01:30:33,511 --> 01:30:36,014 made this great nation what it is today, 1654 01:30:36,097 --> 01:30:37,849 and we've lived here for 10,000 years 1655 01:30:37,933 --> 01:30:39,309 before the Common Era. 1656 01:30:39,392 --> 01:30:41,102 We're trying to share our knowledge 1657 01:30:41,186 --> 01:30:43,438 of how to live with the land. 1658 01:30:43,521 --> 01:30:45,023 We are part of the land, 1659 01:30:45,106 --> 01:30:46,942 I am water, you are water. 1660 01:30:47,025 --> 01:30:50,987 We need to protect the water. We need to protect the land. 1661 01:30:51,071 --> 01:30:53,615 We are sharing our knowledge with you. 1662 01:30:53,698 --> 01:30:55,951 10,000 years before the Common Era. 1663 01:30:56,034 --> 01:30:57,577 That's what we have to give. 1664 01:31:05,919 --> 01:31:08,129 I'm working with downwinders in other states, 1665 01:31:08,213 --> 01:31:09,464 and I'll tell you, 1666 01:31:09,547 --> 01:31:10,966 that little group of downwinders, 1667 01:31:11,049 --> 01:31:12,592 we've become, like, this community 1668 01:31:12,676 --> 01:31:15,887 and-- because it's a real sense of solidarity. 1669 01:31:15,971 --> 01:31:18,598 We've all lived the same thing, you know? 1670 01:31:19,140 --> 01:31:22,936 And it's our shared experience that kinda unites us. 1671 01:31:32,070 --> 01:31:34,489 I would just want to leave the message 1672 01:31:34,572 --> 01:31:40,161 to e-- everyone that we're all downwinders. 1673 01:31:40,245 --> 01:31:42,414 Everyone is a downwinder. 1674 01:31:42,497 --> 01:31:47,585 โ™ช 1675 01:32:42,557 --> 01:32:47,645 โ™ช 1676 01:33:42,617 --> 01:33:47,705 โ™ช 1677 01:34:42,677 --> 01:34:47,765 โ™ช 1678 01:35:42,737 --> 01:35:47,825 โ™ช 119359

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