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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,042 --> 00:00:02,335 [film reeling] 2 00:00:05,505 --> 00:00:06,339 [explosion] 3 00:00:06,423 --> 00:00:07,924 [gunshots firing] 4 00:00:09,968 --> 00:00:11,678 [soft melodic music playing] 5 00:00:16,266 --> 00:00:17,392 [music intensifies] 6 00:00:26,276 --> 00:00:30,196 [narrator] Planet Earth, home to a growing number of Homo sapiens 7 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:32,115 and a whole lot of other creatures. 8 00:00:33,116 --> 00:00:35,410 It's a great place to live. 9 00:00:36,786 --> 00:00:39,414 When it comes to the future of our small planet… 10 00:00:40,373 --> 00:00:43,460 Now to a dire warning about climate change. 11 00:00:43,543 --> 00:00:46,755 Natural disasters like hurricanes or wildfires… 12 00:00:46,838 --> 00:00:50,091 [reporter 1] An unprecedented decline in nature threatening humanity. 13 00:00:50,175 --> 00:00:53,636 [reporter 2] Sixth mass extinction event is already well underway… 14 00:00:53,720 --> 00:00:57,557 [narrator] There's so much bad news about our planet, it's overwhelming. 15 00:00:58,767 --> 00:01:01,144 The fear that we're headed for a cliff 16 00:01:02,937 --> 00:01:05,774 puts most of us into a state of paralysis. 17 00:01:10,320 --> 00:01:11,571 The truth is… 18 00:01:12,989 --> 00:01:14,199 I've given up. 19 00:01:14,991 --> 00:01:16,910 And the odds are so have you. 20 00:01:18,912 --> 00:01:20,997 But what if there was another path? 21 00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:31,174 This is the story of a simple solution, a way to heal our planet 22 00:01:31,758 --> 00:01:34,594 and keep our species off the extinction list. 23 00:01:36,095 --> 00:01:39,724 In fact, the solution I'm talking about is right under our feet, 24 00:01:41,351 --> 00:01:44,354 and it's as old as dirt. 25 00:01:45,188 --> 00:01:48,274 We call it soil, earth, or ground. 26 00:01:48,358 --> 00:01:49,984 And due to its vast scale, 27 00:01:50,068 --> 00:01:54,864 and its ability to sequester immense quantities of greenhouse gases, 28 00:01:54,948 --> 00:01:58,451 it could just be the one thing that can balance our climate, 29 00:01:58,535 --> 00:02:01,454 replenish our fresh water supplies, 30 00:02:01,538 --> 00:02:02,539 and feed the world. 31 00:02:05,125 --> 00:02:08,545 That's why some people are racing to save our soil 32 00:02:09,462 --> 00:02:12,507 in hopes our soil just might… 33 00:02:15,260 --> 00:02:16,302 save us. 34 00:02:20,181 --> 00:02:22,308 [alarm beeping] 35 00:02:25,311 --> 00:02:26,187 [groans] 36 00:02:29,440 --> 00:02:31,317 [man 1] I am a conservation agronomist. 37 00:02:33,153 --> 00:02:35,530 I have been in every state, 38 00:02:35,613 --> 00:02:39,033 all the way from Alaska, to Puerto Rico, to Hawaii. 39 00:02:40,118 --> 00:02:44,622 I've also been asked to go speak in Europe, Australia… 40 00:02:44,706 --> 00:02:46,207 I just haven't had the time. 41 00:02:47,792 --> 00:02:50,920 If we get the soil right, we can fix a lot of our issues. 42 00:02:52,422 --> 00:02:54,924 Healthy soils lead to a healthy plant. 43 00:02:55,008 --> 00:02:57,802 Healthy plant, healthy animal, healthy human, 44 00:02:57,886 --> 00:03:00,805 healthy water, healthy climate. 45 00:03:02,932 --> 00:03:04,350 This is what this is about today. 46 00:03:04,434 --> 00:03:09,397 Learning how the soil works and learning how to farm like nature does. 47 00:03:10,231 --> 00:03:13,818 I have learned my job is to drop a seed. 48 00:03:13,902 --> 00:03:17,614 And the more you farm like nature, the more we can reduce your inputs, 49 00:03:17,697 --> 00:03:19,699 and the more money you can make. 50 00:03:20,366 --> 00:03:23,786 It's my calling. Just as simple as that. 51 00:03:23,870 --> 00:03:25,330 Actually, this is one… 52 00:03:25,955 --> 00:03:27,999 I've lived in four or five states. 53 00:03:28,583 --> 00:03:31,169 Everywhere I go and work, we're still having the same problem. 54 00:03:32,295 --> 00:03:33,630 Massive erosion. 55 00:03:39,510 --> 00:03:41,930 Erosion is when soil becomes dirt. 56 00:03:44,974 --> 00:03:47,268 [introspective music playing softly] 57 00:03:47,352 --> 00:03:51,272 [Harrelson] Rapid erosion began long ago when humans developed the plow. 58 00:03:52,982 --> 00:03:56,736 Its purpose was to break the soil in order to sow seeds. 59 00:03:59,113 --> 00:04:00,281 By the Bronze Age, 60 00:04:00,365 --> 00:04:04,535 vast areas around cities were plowed up to plant grains. 61 00:04:07,497 --> 00:04:09,499 But as their soils eroded, 62 00:04:09,582 --> 00:04:14,128 those once-great empires vanished into dust. 63 00:04:17,966 --> 00:04:20,426 But we don't have to look back thousands of years 64 00:04:20,510 --> 00:04:22,512 to see the dangers of erosion. 65 00:04:25,014 --> 00:04:26,349 In the 1930s, 66 00:04:26,432 --> 00:04:30,687 America experienced the largest man-made environmental disaster 67 00:04:30,770 --> 00:04:31,688 in history. 68 00:04:34,274 --> 00:04:37,485 It was called the Dust Bowl. 69 00:04:39,404 --> 00:04:44,575 It was largely caused by farmers tilling the once-fertile Midwestern Plains 70 00:04:45,159 --> 00:04:47,370 and leaving the soil exposed. 71 00:04:49,914 --> 00:04:51,582 By the end of 1934, 72 00:04:51,666 --> 00:04:56,462 roughly 200 million acres of cropland were permanently damaged. 73 00:04:56,546 --> 00:04:58,214 [train whistle blows] 74 00:04:58,298 --> 00:05:02,635 On a whistle stop train tour, President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw 75 00:05:02,719 --> 00:05:05,722 the destruction of America's soil firsthand. 76 00:05:06,931 --> 00:05:11,311 In response, he created the Soil Conservation Service 77 00:05:11,394 --> 00:05:13,354 to save the nation's soil. 78 00:05:15,481 --> 00:05:19,277 [Roosevelt] What I have seen confirms me 79 00:05:20,486 --> 00:05:23,323 in the belief that I've had for a long time… 80 00:05:24,490 --> 00:05:27,452 that we're going to win on this problem. 81 00:05:27,535 --> 00:05:34,125 It relates to working out a plan of cooperation with nature 82 00:05:34,959 --> 00:05:37,962 instead of going along with what we've been doing in the past 83 00:05:38,046 --> 00:05:39,797 trying to buck nature. 84 00:05:39,881 --> 00:05:41,716 [crowd cheering and applauding] 85 00:05:47,847 --> 00:05:50,224 [Harrelson] The practice of plowing and tilling the soil 86 00:05:50,308 --> 00:05:51,893 continues to this day. 87 00:05:53,061 --> 00:05:54,353 [hammering] 88 00:05:54,437 --> 00:05:58,483 But so does Franklin D. Roosevelt's Soil Conservation Service. 89 00:06:00,276 --> 00:06:03,237 It was made part of the US Department of Agriculture, 90 00:06:03,988 --> 00:06:08,076 and it's now called the Natural Resources Conservation Service, 91 00:06:08,159 --> 00:06:09,994 the NRCS. 92 00:06:10,661 --> 00:06:15,083 We want the water to leave through a living plant. 93 00:06:15,166 --> 00:06:18,586 [Harrelson] Today, the NRC has field agents, like Ray, 94 00:06:18,669 --> 00:06:21,005 trying to teach farmers to reduce tilling… 95 00:06:21,089 --> 00:06:25,426 Microbes live in there, and that's called the porous sphere. 96 00:06:25,510 --> 00:06:28,429 [Harrelson] …and reduce the spraying of industrial chemicals 97 00:06:28,513 --> 00:06:30,014 that damage the soil. 98 00:06:30,098 --> 00:06:32,308 Tillage is one of the most intrusive things we do 99 00:06:32,391 --> 00:06:33,684 in modern agriculture. 100 00:06:33,768 --> 00:06:35,228 It is not our friend. 101 00:06:35,311 --> 00:06:36,562 [humorous music playing] 102 00:06:38,606 --> 00:06:39,899 [Harrelson] The message is simple, 103 00:06:42,443 --> 00:06:46,447 but getting that message out… is difficult. 104 00:06:48,241 --> 00:06:52,662 We have a social problem. We have an education issue. 105 00:06:52,745 --> 00:06:57,291 And until we get that right, we can't fix our ecological issues. 106 00:06:57,375 --> 00:06:59,710 I have been in NRCS for 31 years. 107 00:06:59,794 --> 00:07:02,797 It's kind of amazing to me as I was teaching all over the country. 108 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:07,802 I'm going, wow, our producers don't really know how the soil works. 109 00:07:09,053 --> 00:07:11,389 They don't understand the basic ecological principles. 110 00:07:11,973 --> 00:07:13,724 Everything runs by carbon. 111 00:07:15,518 --> 00:07:19,105 We're built by carbon. The soil microbes run by carbon. 112 00:07:19,188 --> 00:07:21,899 Carbon is the driving engine. 113 00:07:21,983 --> 00:07:23,818 It runs the system. 114 00:07:25,570 --> 00:07:28,865 [Harrelson] But when it comes to the role of carbon in our world, 115 00:07:28,948 --> 00:07:31,701 there's… a bit of confusion. 116 00:07:34,036 --> 00:07:36,956 To be specific, carbon dioxide is a gas. 117 00:07:37,039 --> 00:07:40,710 We breathe it out, and plants breathe it in. 118 00:07:43,921 --> 00:07:47,800 We also make carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels. 119 00:07:48,384 --> 00:07:49,927 But carbon isn't bad. 120 00:07:50,595 --> 00:07:53,681 In fact, it's the basis for all life on Earth. 121 00:07:54,682 --> 00:07:57,643 [man 2] There's a tendency right now for us to be at war with carbon. 122 00:07:57,727 --> 00:07:58,936 Carbon's the bad guy. 123 00:07:59,020 --> 00:08:02,148 And I think this is a lost opportunity. Carbon's the good guy. 124 00:08:02,899 --> 00:08:04,025 We're carbon. 125 00:08:04,108 --> 00:08:06,027 I'm-I'm 16 percent carbon, 126 00:08:06,110 --> 00:08:08,613 and all of it came from eating vegetation 127 00:08:08,696 --> 00:08:10,490 and things that eat vegetation. 128 00:08:11,282 --> 00:08:13,576 [woman 1] Plants use sunlight as energy, 129 00:08:13,659 --> 00:08:16,412 and they pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, 130 00:08:16,496 --> 00:08:18,372 they turn it into a carbon fuel, 131 00:08:18,456 --> 00:08:19,832 and that's how they grow. 132 00:08:23,252 --> 00:08:28,549 But 40 percent of that carbon fuel, they send down to their roots. 133 00:08:29,550 --> 00:08:34,180 They're leaking it out in a very strategic way to soil microorganisms. 134 00:08:34,764 --> 00:08:37,683 Plants are feeding soil microorganisms carbon, 135 00:08:37,767 --> 00:08:42,021 and the soil microorganisms are bringing plants mineral nutrients. 136 00:08:42,688 --> 00:08:44,398 And in the process of all that, 137 00:08:44,982 --> 00:08:49,820 those soil microorganisms make a carbon glue out of that carbon fuel. 138 00:08:50,488 --> 00:08:52,031 And they make habitat in the soil. 139 00:08:52,114 --> 00:08:56,452 They make little pockets in the soil to control the flow of air and water. 140 00:08:56,536 --> 00:08:59,997 And that's one of the ways that carbon gets fixed in the soil. 141 00:09:01,457 --> 00:09:04,293 [Harrelson] In other words, soil has the unique ability 142 00:09:04,377 --> 00:09:07,797 to sequester carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. 143 00:09:09,173 --> 00:09:10,716 That's a big deal. 144 00:09:12,176 --> 00:09:13,970 And what's even more amazing: 145 00:09:14,053 --> 00:09:18,057 the soil contains an entire universe of life. 146 00:09:19,225 --> 00:09:23,229 Here, I went to years of college, and I took soil science. I didn't know. 147 00:09:23,312 --> 00:09:26,148 I really did not know how the soil worked. 148 00:09:27,108 --> 00:09:28,109 It's alive. 149 00:09:28,192 --> 00:09:32,196 ["You Sexy Thing" by Hot Chocolate playing] 150 00:09:35,533 --> 00:09:38,160 [woman 2] In every handful of healthy soil, 151 00:09:38,244 --> 00:09:40,997 there more organisms than the number of people who've ever lived 152 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:41,914 on planet Earth. 153 00:09:41,998 --> 00:09:43,708 ♪ I believe in miracles ♪ 154 00:09:45,793 --> 00:09:47,378 ♪ Where you from ♪ 155 00:09:47,461 --> 00:09:50,089 -♪ You sexy thing ♪ -♪ Sexy thing, you… ♪ 156 00:09:50,172 --> 00:09:54,510 [Nichols] And those organisms are processing organic matter 157 00:09:54,594 --> 00:09:55,678 that's in the soil 158 00:09:55,761 --> 00:09:59,307 and putting the nutrients into a form that the plant needs. 159 00:09:59,390 --> 00:10:02,935 Comparing the soil microbial diversity 160 00:10:03,019 --> 00:10:07,064 to the microbial diversity we're now seeing inside the human organism, 161 00:10:07,148 --> 00:10:11,027 you have more bacterial cells in your body than you have human cells. 162 00:10:11,777 --> 00:10:16,490 Yeah, we're about one percent human and 99 percent microbes. 163 00:10:16,574 --> 00:10:18,034 [laughing] It's the truth. 164 00:10:19,660 --> 00:10:21,412 [Nichols] The food that we eat, 165 00:10:21,495 --> 00:10:26,792 we actually chew and break that food material down into little bits 166 00:10:26,876 --> 00:10:29,378 that get eaten by the bacteria in our gut. 167 00:10:30,504 --> 00:10:33,633 When you eat kale, [chuckles] let's say, 168 00:10:33,716 --> 00:10:36,719 when you're eating kale, your body doesn't consume kale. 169 00:10:37,303 --> 00:10:39,055 The bacteria consumed the kale. 170 00:10:40,890 --> 00:10:45,561 And you feed off of what the bacteria have processed and released 171 00:10:45,645 --> 00:10:47,355 by the consumption of that kale. 172 00:10:48,314 --> 00:10:51,484 The key to health is eating dirt. [laughs] 173 00:10:51,567 --> 00:10:55,488 What I mean by that is we need to eat what's in the dirt 174 00:10:55,571 --> 00:10:58,741 that's transferred to the plants, that then we eat and create health. 175 00:10:58,824 --> 00:11:00,868 [women speaking Portuguese] 176 00:11:00,951 --> 00:11:02,453 [lighthearted music playing] 177 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:06,916 [woman 3] You know, my husband is an athlete for a living, 178 00:11:06,999 --> 00:11:12,296 so he wants to provide his body with the best possible nutrients 179 00:11:12,380 --> 00:11:13,631 so he can perform. 180 00:11:13,714 --> 00:11:15,716 [players grunting] 181 00:11:18,386 --> 00:11:21,639 I beat my body down so much over the course of the season, 182 00:11:21,722 --> 00:11:24,100 the last thing I want to do is add a bunch of food 183 00:11:24,183 --> 00:11:26,477 that I won't be able to properly digest, 184 00:11:26,560 --> 00:11:29,563 that won't be the kind of nutrition that I need 185 00:11:29,647 --> 00:11:33,192 in order to repair and regenerate my body the way that it needs to be. 186 00:11:37,154 --> 00:11:39,573 And, of course, the quality of the soil is huge 187 00:11:40,491 --> 00:11:43,577 because it is the beginning of the quality of the food. 188 00:11:43,661 --> 00:11:47,623 That quality of food provides quality health. 189 00:11:47,706 --> 00:11:49,500 It all comes from the Earth. Big Mama. 190 00:11:51,752 --> 00:11:55,047 Our health and the health of our planet are connected. 191 00:11:55,131 --> 00:11:57,383 -[ethereal music playing] -[birds chirping] 192 00:12:00,094 --> 00:12:03,764 If we choose healthy food, there is a reciprocation. 193 00:12:05,599 --> 00:12:09,728 Not only we feel better, we are healthier, but the Earth is healthier. 194 00:12:12,481 --> 00:12:16,318 [Harrelson] Taking care of the microbes in the soil is critical for human health. 195 00:12:17,611 --> 00:12:20,448 But spraying the soil with toxic chemicals, 196 00:12:21,407 --> 00:12:23,409 well, does something else. 197 00:12:25,536 --> 00:12:30,541 [Nichols] All of our soils that are under chemical conventional agriculture 198 00:12:30,624 --> 00:12:34,587 are almost completely devoid of microorganisms. 199 00:12:40,426 --> 00:12:42,928 [Harrelson] Spraying the soil with toxic chemicals 200 00:12:43,012 --> 00:12:46,932 kills the very microbes we need to give us health, 201 00:12:47,016 --> 00:12:49,351 and pull the carbon from the atmosphere. 202 00:12:51,103 --> 00:12:54,190 The more tilling that's done, the weaker the soil gets, 203 00:12:54,857 --> 00:12:58,486 and the more farmers feel compelled to use chemical sprays. 204 00:13:02,281 --> 00:13:05,659 This is the vicious cycle of industrial agriculture. 205 00:13:07,411 --> 00:13:11,457 And that cycle was developed as a result of war. 206 00:13:12,249 --> 00:13:13,417 [cannons firing] 207 00:13:16,420 --> 00:13:20,090 The roots of industrial agriculture go back to a German scientist 208 00:13:20,174 --> 00:13:21,592 named Fritz Haber. 209 00:13:21,675 --> 00:13:23,177 [ominous music playing] 210 00:13:25,095 --> 00:13:29,975 Haber invented a process for making synthetic nitrogen fertilizer 211 00:13:30,059 --> 00:13:31,936 that increased food production. 212 00:13:33,020 --> 00:13:36,815 His other scientific breakthrough was the creation of poisons 213 00:13:36,899 --> 00:13:39,318 known as pesticides. 214 00:13:41,278 --> 00:13:45,574 Haber used his pesticides as the first chemical weapons in history. 215 00:13:45,658 --> 00:13:47,910 [somber orchestral music playing] 216 00:13:49,578 --> 00:13:53,666 Then he developed the poison used in the gas chambers of the Holocaust. 217 00:13:59,630 --> 00:14:00,631 When the war ended, 218 00:14:00,714 --> 00:14:05,010 US chemical companies brought Haber's poisons back to America 219 00:14:05,678 --> 00:14:10,349 and rebranded his toxic chemicals as pesticides 220 00:14:10,432 --> 00:14:11,934 for American farms. 221 00:14:13,936 --> 00:14:17,356 [reporter 3] Dow set out to demonstrate the effectiveness of its chemical killers 222 00:14:17,439 --> 00:14:19,191 on a nationwide scale. 223 00:14:19,275 --> 00:14:20,818 [crowd cheering] 224 00:14:20,901 --> 00:14:23,153 [woman 4] When the war ended, 225 00:14:23,237 --> 00:14:28,409 all the energy that went into fighting the enemies in the world… 226 00:14:28,993 --> 00:14:31,579 went into fighting the enemies on the farm. 227 00:14:33,372 --> 00:14:34,707 [Ohlson] All of a sudden, 228 00:14:34,790 --> 00:14:37,167 chemical fertilizer nitrogen was available, 229 00:14:37,251 --> 00:14:39,003 and farmers could toss that on a field. 230 00:14:41,088 --> 00:14:43,132 Even if they hadn't taken care of their soil, 231 00:14:43,215 --> 00:14:45,593 they could get a good crop for a while. 232 00:14:47,177 --> 00:14:49,305 [Harrelson] Together, these wartime innovations 233 00:14:49,388 --> 00:14:53,267 created the most powerful industrial food production system 234 00:14:54,685 --> 00:14:56,145 the world had ever seen. 235 00:14:56,228 --> 00:14:58,939 [dramatic orchestral music playing] 236 00:15:06,530 --> 00:15:10,451 [Nichols] We created an infrastructure around single types of industry, 237 00:15:11,535 --> 00:15:15,414 and then we decoupled livestock and row crop production. 238 00:15:15,497 --> 00:15:18,292 We found people who are really good at raising livestock, 239 00:15:18,375 --> 00:15:20,878 and you found people who were really good at growing row crops, 240 00:15:20,961 --> 00:15:22,880 and you split those two camps. 241 00:15:22,963 --> 00:15:24,006 [cow moos] 242 00:15:25,007 --> 00:15:28,719 [Ohlson] That ushered in this big philosophical shift 243 00:15:28,802 --> 00:15:31,138 in terms of how we approached farming. 244 00:15:31,221 --> 00:15:35,100 Instead of understanding and honoring natural processes, 245 00:15:35,184 --> 00:15:36,810 we could just throw out these chemicals. 246 00:15:36,894 --> 00:15:39,521 We just throw out more and more of them. 247 00:15:39,605 --> 00:15:42,191 It kept going up and up and up. 248 00:15:43,609 --> 00:15:48,948 It takes more nitrogen now to raise a bushel of grain 249 00:15:49,031 --> 00:15:50,866 than it did in 1960. 250 00:15:51,825 --> 00:15:55,496 [Archuleta] Our chemical fertilizers mask the problem of degraded soils. 251 00:15:56,956 --> 00:16:01,168 Modern agriculture was not designed for the betterment of the soil. 252 00:16:04,672 --> 00:16:07,716 [Harrelson] Today, our most common crops are genetically altered 253 00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:11,095 to resist the spraying of toxic pesticides. 254 00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:17,184 For example, the number one crop in the United States, field corn, 255 00:16:17,267 --> 00:16:21,188 is almost entirely sprayed with glyphosate, 256 00:16:22,398 --> 00:16:26,151 a chemical suspected to cause cancer that's so over sprayed, 257 00:16:27,027 --> 00:16:30,823 it's found its way into our drinking water. 258 00:16:33,409 --> 00:16:35,703 [Rodale] These chemicals, 259 00:16:35,786 --> 00:16:39,581 which were considered dangerous to begin with, 260 00:16:39,665 --> 00:16:44,336 are now being used at rates that would have been inconceivable 261 00:16:44,420 --> 00:16:45,421 twenty years ago. 262 00:16:47,214 --> 00:16:50,009 [Harrelson] Every year, for every American alive, 263 00:16:50,092 --> 00:16:54,471 three pounds of toxic chemicals are sprayed onto the food 264 00:16:54,555 --> 00:16:56,098 grown on our farms. 265 00:16:58,517 --> 00:17:00,894 [Rodale] That goes into the soil. It goes into the water. 266 00:17:00,978 --> 00:17:02,104 It goes into our bodies. 267 00:17:02,187 --> 00:17:05,941 It's not just on the food you eat. It's everywhere. 268 00:17:07,985 --> 00:17:12,156 [Harrelson] Most of the agricultural industries' pesticides and herbicides 269 00:17:12,239 --> 00:17:16,118 transfer directly through breast milk to babies. 270 00:17:18,954 --> 00:17:22,624 There are over 200 peer-reviewed studies 271 00:17:22,708 --> 00:17:26,336 that correlate the spraying of these toxic chemicals 272 00:17:26,420 --> 00:17:29,214 to effects like ADD in children, 273 00:17:29,298 --> 00:17:32,634 pediatric cancers, and birth defects. 274 00:17:35,804 --> 00:17:40,100 That's why juries have begun to award billions of dollars in damages 275 00:17:40,184 --> 00:17:43,729 to people who contracted cancer after using glyphosate. 276 00:17:46,023 --> 00:17:50,235 We know, for example, that glyphosate, which is also known as Roundup, 277 00:17:50,319 --> 00:17:52,821 has an effect on the gut microbiome 278 00:17:52,905 --> 00:17:56,366 that may lead to disturbances that can create disease, 279 00:17:56,450 --> 00:17:57,659 including cancer. 280 00:18:00,245 --> 00:18:02,664 [Harrelson] A big reason these chemicals make us sick 281 00:18:02,748 --> 00:18:07,002 is because just as toxic chemicals kill the microbes in the soil, 282 00:18:08,462 --> 00:18:11,673 they also kill the microbes in our bodies. 283 00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:16,637 What I tell people is, your body can handle acute stresses, 284 00:18:17,638 --> 00:18:19,890 but it cannot handle chronic stresses. 285 00:18:20,641 --> 00:18:22,434 The soil ecosystem is the same way. 286 00:18:23,185 --> 00:18:25,771 If you keep dumping the fungicides, you keep dumping the herbicide, 287 00:18:25,854 --> 00:18:28,357 you keep dumping the insecticide, you keep doing the tillage… 288 00:18:29,149 --> 00:18:30,567 chronic stress. 289 00:18:31,276 --> 00:18:32,778 It doesn't function anymore. 290 00:18:32,861 --> 00:18:34,863 [suspenseful music playing] 291 00:18:41,870 --> 00:18:46,458 [Harrelson] Since chemical agriculture ramped up worldwide in the 1970s, 292 00:18:47,084 --> 00:18:51,296 we have lost one third of the Earth's topsoil. 293 00:18:53,048 --> 00:18:56,802 But industrial agriculture isn't just harming our soils. 294 00:18:57,719 --> 00:19:00,681 It's also affecting something much larger. 295 00:19:01,348 --> 00:19:03,475 [ominous music playing] 296 00:19:07,146 --> 00:19:12,609 [man 3] The most massive tsunami, 297 00:19:14,278 --> 00:19:17,364 perfect storm, is bearing down upon us. 298 00:19:19,116 --> 00:19:21,910 But fossil fuels… carbon, coal, and gas… 299 00:19:22,494 --> 00:19:26,582 are by no means the only thing that is causing climate change. 300 00:19:27,416 --> 00:19:30,502 Now, because the fate of water and carbon 301 00:19:31,211 --> 00:19:34,214 are tied to soil organic matter, 302 00:19:34,298 --> 00:19:38,093 when we damage soils, you give off carbon. 303 00:19:38,177 --> 00:19:40,262 Carbon goes back to the atmosphere. 304 00:19:45,225 --> 00:19:48,937 [Harrelson] Healthy soils absorb water and carbon dioxide. 305 00:19:50,189 --> 00:19:55,986 But when we destroy soil, it releases water and carbon dioxide. 306 00:19:57,988 --> 00:20:02,159 This dries out the soil and turns it into dust. 307 00:20:06,079 --> 00:20:08,540 The process is called desertification. 308 00:20:10,918 --> 00:20:12,252 And how we deal with it 309 00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:16,381 could determine the fate of more than just our climate. 310 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:23,680 [Savory] Desertification is a fancy word 311 00:20:23,764 --> 00:20:26,099 for land that is turning to desert, 312 00:20:26,183 --> 00:20:31,021 and this happens only when we create too much bare ground. 313 00:20:38,737 --> 00:20:42,407 [Archuleta] Soil and the plant and the climate are connected. 314 00:20:47,829 --> 00:20:49,539 If you don't have a living plant, 315 00:20:50,832 --> 00:20:53,543 you're going to have more evaporation. 316 00:20:53,627 --> 00:20:56,463 What we want is transpiration, 317 00:20:56,964 --> 00:20:59,716 when the moisture leaves through the plant. 318 00:21:00,259 --> 00:21:03,512 When it does that, it increases humidity. 319 00:21:03,595 --> 00:21:06,723 And when it increases the humidity, we have more rain. 320 00:21:10,894 --> 00:21:15,274 Sixty percent of our rainfall comes from the ocean. 321 00:21:15,899 --> 00:21:20,153 But a lot of people don't realize 40 percent comes from small water cycles 322 00:21:20,237 --> 00:21:23,740 where our rain comes from inland. 323 00:21:26,410 --> 00:21:30,080 What's going on is we disrupted the small water cycles. 324 00:21:31,164 --> 00:21:35,460 That's when you have too much sensible heat coming off bare soil. 325 00:21:36,670 --> 00:21:39,923 You're having these huge vortexes of hot air going out. 326 00:21:40,590 --> 00:21:44,845 Instead of attracting the rain, it's pushing the rain clouds away. 327 00:21:47,222 --> 00:21:50,642 [Savory] Take one square meter of soil and make it bare, 328 00:21:50,726 --> 00:21:54,104 and I promise you, you will find it much colder at dawn 329 00:21:54,187 --> 00:21:58,775 and much hotter at mid-day than that same piece of ground 330 00:21:58,859 --> 00:22:00,944 if it's just covered with plant litter. 331 00:22:01,778 --> 00:22:04,614 You have changed the microclimate. 332 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:07,451 Now, by the time you're doing that… 333 00:22:09,786 --> 00:22:13,123 on more than half the world's land… 334 00:22:17,502 --> 00:22:19,880 you are changing macroclimate. 335 00:22:28,472 --> 00:22:32,601 [Harrelson] Desertification of our soils is a pressing threat to our climate 336 00:22:32,684 --> 00:22:34,061 and our species. 337 00:22:34,853 --> 00:22:38,315 [Savory] But I have for you a very simple message. 338 00:22:39,107 --> 00:22:41,985 About two-thirds of the world is desertifying. 339 00:22:42,944 --> 00:22:45,822 [somber music playing] 340 00:22:45,906 --> 00:22:48,909 [Harrelson] As soils turn to dust around the world, 341 00:22:49,993 --> 00:22:53,705 every year, 40 million people are pushed off their land. 342 00:22:57,334 --> 00:23:01,546 By 2050, it's estimated that one billion people 343 00:23:01,630 --> 00:23:05,092 will be refugees of soil desertification. 344 00:23:08,887 --> 00:23:13,892 [Savory] More than 20 civilizations, in all regions of the world, have failed 345 00:23:14,518 --> 00:23:17,687 because of agriculture damaging the environment. 346 00:23:18,438 --> 00:23:20,816 Their communities could not handle 347 00:23:20,899 --> 00:23:24,194 the deteriorating environment and the rising population. 348 00:23:26,029 --> 00:23:28,156 Globally, that's what we're doing today. 349 00:23:34,246 --> 00:23:36,498 Poor land leads to poor people. 350 00:23:38,959 --> 00:23:40,794 Poor people leads to social breakdown. 351 00:23:44,589 --> 00:23:48,635 Poor land leads to increasing frequency of floods and droughts, 352 00:23:49,553 --> 00:23:53,598 and mass immigration across borders and into cities. 353 00:23:55,767 --> 00:23:58,770 And it's leading to ideal recruitment conditions. 354 00:24:01,398 --> 00:24:04,860 What we know right now 355 00:24:04,943 --> 00:24:08,029 is the way we're feeding ourselves 356 00:24:08,113 --> 00:24:13,451 is undermining the very ecology that we're dependent upon. 357 00:24:14,703 --> 00:24:19,541 So the long-term prognosis for our survival on this planet, 358 00:24:19,624 --> 00:24:23,670 given business as usual, is very, very poor. 359 00:24:30,385 --> 00:24:31,970 [Harrelson] According to the United Nations, 360 00:24:32,053 --> 00:24:37,517 the world's remaining topsoil will be gone within 60 years. 361 00:24:40,187 --> 00:24:44,858 In other words, unless we find a way to save our soils, 362 00:24:45,775 --> 00:24:48,570 we have 60 harvests left. 363 00:24:57,996 --> 00:25:01,958 The global scale of the problems we face may seem insurmountable. 364 00:25:04,085 --> 00:25:06,838 But in every fight that seems unwinnable, 365 00:25:07,923 --> 00:25:11,176 there are those who refuse to give up. 366 00:25:13,011 --> 00:25:17,766 [Archuleta] Oh, let's see. Let's do that. We'll do a couple of demos. 367 00:25:24,648 --> 00:25:26,650 [indistinct chattering] 368 00:25:34,366 --> 00:25:37,702 We're very fortunate to have Ray Archuleta with us today. 369 00:25:37,786 --> 00:25:41,331 Ray, as you can tell, is someone that has quite a bit of notoriety. 370 00:25:41,414 --> 00:25:44,668 He's got his own-- He's got his own reality show. Now, that-- 371 00:25:44,751 --> 00:25:46,002 [audience laughing] 372 00:25:46,086 --> 00:25:48,630 With that, I'm gonna turn the floor over to Ray, 373 00:25:48,713 --> 00:25:50,048 and, Ray, we appreciate you being here. 374 00:25:50,131 --> 00:25:51,007 -Thank you very much. -Thank you, Ray. 375 00:25:53,510 --> 00:25:57,472 This is a supercomputer model by NASA. 376 00:25:58,265 --> 00:26:01,935 We're concerned of the red and purples being CO2. 377 00:26:03,770 --> 00:26:06,064 I want you to notice the dates. 378 00:26:07,065 --> 00:26:08,984 That is February. 379 00:26:11,027 --> 00:26:11,861 March. 380 00:26:14,656 --> 00:26:17,117 Now, what are we doing March? April? 381 00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,954 What do we do in modern agriculture in April? 382 00:26:22,789 --> 00:26:24,374 We are tilling. 383 00:26:30,297 --> 00:26:32,632 We're tilling the land. 384 00:26:34,175 --> 00:26:37,470 And look at the huge plumes of CO2. 385 00:26:38,847 --> 00:26:39,889 Look at the dates. 386 00:26:41,391 --> 00:26:42,225 May. 387 00:26:44,394 --> 00:26:48,815 Now, let's see what happens around June. 388 00:26:50,859 --> 00:26:52,569 Look at the colors change. 389 00:26:54,237 --> 00:26:57,782 Ladies and gentlemen, what is happening in June? 390 00:26:57,866 --> 00:26:59,993 [uplifting music playing] 391 00:27:02,954 --> 00:27:04,414 [laughs] 392 00:27:04,497 --> 00:27:07,417 Do you see how powerful the living plants are? 393 00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:09,544 Can you imagine if we had all our rangeland 394 00:27:09,627 --> 00:27:12,005 and all our cropland covered? 395 00:27:12,088 --> 00:27:15,884 A covered planet is a healthy planet. 396 00:27:17,302 --> 00:27:20,138 We can fix a lot of our climate issues 397 00:27:20,221 --> 00:27:23,350 if we bring the CO2 down into a living plant 398 00:27:23,433 --> 00:27:25,852 and put it back into the soil where it belongs. 399 00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:37,155 [Ohlson] Agriculture is the biggest way that humans impact our landscape. 400 00:27:39,616 --> 00:27:42,952 We have unleashed, through agriculture, 401 00:27:43,036 --> 00:27:46,039 over the centuries, over the millennia, carbon from the land, 402 00:27:46,122 --> 00:27:47,415 and it's now up in the atmosphere. 403 00:27:47,499 --> 00:27:50,668 It's now part of that legacy load of carbon dioxide. 404 00:27:52,629 --> 00:27:57,217 Many people are coming to this discussion about soil health 405 00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:00,220 because it can bring that carbon back down 406 00:28:00,303 --> 00:28:01,638 and put it in the ground. 407 00:28:01,721 --> 00:28:02,555 [audience cheering] 408 00:28:02,639 --> 00:28:05,683 First, he's an environmentalist and the editor of Drawdown, 409 00:28:05,767 --> 00:28:09,687 the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming. 410 00:28:09,771 --> 00:28:11,189 Please welcome Paul Hawken. 411 00:28:11,856 --> 00:28:15,318 Tell us why your plan is different and why it is the most comprehensive. 412 00:28:15,402 --> 00:28:17,987 Well, it's very different because it's the first one ever. 413 00:28:18,071 --> 00:28:20,156 -[audience cheering and applauding] -Wow. 414 00:28:21,449 --> 00:28:25,412 [Hawken] You cannot achieve drawdown without bio sequestration. 415 00:28:26,204 --> 00:28:29,666 Bio sequestration is using plants, trees, perennials, 416 00:28:31,167 --> 00:28:34,587 and techniques of grazing and farming to capture carbon 417 00:28:34,671 --> 00:28:37,340 and store it in the sink of the soil, 418 00:28:38,091 --> 00:28:41,219 and retain it for decades, if not centuries. 419 00:28:43,263 --> 00:28:45,056 What we did is mapped, measured, and modeled 420 00:28:45,140 --> 00:28:49,060 the hundred most substantive solutions to global warming. 421 00:28:49,978 --> 00:28:52,439 And what I mean by solutions, I mean things that are at hand. 422 00:28:52,522 --> 00:28:54,524 We know how to do it. There's scaling. 423 00:28:55,150 --> 00:28:59,446 And if we continue to scale in a rigorous, but reasonable way, over 30 years, 424 00:28:59,529 --> 00:29:02,449 we can reverse global warming. 425 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:09,789 [Ohlson] When you talk to people about this great technology 426 00:29:09,873 --> 00:29:13,710 that has existed for millions of years 427 00:29:13,793 --> 00:29:18,339 that takes carbon out of the atmosphere and stores it safely in the soil, 428 00:29:18,423 --> 00:29:22,469 and that it's called plants working with soil microorganisms, 429 00:29:22,552 --> 00:29:23,803 it seems too simple. 430 00:29:26,431 --> 00:29:31,895 [Harrelson] Putting our atmospheric carbon down into our soil may be a simple idea, 431 00:29:32,812 --> 00:29:35,857 but to do it on a global scale requires… 432 00:29:36,649 --> 00:29:37,650 politics. 433 00:29:38,193 --> 00:29:41,696 And when it comes to the politics of climate change, 434 00:29:41,780 --> 00:29:43,239 well, let's just say… 435 00:29:45,241 --> 00:29:46,659 there's a lot of hot air. 436 00:29:47,243 --> 00:29:49,412 [classic French music playing] 437 00:29:52,248 --> 00:29:54,250 [birds chirping] 438 00:29:55,668 --> 00:29:59,464 [Harrelson] In 2015, the United Nations held a climate summit in Paris. 439 00:30:00,465 --> 00:30:02,759 It was called COP 21. 440 00:30:04,302 --> 00:30:09,474 Forty thousand delegates from 196 countries from all over the world 441 00:30:09,557 --> 00:30:13,520 met to reach an agreement on how to address climate change. 442 00:30:17,357 --> 00:30:19,859 There were presentations and meetings 443 00:30:19,943 --> 00:30:23,363 and speeches, and speeches, 444 00:30:23,905 --> 00:30:25,907 and speeches. 445 00:30:25,990 --> 00:30:28,159 [robot] My name is Bunkin. 446 00:30:29,202 --> 00:30:30,954 Please touch my screen. 447 00:30:34,165 --> 00:30:37,710 [Harrelson] And there was one proposal that offered real hope, 448 00:30:37,794 --> 00:30:40,880 and it was presented by this guy. 449 00:30:40,964 --> 00:30:43,424 ["Requiem Pour Un C" by Serge Gainsbourg playing] 450 00:30:46,386 --> 00:30:51,182 [Le Foll in French] I come from a village in the region called "La Sarthe," 451 00:30:51,891 --> 00:30:55,019 a small village, with a population of 256 452 00:30:55,103 --> 00:30:59,065 who were involved in the world of rural farming. 453 00:30:59,148 --> 00:31:00,400 There were lots of farmers. 454 00:31:00,483 --> 00:31:03,152 So I was interested in farming very early in life. 455 00:31:04,571 --> 00:31:07,615 [Le Foll speaking French indistinctly] 456 00:31:07,699 --> 00:31:11,411 [Harrelson] France maintains the largest agricultural science institution 457 00:31:11,494 --> 00:31:12,412 in Europe. 458 00:31:13,162 --> 00:31:14,539 It's called INRA, 459 00:31:14,622 --> 00:31:17,667 and it's been studying soil for over a hundred years. 460 00:31:20,378 --> 00:31:25,216 INRA recently developed a program called the Four for 1000 Initiative. 461 00:31:25,967 --> 00:31:29,721 Their goal is to increase the carbon content of the world's soils 462 00:31:29,804 --> 00:31:33,016 by .4 percent annually. 463 00:31:33,766 --> 00:31:36,686 That would sequester the same amount of carbon 464 00:31:36,769 --> 00:31:39,147 that humanity emits each year. 465 00:31:40,732 --> 00:31:43,526 [group speaking French indistinctly] 466 00:31:44,944 --> 00:31:48,114 -["Requiem Pour Un C" continues] -[Nichols] The soil environment 467 00:31:48,197 --> 00:31:49,866 can hold more carbon 468 00:31:49,949 --> 00:31:55,705 than the atmosphere and plants living on the surface of the soil combined. 469 00:31:56,706 --> 00:32:00,960 We have an incredible ability to be able to store that carbon in the soil 470 00:32:01,419 --> 00:32:03,630 in a relatively short period of time. 471 00:32:05,423 --> 00:32:08,134 [Le Foll in French] The primary tool of farming is the soil. 472 00:32:09,761 --> 00:32:12,972 It's not the tractor. It's not the combine-harvester. 473 00:32:13,056 --> 00:32:15,058 It's not the satellite. It's the soil. 474 00:32:18,227 --> 00:32:19,646 What's really at stake here 475 00:32:21,022 --> 00:32:23,024 is what happens after COP 21 in Paris. 476 00:32:23,942 --> 00:32:27,570 If all people here can become aware of the role of the soil, 477 00:32:28,780 --> 00:32:31,908 and if people can get that the soil can be loaded up with carbon, 478 00:32:32,575 --> 00:32:34,535 and then after that, 479 00:32:34,619 --> 00:32:39,332 we must all take action to achieve these objectives. 480 00:32:40,208 --> 00:32:42,210 ["Requiem Pour Un C" continues] 481 00:32:44,671 --> 00:32:46,714 [Harrelson] At a side meeting at COP 21, 482 00:32:46,798 --> 00:32:50,760 Monsieur Le Foll, the French Minister of Agriculture, 483 00:32:50,843 --> 00:32:55,848 presented an idea that just might change the world. 484 00:32:57,767 --> 00:33:00,186 [woman speaking in French indistinctly] 485 00:33:00,269 --> 00:33:02,438 [in French] Ladies, gentlemen, and dear colleagues, 486 00:33:02,522 --> 00:33:07,860 with all the farmland, but also, with all the soils of the forests, 487 00:33:07,944 --> 00:33:10,697 we have an enormous potential. 488 00:33:10,780 --> 00:33:15,034 The fact that we are able to implement an actual answer 489 00:33:15,118 --> 00:33:17,161 to the struggle against climate change, 490 00:33:17,245 --> 00:33:19,539 an answer that could equal the same amount 491 00:33:19,622 --> 00:33:21,499 as the amount of carbon humanity emits each year. 492 00:33:21,582 --> 00:33:23,376 That's colossal. 493 00:33:24,377 --> 00:33:27,714 Four parts per thousand is the capacity all of us have together 494 00:33:27,797 --> 00:33:29,757 to be able to succeed. 495 00:33:29,841 --> 00:33:30,675 Thank you. 496 00:33:34,554 --> 00:33:36,806 [Harrelson in English] At the Four for 1000 event, 497 00:33:36,889 --> 00:33:40,435 many countries signed Stéphane Le Foll's pledge 498 00:33:40,518 --> 00:33:43,271 to draw carbon down into their soils. 499 00:33:44,147 --> 00:33:49,861 [man 4] Thirty countries from around the world signing on to, what I believe, 500 00:33:49,944 --> 00:33:54,198 is going to be one of the most significant changes in agriculture. 501 00:33:54,282 --> 00:33:57,160 Because to achieve this Four for 1000, 502 00:33:57,243 --> 00:34:00,913 we have to change the way we do agriculture. 503 00:34:01,497 --> 00:34:05,126 [Harrelson] And doing agriculture in a way that sequesters carbon 504 00:34:05,209 --> 00:34:09,338 requires a radical reduction in toxic pesticides, 505 00:34:09,422 --> 00:34:12,592 GMOs, and synthetic chemicals. 506 00:34:14,552 --> 00:34:17,597 But the three largest contributors to carbon dioxide 507 00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:22,560 and the three largest agricultural producers were missing from the agreement. 508 00:34:23,561 --> 00:34:28,024 India, the United States, and China did not show. 509 00:34:30,443 --> 00:34:34,197 [interviewer] Does it frustrate you that America did not sign on to the agreement? 510 00:34:34,697 --> 00:34:35,782 [in French] Yes, it's frustrating. 511 00:34:36,908 --> 00:34:40,578 Because this is the first time an entire country, France, 512 00:34:40,661 --> 00:34:44,290 yes, a smaller country than the US, but a big agricultural country, 513 00:34:44,957 --> 00:34:48,753 has proposed a global and political initiative 514 00:34:49,337 --> 00:34:53,007 that links together the fight against global warming 515 00:34:53,091 --> 00:34:54,842 with changing the way we farm. 516 00:34:54,926 --> 00:34:57,637 But when it comes to the US, they're not there yet. 517 00:35:00,556 --> 00:35:03,351 [Harrelson] And after all that, the United States announced 518 00:35:03,434 --> 00:35:06,938 that it had pulled entirely out of the Paris Agreement. 519 00:35:09,190 --> 00:35:12,735 If we are going to succeed in balancing our climate, 520 00:35:12,819 --> 00:35:15,738 we do need to switch to renewable energies. 521 00:35:16,781 --> 00:35:19,867 But none of that will alter the tremendous amount of carbon 522 00:35:19,951 --> 00:35:22,036 we've already put into the atmosphere. 523 00:35:25,373 --> 00:35:29,210 Since 1750, when the Industrial Revolution began, 524 00:35:29,293 --> 00:35:33,214 we've pumped about 1,000 billion tons, 525 00:35:33,297 --> 00:35:35,133 also known as gigatons, 526 00:35:35,633 --> 00:35:38,803 of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 527 00:35:39,804 --> 00:35:43,141 It's called our legacy load of carbon. 528 00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:49,564 And even if we stopped all greenhouse gas emissions today, 529 00:35:49,647 --> 00:35:53,234 that legacy load of carbon will still be there. 530 00:35:54,402 --> 00:35:56,320 [Ohlson] That legacy load of carbon dioxide 531 00:35:56,404 --> 00:35:58,739 is still gonna be warming the atmosphere 532 00:35:58,823 --> 00:36:01,284 for decades, if not centuries. 533 00:36:01,367 --> 00:36:06,330 So if all we talk about is reducing emissions, 534 00:36:06,414 --> 00:36:07,582 it's not enough. 535 00:36:09,667 --> 00:36:12,837 [Harrelson] If electric cars and solar panels aren't enough, 536 00:36:13,379 --> 00:36:14,797 then what is the solution? 537 00:36:15,882 --> 00:36:20,178 The only goal that makes sense for humanity is drawdown, 538 00:36:21,220 --> 00:36:25,349 a year-to-year reduction in carbon in the upper atmosphere. 539 00:36:26,809 --> 00:36:28,936 Anything else is climate chaos. 540 00:36:30,771 --> 00:36:32,690 If we want to achieve drawdown, 541 00:36:33,649 --> 00:36:36,569 we have to go thank the Earth 542 00:36:37,153 --> 00:36:41,741 and start to farm and grow our plants and trees 543 00:36:41,824 --> 00:36:43,451 in an entirely different way. 544 00:36:45,411 --> 00:36:49,373 Once you achieve drawdown, within 20 years, you have cooling. 545 00:36:50,166 --> 00:36:51,959 You have the beginning of cooling. 546 00:36:53,085 --> 00:36:57,298 So, now, we have a horizon that if you're 20, 30 years old, 547 00:36:57,381 --> 00:37:00,718 you can say, "In my lifetime, we can achieve this." 548 00:37:03,971 --> 00:37:07,892 [Harrelson] In other words, the very practices that heal our soils 549 00:37:07,975 --> 00:37:10,019 will also heal our climate. 550 00:37:10,102 --> 00:37:12,396 -[gentle piano music playing] -[birds chirping] 551 00:37:13,564 --> 00:37:15,775 To stabilize Earth's climate, 552 00:37:15,858 --> 00:37:19,695 we can use the most powerful carbon capture technologies: 553 00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:25,826 the photosynthesis of plants and the microorganisms in the soil. 554 00:37:26,535 --> 00:37:29,247 And the one type of farming that does this the best 555 00:37:29,330 --> 00:37:31,249 and draws down the most carbon 556 00:37:31,874 --> 00:37:35,836 is based on the concept of regeneration, 557 00:37:36,629 --> 00:37:40,132 which simply means to repair the damage we've done 558 00:37:41,008 --> 00:37:42,510 and make things better. 559 00:37:44,428 --> 00:37:46,931 [upbeat guitar music playing] 560 00:37:47,014 --> 00:37:48,975 [man 5] So we are sitting in a food forest. 561 00:37:50,268 --> 00:37:52,103 This is agroforestry. 562 00:37:52,895 --> 00:37:56,774 It's agriculture through trees, tree diversification. 563 00:37:56,857 --> 00:38:00,027 -[roosters crowing] -[Mraz vocalizing to guitar] 564 00:38:00,111 --> 00:38:04,991 I've got an avocado tree, banana tree, fig tree, coffee trees. 565 00:38:05,574 --> 00:38:07,076 ♪ …and put my hands in the dirt… ♪ 566 00:38:07,159 --> 00:38:10,746 We went from a lot of crop of single Hass avocado 567 00:38:10,830 --> 00:38:13,457 to now having about 40 different fruit varieties onsite. 568 00:38:13,541 --> 00:38:16,377 ♪ 'Cause my home is where My food is grown ♪ 569 00:38:16,460 --> 00:38:19,088 ♪ I'm goin' back to the earth… ♪ 570 00:38:19,171 --> 00:38:22,925 By diversifying, we can now have harvests every month. 571 00:38:25,303 --> 00:38:29,640 If you're looking to do something that would greatly impact Mother Earth, 572 00:38:29,724 --> 00:38:30,766 plant a tree. 573 00:38:31,559 --> 00:38:34,687 You don't need acres and acres and acres to build a food forest. 574 00:38:34,770 --> 00:38:36,856 You really just need a few hundred square feet. 575 00:38:36,939 --> 00:38:38,899 [vocalizing continues] 576 00:38:39,692 --> 00:38:41,277 You're gonna look outside one day ago and go, 577 00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:44,739 "What is something we buy every day at the grocery store, 578 00:38:44,822 --> 00:38:47,867 that instead of waiting for it to be shipped around the world to me, 579 00:38:47,950 --> 00:38:50,619 what can I put in my own backyard that I can do myself?" 580 00:38:51,495 --> 00:38:54,582 ♪ And to truly be forgiven We must all get back to livin' ♪ 581 00:38:54,665 --> 00:38:57,376 ♪ With the land in harmony ♪ 582 00:38:57,460 --> 00:38:59,879 ♪ I'm goin' back to the earth ♪ 583 00:39:00,546 --> 00:39:01,589 ♪ I'm goin' back… ♪ 584 00:39:01,672 --> 00:39:04,508 [Harrelson] Regenerative agriculture grows more food 585 00:39:04,592 --> 00:39:05,801 per acre. 586 00:39:05,885 --> 00:39:08,554 It's scalable to our entire agricultural system. 587 00:39:08,637 --> 00:39:13,684 And what's more, it's already being done right now, today. 588 00:39:20,149 --> 00:39:21,484 [man 6] I'm a rancher. 589 00:39:21,567 --> 00:39:23,778 That's how I prefer to be thought of 590 00:39:23,861 --> 00:39:25,488 is I'm a rancher. 591 00:39:25,571 --> 00:39:28,699 A farmer technically grows crops. 592 00:39:28,783 --> 00:39:31,535 A rancher raises livestock. 593 00:39:32,411 --> 00:39:35,873 Why I like to be considered a rancher is because… 594 00:39:35,956 --> 00:39:39,877 I'm all about living things and taking part in living ecosystems. 595 00:39:39,960 --> 00:39:43,672 And, to me, that's what my operation is about: a living ecosystem. 596 00:39:44,507 --> 00:39:46,592 [tractor motor whirs] 597 00:39:46,675 --> 00:39:48,844 We purchased this place in 1991. 598 00:39:48,928 --> 00:39:52,181 And for the first two years, I was farming conventionally. 599 00:39:52,264 --> 00:39:56,018 Heavy, heavy tillage. High use of synthetics. 600 00:39:57,561 --> 00:39:59,313 1995 came along, 601 00:39:59,397 --> 00:40:02,233 and the day before I was going to start combining, 602 00:40:02,316 --> 00:40:04,568 I lost 100 percent of our crop to a hail storm. 603 00:40:04,652 --> 00:40:06,070 So we were totally wiped out. 604 00:40:07,446 --> 00:40:09,407 No income from our crops. 605 00:40:10,241 --> 00:40:13,285 That was really tough to take 'cause we didn't have crop insurance. 606 00:40:14,286 --> 00:40:15,871 1996 came along, 607 00:40:15,955 --> 00:40:18,749 we lost 100 percent of our crop to hail, again. 608 00:40:18,833 --> 00:40:20,292 1997 came along… 609 00:40:23,504 --> 00:40:24,505 we dried out. 610 00:40:24,588 --> 00:40:25,714 Nobody combined an acre. 611 00:40:25,798 --> 00:40:27,466 There was a major drought in this area. 612 00:40:28,759 --> 00:40:32,054 1998 came along, and we lost 80 percent of our crop to hail. 613 00:40:32,138 --> 00:40:35,433 So we were four years with basically no crop income. 614 00:40:37,226 --> 00:40:40,604 The neighbors were all taking bets and waiting for my land. 615 00:40:40,688 --> 00:40:42,690 Times were really getting tough financially, 616 00:40:42,773 --> 00:40:45,943 and the banker didn't want to loan me any money to buy inputs. 617 00:40:46,485 --> 00:40:47,903 The best thing that could have happened. 618 00:40:50,114 --> 00:40:51,407 I wasn't gonna fail. 619 00:40:53,117 --> 00:40:55,119 I really had to start focusing, 620 00:40:55,202 --> 00:40:58,289 how can I make this farm and ranch 621 00:40:58,372 --> 00:41:01,500 get these soils to produce a crop without all these inputs? 622 00:41:05,296 --> 00:41:10,384 So I started to be a studier of soil ecosystems. 623 00:41:10,885 --> 00:41:14,138 I actually went back and I read Thomas Jefferson's old journals 624 00:41:14,221 --> 00:41:17,516 'cause I was trying to figure out how did they do this 625 00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:19,852 previous to the use of all these synthetics. 626 00:41:25,149 --> 00:41:27,693 [Archuleta] We have been promoting no till for many, many years. 627 00:41:27,776 --> 00:41:30,905 No tillage means you don't till the soil at all. 628 00:41:30,988 --> 00:41:32,656 You just plant directly into it. 629 00:41:32,740 --> 00:41:34,492 This is a no-till drill. 630 00:41:35,534 --> 00:41:38,662 No-till drills are available everywhere in the world. 631 00:41:39,872 --> 00:41:43,167 This will help you grow topsoil. 632 00:41:43,250 --> 00:41:46,128 Any type of tillage equipment will destroy topsoil. 633 00:41:46,670 --> 00:41:47,922 This is your firming wheel. 634 00:41:48,005 --> 00:41:51,842 This holds this residue so the disc here can cut it, 635 00:41:51,926 --> 00:41:53,677 just making a small slit. 636 00:41:54,261 --> 00:41:58,724 The seed travels down at a specific rate per acre. 637 00:41:58,807 --> 00:42:00,309 This comes around, 638 00:42:00,392 --> 00:42:03,771 moves a small amount of soil right over that seed. 639 00:42:03,854 --> 00:42:06,148 We're keeping all this armor on the soil surface 640 00:42:06,232 --> 00:42:10,110 in order to protect the soil from wind erosion, water erosion, 641 00:42:10,194 --> 00:42:14,698 so we can grow crops on much less moisture with this type of a system. 642 00:42:18,369 --> 00:42:21,413 Rain falls on this, it's going to go right into the soil. 643 00:42:21,497 --> 00:42:24,708 Rain falls on bare soil, it's going to run off, 644 00:42:24,792 --> 00:42:27,169 and then it's going to evaporate very quickly. 645 00:42:29,672 --> 00:42:33,050 [Harrelson] Soil that is not tilled stores more water, 646 00:42:33,133 --> 00:42:35,344 thus increasing microbe growth, 647 00:42:35,427 --> 00:42:37,638 which leads to more plant growth 648 00:42:37,721 --> 00:42:40,683 and even to more local rainfall. 649 00:42:42,560 --> 00:42:45,646 This is the virtuous cycle of regeneration. 650 00:42:49,316 --> 00:42:53,779 Gabe Brown's soil is also pulling more carbon out of the atmosphere. 651 00:42:54,989 --> 00:42:58,534 For every one percent increase in organic matter, 652 00:42:58,617 --> 00:43:03,080 an acre of soil draws down ten more tons of carbon. 653 00:43:03,831 --> 00:43:05,249 [Brown] I mean, that's huge. 654 00:43:06,166 --> 00:43:07,668 We have to reduce tillage. 655 00:43:08,752 --> 00:43:10,212 We gotta grow cover crops. 656 00:43:11,171 --> 00:43:12,881 We have to get a living root all the time. 657 00:43:12,965 --> 00:43:16,677 We can't have these bare periods with nothing growing on them. 658 00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:19,138 We've gotta start using these principles 659 00:43:19,221 --> 00:43:21,015 to restore the water cycle. 660 00:43:21,098 --> 00:43:22,391 And it is fixable. 661 00:43:28,022 --> 00:43:32,693 So I'm taking you to a field here that is a multi-species cover crop. 662 00:43:34,612 --> 00:43:36,405 [uplifting music playing] 663 00:43:36,488 --> 00:43:37,948 The purpose of a cover crop 664 00:43:38,032 --> 00:43:41,535 is to enhance the life and the function of the soil. 665 00:43:43,412 --> 00:43:44,246 Think of it this way. 666 00:43:44,330 --> 00:43:46,790 If I draw a monoculture on this field, 667 00:43:46,874 --> 00:43:50,502 we'd only be feeding the soil biology one type of root exudate. 668 00:43:51,211 --> 00:43:53,088 I'm growing 19 species here. 669 00:43:53,589 --> 00:43:55,716 We're accelerating biological time. 670 00:43:55,799 --> 00:43:58,469 We're feeding the soil biology 671 00:43:58,552 --> 00:44:02,389 what it would take a conventional farmer 19 years to do. 672 00:44:02,473 --> 00:44:03,724 I'm doing it in one year. 673 00:44:05,142 --> 00:44:09,355 So people might ask, "How do you get any money from this then?" 674 00:44:15,361 --> 00:44:18,113 Our livestock will graze this during the winter, 675 00:44:18,197 --> 00:44:21,533 speeding up the process of regenerating those soils. 676 00:44:24,828 --> 00:44:27,873 Animals grazing living plants 677 00:44:27,956 --> 00:44:31,710 are a part of the carbon cycle. 678 00:44:36,423 --> 00:44:37,675 Here in the Northern Plains, 679 00:44:37,758 --> 00:44:41,178 our soils were formed by large herds of bison and elk 680 00:44:41,261 --> 00:44:43,097 being moved by predators, 681 00:44:43,180 --> 00:44:46,183 grazing a landscape, trampling that carbon, 682 00:44:46,266 --> 00:44:48,102 the plants, onto the soil surface. 683 00:44:48,852 --> 00:44:52,898 Not coming back for maybe a year. Allowing full recovery. 684 00:44:54,608 --> 00:44:56,443 [Harrelson] It wasn't that long ago 685 00:44:56,527 --> 00:44:59,947 that over 60 million buffalo roamed the continent. 686 00:45:03,951 --> 00:45:04,868 [gunshot] 687 00:45:04,952 --> 00:45:07,663 In an attempt to starve the Native Americans, 688 00:45:07,746 --> 00:45:11,625 the US military and the railroads killed most of the buffalo. 689 00:45:13,460 --> 00:45:15,254 By the time the culling ended, 690 00:45:15,337 --> 00:45:18,799 only a few thousand of the majestic animals remained. 691 00:45:24,888 --> 00:45:26,473 Where buffalo once roamed, 692 00:45:26,557 --> 00:45:32,271 industrial agriculture now grows hundreds of millions of acres of crops 693 00:45:33,313 --> 00:45:34,857 just to feed animals. 694 00:45:35,816 --> 00:45:39,653 And those animals are concentrated into feedlots. 695 00:45:41,738 --> 00:45:46,952 In turn, feedlots produce a tremendous amount of greenhouse gases. 696 00:45:49,246 --> 00:45:50,706 [Nichols] A feedlot situation 697 00:45:50,789 --> 00:45:54,543 has a positive amount of greenhouse gases being emitted. 698 00:45:56,044 --> 00:45:57,921 In a grazing situation, the data shows 699 00:45:58,005 --> 00:46:00,591 that we actually get greenhouse gases sequestered. 700 00:46:01,592 --> 00:46:04,094 So in one situation, you get emissions, 701 00:46:04,178 --> 00:46:06,763 and in the other situation, you get sequestration. 702 00:46:07,598 --> 00:46:10,225 The problem isn't the animal. 703 00:46:11,435 --> 00:46:13,312 The problem is where the animals are at. 704 00:46:13,395 --> 00:46:15,397 [dramatic music playing] 705 00:46:16,190 --> 00:46:17,524 Cows can be good. 706 00:46:19,234 --> 00:46:22,529 That is one of the most controversial statements… 707 00:46:24,573 --> 00:46:26,825 of mankind at this point. 708 00:46:29,077 --> 00:46:32,664 Using cattle and allowing them to roam and graze, 709 00:46:32,748 --> 00:46:37,211 land grazing, can literally revive enough space 710 00:46:37,294 --> 00:46:39,213 to create a tremendous amount of drawdown. 711 00:46:40,506 --> 00:46:41,882 I'm from Southeast Louisiana. 712 00:46:41,965 --> 00:46:44,551 I grew up in an incredibly delicate ecosystem. 713 00:46:45,761 --> 00:46:50,807 Conservation was always a very serious part of my life. 714 00:46:51,767 --> 00:46:55,145 I had no idea that the Earth was desertifying. 715 00:46:55,229 --> 00:46:56,605 [helicopter blades whirring] 716 00:47:01,360 --> 00:47:04,279 I got on a plane from New York City to fly to Zimbabwe to meet Allan Savory 717 00:47:05,906 --> 00:47:09,409 so he could show us the difference between desertification 718 00:47:11,119 --> 00:47:12,162 and regeneration. 719 00:47:13,038 --> 00:47:18,627 Land that has been holistically managed through planned grazing using cattle, 720 00:47:19,461 --> 00:47:21,505 -the most vilified animal in the world. -[cow moos] 721 00:47:23,757 --> 00:47:26,343 We are in Africa right now driving through a field 722 00:47:28,178 --> 00:47:32,724 that has been under Allan Savory's holistic management for nine years, 723 00:47:33,725 --> 00:47:35,269 and it is an Eden. 724 00:47:36,478 --> 00:47:38,105 This is what you call high grass. 725 00:47:40,607 --> 00:47:43,694 Using livestock to reverse desertification 726 00:47:43,777 --> 00:47:47,656 is totally scalable to about two-thirds of the world's land, 727 00:47:48,448 --> 00:47:49,866 and nothing else is. 728 00:47:50,409 --> 00:47:54,580 And, frankly, that can be done at extremely low cost. 729 00:47:57,499 --> 00:47:59,251 [birds chirping, insects chittering] 730 00:48:02,337 --> 00:48:03,171 Here we are. 731 00:48:04,256 --> 00:48:05,549 This is what it should be like. 732 00:48:06,883 --> 00:48:09,886 You've been working on this land for eight or nine years. 733 00:48:09,970 --> 00:48:14,224 It went from a place of turning into a total desert, 734 00:48:14,975 --> 00:48:18,270 and using hooved herding herbivores. 735 00:48:18,353 --> 00:48:23,317 You have literally transformed that, what we've been seeing, 736 00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:25,193 -into this. -Yeah. 737 00:48:25,861 --> 00:48:28,488 How in the hell do you make this happen? 738 00:48:28,572 --> 00:48:31,158 [cows mooing] 739 00:48:36,121 --> 00:48:38,915 [Savory] So the urine and the hooves of the animals 740 00:48:38,999 --> 00:48:41,126 are what caused this grass to grow. 741 00:48:42,252 --> 00:48:45,714 That livestock is never on more than a hectare of this land, 742 00:48:45,797 --> 00:48:47,007 about 2.5 acres, 743 00:48:47,090 --> 00:48:49,217 -never more than three days. -Right. 744 00:48:49,301 --> 00:48:51,511 And they're never back on that piece of land 745 00:48:51,595 --> 00:48:53,347 under about six to nine months. 746 00:48:53,430 --> 00:48:56,183 -Wow. -So no plant can get overgrazed. 747 00:48:57,017 --> 00:49:00,479 You can come any day of the year, anywhere on this land, 748 00:49:01,355 --> 00:49:03,148 and you will see no livestock 749 00:49:03,231 --> 00:49:06,443 because they will be on less than one hectare of land. 750 00:49:06,526 --> 00:49:09,071 And unless we take you there, you won't even know it. 751 00:49:13,909 --> 00:49:18,413 Dealing with this beast of climate change, a lot of people don't understand 752 00:49:18,497 --> 00:49:19,498 that this… 753 00:49:21,500 --> 00:49:22,918 -helps climate change. -Yes. 754 00:49:23,001 --> 00:49:26,546 -This sequesters carbon. -Yeah. 755 00:49:27,714 --> 00:49:32,427 This takes the one thing that we so desperately need out of the air, 756 00:49:32,511 --> 00:49:35,889 and it holds it, and it makes oxygen. 757 00:49:36,765 --> 00:49:39,685 [Savory] Yeah, if we can produce solid grassland, 758 00:49:39,768 --> 00:49:43,313 you can pull down enormous amounts of carbon back into the soil. 759 00:49:44,064 --> 00:49:47,567 Two-thirds of the world, roughly, is grasslands in savannas 760 00:49:47,651 --> 00:49:52,072 where the rainfall is too low to support a solid canopy of trees 761 00:49:52,155 --> 00:49:53,281 giving you soil cover. 762 00:49:53,365 --> 00:49:57,160 So grass is essentially what has to stabilize that soil. 763 00:49:58,662 --> 00:50:01,373 You look at this, and you realize this is what the world should look like. 764 00:50:01,456 --> 00:50:03,041 This is what Africa should look like. 765 00:50:03,125 --> 00:50:05,502 This is what South and Central America should look like. 766 00:50:05,585 --> 00:50:08,046 This is what Texas should look like. 767 00:50:09,589 --> 00:50:10,841 This is how we win. 768 00:50:12,342 --> 00:50:14,302 We can get the Earth 769 00:50:14,386 --> 00:50:17,973 back to the garden of Eden that it once was 770 00:50:18,056 --> 00:50:19,474 by regeneration. 771 00:50:22,227 --> 00:50:23,478 [Harrelson] When used smartly, 772 00:50:23,562 --> 00:50:28,442 herbivores can pull down carbon and reverse desertification. 773 00:50:29,443 --> 00:50:31,653 But it doesn't just work for Africa. 774 00:50:32,904 --> 00:50:34,656 It works everywhere in the world. 775 00:50:36,908 --> 00:50:39,035 -[idyllic music playing] -[birds chirping] 776 00:50:52,507 --> 00:50:55,302 [woman 5] So it's long pants today, right? You guys are gonna ride horses? 777 00:50:55,385 --> 00:50:56,428 Yeah. 778 00:50:57,095 --> 00:50:58,138 [woman 5] Okay. 779 00:51:17,741 --> 00:51:20,744 I was raised in a rural area in Washington, 780 00:51:21,495 --> 00:51:24,331 adopted by a Lakota elder. 781 00:51:24,414 --> 00:51:28,210 We were out in nature every day. 782 00:51:30,879 --> 00:51:35,383 I found permaculture, and that was very influential in my life, 783 00:51:36,176 --> 00:51:40,180 where I could see that there could be a permanent agriculture… 784 00:51:40,263 --> 00:51:45,101 an agriculture that not only fed the planet, 785 00:51:45,185 --> 00:51:50,232 but also fed the people in a way that regenerated 786 00:51:50,315 --> 00:51:51,900 and didn't deplete resources. 787 00:51:53,777 --> 00:51:58,031 [Harrelson] Holistic ranchers, like the Markegards, use careful planning 788 00:51:58,114 --> 00:52:02,661 so their cows sequester carbon and actually regenerate the land. 789 00:52:04,079 --> 00:52:08,291 [Doniga] So this is our grazing plan and control chart. 790 00:52:08,375 --> 00:52:12,087 This tells us where we're planning to have the cattle when. 791 00:52:12,170 --> 00:52:13,797 [upbeat guitar music playing] 792 00:52:16,591 --> 00:52:17,467 Hi! 793 00:52:22,430 --> 00:52:25,016 [Doniga] Let's see. It's July 22nd, 794 00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:29,396 so they were in G1, 795 00:52:29,479 --> 00:52:35,402 and they are going to move here. 796 00:52:44,202 --> 00:52:50,250 All these paddocks correlate with a map that I have here. 797 00:52:51,001 --> 00:52:55,881 So these are all segments of fencing where the cattle are. 798 00:52:55,964 --> 00:52:58,383 It tells me how big it is. 799 00:52:58,466 --> 00:53:03,638 I can record observations, species, all right in here in the field. 800 00:53:05,765 --> 00:53:10,312 We manage over 8,000 acres throughout the Bay Area, 801 00:53:10,395 --> 00:53:13,106 so we're constantly on the move. 802 00:53:18,904 --> 00:53:19,988 [man 7] I never get bored. 803 00:53:21,823 --> 00:53:22,782 I never get bored. 804 00:53:27,537 --> 00:53:30,624 [Ohlson] They call cows mobile microbe tanks, 805 00:53:30,707 --> 00:53:35,128 you know, because cows employ microbes in their rumen 806 00:53:35,211 --> 00:53:37,839 to break down the fibers in food. 807 00:53:37,923 --> 00:53:39,758 So when cows poop, 808 00:53:39,841 --> 00:53:43,386 that is just like a steaming mound of microbes dumped onto the land, 809 00:53:43,470 --> 00:53:47,349 and it's-- it-it, you know, it's a powerful stuff for the land. 810 00:53:49,768 --> 00:53:51,895 [Doniga] So it's been about three months 811 00:53:51,978 --> 00:53:54,648 since the cattle have been in this pasture. 812 00:53:58,902 --> 00:54:02,364 Did you hear that little pop when I popped it out? 813 00:54:02,447 --> 00:54:07,035 That was all these root hairs popping off. 814 00:54:07,702 --> 00:54:12,666 There's just thousands and thousands of feet of these root hairs 815 00:54:12,749 --> 00:54:17,337 that are interconnected with all of these other bunch grasses 816 00:54:17,420 --> 00:54:20,966 and all of these other species through their root hairs 817 00:54:21,049 --> 00:54:23,259 and also through the mycorrhiza fungi. 818 00:54:24,469 --> 00:54:26,096 The cattle will come along, 819 00:54:26,930 --> 00:54:30,976 and they'll eat the tops off. 820 00:54:33,812 --> 00:54:38,274 What happens when the grasses get bitten off 821 00:54:38,358 --> 00:54:40,026 is these roots slough off. 822 00:54:41,653 --> 00:54:43,446 And what is that root made out of? 823 00:54:45,156 --> 00:54:45,991 Carbon. 824 00:54:46,616 --> 00:54:50,745 We're taking carbon from the atmosphere via photosynthesis 825 00:54:50,829 --> 00:54:52,372 into the plant, 826 00:54:53,206 --> 00:54:56,126 and then it's going through the plant 827 00:54:56,209 --> 00:54:59,170 into the root system, 828 00:54:59,254 --> 00:55:03,133 that carbon, and it sloughs off and turns into humus… 829 00:55:05,301 --> 00:55:06,553 where it belongs. 830 00:55:07,387 --> 00:55:09,389 [ethereal music playing] 831 00:55:16,896 --> 00:55:20,900 The form of agriculture that we use 832 00:55:20,984 --> 00:55:24,195 creates billions of lives 833 00:55:25,655 --> 00:55:28,867 in the form of soil microbes, 834 00:55:28,950 --> 00:55:33,163 in nematodes, in grassland birds. 835 00:55:33,246 --> 00:55:37,250 All of that wildlife is flourishing 836 00:55:37,333 --> 00:55:39,961 under an agriculture system 837 00:55:41,421 --> 00:55:45,425 versus a tilled crop field, 838 00:55:45,508 --> 00:55:48,303 which is denude of life. 839 00:55:52,348 --> 00:55:56,895 [Harrelson] In the vast majority of those tilled fields grow one thing: 840 00:55:58,146 --> 00:55:59,981 animal feed. 841 00:56:01,024 --> 00:56:03,777 Corn, soy, and hay. 842 00:56:05,653 --> 00:56:09,449 These crops and the feedlots that rely on them exist 843 00:56:09,532 --> 00:56:13,745 only because they are subsidized by our tax dollars. 844 00:56:15,622 --> 00:56:19,292 I was speaking to a group of corn and soybean producers from Missouri 845 00:56:19,375 --> 00:56:20,293 this past winter. 846 00:56:20,376 --> 00:56:21,503 And the one guy stood up and said, 847 00:56:21,586 --> 00:56:24,923 "Why would I want to plant anything else than corn and beans 848 00:56:25,006 --> 00:56:28,093 when I'm guaranteed a profit before I even go on the field?" 849 00:56:29,094 --> 00:56:32,180 [Harrelson] The United States Department of Agriculture uses something 850 00:56:32,263 --> 00:56:34,974 called the Commodity Credit Corporation 851 00:56:35,058 --> 00:56:39,062 to give farmers price guarantees for growing specific crops. 852 00:56:41,981 --> 00:56:43,775 In the current system, 853 00:56:43,858 --> 00:56:47,403 taxpayers subsidize farmers to grow the crops 854 00:56:47,487 --> 00:56:51,282 that feed the animals that live in feedlots, 855 00:56:51,366 --> 00:56:53,952 which emit greenhouse gases. 856 00:56:55,328 --> 00:56:56,287 The result? 857 00:56:57,122 --> 00:57:02,252 Our land is turning to dust, and our farmers are going bust. 858 00:57:02,877 --> 00:57:06,548 [Brown] And then I come back and ask them, now, how much money would you be making 859 00:57:06,631 --> 00:57:09,676 if the government wasn't subsidizing your operation? 860 00:57:09,759 --> 00:57:11,636 And they know. They know the answer. 861 00:57:11,719 --> 00:57:13,513 They're not gonna be making money. 862 00:57:14,139 --> 00:57:15,682 I dropped off all those programs. 863 00:57:15,765 --> 00:57:18,476 I tell producers I don't want to be on welfare anymore. 864 00:57:20,145 --> 00:57:22,897 [Harrelson] Even with genetically-altered seeds, 865 00:57:22,981 --> 00:57:26,234 chemical sprays, and government subsidies, 866 00:57:26,317 --> 00:57:29,946 most farmers struggle to make a few dollars per acre. 867 00:57:30,780 --> 00:57:32,782 But on its 5,000 acres, 868 00:57:32,866 --> 00:57:38,371 Brown's ranch generates over $100 profit per acre per year. 869 00:57:40,665 --> 00:57:45,086 If you build a healthy farm ecosystem, you're going to be resilient. 870 00:57:45,170 --> 00:57:46,629 You're going to take the risk out of it. 871 00:57:47,213 --> 00:57:50,383 Yes, I grow corn. I don't grow soybeans, but I grow peas. 872 00:57:51,718 --> 00:57:52,552 That's good. 873 00:57:52,635 --> 00:57:55,263 But I also grow wheat, and barley, and oats, vetch, 874 00:57:55,346 --> 00:57:58,558 and triticale, and alfalfa, grass-finished beef, lamb, pork, 875 00:57:58,641 --> 00:58:01,478 honey, vegetables, all these other products. 876 00:58:01,561 --> 00:58:04,272 I could care less what the price of corn or beans are 877 00:58:04,355 --> 00:58:07,233 because they're such a small fraction of my operation. 878 00:58:07,317 --> 00:58:10,695 I built resiliency into the ecosystem. 879 00:58:13,323 --> 00:58:16,701 Most of the land that's managed by farmers 880 00:58:16,784 --> 00:58:18,953 is owned by somebody other than the farmer. 881 00:58:20,663 --> 00:58:22,332 We believe landowners, 882 00:58:22,415 --> 00:58:25,919 as they come to understand the long-term benefits 883 00:58:26,002 --> 00:58:27,462 of managing for soil health, 884 00:58:27,545 --> 00:58:31,007 will encourage their farmers to prioritize this. 885 00:58:32,675 --> 00:58:35,553 Once a farmer starts to manage for soil health 886 00:58:35,637 --> 00:58:37,847 and see those economic benefits, 887 00:58:37,931 --> 00:58:39,098 they won't turn back. 888 00:58:40,725 --> 00:58:43,311 [Harrelson] By switching to regenerative agriculture, 889 00:58:43,394 --> 00:58:46,397 American farmers could increase their profits 890 00:58:46,481 --> 00:58:50,360 by over 100 billion dollars annually, 891 00:58:50,443 --> 00:58:53,154 and virtually eliminate their subsidies. 892 00:58:54,155 --> 00:58:55,865 You know, we have a motto on our operation. 893 00:58:55,949 --> 00:58:58,743 We want to sign the back of the check and not the front. 894 00:58:58,826 --> 00:59:01,913 It's a pretty good motto. It leaves a lot more in your pocket. 895 00:59:01,996 --> 00:59:02,914 [audience chuckling] 896 00:59:02,997 --> 00:59:05,458 The federal farm program we have today 897 00:59:05,542 --> 00:59:09,963 is the most detrimental thing there is to regenerative agriculture. 898 00:59:11,548 --> 00:59:15,468 [Harrelson] In order for our governments to support the shift to regeneration, 899 00:59:15,552 --> 00:59:18,596 the people may have to lead the way. 900 00:59:19,764 --> 00:59:22,892 And the odds are there are some things that you can do 901 00:59:22,976 --> 00:59:26,187 to save our soils today. 902 00:59:26,729 --> 00:59:29,732 [Maher] This is everybody's life every hour of the day almost. 903 00:59:29,816 --> 00:59:30,900 Food waste. 904 00:59:30,984 --> 00:59:33,695 Yeah, food waste is ubiquitous. Everybody does it. 905 00:59:35,822 --> 00:59:38,575 [Harrelson] Well, not everybody does it. 906 00:59:40,034 --> 00:59:42,537 ["Latin Rock Party" by Kevin Edward Jarvis playing] 907 00:59:55,133 --> 00:59:59,220 There are continents and other really large regions that are getting hit 908 00:59:59,304 --> 01:00:03,391 with a double whammy of higher temperatures and drought. 909 01:00:03,474 --> 01:00:06,352 This kills soil. It kills life. 910 01:00:08,396 --> 01:00:11,149 One of the solutions to that challenge 911 01:00:11,232 --> 01:00:15,445 is to collect the food scraps from cities, like San Francisco, 912 01:00:15,528 --> 01:00:19,157 turn them into compost, and get it onto local farms. 913 01:00:19,741 --> 01:00:24,287 And that helps them retain water because compost is a natural sponge. 914 01:00:26,247 --> 01:00:32,045 The unfortunate reality is most trash or garbage gets incinerated 915 01:00:32,128 --> 01:00:33,463 or sent to a landfill. 916 01:00:34,172 --> 01:00:35,465 We need to model nature. 917 01:00:36,966 --> 01:00:38,092 [man 8] I had the good fortune of being mayor 918 01:00:38,176 --> 01:00:41,220 when we brought the United Nations World Environment Day into our city. 919 01:00:41,304 --> 01:00:45,767 We made it a week-long celebration of the environment and a call to action. 920 01:00:47,560 --> 01:00:50,647 And one of the specific strategies was reducing waste. 921 01:00:53,274 --> 01:00:56,235 [Harrelson] San Francisco residents are actually fined 922 01:00:56,319 --> 01:00:59,697 for not putting compost into the green bin. 923 01:00:59,781 --> 01:01:03,576 [Newsom] We incentivize people to keep things out of the black bins. 924 01:01:03,660 --> 01:01:05,662 When you have nothing in a black bin, we don't charge you. 925 01:01:05,745 --> 01:01:08,456 When you have a ton of stuff in the black bin, we charge you a lot. 926 01:01:08,539 --> 01:01:11,250 So your goal is to get it in the green and blue bins, 927 01:01:11,334 --> 01:01:13,294 the composting and the recycling bins. 928 01:01:14,545 --> 01:01:16,756 You want to move the mouse, gotta move the cheese. 929 01:01:19,050 --> 01:01:20,343 [Reed] In San Francisco, 930 01:01:20,426 --> 01:01:23,846 we're collecting 700 tons of food scraps 931 01:01:23,930 --> 01:01:26,641 and plant cuttings per day. 932 01:01:26,724 --> 01:01:28,768 ["Latin Rock Party" continues] 933 01:01:37,026 --> 01:01:38,861 [Reed] It's 5:00 in the morning… 934 01:01:38,945 --> 01:01:41,322 and we're making compost. 935 01:01:43,449 --> 01:01:46,577 This is the most important kind of garbage that there is 936 01:01:46,661 --> 01:01:50,873 because this is where the nutrients are, and this is where the carbon is. 937 01:01:52,417 --> 01:01:53,626 The compost arrives, 938 01:01:53,710 --> 01:01:56,671 the food scraps from the restaurants and people's homes, 939 01:01:57,755 --> 01:01:59,465 and we put them in this sorting system. 940 01:02:02,802 --> 01:02:04,512 Sixty days ago, 941 01:02:04,595 --> 01:02:07,098 this was egg shells, and chicken bones, 942 01:02:07,181 --> 01:02:09,434 and vegetable peelings. 943 01:02:09,517 --> 01:02:13,521 And, now, it's a beautiful finished compost. 944 01:02:13,604 --> 01:02:16,315 And I'm digging in, and it's quite warm here. 945 01:02:16,399 --> 01:02:18,943 It's still composting very actively. 946 01:02:20,153 --> 01:02:23,197 We collect our food scraps. We put them in the green bin. 947 01:02:23,281 --> 01:02:25,742 It goes off to Recology's compost facility. 948 01:02:25,825 --> 01:02:28,161 We turn it into compost, and it gets on a farm. 949 01:02:29,245 --> 01:02:31,372 That's a simple solution. 950 01:02:33,207 --> 01:02:36,002 [Newsom] San Francisco became the most sustainable big city 951 01:02:36,085 --> 01:02:39,255 in the United States of America in just a few short years, 952 01:02:39,338 --> 01:02:40,882 and we grew our economy. 953 01:02:42,633 --> 01:02:45,344 And if San Francisco can prove an ideal, 954 01:02:47,054 --> 01:02:50,391 then that success can be replicated in other cities, in other states, 955 01:02:50,475 --> 01:02:52,059 and other nations around the rest of the world. 956 01:02:59,734 --> 01:03:03,237 Compost is the natural decomposition of organic matter in nature. 957 01:03:04,655 --> 01:03:06,282 In a forest floor, it's when the leaves drop, 958 01:03:06,365 --> 01:03:08,075 the fungi and bacteria take it over 959 01:03:08,159 --> 01:03:09,994 and literally build the soil at the root zone. 960 01:03:11,704 --> 01:03:13,331 Compost is all about community, 961 01:03:13,414 --> 01:03:16,250 from the community of microbes that are breaking down the pile, 962 01:03:16,334 --> 01:03:18,419 to the community of individuals in Los Angeles 963 01:03:18,503 --> 01:03:22,673 that are physically turning and sifting and contributing to that pile. 964 01:03:26,844 --> 01:03:30,056 I collect food scraps from restaurants, manure from zoos. 965 01:03:30,139 --> 01:03:31,891 Manure. Do you know why? 966 01:03:31,974 --> 01:03:36,687 To keep this stuff out of landfills and use it to make good, rich dirt. 967 01:03:36,771 --> 01:03:37,605 That's why. 968 01:03:39,106 --> 01:03:41,984 How do we take waste and repurpose and reuse it? 969 01:03:42,068 --> 01:03:43,820 Because it's really not waste. 970 01:03:45,238 --> 01:03:47,198 My name is Pashon. It's Pashon Murray. 971 01:03:47,949 --> 01:03:52,078 So that was my destiny, to be passionate about the environment. 972 01:03:54,247 --> 01:03:56,666 [upbeat island music playing] 973 01:03:56,749 --> 01:04:00,461 [woman 6] When we went to Haiti to run this compost sanitation pilot… 974 01:04:01,462 --> 01:04:03,506 everybody kind of thought I was crazy. 975 01:04:03,589 --> 01:04:05,550 And maybe I am. [laughs] 976 01:04:05,633 --> 01:04:07,426 -I'm Steven. Yeah. -And you're the…? 977 01:04:07,510 --> 01:04:09,345 -The [bleep] man. -And I'm the [bleep] woman. 978 01:04:09,428 --> 01:04:13,099 -Yeah. We are the [bleep] men around, man. -Yeah. 979 01:04:13,683 --> 01:04:15,309 Well Haiti happened, obviously, 980 01:04:15,393 --> 01:04:17,603 this earthquake that was just so devastating. 981 01:04:19,021 --> 01:04:20,982 We all felt like we wanted to do something. 982 01:04:21,065 --> 01:04:22,942 And Patricia, she's a problem solver. 983 01:04:23,901 --> 01:04:27,947 As soon as she got there, she was like, "Okay, they have a sanitation problem." 984 01:04:28,030 --> 01:04:30,658 The water under the soil was getting contaminated. 985 01:04:32,618 --> 01:04:36,038 [Patricia] 2.5 billion people don't have sanitation around the world, 986 01:04:36,122 --> 01:04:38,916 and that means people can get diseases. 987 01:04:40,835 --> 01:04:45,631 So we train people around the world to have composting toilets 988 01:04:45,715 --> 01:04:48,217 so they can learn how to collect and treat their own waste 989 01:04:48,301 --> 01:04:49,552 for their community. 990 01:04:49,635 --> 01:04:54,056 [David] The most noticeable change that we saw was the smell. 991 01:04:54,140 --> 01:04:57,476 The experience of living around the latrines was night and day. 992 01:04:57,560 --> 01:04:59,270 We're in front of this compost pile. 993 01:04:59,353 --> 01:05:02,982 -Do you guys smell anything bad here? -[children] No. 994 01:05:04,150 --> 01:05:08,237 [Patricia] Part of the strength of this system is that it's very easy to learn. 995 01:05:08,321 --> 01:05:11,991 You don't have to order some part or component. 996 01:05:12,783 --> 01:05:15,161 People can learn how to do this everywhere. 997 01:05:15,244 --> 01:05:19,582 So here is the spare container. Here is the sawdust available. 998 01:05:19,665 --> 01:05:22,543 [Patricia] What I love about thermophilic composting 999 01:05:22,627 --> 01:05:25,713 is that it helps address multiple climate change issues. 1000 01:05:25,796 --> 01:05:28,966 It helps us protect water resources. 1001 01:05:29,050 --> 01:05:31,010 Treating it and getting rid of all the pathogens, 1002 01:05:31,093 --> 01:05:33,012 and ending up with compost. 1003 01:05:33,095 --> 01:05:36,933 And when it's finished, it will be like beautiful dirt. 1004 01:05:37,016 --> 01:05:41,103 You can then amend the soil and have more crop growth. 1005 01:05:42,104 --> 01:05:44,774 [David] The only problem with it is that people are hung up on the fact 1006 01:05:44,857 --> 01:05:46,400 that it's human feces. 1007 01:05:46,484 --> 01:05:49,070 We just, in general, as humans, have a poo phobia. 1008 01:05:51,113 --> 01:05:54,659 But what most people don't know is that all across America, 1009 01:05:54,742 --> 01:05:58,663 if you buy some potting mix, it probably has biosolids in it, 1010 01:05:58,746 --> 01:06:00,998 and that comes from human sewage. 1011 01:06:02,333 --> 01:06:04,919 We eat food. We poop it out. 1012 01:06:05,002 --> 01:06:09,090 We can then treat it and create soil 1013 01:06:09,173 --> 01:06:12,176 that has good content for the plants, 1014 01:06:12,259 --> 01:06:14,804 and then the circle just goes around and around. 1015 01:06:16,263 --> 01:06:18,265 The poop has to stay in the loop. 1016 01:06:19,642 --> 01:06:21,018 This is a very nice toilet, 1017 01:06:22,103 --> 01:06:24,313 and I would love to go to the bathroom in your toilet. 1018 01:06:24,397 --> 01:06:25,731 Excuse me, please. 1019 01:06:25,815 --> 01:06:27,316 [all laughing] 1020 01:06:28,401 --> 01:06:34,156 [Harrelson] Compost is just one of a suite of soil-based carbon capture solutions. 1021 01:06:35,574 --> 01:06:39,537 The more we choose regenerative foods, the more that farmers will grow them. 1022 01:06:40,579 --> 01:06:43,958 We're at a critical moment in human history. 1023 01:06:45,167 --> 01:06:50,923 There could be a way to eat food that heals the planet. 1024 01:06:54,343 --> 01:06:58,889 The way we're articulating it is the regenerative diet. 1025 01:07:01,434 --> 01:07:04,145 [man 9] I've personally been vegan for 20 years. 1026 01:07:04,228 --> 01:07:07,481 I've just kind of proven in my own world, like, hey, you can rock life in a… 1027 01:07:07,565 --> 01:07:09,775 very healthy, strong, and powerful fashion 1028 01:07:09,859 --> 01:07:11,444 on a plant-based diet. 1029 01:07:14,321 --> 01:07:18,868 If you're eating meat, if you can eat it from a lot more correct high-level farms. 1030 01:07:20,494 --> 01:07:21,620 [Engelhart] If we do eat meat, 1031 01:07:22,496 --> 01:07:26,167 we need to eat meat that comes from pasture-raised, 1032 01:07:26,250 --> 01:07:29,253 grass-fed, humanely-killed animals. 1033 01:07:30,171 --> 01:07:32,840 [Bronner] This is the most crucial choice all of us can make 1034 01:07:32,923 --> 01:07:34,383 for the future of the planet. 1035 01:07:34,467 --> 01:07:35,509 What are we eating? 1036 01:07:35,593 --> 01:07:38,137 What kind of farming systems are we supporting? 1037 01:07:38,220 --> 01:07:40,431 Are we regenerating the Earth, or are we degenerating? 1038 01:07:44,727 --> 01:07:46,979 [Brown] So what we have here are two of our egg-mobiles. 1039 01:07:47,813 --> 01:07:52,359 Approximately three days after the cattle move through an area and graze, 1040 01:07:52,443 --> 01:07:54,695 we'll bring the land hens in. 1041 01:07:54,779 --> 01:07:56,072 They truly are free range. 1042 01:07:56,155 --> 01:07:58,908 They could walk to California if they so choose. 1043 01:08:00,034 --> 01:08:03,079 What we did here is we went to the local grocer, 1044 01:08:03,162 --> 01:08:06,123 and we bought a dozen cage-free, 1045 01:08:06,832 --> 01:08:09,627 all-natural, humanely-raised eggs. 1046 01:08:09,710 --> 01:08:12,129 We'll reach in there and crack one of those open. 1047 01:08:12,922 --> 01:08:17,802 Now, what we have here is one from our pastured land hens. 1048 01:08:19,720 --> 01:08:22,139 Ours on the left is much darker colored. 1049 01:08:22,223 --> 01:08:23,390 Now, watch this. 1050 01:08:25,309 --> 01:08:27,394 See how that breaks open rather easily? 1051 01:08:28,187 --> 01:08:29,021 It's runny. 1052 01:08:29,939 --> 01:08:31,232 Now, look at this. 1053 01:08:31,315 --> 01:08:36,487 I can poke my finger into there several times before we finally break it. 1054 01:08:36,570 --> 01:08:40,157 Now, look at the color of that yolk and look at the difference. 1055 01:08:42,326 --> 01:08:46,956 Ours are out on pasture. They eat whatever they can forage for. 1056 01:08:47,039 --> 01:08:49,708 These, although they're cage-free, 1057 01:08:49,792 --> 01:08:53,963 they are no doubt in confinement, and they're fed mostly grain. 1058 01:08:54,046 --> 01:08:58,217 Ours are going to be much higher in nutrient density 1059 01:08:58,300 --> 01:08:59,510 as compared to these. 1060 01:09:00,386 --> 01:09:02,388 And what you're really feeling there 1061 01:09:02,471 --> 01:09:07,268 is the nutrients and the complexity of regenerative agriculture. 1062 01:09:08,894 --> 01:09:11,814 [Harrelson] Eating a regenerative diet is important, 1063 01:09:11,897 --> 01:09:15,359 but so is working with the people who grow our food. 1064 01:09:17,153 --> 01:09:20,948 [Archuleta] Today, we estimate five percent or less of farms 1065 01:09:21,031 --> 01:09:22,825 are managed for soil health. 1066 01:09:23,993 --> 01:09:28,080 The Nature Conservancy has partnered with the National Corn Growers Association 1067 01:09:28,164 --> 01:09:30,332 to establish the Soil Health Partnership. 1068 01:09:31,167 --> 01:09:37,089 Our goal is to grow this to 50 percent of US farms managed for soil health 1069 01:09:37,173 --> 01:09:38,299 by 2025. 1070 01:09:39,592 --> 01:09:42,428 [Brown] This idea of the Soil Health Academy 1071 01:09:42,511 --> 01:09:44,638 started about five years ago 1072 01:09:44,722 --> 01:09:49,476 when Ray first stepped onto my ranch and we first met. 1073 01:09:50,477 --> 01:09:53,522 Little did we know what would become of that plan 1074 01:09:53,606 --> 01:09:55,983 to try and move regeneration forward. 1075 01:09:56,567 --> 01:09:58,694 It's finally come to fruition. 1076 01:09:59,320 --> 01:10:00,487 -Ray Archuleta. -Jesse. 1077 01:10:00,571 --> 01:10:01,864 Hi, Jesse. Good to see you. 1078 01:10:02,865 --> 01:10:06,368 Let me-- let me start off with myself. My name is, uh, Ray Archuleta. 1079 01:10:06,452 --> 01:10:08,704 I have 32 years of government service. 1080 01:10:08,787 --> 01:10:13,125 Our goal was to make the soil healthy to teach more these ecological principles. 1081 01:10:15,461 --> 01:10:19,423 We wanted to… to mentor, to inspire people 1082 01:10:20,341 --> 01:10:22,051 that they're part of the planet, 1083 01:10:22,676 --> 01:10:25,596 and that we're gonna have a better relationship with it. 1084 01:10:27,389 --> 01:10:29,642 [Brown] Used to be you'd pick up a farm magazine, 1085 01:10:29,725 --> 01:10:32,019 and there wasn't a single article about soil health. 1086 01:10:32,102 --> 01:10:33,812 Now, you cannot pick one up 1087 01:10:33,896 --> 01:10:36,649 without there bein' some article about soil health. 1088 01:10:36,732 --> 01:10:38,067 That gives me hope. 1089 01:10:39,985 --> 01:10:42,404 We can improve soil health much, much faster 1090 01:10:42,488 --> 01:10:44,156 than we used to think possible. 1091 01:10:44,240 --> 01:10:46,367 Sometimes, when I give presentations, 1092 01:10:46,450 --> 01:10:51,121 I get this group that's just, no way. It won't happen here. Can't happen here. 1093 01:10:51,205 --> 01:10:53,040 So I offer them this challenge. 1094 01:10:53,123 --> 01:10:55,376 I said, "I will bet my ranch against yours 1095 01:10:55,459 --> 01:10:57,211 that I can get it to work on your operation." 1096 01:10:58,045 --> 01:11:01,257 Because the principles of soil health, 1097 01:11:01,966 --> 01:11:05,135 the least amount of mechanical disturbance, diversity, 1098 01:11:05,219 --> 01:11:09,431 armor on the soil, living root at all times, animal integration… 1099 01:11:09,515 --> 01:11:11,684 Those principles are universal. 1100 01:11:11,767 --> 01:11:14,937 There is zero doubt, and I mean zero doubt in my mind 1101 01:11:15,020 --> 01:11:17,940 I can get these practices to work anywhere in the world. 1102 01:11:23,779 --> 01:11:26,991 If you look over here, we have my neighbor's land 1103 01:11:27,074 --> 01:11:29,368 that has been chemical fallowed. 1104 01:11:29,451 --> 01:11:32,830 It has had nothing growing on it for over a year 1105 01:11:32,913 --> 01:11:36,250 except for the few Roundup-resistant weeds that are on here. 1106 01:11:37,042 --> 01:11:38,752 It's an ecological desert. 1107 01:11:38,836 --> 01:11:40,796 Then you look over at our paddocks, 1108 01:11:41,463 --> 01:11:44,258 you have a diversity of different plant species. 1109 01:11:44,341 --> 01:11:45,301 You have insects. 1110 01:11:45,384 --> 01:11:48,345 You have wildlife, plus the livestock grazing on it. 1111 01:11:48,929 --> 01:11:53,517 We're capturing sunlight from early in the spring till late in the fall, 1112 01:11:53,600 --> 01:11:56,603 converting that sunlight into liquid carbon 1113 01:11:56,687 --> 01:11:58,522 to drive and fuel the system. 1114 01:11:59,481 --> 01:12:02,776 There you have soil. Over on this side, you have dirt. 1115 01:12:07,156 --> 01:12:08,991 Where do you want your food to come from? 1116 01:12:09,074 --> 01:12:12,328 Which model do you want your food to be produced from? 1117 01:12:13,495 --> 01:12:15,289 The answer is pretty simple to me. 1118 01:12:23,380 --> 01:12:24,923 [Harrelson] All over our planet, 1119 01:12:25,007 --> 01:12:29,595 people are using the practices of regeneration to heal the land 1120 01:12:29,678 --> 01:12:31,180 and balance the climate. 1121 01:12:32,222 --> 01:12:34,892 Some of these projects are big. 1122 01:12:36,268 --> 01:12:40,147 We know that about 25 percent of the world's landmass 1123 01:12:40,230 --> 01:12:43,150 has been degraded by human beings over historical time. 1124 01:12:43,233 --> 01:12:45,235 [intense music playing] 1125 01:12:46,320 --> 01:12:49,740 When we look at the cradles of civilization, 1126 01:12:50,407 --> 01:12:52,534 Greece and Rome, 1127 01:12:52,618 --> 01:12:55,913 we find that many of these places have turned into deserts. 1128 01:12:57,873 --> 01:13:02,419 The sand is blowing across the ruins of once-great civilizations. 1129 01:13:03,921 --> 01:13:08,217 Loess Plateau, the cradle of Chinese civilization. 1130 01:13:08,300 --> 01:13:12,304 That was the place where settled agriculture first began. 1131 01:13:13,514 --> 01:13:17,017 When I was asked to film the baseline study in the Loess Plateau, 1132 01:13:17,101 --> 01:13:20,687 I found myself alone standing on a mountain top, 1133 01:13:20,771 --> 01:13:24,358 and I could look in 360 degrees, and there was no vegetation. 1134 01:13:24,441 --> 01:13:25,526 [bird cawing] 1135 01:13:28,362 --> 01:13:32,324 This was fundamentally, ecologically destroyed. 1136 01:13:32,408 --> 01:13:35,744 It was called "the most eroded place on Earth," 1137 01:13:36,620 --> 01:13:38,580 filled with miserably poor people. 1138 01:13:39,957 --> 01:13:45,546 So I felt that I had to spend the rest of my life dealing with this. 1139 01:13:45,629 --> 01:13:46,797 [cheerful music playing] 1140 01:13:49,758 --> 01:13:54,346 It was hard to imagine, at that time, that you could restore that. 1141 01:13:56,140 --> 01:14:02,020 So from about 1994 till 2009, 14 years, 1142 01:14:02,104 --> 01:14:05,149 an area of 35,000 square kilometers, 1143 01:14:05,232 --> 01:14:07,359 approximately the size of Belgium, 1144 01:14:07,943 --> 01:14:10,195 they had the top Chinese scientists, 1145 01:14:10,279 --> 01:14:13,449 they had international scientists from the World Bank supporting them… 1146 01:14:13,532 --> 01:14:16,410 They created mapping systems with satellites 1147 01:14:16,493 --> 01:14:21,582 so that every watershed had a unique address. 1148 01:14:21,665 --> 01:14:23,500 The results were… 1149 01:14:25,335 --> 01:14:26,253 stunning. 1150 01:14:31,550 --> 01:14:33,802 [majestic orchestral music playing] 1151 01:14:50,611 --> 01:14:53,655 Hundreds of millions of people were lifted out of poverty. 1152 01:14:54,490 --> 01:14:57,284 We met people who were illiterate, 1153 01:14:57,367 --> 01:15:01,955 and their children now go to the top universities in the country. 1154 01:15:07,127 --> 01:15:09,421 ["I Won't Give Up" by Jason Mraz playing] 1155 01:15:09,505 --> 01:15:11,965 [Liu] Human beings emerged in paradise. 1156 01:15:12,049 --> 01:15:15,344 If we restore all the degraded land on the Earth, 1157 01:15:15,427 --> 01:15:17,346 we can return to paradise. 1158 01:15:18,847 --> 01:15:22,267 If we start now to build a restoration economy, 1159 01:15:22,351 --> 01:15:24,102 a regeneration economy, 1160 01:15:24,686 --> 01:15:26,396 this is the way forward. 1161 01:15:27,606 --> 01:15:31,276 To see a stream return and flow 1162 01:15:31,360 --> 01:15:33,862 to bring back fertile soils, 1163 01:15:33,946 --> 01:15:38,075 to see biodiversity return to a place that was completely devastated, 1164 01:15:38,617 --> 01:15:42,746 this is where everyone can find tremendous satisfaction. 1165 01:15:44,748 --> 01:15:49,878 [Mraz] ♪ When I look into your eyes ♪ 1166 01:15:49,962 --> 01:15:55,175 ♪ It's like watchin' the night sky ♪ 1167 01:15:55,259 --> 01:16:00,514 ♪ Or a beautiful sunrise ♪ 1168 01:16:00,597 --> 01:16:04,935 ♪ For there's so much they hold ♪ 1169 01:16:09,273 --> 01:16:13,151 [Liu] So let's restore a little bit of paradise every day. 1170 01:16:14,319 --> 01:16:15,821 It's not that difficult. 1171 01:16:16,738 --> 01:16:20,659 If we stop distracting ourselves with shiny objects, 1172 01:16:20,742 --> 01:16:23,662 and we start to think about what's really important to us, 1173 01:16:23,745 --> 01:16:28,208 to see biodiversity returned to a place it was completely devastated… 1174 01:16:31,044 --> 01:16:35,048 This is where everyone can find tremendous satisfaction 1175 01:16:35,716 --> 01:16:37,884 and the meaning of our lives. 1176 01:16:41,305 --> 01:16:43,765 [Doniga] We're all in this together. [chuckles] 1177 01:16:43,849 --> 01:16:48,020 Every action that we take affects every other action 1178 01:16:48,103 --> 01:16:50,147 like a ripple in the pond. 1179 01:16:52,065 --> 01:16:54,610 So what decision are you gonna make 1180 01:16:54,693 --> 01:16:58,655 that will make a positive impact on this beautiful planet 1181 01:16:58,739 --> 01:17:02,993 so that our great grandchildren, seven generations in the future, 1182 01:17:03,076 --> 01:17:06,788 can actually go up and hug an old growth redwood tree, 1183 01:17:07,831 --> 01:17:10,459 and swim in clean waters, 1184 01:17:11,335 --> 01:17:15,380 and be able to open their mouths and drink while they're swimming? 1185 01:17:19,551 --> 01:17:22,596 And what is it that we can do today 1186 01:17:22,679 --> 01:17:27,100 so that our children can flourish in the abundance 1187 01:17:27,184 --> 01:17:29,936 that we've created by our decisions? 1188 01:17:35,192 --> 01:17:38,570 [Archuleta] I will drive 100 miles, 1,000 miles if we have to, 1189 01:17:39,780 --> 01:17:41,740 to save one farm. 1190 01:17:41,823 --> 01:17:43,867 To open one heart and one mind. 1191 01:17:46,078 --> 01:17:47,996 It's that one mind that you change. 1192 01:17:48,080 --> 01:17:51,750 You don't know if it'll affect another mind, another heart. 1193 01:17:52,459 --> 01:17:54,002 It's what happened to us. 1194 01:17:54,086 --> 01:17:56,963 It changed our hearts, and it changed our lives. 1195 01:17:59,132 --> 01:18:02,135 [Rodale] No, it's not about religion. It's not about politics. 1196 01:18:02,219 --> 01:18:04,012 It's about love. 1197 01:18:04,554 --> 01:18:06,515 And if you love something or you love somebody, 1198 01:18:06,598 --> 01:18:07,724 you want to understand them, 1199 01:18:07,808 --> 01:18:10,060 and you want to, like, take care of them and protect them 1200 01:18:11,186 --> 01:18:12,354 and keep them safe. 1201 01:18:13,188 --> 01:18:14,981 And that's what we're all here to do. 1202 01:18:16,692 --> 01:18:21,071 Even like the little mycorrhiza fungi, and the worms, and the bacteria. 1203 01:18:22,197 --> 01:18:24,700 And if we take care of them, they'll take care of us. 1204 01:18:27,953 --> 01:18:31,289 [Harrelson] From the smallest microbes to the largest creatures, 1205 01:18:32,165 --> 01:18:35,085 our blue planet pulses with life. 1206 01:18:37,462 --> 01:18:41,508 For millions of years, it has self-healed and self-balanced. 1207 01:18:44,010 --> 01:18:48,014 But, today, our species faces its biggest test. 1208 01:18:50,308 --> 01:18:51,727 Our mission is simple. 1209 01:18:52,394 --> 01:18:57,315 We must harness the regenerative power of Earth, itself. 1210 01:19:01,862 --> 01:19:02,988 I'll make you a deal. 1211 01:19:04,114 --> 01:19:05,115 I won't give up, 1212 01:19:06,950 --> 01:19:08,243 and neither should you. 1213 01:19:08,827 --> 01:19:13,999 [Mraz] ♪ 'Cause even the stars, they burn ♪ 1214 01:19:14,082 --> 01:19:19,504 ♪ Some even fall to the earth ♪ 1215 01:19:19,588 --> 01:19:24,718 ♪ We got a lot to learn ♪ 1216 01:19:24,801 --> 01:19:27,345 ♪ God knows we're worth it ♪ 1217 01:19:29,306 --> 01:19:33,560 ♪ No, I won't give up ♪ 1218 01:19:36,188 --> 01:19:39,524 ♪ I don't wanna be Someone who walks away so easily ♪ 1219 01:19:39,608 --> 01:19:43,862 ♪ I'm here to stay and make the difference that I can make ♪ 1220 01:19:46,823 --> 01:19:49,826 ♪ Our differences, they do a lot To teach us how to use ♪ 1221 01:19:49,910 --> 01:19:54,623 ♪ The tools and gifts we got Yeah, we got a lot at stake ♪ 1222 01:19:56,917 --> 01:19:59,795 ♪ And in the end, you're still my friend At least we did intend ♪ 1223 01:19:59,878 --> 01:20:02,839 ♪ For us to work, we didn't break We didn't burn ♪ 1224 01:20:02,923 --> 01:20:08,011 ♪ We had to learn how to bend Without the world caving in ♪ 1225 01:20:08,094 --> 01:20:12,224 ♪ I had to learn what I got And what I'm not ♪ 1226 01:20:12,307 --> 01:20:16,937 ♪ And who I am ♪ 1227 01:20:17,020 --> 01:20:22,067 ♪ I won't give up on us ♪ 1228 01:20:22,150 --> 01:20:27,155 ♪ Even if the skies get rough ♪ 1229 01:20:27,239 --> 01:20:32,410 ♪ I'm giving you all my love ♪ 1230 01:20:32,494 --> 01:20:34,996 ♪ I'm still looking up ♪ 1231 01:20:35,080 --> 01:20:37,624 ♪ I'm still looking up ♪ 1232 01:20:37,707 --> 01:20:43,046 -♪ Well, I won't give up ♪ -♪ No, I won't give in ♪ 1233 01:20:43,129 --> 01:20:48,468 -♪ God knows, I'm tough enough ♪ -♪ I am tough, I am loved ♪ 1234 01:20:48,552 --> 01:20:53,682 -♪ We got a lot to learn ♪ -♪ We're alive, we are loved ♪ 1235 01:20:53,765 --> 01:20:58,645 -♪ God knows, we're worth it ♪ -♪ And we're worth it ♪ 1236 01:20:58,728 --> 01:21:03,775 ♪ I won't give up on us ♪ 1237 01:21:03,859 --> 01:21:08,947 ♪ Even if the skies get rough ♪ 1238 01:21:09,030 --> 01:21:14,160 ♪ I'm givin' you all my love ♪ 1239 01:21:14,244 --> 01:21:17,539 ♪ I'm still lookin' up ♪ 1240 01:21:19,416 --> 01:21:21,001 What is carbon dioxide? 1241 01:21:21,084 --> 01:21:24,421 It's, um… Comes from… Um… 1242 01:21:24,504 --> 01:21:26,965 That's a trick question for me. You caught me off guard on that. 1243 01:21:27,048 --> 01:21:31,428 I guess that would be carbon and two atoms-- two molecules of dio-- 1244 01:21:31,511 --> 01:21:33,179 of whatever. 1245 01:21:33,263 --> 01:21:34,347 [mumbling] 1246 01:21:34,431 --> 01:21:36,016 Something bad? 1247 01:21:36,099 --> 01:21:39,185 It's poison that you're breathing. And it will destroy you. 1248 01:21:41,104 --> 01:21:43,189 What are things that you're doing in your life 1249 01:21:43,273 --> 01:21:46,234 to make an impact around climate change? 1250 01:21:46,318 --> 01:21:47,319 -Um… -Um… 1251 01:21:47,402 --> 01:21:48,320 -Um… -Uh… 1252 01:21:48,403 --> 01:21:49,863 -Uh… -Hmm… 1253 01:21:49,946 --> 01:21:52,157 I mean, I like to, you know, do my part when I can, 1254 01:21:52,240 --> 01:21:53,241 like, with my metal straw. 1255 01:21:53,325 --> 01:21:55,410 -Going to the paper straws. -No plastic straws. 1256 01:21:55,493 --> 01:21:56,953 Paper straws versus plastic. 1257 01:21:57,037 --> 01:21:58,330 Recycled straws. 1258 01:21:58,413 --> 01:22:00,582 Every time I come here, I feel energized. 1259 01:22:01,166 --> 01:22:04,044 [Harrelson] If recycling and paper straws are our only hope, 1260 01:22:04,794 --> 01:22:06,588 then we are in really big trouble. 1261 01:22:08,214 --> 01:22:12,344 We can absolutely reverse climate change 1262 01:22:12,427 --> 01:22:14,012 by making things better, 1263 01:22:14,095 --> 01:22:16,181 not just fixing what was bad. 1264 01:22:16,264 --> 01:22:17,933 Could you imagine that? So, we're not just-- 1265 01:22:18,016 --> 01:22:21,227 we're not-- no longer degenerating, we are regenerating. 1266 01:22:22,103 --> 01:22:24,898 [man 10] That sound awesome. I want regeneration. 1267 01:22:24,981 --> 01:22:29,110 [Mraz] ♪ Father to my mother Who died when I was 12 ♪ 1268 01:22:29,194 --> 01:22:31,696 ♪ Who didn't leave a fortune ♪ 1269 01:22:31,780 --> 01:22:34,407 ♪ But a different kind of wealth ♪ 1270 01:22:34,491 --> 01:22:36,826 ♪ A tree for me to climb in ♪ 1271 01:22:36,910 --> 01:22:39,537 ♪ With fruit under its leaves ♪ 1272 01:22:39,621 --> 01:22:44,292 ♪ Which season after season Became quite a legacy ♪ 1273 01:22:45,043 --> 01:22:49,839 ♪ More than just a farmer He was a brilliant engineer ♪ 1274 01:22:49,923 --> 01:22:55,095 ♪ Whose footsteps took him farther As they fertilized the fields ♪ 1275 01:22:55,178 --> 01:23:00,350 ♪ In oil and ancient stock He placed new varieties ♪ 1276 01:23:00,433 --> 01:23:02,811 ♪ A believer in the future ♪ 1277 01:23:02,894 --> 01:23:05,939 ♪ He was a man who planted trees ♪ 1278 01:23:06,022 --> 01:23:12,904 ♪ Go lay your roots down, son ♪ 1279 01:23:12,988 --> 01:23:18,118 ♪ Let your love shine on every word ♪ 1280 01:23:18,201 --> 01:23:23,456 ♪ Lay your roots down here ♪ 1281 01:23:23,540 --> 01:23:27,043 ♪ There's a thousand ways to feel ♪ 1282 01:23:29,087 --> 01:23:32,382 ♪ He taught me how to kiss the ground ♪ 1283 01:23:34,009 --> 01:23:37,721 ♪ And be grateful with my words aloud ♪ 1284 01:23:39,848 --> 01:23:43,226 ♪ Even the air is different now ♪ 1285 01:23:43,309 --> 01:23:49,566 ♪ And I'm gonna make him proud ♪ 1286 01:23:49,649 --> 01:23:52,152 ♪ Singin' go ♪ 1287 01:23:52,235 --> 01:23:57,365 ♪ Lay your roots down, son ♪ 1288 01:23:57,449 --> 01:24:02,495 ♪ Let your love shine on every word ♪ 1289 01:24:02,579 --> 01:24:07,876 ♪ Lay your roots down here ♪ 1290 01:24:07,959 --> 01:24:11,337 ♪ There's a thousand ways to near ♪ 1291 01:24:11,421 --> 01:24:15,425 ♪ Kiss the ground, kiss the ground Kiss the ground ♪ 1292 01:24:16,634 --> 01:24:20,513 ♪ Kiss the ground, kiss the ground Kiss the ground ♪ 1293 01:24:21,931 --> 01:24:25,852 ♪ Kiss the ground, kiss the ground Kiss the ground ♪ 1294 01:24:27,062 --> 01:24:30,732 ♪ Kiss the ground, kiss the ground Kiss the ground ♪ 108202

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