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Evil can't be seen.
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Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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By the time it is recognized,
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it's already too late.
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The motives for evil are as diverse as its manifestations
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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and they can often be monstrous.
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So, are evil people sick or monsters?
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It's not only sick people
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who commit evil deeds.
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I would even say that they are in the minority.
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So, what is evil?
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What role does aggression play?
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Is it the accelerant for a destructive force
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that has always lain dormant in each and every one of us?
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I don't think that evil behavior as such
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actually exists.
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In this respect, we need to rethink a little.
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But what controls our behavior?
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How free is our will?
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What role do our genes and our environment play?
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What course must our biography take
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for evil to break through?
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(suspenseful music)
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Does the life of a perpetrator provide explanations
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as to why a young man killed 77 people?
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(lively music)
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The deed doesn't justify talk
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of a perpetrator development,
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but we can learn a great deal from Mr. Breivik,
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we just have to understand what.
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Norway, July 22nd, 2011.
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In the government quarter in the capital Oslo
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a bomb exploded killing eight people.
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It was the horrific start to a day of mass murder,
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which cost a further 96 lives on the island of Utoya.
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The tragedy shook the little country
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to its very foundations.
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The perpetrator was 32-year-old Anders Behring Breivik.
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He saw himself as a crusader,
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as the messenger of an ideology
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which he hoped to spread worldwide.
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Breivik wanted to attract maximum attention.
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(gentle music)
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(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
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This need included media coverage
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because it was vital to him to become, in a certain way,
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a shining light of history.
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And to be honest,
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we must say that Mr. Breivik has gone down
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in the annals of criminal history,
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that is why he is not anonymized in reports.
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We all know his name,
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and the media, of course,
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were an important instrument for him.
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As an expert,
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Nahlah Saimeh answers the questions of how far indeed,
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if at all,
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a perpetrator can be made responsible for his actions.
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The focus is always on the legal evaluation of the facts,
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but it's also about assessing the special features of a case
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to obtain general knowledge about evil.
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(gentle music)
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(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
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In exemplary fashion,
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Breivik reveals the basic conditions
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for a pathologically excessive
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and highly destructive narcissism
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with the aim, so to speak, of come completing history.
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(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
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From the life,
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the personal biography of an outsider.
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(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
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If someone recounts the story
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of a perpetrator's life,
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does that not make them his tool?
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A man in Norway killed 77 people.
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It seems hard to me not to talk about that.
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Mass murder as the inevitable result
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of biographical failure?
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An explanation of such simplicity would not deal justly
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with the crime or the victims.
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Yet the different stages in the development of a human life
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contain a hoard of events
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which scientists are striving to recover.
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(gentle music)
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69-year-old Daniel Zagury is a criminologist,
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forensic psychiatrist, and author.
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He began his career as a court expert.
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In France he progressed to become an expert on terrorism.
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He often encounters evil in the garb
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of seemingly normal behavior.
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We all intuitively think
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that the most appalling crimes are committed
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by the mentally ill,
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by massive psychos,
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by monsters,
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but reality shows that those involved in terrorism,
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genocide, and many other crimes are quite ordinary people
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who in the broadest sense of the word are perfectly normal
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and certainly don't have any mental defects.
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(Daniel speaking foreign language)
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Anders Breivik was born in 1979,
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his parents separated not long afterwards,
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and he was brought up by his mother.
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Theirs was a difficult relationship right from the start.
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(soft music)
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What is interesting
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about Breivik's childhood
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is that it involves a transgenerational problem.
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Because even Anders Breivik's mother
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was rejected as a child.
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Her mother suffered from polio,
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and vented all her rage, disappointment,
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and despair on her daughter.
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(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
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So Breivik's mother herself had never experienced acceptance
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or love and kindness in a family scenario.
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Yet this woman later became pregnant.
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Breivik's mother complained about the child
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while she was still carrying it
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and even considered an abortion.
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Anders Breivik actually came into the world
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as an unwanted child.
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His mother rejected him,
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but as an infant, of course,
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that is not something you can comprehend.
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You are directly dependent for affection
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on the primary attachment figure in your life.
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The boy grew up with his mother.
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Outwardly he lived in a protected environment,
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but behind the middle class facade,
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chaos prevailed.
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The mother couldn't cope
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and wanted to give Anders up for adoption.
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He then spent the weekends with foster parents
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until his mother put a stop to it.
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The rejection motif was to be repeated throughout his life.
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We have to be careful
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not to reconstruct things in retrospect.
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After a crime has been committed,
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it is always easy to say that the deed can be traced back
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to this or that event in the perpetrator's life.
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I can, for instance, talk about my experiences
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with serial killers.
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It's extremely rare,
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indeed almost impossible for a future serial killer,
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to have grown up in a home with a fire in the grate
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and lots of hugs and kisses from his mother and father.
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(soft music)
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So, what role does childhood play?
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What is determined biologically?
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What is genetically inherited?
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For a long time,
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the suspicion prevailed that evil lies in our genes,
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a case of unchangeable information,
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a kind of genetic predisposition in other words.
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We know today that it's not only of interest
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which gene or genetic variation of a person
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has in their body,
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what really matters is whether this gene is active
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or inactive.
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(Eva speaking foreign language)
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But what does active or inactive actually mean?
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It's here that a young signs called epigenetics
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comes into play.
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It involves molecular mechanisms
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which read our genes with varying intensity.
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So, does this mean that evil has nothing to do at all
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with the genes themselves?
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(Eva speaking foreign language)
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It could well be
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that we carry a certain set of risk genes within us,
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but that doesn't mean
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that these genes really will come into play
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because they may not all be active
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at a certain point in time.
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(Eva speaking foreign language)
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In the field of epigenetics,
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we are focusing on the question
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of whether there are any environmental factors
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that could influence these genes.
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Eva Unternahrer works together with Anke Kobach.
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They know that traumatic experiences
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influence genetic activity,
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but that's not the only finding
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epigenetics has come up with.
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The big question is,
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how do certain experiences burn themselves
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into our epigenetic memory?
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Indeed, is there any such thing as an epigenetic memory?
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And if so,
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can we change it by means of therapeutic measures?
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It was long assumed
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that a child is only influenced by its environment
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after it's born.
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Today we know that influences
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which co-determine how genes are activated
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already have an effect on an unborn child.
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Everything we have learned
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about the pregnancy phase
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indicates that it is extremely important
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with regard to how our stress axis is constructed,
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and if the mother experiences more stress during pregnancy,
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to a certain degree,
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this is also transmitted to the child.
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A person's genotype is determined
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when fertilization takes place.
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However, during pregnancy,
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it is completely erased and then reactivated.
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This complex process shapes our character
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and our later behavior.
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How our genetic stamp becomes active seems to be dependent
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on our living conditions.
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(Eva speaking foreign language)
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There might, for example, be certain toxins
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that can specifically switch particular genes on and off,
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and it could also be the case
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that emotional neglect in childhood
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changes a whole raft of genes.
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What's also certain
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is that no one comes into this world a perpetrator.
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(Anke speaking foreign language)
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What's also really important to know
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is that no single event which happens during pregnancy
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can make a person an evil perpetrator
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or a victim in the course of their life.
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(Anke speaking foreign language)
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Anders Breivik was four
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when his mother moved into a new apartment with him
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and his half sister.
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It was a friendly environment with lots of children,
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but Anders mother still couldn't cope.
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She turned, once again, to the Youth Welfare Office
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to find a foster family for Anders.
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His preschool teachers were worried about the boy,
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disgracefully aggressive was one comment.
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They also said that he had no friends,
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yet couldn't amuse himself.
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Other children claimed that Anders mistreated animals
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and other children as well.
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The Youth Welfare Office thought that the family's problems
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should be placed in the hands of a psychiatrist.
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Six years his elder,
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the boy's half sister left the family at an early age
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and now lives abroad.
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At first, I think,
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Breivik's sister looked after him,
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but at some point of course,
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she had her own life to live and left the family.
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That's only natural
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and there is no way
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that full responsibility for running the family
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can be placed on the sister's shoulders.
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In those initial years,
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I think she played a relatively substantial role,
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especially when the mother was unable
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to take care of her family
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because of her own psychological problems.
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In 1983,
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the family was examined for several weeks
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in the psychiatric center in Oslo.
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Doctors found that the mother was suffering
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from a borderline personality disorder
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in combination with angst and depression.
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They found that her attitude towards her son was erratic,
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that she lived in her own world,
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and that she was unable to think clearly
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in stress situations.
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"I wish you were dead," she once screamed at her son.
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Doctors recommended that Anders be placed
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in the care of a foster family,
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but his mother put a massive resistance
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to the withdrawal of custody.
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She hired a lawyer.
276
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:28,110
Against all expert advice,
277
00:12:28,110 --> 00:12:30,423
the Youth Welfare Office dropped the case.
278
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:34,980
I think the boy should have been taken
279
00:12:34,980 --> 00:12:37,590
out of the family and most resolutely
280
00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:39,390
and the authorities should have ensured
281
00:12:39,390 --> 00:12:42,290
that the new setting would have enabled a bond to develop.
282
00:12:43,260 --> 00:12:44,430
According to experts,
283
00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:46,980
childhood is one of the most important building blocks
284
00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:48,810
in a person's biography,
285
00:12:48,810 --> 00:12:52,380
it is here that the basis for our further life is created.
286
00:12:52,380 --> 00:12:55,865
So, are these the years that can turn someone into a killer?
287
00:12:55,865 --> 00:12:58,865
(suspenseful music)
288
00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:02,430
If I systematically signal to a child
289
00:13:02,430 --> 00:13:03,750
that it is bad,
290
00:13:03,750 --> 00:13:06,630
then that will become its perception of itself.
291
00:13:06,630 --> 00:13:08,490
But you cannot say this will make it develop
292
00:13:08,490 --> 00:13:10,080
into a perpetrator.
293
00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:11,220
What it does show, however,
294
00:13:11,220 --> 00:13:14,253
is disaster does not arise of its own accord.
295
00:13:16,860 --> 00:13:18,570
Virtually all serial killers
296
00:13:18,570 --> 00:13:22,020
have experienced disastrous developments in childhood,
297
00:13:22,020 --> 00:13:25,323
but what is the distinction here between cause and effect?
298
00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:27,587
From the mid-1980s on,
299
00:13:27,587 --> 00:13:31,563
Leszek Pekalski probably murdered more than 80 people.
300
00:13:33,439 --> 00:13:35,970
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
301
00:13:35,970 --> 00:13:37,710
The aim through the act of killing
302
00:13:37,710 --> 00:13:40,320
is to gain a feeling of self-affirmation
303
00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:42,870
and to recreate the experience of being worthless
304
00:13:42,870 --> 00:13:44,521
in someone else.
305
00:13:44,521 --> 00:13:46,950
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
306
00:13:46,950 --> 00:13:48,390
When I kill them,
307
00:13:48,390 --> 00:13:50,422
my victims have no value,
308
00:13:50,422 --> 00:13:53,010
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
309
00:13:53,010 --> 00:13:55,290
so it's no different from me squashing a fly
310
00:13:55,290 --> 00:13:56,253
against the wall.
311
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,250
Pekalski's mother became pregnant with her son
312
00:14:02,250 --> 00:14:03,390
after being raped.
313
00:14:03,390 --> 00:14:05,430
He grew up in the Polish countryside.
314
00:14:05,430 --> 00:14:07,800
Despised herself as the bride of Satan,
315
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:09,990
Leszek's mother rejected her son.
316
00:14:09,990 --> 00:14:11,460
In the village where they lived,
317
00:14:11,460 --> 00:14:14,490
he was only ever referred to as the bastard.
318
00:14:14,490 --> 00:14:16,290
His mother put the boy in a home
319
00:14:16,290 --> 00:14:17,883
and disappeared from his life.
320
00:14:18,990 --> 00:14:20,670
We have seen that these people
321
00:14:20,670 --> 00:14:23,340
either continue to idealize their mother
322
00:14:23,340 --> 00:14:26,220
or they neutralize the image they have of her.
323
00:14:26,220 --> 00:14:30,540
Despite all the incidences of abuse, rejection, torment,
324
00:14:30,540 --> 00:14:33,150
and all the other brutal things you can think of,
325
00:14:33,150 --> 00:14:35,400
they continue to idealize her.
326
00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:38,010
But it seems as if all the murders
327
00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:40,680
are a form of transferred matricide,
328
00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:43,500
even though at the same time the killer adheres
329
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:46,350
to this idealization and neutralization
330
00:14:46,350 --> 00:14:47,823
of the maternal image.
331
00:14:50,250 --> 00:14:51,480
After four years in a home,
332
00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:53,550
Leszek Pekalski returned to his village
333
00:14:53,550 --> 00:14:55,920
to live with his grandmother, who tormented him,
334
00:14:55,920 --> 00:14:57,420
and his sister,
335
00:14:57,420 --> 00:15:00,120
pressing their hands on the hot plate in the kitchen
336
00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:02,043
for the slightest misdemeanor.
337
00:15:02,917 --> 00:15:05,640
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
338
00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:07,530
The grandmother's approach to upbringing
339
00:15:07,530 --> 00:15:09,513
can only be described as sadistic.
340
00:15:11,490 --> 00:15:13,980
I have known several cases in which this problem
341
00:15:13,980 --> 00:15:15,963
of an unwanted birth played a role.
342
00:15:17,550 --> 00:15:19,860
It is relatively certain that anyone growing up
343
00:15:19,860 --> 00:15:21,420
in such circumstances
344
00:15:21,420 --> 00:15:24,319
will not turn out to be a great feminist.
345
00:15:24,319 --> 00:15:28,830
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
346
00:15:28,830 --> 00:15:30,150
They are more likely to end up
347
00:15:30,150 --> 00:15:31,290
like Jack Unterweger
348
00:15:31,290 --> 00:15:33,153
who murdered at least 10 women.
349
00:15:35,970 --> 00:15:38,280
Young Jack grew up in his grandfather's house
350
00:15:38,280 --> 00:15:42,000
in the countryside in the Austrian province of Carinthia.
351
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:45,480
The man was a brutal drunkard and cattle thief.
352
00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:49,110
Jack never met his father who was an American soldier.
353
00:15:49,110 --> 00:15:52,170
His mother was a prostitute who disappeared from his life
354
00:15:52,170 --> 00:15:53,570
when she was sent to prison.
355
00:15:56,730 --> 00:15:58,560
Living with his grandfather,
356
00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:00,360
Jack went to seed physically,
357
00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:01,713
but above all mentally.
358
00:16:04,764 --> 00:16:09,014
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
359
00:16:10,320 --> 00:16:11,400
That is the foundation
360
00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:13,350
for deep emotional brutalization
361
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:17,130
coupled with a very early stamp of a negative view of women,
362
00:16:17,130 --> 00:16:19,520
because basically women are whores.
363
00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:23,770
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
364
00:16:27,316 --> 00:16:29,040
And this imputation only works
365
00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:32,641
if you have an extremely patriarchal view of society.
366
00:16:32,641 --> 00:16:36,630
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
367
00:16:36,630 --> 00:16:38,910
Leszek Pekalski and Jack Unterweger,
368
00:16:38,910 --> 00:16:41,370
two brutal killers with childhood biographies
369
00:16:41,370 --> 00:16:44,820
characterized by abuse and a lack of emotional support.
370
00:16:44,820 --> 00:16:46,710
Such childhood experiences
371
00:16:46,710 --> 00:16:48,840
don't automatically make someone a killer,
372
00:16:48,840 --> 00:16:50,970
however they do constitute the basis
373
00:16:50,970 --> 00:16:52,978
of a destructive development.
374
00:16:52,978 --> 00:16:57,420
(Daniel speaking foreign language)
375
00:16:57,420 --> 00:16:59,963
When I was young, I worked in a prison.
376
00:17:00,870 --> 00:17:03,540
Statistically it is not the sort of place
377
00:17:03,540 --> 00:17:06,360
where you'll find people who grow up in a carefree
378
00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:08,310
and loving environment.
379
00:17:08,310 --> 00:17:11,670
So from a statistical point of view at least,
380
00:17:11,670 --> 00:17:15,540
education and emotional conditions play an important role
381
00:17:15,540 --> 00:17:17,361
in early childhood.
382
00:17:17,361 --> 00:17:20,797
(Daniel speaking foreign language)
383
00:17:20,797 --> 00:17:23,430
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
384
00:17:23,430 --> 00:17:25,110
When we are loved and cared for
385
00:17:25,110 --> 00:17:27,480
when we are caressed and fed,
386
00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:30,390
when we received positive emotional signals
387
00:17:30,390 --> 00:17:33,330
in this emotional resonance phenomenon,
388
00:17:33,330 --> 00:17:37,170
biologically we are talking about the release of oxytocin.
389
00:17:37,170 --> 00:17:39,330
We learn that we are someone who is loved
390
00:17:39,330 --> 00:17:42,262
and is a good person and that we are wanted.
391
00:17:42,262 --> 00:17:46,200
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
392
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:49,170
But why do some people develop into perpetrators
393
00:17:49,170 --> 00:17:50,700
while others who have grown up
394
00:17:50,700 --> 00:17:52,950
in similar circumstances don't?
395
00:17:52,950 --> 00:17:55,080
What impact do certain factors have
396
00:17:55,080 --> 00:17:57,903
on the criminal development of a person's biography?
397
00:17:58,890 --> 00:18:00,510
There are certainly some people,
398
00:18:00,510 --> 00:18:03,180
who even under the most extreme stress,
399
00:18:03,180 --> 00:18:06,300
do not change their personality to such a degree
400
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:08,643
that they become aggressive and criminal.
401
00:18:09,660 --> 00:18:11,040
At the Max Planck Institute
402
00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:13,920
of Experimental Medicine in Gottingen, Germany,
403
00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:17,550
Professor Ehrenreich and her team are carrying out research
404
00:18:17,550 --> 00:18:19,680
into the impact of environmental factors
405
00:18:19,680 --> 00:18:22,080
in childhood and adolescents.
406
00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:25,260
For the first time, it has now been proven statistically
407
00:18:25,260 --> 00:18:28,380
that an accumulation of risk factors can contribute
408
00:18:28,380 --> 00:18:32,850
to violence and criminality being displayed as an adult.
409
00:18:32,850 --> 00:18:35,250
The team focused its research on urbanicity,
410
00:18:35,250 --> 00:18:37,110
physical and sexual abuse,
411
00:18:37,110 --> 00:18:39,243
migration, and drug consumption.
412
00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:42,450
In my opinion,
413
00:18:42,450 --> 00:18:45,690
one extremely important discovery is that basically
414
00:18:45,690 --> 00:18:48,273
even risk factors are interchangeable.
415
00:18:50,700 --> 00:18:51,570
In other words,
416
00:18:51,570 --> 00:18:53,490
we can concoct any cocktail
417
00:18:53,490 --> 00:18:55,890
irrespective of whether it is a combination
418
00:18:55,890 --> 00:18:58,560
of birth trauma, migration, cannabis,
419
00:18:58,560 --> 00:19:01,580
psychotrauma, sexual abuse, and alcohol.
420
00:19:01,580 --> 00:19:04,500
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
421
00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:06,660
It makes no difference which ingredients
422
00:19:06,660 --> 00:19:07,893
are in our cocktail.
423
00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:12,090
The result is an extremely enhanced risk
424
00:19:12,090 --> 00:19:14,640
of someone reacting with aggression and criminality
425
00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:15,798
as an adult.
426
00:19:15,798 --> 00:19:18,030
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
427
00:19:18,030 --> 00:19:20,940
If three of those five factors are applicable,
428
00:19:20,940 --> 00:19:24,300
the probability increases to up to 50%.
429
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:25,590
It plays a major role
430
00:19:25,590 --> 00:19:29,100
if this impact occurs before the age of 17,
431
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:32,010
because up to then, the brain is highly vulnerable
432
00:19:32,010 --> 00:19:32,973
in its development.
433
00:19:34,710 --> 00:19:36,600
I think it is extremely important
434
00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:38,670
to transfer this information
435
00:19:38,670 --> 00:19:41,250
and say that if a person reveals one, two,
436
00:19:41,250 --> 00:19:43,350
or three of these risk factors,
437
00:19:43,350 --> 00:19:45,390
irrespective of what they are,
438
00:19:45,390 --> 00:19:47,130
then we must be on our guard
439
00:19:47,130 --> 00:19:50,253
and think about how we can intercept the consequences.
440
00:19:51,510 --> 00:19:53,010
In Anders Breivik's case,
441
00:19:53,010 --> 00:19:55,770
nobody intercepted any consequences.
442
00:19:55,770 --> 00:19:57,600
In Oslo at the age of 13,
443
00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:00,690
he embarked on a career as a sprayer and tagger.
444
00:20:00,690 --> 00:20:02,610
He wanted to belong.
445
00:20:02,610 --> 00:20:04,290
In those early teenage years,
446
00:20:04,290 --> 00:20:07,200
it was already clear what would characterize his life
447
00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:08,670
up to his crime.
448
00:20:08,670 --> 00:20:10,530
He wanted to play with the big boys,
449
00:20:10,530 --> 00:20:12,090
not only to be in the group,
450
00:20:12,090 --> 00:20:13,893
but also one of its leaders.
451
00:20:16,050 --> 00:20:18,300
Actually, he was always an outsider.
452
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:20,880
He always made every attempt to join a group,
453
00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:22,020
but most people noticed
454
00:20:22,020 --> 00:20:23,850
that there was something strange about him
455
00:20:23,850 --> 00:20:26,040
and didn't want anything to do with him.
456
00:20:26,040 --> 00:20:28,350
To some extent, they didn't take him seriously
457
00:20:28,350 --> 00:20:31,413
or they even found him spooky and kept their distance.
458
00:20:32,460 --> 00:20:34,740
At this time, Anders Breivik had friends
459
00:20:34,740 --> 00:20:36,090
who tagged with him,
460
00:20:36,090 --> 00:20:38,790
but basically the tagging scene made fun of him,
461
00:20:38,790 --> 00:20:40,290
laughing at his ambitions,
462
00:20:40,290 --> 00:20:42,660
the way he walked and the way he dressed.
463
00:20:42,660 --> 00:20:44,610
He just didn't fit in.
464
00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:47,010
In the end, the tagger gang turned against him
465
00:20:47,010 --> 00:20:49,237
and so did other people he knew.
466
00:20:49,237 --> 00:20:50,790
"He was always the odd man out,"
467
00:20:50,790 --> 00:20:53,100
his friend said after the killing spree.
468
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:55,450
At some point, they'd simply had enough of him.
469
00:20:57,270 --> 00:21:00,660
But Anders Breivik too lacked a stable family life.
470
00:21:00,660 --> 00:21:02,730
After he had been arrested several times
471
00:21:02,730 --> 00:21:05,940
for obtaining spray cans illegally and for tagging,
472
00:21:05,940 --> 00:21:09,528
his father permanently broke off all contact with him.
473
00:21:09,528 --> 00:21:12,111
(upbeat music)
474
00:21:13,740 --> 00:21:14,970
In addition to the effect
475
00:21:14,970 --> 00:21:17,250
of environmental factors on humans,
476
00:21:17,250 --> 00:21:19,470
scientists at the Max Planck Institute
477
00:21:19,470 --> 00:21:22,200
of Experimental Medicine in Gottingen, Germany,
478
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:23,520
are studying the degree
479
00:21:23,520 --> 00:21:26,340
to which aggressive behavior lies in our genes.
480
00:21:26,340 --> 00:21:27,900
It's a broad field.
481
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:30,483
(gentle music)
482
00:21:32,820 --> 00:21:34,230
Over the last few years,
483
00:21:34,230 --> 00:21:37,170
we have focused specifically on just a few genes
484
00:21:37,170 --> 00:21:38,790
and drawn up mouse models
485
00:21:38,790 --> 00:21:42,325
which show a genetic change in one or two of these genes.
486
00:21:42,325 --> 00:21:46,800
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
487
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:48,660
In manipulating suitable candidates
488
00:21:48,660 --> 00:21:49,830
in an animal mode,
489
00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:52,260
attention is paid to whether aggressive behavior
490
00:21:52,260 --> 00:21:53,880
is intensified.
491
00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:56,220
In this way, researchers want to find out
492
00:21:56,220 --> 00:21:59,370
if a certain gene really does control aggression.
493
00:21:59,370 --> 00:22:02,130
The researchers apply a special mouse experiment
494
00:22:02,130 --> 00:22:04,773
known as the resident-intruder paradigm.
495
00:22:06,281 --> 00:22:08,223
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
496
00:22:08,223 --> 00:22:09,900
This means that we have a mouse
497
00:22:09,900 --> 00:22:11,762
living alone in a cage.
498
00:22:11,762 --> 00:22:15,210
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
499
00:22:15,210 --> 00:22:18,933
Suddenly it finds another mouse has been placed in its cage.
500
00:22:20,152 --> 00:22:23,400
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
501
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,310
We then observe how the resident becomes violent
502
00:22:26,310 --> 00:22:30,087
when a young cheeky male mouse suddenly moves in.
503
00:22:30,087 --> 00:22:34,670
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
504
00:22:35,880 --> 00:22:37,620
Of decisive importance
505
00:22:37,620 --> 00:22:41,190
is how long it takes for the mouse to attack the intruder.
506
00:22:41,190 --> 00:22:43,320
The assumption is that male mice
507
00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:45,570
with the manipulated aggression gene
508
00:22:45,570 --> 00:22:46,860
will attack more quickly
509
00:22:46,860 --> 00:22:49,800
than others of the same species.
510
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:51,210
The one mouse is not happy
511
00:22:51,210 --> 00:22:54,180
that the intruder is lying in its bed.
512
00:22:54,180 --> 00:22:55,590
It's not immediate,
513
00:22:55,590 --> 00:22:59,193
but slowly the intensity begins to build up.
514
00:23:03,450 --> 00:23:04,740
Now they're wrestling.
515
00:23:04,740 --> 00:23:07,083
Soon the researchers will have to intervene.
516
00:23:08,340 --> 00:23:09,510
The experiment is stopped
517
00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:12,360
before one of the animals gets hurt.
518
00:23:12,360 --> 00:23:13,890
The object of the experiment
519
00:23:13,890 --> 00:23:15,870
is to determine the number of genes
520
00:23:15,870 --> 00:23:17,970
which influence our behavior.
521
00:23:17,970 --> 00:23:19,710
The advantage of the mouse models
522
00:23:19,710 --> 00:23:23,370
is that the results can often be applied to humans.
523
00:23:23,370 --> 00:23:24,870
With both mice and humans,
524
00:23:24,870 --> 00:23:28,080
researchers are interested in the expression of a gene,
525
00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:31,470
as it's known the process by which genetic information
526
00:23:31,470 --> 00:23:35,043
is translated and made usable in the cell as protein.
527
00:23:37,397 --> 00:23:40,230
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
528
00:23:40,230 --> 00:23:43,500
We studied one gene, MECP2, in the mouse
529
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:46,470
and were able to determine that it really is associated
530
00:23:46,470 --> 00:23:48,150
with aggressive behavior.
531
00:23:48,150 --> 00:23:49,860
When the expression of the gene,
532
00:23:49,860 --> 00:23:52,114
the protein volume changes.
533
00:23:52,114 --> 00:23:56,670
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
534
00:23:56,670 --> 00:24:00,030
And we really did succeed in showing that this gene,
535
00:24:00,030 --> 00:24:02,880
when it changes its expression in humans,
536
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:04,883
produces greater aggression.
537
00:24:04,883 --> 00:24:09,030
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
538
00:24:09,030 --> 00:24:11,520
In animals like these chimpanzees,
539
00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,280
brutal aggression is rarely unmotivated.
540
00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:18,240
Rank, territory, and mating rights are fought over,
541
00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:21,030
but such conflicts rarely have a fatal outcome.
542
00:24:21,030 --> 00:24:22,800
In competition situations,
543
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:26,520
dominant male chimpanzees display the same physical reaction
544
00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:28,200
as male humans.
545
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,380
The aggressive behavior is regulated by the sex hormone,
546
00:24:31,380 --> 00:24:32,820
testosterone.
547
00:24:32,820 --> 00:24:35,356
So, is evil a male characteristic?
548
00:24:35,356 --> 00:24:38,243
(chimpanzees screaming)
549
00:24:38,243 --> 00:24:41,250
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
550
00:24:41,250 --> 00:24:43,890
As an extremely diplomatic answer,
551
00:24:43,890 --> 00:24:48,390
I would say that aggression is easier to identify in males.
552
00:24:48,390 --> 00:24:50,490
Going for one another, fighting,
553
00:24:50,490 --> 00:24:53,730
or as in the case of the mouse, attacking a rival,
554
00:24:53,730 --> 00:24:56,130
is more of a male reaction.
555
00:24:56,130 --> 00:24:59,970
You might say in reply that some women even box.
556
00:24:59,970 --> 00:25:01,650
Indeed they do,
557
00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:04,620
and this means developing a certain degree of aggression
558
00:25:04,620 --> 00:25:07,203
because in sport too aggression is important.
559
00:25:08,670 --> 00:25:10,650
If your aggression is inhibited,
560
00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:13,140
you won't be able to box,
561
00:25:13,140 --> 00:25:15,543
but that is certainly not the prototype.
562
00:25:18,210 --> 00:25:19,620
Professor Svenja Taubner
563
00:25:19,620 --> 00:25:21,600
from the University of Heidelberg
564
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:24,630
works with so-called antisocial adolescents.
565
00:25:24,630 --> 00:25:27,210
She treats young people who have attracted attention
566
00:25:27,210 --> 00:25:29,403
through their disturbed social behavior.
567
00:25:30,450 --> 00:25:33,513
This also includes violent crime and aggressive behavior.
568
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:39,150
There's no way I want to be a victim.
569
00:25:39,150 --> 00:25:41,580
That is a central issue for the adolescents
570
00:25:41,580 --> 00:25:42,753
in therapy with me.
571
00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:46,770
On no account do they want to become a victim.
572
00:25:46,770 --> 00:25:48,750
Victim is a dirty word,
573
00:25:48,750 --> 00:25:52,050
and so a certain degree of strength has to be shown.
574
00:25:52,050 --> 00:25:54,930
That is also massive motivation to commit crimes
575
00:25:54,930 --> 00:25:56,737
or display aggressive behavior.
576
00:25:56,737 --> 00:26:00,960
(Svenja speaking foreign language)
577
00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:03,150
Research into the brain helps scientists
578
00:26:03,150 --> 00:26:06,480
to understand the mechanics of violence in adolescents.
579
00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:08,250
The brains of those young people
580
00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:10,170
prepared to resort to violent
581
00:26:10,170 --> 00:26:12,480
reveal different activation patterns
582
00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:14,970
from those of non-violent adolescents.
583
00:26:14,970 --> 00:26:17,190
In order to test this in a scan,
584
00:26:17,190 --> 00:26:19,290
they were shown different situations,
585
00:26:19,290 --> 00:26:21,150
some of which were threatening.
586
00:26:21,150 --> 00:26:24,450
In cases of extreme threat with non-violent adolescents,
587
00:26:24,450 --> 00:26:27,420
a kind of shock-induced paralysis set in
588
00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:30,540
which initially allowed them to assess the situation.
589
00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:33,120
But the adolescents who were ready to use violence
590
00:26:33,120 --> 00:26:35,035
reacted differently.
591
00:26:35,035 --> 00:26:36,720
(Svenja speaking foreign language)
592
00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:38,010
The aggressive young men
593
00:26:38,010 --> 00:26:40,770
didn't have this shock-induced paralysis.
594
00:26:40,770 --> 00:26:43,290
The activation here shows that they would go straight
595
00:26:43,290 --> 00:26:44,880
into reaction mode.
596
00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:46,623
They would either flee or fight.
597
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:50,910
Where do we have to start
598
00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:53,040
to prevent a pathological development
599
00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:54,813
in aggressive adolescents?
600
00:26:56,340 --> 00:26:58,410
In addition to biological factors,
601
00:26:58,410 --> 00:27:00,870
social factors in particular favor the risk
602
00:27:00,870 --> 00:27:02,793
of disturbed social behavior.
603
00:27:04,020 --> 00:27:07,743
Difficulties in early relationships neglect abuse.
604
00:27:09,870 --> 00:27:12,510
The best intervention is family therapy,
605
00:27:12,510 --> 00:27:14,610
working with families and intervening
606
00:27:14,610 --> 00:27:17,093
at as early stage as possible.
607
00:27:17,093 --> 00:27:19,020
(Svenja speaking foreign language)
608
00:27:19,020 --> 00:27:21,810
The best thing to do is to give adolescents and children
609
00:27:21,810 --> 00:27:24,360
a feeling of self-value, acknowledgement,
610
00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:27,540
and the ability to be able to perceive others and themselves
611
00:27:27,540 --> 00:27:28,863
in an empathetic way.
612
00:27:30,386 --> 00:27:33,180
(suspenseful music)
613
00:27:33,180 --> 00:27:34,680
We have all encountered evil
614
00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:36,027
at some time or other,
615
00:27:36,027 --> 00:27:38,040
but it remains abstract.
616
00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:41,553
It can't be measured, it can't be categorized or grasped.
617
00:27:42,540 --> 00:27:44,550
It changes its appearance,
618
00:27:44,550 --> 00:27:47,507
adapting to what we want to understand of it.
619
00:27:47,507 --> 00:27:50,760
(suspenseful music)
620
00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:54,903
Often not even the person doing evil recognizes it,
621
00:27:56,190 --> 00:27:58,881
even when the evil is inside them.
622
00:27:58,881 --> 00:28:01,881
(suspenseful music)
623
00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:07,620
For a doctor, evil is basically a series
624
00:28:07,620 --> 00:28:10,140
of destructive modes of behavior,
625
00:28:10,140 --> 00:28:12,060
which a person doesn't think about
626
00:28:12,060 --> 00:28:14,930
because they themselves don't see them as evil.
627
00:28:14,930 --> 00:28:18,063
It is extremely rare for evil to claim to be evil.
628
00:28:19,833 --> 00:28:20,820
I don't really believe
629
00:28:20,820 --> 00:28:23,673
that there's such a thing as evil action per se.
630
00:28:24,660 --> 00:28:27,960
So in this respect, we need to rethink a little.
631
00:28:27,960 --> 00:28:30,150
Each person acts in their reality
632
00:28:30,150 --> 00:28:33,765
or in their biological conception in a specific way.
633
00:28:33,765 --> 00:28:35,850
(Anke speaking foreign language)
634
00:28:35,850 --> 00:28:38,490
Science, however, is absolutely central
635
00:28:38,490 --> 00:28:41,340
with regard to why a certain mode of behavior
636
00:28:41,340 --> 00:28:44,010
seems to be the best option to a certain person
637
00:28:44,010 --> 00:28:45,423
at a certain point of time.
638
00:28:47,910 --> 00:28:49,980
Science focuses on the dark side
639
00:28:49,980 --> 00:28:51,690
of a person's character.
640
00:28:51,690 --> 00:28:53,970
At the University of Koblenz-Landau,
641
00:28:53,970 --> 00:28:57,090
Cognitive Psychologist, Professor Benjamin Hilbig,
642
00:28:57,090 --> 00:28:59,160
and his colleagues have even developed
643
00:28:59,160 --> 00:29:03,660
a kind of measuring instrument they call the dark factor.
644
00:29:03,660 --> 00:29:07,110
The theory behind it is that all dark characteristics
645
00:29:07,110 --> 00:29:09,633
of a human being have a common denominator.
646
00:29:10,758 --> 00:29:13,230
(Benjamin speaking foreign language)
647
00:29:13,230 --> 00:29:15,300
Basically, this common denominator
648
00:29:15,300 --> 00:29:18,180
is the tendency to maximize one's own advantage
649
00:29:18,180 --> 00:29:19,683
at the cost of someone else.
650
00:29:21,510 --> 00:29:24,510
This is done partly by ignoring the harm they have suffered.
651
00:29:26,130 --> 00:29:28,860
One particular finding of the dark factor
652
00:29:28,860 --> 00:29:32,250
is that more unites egoists, Machiavelli persons,
653
00:29:32,250 --> 00:29:35,250
narcissists, psychopaths, and sadists
654
00:29:35,250 --> 00:29:36,423
than separates them.
655
00:29:38,580 --> 00:29:39,450
First and foremost,
656
00:29:39,450 --> 00:29:41,220
what is really part of this dark factor
657
00:29:41,220 --> 00:29:43,500
is that a person is absolutely full of himself,
658
00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:45,780
he believes that he deserves more than others,
659
00:29:45,780 --> 00:29:47,040
but there are many other convictions
660
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:48,840
which justify such behavior.
661
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:50,070
I might believe, for example,
662
00:29:50,070 --> 00:29:51,240
that the world is evil,
663
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,580
a violent place where everyone is fighting for himself,
664
00:29:53,580 --> 00:29:55,380
so that's what I have to do.
665
00:29:55,380 --> 00:29:57,600
Basically, I have to protect myself from the others
666
00:29:57,600 --> 00:29:59,460
who only want to exploit me anyway.
667
00:29:59,460 --> 00:30:02,370
I might also believe that there is no such thing as justice,
668
00:30:02,370 --> 00:30:04,770
so my behavior can't be evil or wrong.
669
00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:07,620
All these are convictions that justify forms of behavior
670
00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:10,053
which a person might perhaps not show otherwise.
671
00:30:12,570 --> 00:30:15,420
To determine the level of a person's dark factor,
672
00:30:15,420 --> 00:30:18,180
professor Hilbig relies on questionnaires
673
00:30:18,180 --> 00:30:22,174
and behavioral experiments like the dictator game.
674
00:30:22,174 --> 00:30:24,450
(upbeat music)
675
00:30:24,450 --> 00:30:27,030
Test persons receive a certain sum of money,
676
00:30:27,030 --> 00:30:28,530
and normally unobserved,
677
00:30:28,530 --> 00:30:31,388
have to share it with an anonymous stranger.
678
00:30:31,388 --> 00:30:33,971
(upbeat music)
679
00:30:35,370 --> 00:30:37,350
This can be seen as an extremely simple way
680
00:30:37,350 --> 00:30:40,770
of determining how egoistic or altruistic a person is.
681
00:30:40,770 --> 00:30:43,440
Basically, the test persons are free to divide up the sum
682
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:44,340
as they wish,
683
00:30:44,340 --> 00:30:46,440
and we don't know in each individual case
684
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:47,580
how they have done this.
685
00:30:47,580 --> 00:30:49,950
But this sharing out really does take place,
686
00:30:49,950 --> 00:30:51,810
another person does receive the money,
687
00:30:51,810 --> 00:30:54,123
so everything is genuine, so to speak.
688
00:30:56,640 --> 00:30:58,560
Experiments like the dictator game
689
00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:01,470
have a long tradition in behavioral research,
690
00:31:01,470 --> 00:31:04,023
and on average, the result is always the same.
691
00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:08,763
Around 1/3 of the test persons divide up the money equally,
692
00:31:09,870 --> 00:31:13,290
and in some rare cases, even give more than half.
693
00:31:13,290 --> 00:31:16,320
Another third gives something, but less than half.
694
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:19,500
And the final third keep everything for themselves.
695
00:31:19,500 --> 00:31:20,373
Coincidence?
696
00:31:21,390 --> 00:31:23,160
When you consider which modes of behavior
697
00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:24,570
are evident in this game,
698
00:31:24,570 --> 00:31:26,790
then each, I think, can be explained.
699
00:31:26,790 --> 00:31:28,050
I can say, why not?
700
00:31:28,050 --> 00:31:30,540
The money is here and for now it's mine.
701
00:31:30,540 --> 00:31:31,920
Why should I give it away?
702
00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:33,930
I think it's plausible to reason like that,
703
00:31:33,930 --> 00:31:36,960
especially when it corresponds to the views you hold.
704
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:39,930
You can equally say, my goodness, I've got to be fair,
705
00:31:39,930 --> 00:31:41,850
or you might want to opt for a middle cause.
706
00:31:41,850 --> 00:31:43,950
For example, it would be nice to be fair,
707
00:31:43,950 --> 00:31:44,940
but on the other hand,
708
00:31:44,940 --> 00:31:47,160
I've got the money, I've got the power,
709
00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:48,543
so I deserve a bit more.
710
00:31:51,060 --> 00:31:53,610
The dark factor doesn't claim to measure evil,
711
00:31:53,610 --> 00:31:57,720
it establishes a value for dark personal traits.
712
00:31:57,720 --> 00:32:00,930
But is it not really a bit evil for someone to keep most,
713
00:32:00,930 --> 00:32:03,183
or indeed, all of the money for themselves?
714
00:32:04,890 --> 00:32:06,450
It is not evil.
715
00:32:06,450 --> 00:32:08,160
Many economic models, in fact,
716
00:32:08,160 --> 00:32:09,930
would say it is simply rational,
717
00:32:09,930 --> 00:32:12,420
but we can also say that it's not fair
718
00:32:12,420 --> 00:32:15,180
and it's not what most normal people would expect.
719
00:32:15,180 --> 00:32:16,140
So if you ask someone
720
00:32:16,140 --> 00:32:18,060
what they would expect to find in the envelope,
721
00:32:18,060 --> 00:32:19,893
then most would say some money.
722
00:32:21,660 --> 00:32:23,790
There is only one person who can decide
723
00:32:23,790 --> 00:32:25,950
whether his behavior is justified,
724
00:32:25,950 --> 00:32:27,423
the individual himself.
725
00:32:29,190 --> 00:32:30,360
One of our central needs
726
00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:32,670
is to have a positive image of ourselves,
727
00:32:32,670 --> 00:32:35,670
to be able to say that what I am doing is acceptable.
728
00:32:35,670 --> 00:32:37,470
My actions serve a certain purpose,
729
00:32:37,470 --> 00:32:39,300
and this purpose is good and proper.
730
00:32:39,300 --> 00:32:41,670
And as long as we can claim this about ourselves,
731
00:32:41,670 --> 00:32:44,220
we are also in a position to display behavior
732
00:32:44,220 --> 00:32:46,350
which could possibly be seen by others
733
00:32:46,350 --> 00:32:48,153
as harmful or even evil.
734
00:32:50,370 --> 00:32:52,320
Developing a positive self-image
735
00:32:52,320 --> 00:32:55,560
is one of the biggest challenges facing adolescents.
736
00:32:55,560 --> 00:32:59,010
Anders Breivik changed schools several times.
737
00:32:59,010 --> 00:33:01,440
After being cold-shouldered by the taggers,
738
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:04,560
he was regarded by many fellow pupils as a loser,
739
00:33:04,560 --> 00:33:05,913
he was an outsider.
740
00:33:08,190 --> 00:33:10,020
What I find important in his case
741
00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:12,180
is that this rejection was so problematic
742
00:33:12,180 --> 00:33:13,410
because he seemed to have had
743
00:33:13,410 --> 00:33:15,900
a relatively high opinion of himself.
744
00:33:15,900 --> 00:33:19,140
Only then, of course, is rejection or failure a problem.
745
00:33:19,140 --> 00:33:21,960
You see this with out-and-out narcissists.
746
00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:24,150
They function superbly and don't have any problem
747
00:33:24,150 --> 00:33:25,740
as long as they're successful,
748
00:33:25,740 --> 00:33:27,900
as long as they find acknowledgement.
749
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,150
But if that is lacking or if they are not successful,
750
00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:32,693
then things like depressions threaten.
751
00:33:32,693 --> 00:33:35,760
(Benjamin speaking foreign language)
752
00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:38,490
His last school, a commercial secondary school,
753
00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:40,650
also proved to be a dead end.
754
00:33:40,650 --> 00:33:43,350
Breivik left without any qualifications,
755
00:33:43,350 --> 00:33:45,690
but he had other plans anyway.
756
00:33:45,690 --> 00:33:49,200
He started a part-time job with a telemarketing company,
757
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:52,380
even though he was moving in a gray area of law
758
00:33:52,380 --> 00:33:53,973
as it was described later.
759
00:33:55,500 --> 00:33:58,410
School no longer seemed important to him.
760
00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:00,900
He had also found and joined a new group.
761
00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:02,280
Breivik became involved
762
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:04,740
in the right-wing populist progress party,
763
00:34:04,740 --> 00:34:06,630
the party which opposed the tagger scene
764
00:34:06,630 --> 00:34:08,313
he had once wanted to belong to.
765
00:34:11,123 --> 00:34:15,373
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
766
00:34:17,070 --> 00:34:20,160
It is about combating what caused you pain,
767
00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:22,260
and if this party had caused him pain,
768
00:34:22,260 --> 00:34:24,210
he would've moved on to yet another party
769
00:34:24,210 --> 00:34:26,076
and then fought his previous one.
770
00:34:26,076 --> 00:34:29,850
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
771
00:34:29,850 --> 00:34:31,650
So it is always about combating
772
00:34:31,650 --> 00:34:35,010
what a person imagines has caused him suffering
773
00:34:35,010 --> 00:34:38,040
as a kind of mighty ruler passing the last judgment,
774
00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:38,947
so to speak.
775
00:34:38,947 --> 00:34:43,860
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
776
00:34:43,860 --> 00:34:44,693
At this time,
777
00:34:44,693 --> 00:34:47,550
Anders Breivik was quite successful in his job,
778
00:34:47,550 --> 00:34:49,500
albeit not always legally.
779
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,750
Within the space of a few years,
780
00:34:51,750 --> 00:34:54,300
he had earned a sizable amount of money online
781
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:56,343
with forged US diplomas,
782
00:34:57,480 --> 00:34:59,730
but he was close to being arrested.
783
00:34:59,730 --> 00:35:02,820
What's more, he had lost his last financial reserves
784
00:35:02,820 --> 00:35:04,170
on the stock market
785
00:35:04,170 --> 00:35:06,750
and in his party he had not even been considered
786
00:35:06,750 --> 00:35:08,073
for a leading position.
787
00:35:09,150 --> 00:35:10,800
Rejected once again,
788
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:13,563
Anders Breivik moved back in with his mother.
789
00:35:15,352 --> 00:35:18,810
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
790
00:35:18,810 --> 00:35:20,040
When external elements
791
00:35:20,040 --> 00:35:21,480
of someone's life collapse
792
00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:24,000
and they are faced with failure once again,
793
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,550
it is typical for radicalization to be chosen
794
00:35:26,550 --> 00:35:28,053
as an exit strategy.
795
00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:31,053
Such people have to reorientate,
796
00:35:31,914 --> 00:35:33,930
but they can't reorientate,
797
00:35:33,930 --> 00:35:35,790
they can burn all the bridges.
798
00:35:35,790 --> 00:35:38,190
There's actually nothing more to hold them back.
799
00:35:40,980 --> 00:35:42,270
Over the next five years,
800
00:35:42,270 --> 00:35:43,920
Breivik rarely left his room,
801
00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:46,800
often spending entire days on the internet.
802
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,010
He rarely met up with old friends from his childhood.
803
00:35:50,010 --> 00:35:52,170
He told them that he was collecting articles
804
00:35:52,170 --> 00:35:54,390
on the Islamization of Europe,
805
00:35:54,390 --> 00:35:57,034
but then he even broke off those contacts.
806
00:35:57,034 --> 00:35:59,640
(lively music)
807
00:35:59,640 --> 00:36:01,500
The internet provided him with the fuel
808
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:02,970
for the world of ideas
809
00:36:02,970 --> 00:36:05,790
in which Breivik was moving at the time.
810
00:36:05,790 --> 00:36:07,470
Over the first few years,
811
00:36:07,470 --> 00:36:09,990
he played excessive online games,
812
00:36:09,990 --> 00:36:13,173
but now it was very specific websites he was visiting.
813
00:36:15,270 --> 00:36:16,170
In the majority of cases,
814
00:36:16,170 --> 00:36:17,940
it's offline radicalization,
815
00:36:17,940 --> 00:36:21,390
it's your group of friends co-radicalizing each other.
816
00:36:21,390 --> 00:36:25,320
In a minority of cases, it's social interaction online.
817
00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:27,540
The idea of someone just watching videos
818
00:36:27,540 --> 00:36:29,550
without any interaction whatsoever
819
00:36:29,550 --> 00:36:32,190
or reading books without any interaction,
820
00:36:32,190 --> 00:36:34,440
the few cases that do exist,
821
00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:36,120
we can't say for sure
822
00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:38,280
that there wasn't other people involved,
823
00:36:38,280 --> 00:36:40,561
we just don't know if there were or were not.
824
00:36:40,561 --> 00:36:42,990
(gentle music)
825
00:36:42,990 --> 00:36:46,050
But how does radicalization work?
826
00:36:46,050 --> 00:36:46,883
To find out
827
00:36:46,883 --> 00:36:50,130
on behalf of an international consortium of scientists,
828
00:36:50,130 --> 00:36:53,280
Nafees Hamid spent two years carrying out research
829
00:36:53,280 --> 00:36:54,858
in a Jihadist milieu.
830
00:36:54,858 --> 00:36:56,520
(suspenseful music)
831
00:36:56,520 --> 00:36:58,170
Part of what radicalization does
832
00:36:58,170 --> 00:36:59,820
is it gives you agency again,
833
00:36:59,820 --> 00:37:00,930
it makes you feel important,
834
00:37:00,930 --> 00:37:02,760
it gives you purpose, it gives you a direction,
835
00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:05,940
it gives you action, it gives you identities and values,
836
00:37:05,940 --> 00:37:06,900
it gives you a community
837
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:08,880
that you may not even see around you,
838
00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:10,890
but you're led to believe that 100 years from now
839
00:37:10,890 --> 00:37:14,040
that community exists and is going to reward you
840
00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:16,440
for your heroic actions that you're doing today.
841
00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:21,420
What makes a person ascribe to radical ideas,
842
00:37:21,420 --> 00:37:24,690
to kill for them, to put his own life on the line,
843
00:37:24,690 --> 00:37:28,480
to place his own agenda above the well-being of others?
844
00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:31,480
(suspenseful music)
845
00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:36,000
Researchers claim that the value system
846
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:38,553
of radical terror sympathizers is askew.
847
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:40,770
Like most of his kind,
848
00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:44,970
even a Jihadist has so-called sacred and non-sacred values,
849
00:37:44,970 --> 00:37:46,413
which play a major role.
850
00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:51,840
Sacred values are values that probably most people have.
851
00:37:51,840 --> 00:37:54,930
Any moral conviction that you really strongly believe in
852
00:37:54,930 --> 00:37:56,973
could potentially be a sacred value.
853
00:37:57,870 --> 00:38:00,000
For some people, freedom of speech is a sacred value,
854
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,940
for other people, civil liberties can be a sacred value.
855
00:38:02,940 --> 00:38:06,030
It's any value that you would not negotiate on
856
00:38:06,030 --> 00:38:07,710
and you would never violate.
857
00:38:07,710 --> 00:38:09,990
And when people perceive their sacred values
858
00:38:09,990 --> 00:38:11,250
to be under threat,
859
00:38:11,250 --> 00:38:13,953
that's when they're willing to fight for those values.
860
00:38:16,650 --> 00:38:17,940
But what happens exactly
861
00:38:17,940 --> 00:38:20,043
when a sacred value is threatened?
862
00:38:21,630 --> 00:38:24,210
One answer why the Jihadists who were examined
863
00:38:24,210 --> 00:38:27,180
were prepared to commit extreme acts for their cause
864
00:38:27,180 --> 00:38:29,880
is revealed by a look into their brain.
865
00:38:29,880 --> 00:38:31,980
When they were thinking about their sacred values,
866
00:38:31,980 --> 00:38:35,820
what happened was that you had decreased activation
867
00:38:35,820 --> 00:38:37,830
in an area of the brain that's associated
868
00:38:37,830 --> 00:38:39,360
with deliberative reasoning.
869
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:41,280
So when they thought of their sacred values,
870
00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:43,473
deliberative reasoning went offline.
871
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:47,913
Sacred values are non-negotiable,
872
00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:51,873
but maybe the way they are acted out is.
873
00:38:53,130 --> 00:38:55,380
These values also seem to be important
874
00:38:55,380 --> 00:38:57,723
in the evaluation of terrorist attacks.
875
00:38:59,250 --> 00:39:02,250
Here we see that not every operation is supported
876
00:39:02,250 --> 00:39:04,200
by all Islamists.
877
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,390
So the Bataclan attack was not as popular
878
00:39:06,390 --> 00:39:08,130
amongst sympathizers.
879
00:39:08,130 --> 00:39:09,300
It got a lot of backlash.
880
00:39:09,300 --> 00:39:11,400
In fact, right after the attack,
881
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:12,990
I think there was something like 50,
882
00:39:12,990 --> 00:39:16,470
more than 50 Jihadist groups that signed a letter saying,
883
00:39:16,470 --> 00:39:18,870
we condemn these attacks.
884
00:39:18,870 --> 00:39:20,070
But that wasn't the case
885
00:39:20,070 --> 00:39:22,350
with regard to the attack on the Paris offices
886
00:39:22,350 --> 00:39:24,780
of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo
887
00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:28,260
when two Islamist assassins murdered 12 people.
888
00:39:28,260 --> 00:39:30,990
We did all these surveys on sacred values
889
00:39:30,990 --> 00:39:33,540
just amongst normal Muslims in Europe
890
00:39:33,540 --> 00:39:37,140
and the one value that was always sacred, regardless,
891
00:39:37,140 --> 00:39:41,760
even the most peaceful person, the most pacifist person,
892
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,663
was we should never draw cartoons of Prophet Mohammed.
893
00:39:46,620 --> 00:39:49,290
Anders Breivik became more and more radical.
894
00:39:49,290 --> 00:39:50,940
He now had a new mission.
895
00:39:50,940 --> 00:39:53,490
He spent days and nights surfing websites
896
00:39:53,490 --> 00:39:56,370
which reflected his crude view of the world.
897
00:39:56,370 --> 00:39:58,470
He tried in vain to establish contact
898
00:39:58,470 --> 00:40:00,180
with the leaders of the scene.
899
00:40:00,180 --> 00:40:01,860
Rejection once again.
900
00:40:01,860 --> 00:40:04,890
He was a hermit who expressed his hatred of the world
901
00:40:04,890 --> 00:40:07,890
in a 1,500-page manuscript.
902
00:40:07,890 --> 00:40:11,070
Generally you see overall fewer lone actors
903
00:40:11,070 --> 00:40:12,630
than group actors.
904
00:40:12,630 --> 00:40:15,060
And we haven't yet seen
905
00:40:15,060 --> 00:40:17,730
who the radicalizing milieu could have been,
906
00:40:17,730 --> 00:40:19,950
whether it was online or offline,
907
00:40:19,950 --> 00:40:21,600
and that's also very rare,
908
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:23,160
that's kind of exceptional.
909
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:26,310
Usually you're able to find a mentor
910
00:40:26,310 --> 00:40:29,163
or someone who's co-radicalizing a friend.
911
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:33,080
The fact that this kind of perpetrator
912
00:40:33,080 --> 00:40:34,320
is not the rule,
913
00:40:34,320 --> 00:40:35,850
but no longer the exception,
914
00:40:35,850 --> 00:40:37,620
is shown by the case of Stephan B
915
00:40:37,620 --> 00:40:39,960
from Halle in eastern Germany.
916
00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:42,510
He failed in his attempt to commit mass murder
917
00:40:42,510 --> 00:40:43,710
in a synagogue.
918
00:40:43,710 --> 00:40:46,680
Instead, he shot dead a woman in the middle of the street
919
00:40:46,680 --> 00:40:48,663
and a man in a kebab takeaway.
920
00:40:49,530 --> 00:40:51,060
In initial interrogation,
921
00:40:51,060 --> 00:40:53,760
Stephan B expressed right-wing extremist
922
00:40:53,760 --> 00:40:55,800
and anti-Semitic motives.
923
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:57,840
He described himself as a loner,
924
00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,540
saying he'd never had friends or a girlfriend.
925
00:41:00,540 --> 00:41:04,236
He was, quote, "A discontented white man."
926
00:41:04,236 --> 00:41:07,236
(suspenseful music)
927
00:41:08,379 --> 00:41:11,010
(Daniel speaking foreign language)
928
00:41:11,010 --> 00:41:12,660
When you look at the biographies
929
00:41:12,660 --> 00:41:15,360
and the writings of mass murderers,
930
00:41:15,360 --> 00:41:17,130
it's most surprising to see
931
00:41:17,130 --> 00:41:19,890
that they all say the same thing,
932
00:41:19,890 --> 00:41:22,320
I've had a rotten life.
933
00:41:22,320 --> 00:41:25,680
Women have never been interested in me.
934
00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:27,273
I've lived in a nightmare.
935
00:41:28,986 --> 00:41:31,470
(suspenseful music)
936
00:41:31,470 --> 00:41:33,450
There are alarming parallels
937
00:41:33,450 --> 00:41:36,810
between Stephan B's life and that of Anders Breivik,
938
00:41:36,810 --> 00:41:40,050
a young man cut off from society who lived with his mother
939
00:41:40,050 --> 00:41:43,110
in a room with the door permanently closed.
940
00:41:43,110 --> 00:41:45,210
Stephan B also found his right-wing
941
00:41:45,210 --> 00:41:46,680
extremist view of the world
942
00:41:46,680 --> 00:41:49,410
confirmed in anonymous internet forums,
943
00:41:49,410 --> 00:41:51,570
and before committing his crime,
944
00:41:51,570 --> 00:41:53,700
left behind a manifesto.
945
00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:57,300
A lost biography, an inevitable development?
946
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:00,180
Experts are of a different opinion.
947
00:42:00,180 --> 00:42:02,370
They believe there can be a turning point
948
00:42:02,370 --> 00:42:05,400
in everyone's life which changes everything,
949
00:42:05,400 --> 00:42:07,830
but that wasn't the case with Anders Breivik.
950
00:42:07,830 --> 00:42:10,140
He rented a farm outside Oslo
951
00:42:10,140 --> 00:42:11,730
and prepared to carry out a crime
952
00:42:11,730 --> 00:42:14,700
he had spent years planning meticulously.
953
00:42:14,700 --> 00:42:17,940
He purchased several tons of artificial fertilizer,
954
00:42:17,940 --> 00:42:21,300
using it to make various explosive charges.
955
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:24,180
He honed his body, he took steroids,
956
00:42:24,180 --> 00:42:25,740
he practiced shooting,
957
00:42:25,740 --> 00:42:28,650
and he also trained how to react with minimal emotion
958
00:42:28,650 --> 00:42:30,120
when the day came.
959
00:42:30,120 --> 00:42:34,274
But can empathy be switched on and off like a lamp?
960
00:42:34,274 --> 00:42:39,240
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
961
00:42:39,240 --> 00:42:41,430
We know from a totally different case,
962
00:42:41,430 --> 00:42:43,710
that of the 9/11 terrorists,
963
00:42:43,710 --> 00:42:46,080
that in his will, Mohamed Atta, for example,
964
00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:47,550
had stated categorically
965
00:42:47,550 --> 00:42:50,130
that it was essential not to think of other people
966
00:42:50,130 --> 00:42:52,630
because that would stop you carrying out the deed.
967
00:42:54,540 --> 00:42:56,820
So assassins definitely calculate
968
00:42:56,820 --> 00:42:58,740
what kind of a situation they might encounter
969
00:42:58,740 --> 00:43:01,920
that would prevent them from implementing their plan.
970
00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:04,233
They prepare mentally for this contingency.
971
00:43:06,150 --> 00:43:09,150
Breivik killed many of his victims face to face.
972
00:43:09,150 --> 00:43:10,800
He showed no sympathy.
973
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:12,060
At the end of the day,
974
00:43:12,060 --> 00:43:14,043
77 people were dead.
975
00:43:18,510 --> 00:43:21,240
A killer like Anders Breivik is quickly regarded
976
00:43:21,240 --> 00:43:22,680
as mentally ill.
977
00:43:22,680 --> 00:43:25,623
His crime seemed simply too monstrous.
978
00:43:26,820 --> 00:43:31,110
And indeed, an initial assessment diagnosed schizophrenia,
979
00:43:31,110 --> 00:43:33,180
an evaluation which caused a few roar
980
00:43:33,180 --> 00:43:34,803
among the people of Norway.
981
00:43:40,170 --> 00:43:41,760
We are talking about a man
982
00:43:41,760 --> 00:43:44,190
who had planned his deed for years,
983
00:43:44,190 --> 00:43:45,300
announced it,
984
00:43:45,300 --> 00:43:48,867
and then carried it out meticulously in two phases,
985
00:43:48,867 --> 00:43:52,440
and in doing so, sought maximum publicity.
986
00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:55,680
So from a legal and medical point of view,
987
00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:59,520
with such organization and continuity involved,
988
00:43:59,520 --> 00:44:01,083
I find it impossible to say
989
00:44:01,083 --> 00:44:05,493
that the deed can only be explained as a mental disorder.
990
00:44:06,420 --> 00:44:09,064
That is out of the question.
991
00:44:09,064 --> 00:44:13,314
(Daniel speaking foreign language)
992
00:44:14,580 --> 00:44:15,540
And the Norwegians
993
00:44:15,540 --> 00:44:18,330
didn't accept the initial diagnosis either.
994
00:44:18,330 --> 00:44:21,090
It was an acid test for the stricken country.
995
00:44:21,090 --> 00:44:23,250
Its liberal population were stunned
996
00:44:23,250 --> 00:44:25,290
by the medical assessment.
997
00:44:25,290 --> 00:44:28,110
Can a perpetrator not be criminally liable
998
00:44:28,110 --> 00:44:29,760
because of mental illness,
999
00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:32,310
even though he planned the most evil of deeds
1000
00:44:32,310 --> 00:44:34,413
in great detail over many years?
1001
00:44:36,388 --> 00:44:38,670
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
1002
00:44:38,670 --> 00:44:39,870
In normal civil life
1003
00:44:39,870 --> 00:44:42,210
there are also people with personality disorders
1004
00:44:42,210 --> 00:44:43,680
who are a pain in the neck,
1005
00:44:43,680 --> 00:44:45,480
but managed to get by.
1006
00:44:45,480 --> 00:44:46,710
In normative terms,
1007
00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:48,990
what is of interest in a constitutional state
1008
00:44:48,990 --> 00:44:52,050
is the degree to which a person's ability to cope with life
1009
00:44:52,050 --> 00:44:54,633
is inhibited by their personality disorder.
1010
00:44:55,770 --> 00:44:57,960
And I must say that Anders Breivik
1011
00:44:57,960 --> 00:45:00,780
had a relatively large number of balances,
1012
00:45:00,780 --> 00:45:03,390
including all his deception campaigns,
1013
00:45:03,390 --> 00:45:05,670
so he coped very well in life.
1014
00:45:05,670 --> 00:45:08,070
He had the potential to handle his life differently
1015
00:45:08,070 --> 00:45:09,273
in some way or other.
1016
00:45:10,890 --> 00:45:13,680
The court ordered a second expert's report
1017
00:45:13,680 --> 00:45:16,200
and it came to a different conclusion.
1018
00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:18,543
Breivik was criminally liable.
1019
00:45:19,500 --> 00:45:21,810
He was sentenced to 21 years in jail
1020
00:45:21,810 --> 00:45:23,943
to be followed by preventive detention.
1021
00:45:25,920 --> 00:45:29,880
Our legal system is based on the concept of free will.
1022
00:45:29,880 --> 00:45:31,860
This assumes that, as a rule,
1023
00:45:31,860 --> 00:45:35,850
a perpetrator consciously decides to commit a criminal act.
1024
00:45:35,850 --> 00:45:39,180
But is this system still in keeping with the times,
1025
00:45:39,180 --> 00:45:40,920
or do we need to take new findings
1026
00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:43,380
in the fields of gene genetics and epigenetics
1027
00:45:43,380 --> 00:45:46,593
into account and assessing and sentencing an offender?
1028
00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:48,713
In the past,
1029
00:45:48,713 --> 00:45:50,940
there have already been several court judgements
1030
00:45:50,940 --> 00:45:53,190
in which genes played a role.
1031
00:45:53,190 --> 00:45:54,660
In Italy, for instance,
1032
00:45:54,660 --> 00:45:56,610
a killer was given a lighter sentence
1033
00:45:56,610 --> 00:45:59,160
because an expert's report confirmed
1034
00:45:59,160 --> 00:46:02,490
that he had a predisposition towards violence.
1035
00:46:02,490 --> 00:46:06,227
But what role will biological factors play in future?
1036
00:46:06,227 --> 00:46:08,810
(lively music)
1037
00:46:11,370 --> 00:46:12,450
I think it's ridiculous
1038
00:46:12,450 --> 00:46:14,970
to give someone an MRI scan and then say,
1039
00:46:14,970 --> 00:46:16,950
he couldn't help doing what he did.
1040
00:46:16,950 --> 00:46:18,060
You then have to ask,
1041
00:46:18,060 --> 00:46:21,409
what else wasn't he capable of in everyday life?
1042
00:46:21,409 --> 00:46:23,700
And I can be a gambling addict and rob a bank
1043
00:46:23,700 --> 00:46:25,680
and be not criminally liable
1044
00:46:25,680 --> 00:46:28,130
because everything else in my life has gone awry.
1045
00:46:29,190 --> 00:46:31,350
And I have a personality differentiation
1046
00:46:31,350 --> 00:46:33,480
as a result of this addictive process,
1047
00:46:33,480 --> 00:46:36,300
which doctors regard as so pathological
1048
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:38,730
that it has to be compared with schizophrenia.
1049
00:46:38,730 --> 00:46:41,883
But criminal law operates in such an individual way.
1050
00:46:44,250 --> 00:46:45,600
Up until a few years ago,
1051
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:47,250
the voices of experts claiming
1052
00:46:47,250 --> 00:46:50,463
that evil was to be sought in our genes were a lot louder.
1053
00:46:51,900 --> 00:46:55,473
Today, even leading scientists take a more rational view.
1054
00:46:57,750 --> 00:46:59,850
I think that the level of aggression
1055
00:46:59,850 --> 00:47:02,070
can be influenced genetically,
1056
00:47:02,070 --> 00:47:04,260
but so many other genes are present
1057
00:47:04,260 --> 00:47:05,973
which have a protective effect.
1058
00:47:07,620 --> 00:47:10,410
In other words, they modulate the degree of aggression
1059
00:47:10,410 --> 00:47:12,300
through other characteristics
1060
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:14,640
so that we can certainly not say,
1061
00:47:14,640 --> 00:47:18,780
if a person has this gene, he or she will become a killer.
1062
00:47:18,780 --> 00:47:20,280
So in this respect,
1063
00:47:20,280 --> 00:47:22,100
I would be very, very careful.
1064
00:47:22,100 --> 00:47:25,110
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
1065
00:47:25,110 --> 00:47:28,080
I hope and believe that judgment will never be passed
1066
00:47:28,080 --> 00:47:31,480
on a person solely on the basis of genetic information.
1067
00:47:31,480 --> 00:47:36,180
(Ehrenreich speaking foreign language)
1068
00:47:36,180 --> 00:47:37,830
Evil is invisible,
1069
00:47:37,830 --> 00:47:39,900
yet it has many faces.
1070
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:43,110
Today it's going into a hiding more and more,
1071
00:47:43,110 --> 00:47:45,270
forming groups or radicalizing itself
1072
00:47:45,270 --> 00:47:47,160
in its own cutoff world,
1073
00:47:47,160 --> 00:47:49,200
and then in individual cases,
1074
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:53,280
suddenly reemerging in the form of lone wolf terrorism
1075
00:47:53,280 --> 00:47:55,890
with fatal consequences for the victim.
1076
00:47:55,890 --> 00:47:58,350
But how can a modern democratic state
1077
00:47:58,350 --> 00:48:01,710
protect itself from evil?
1078
00:48:01,710 --> 00:48:04,320
Radicalization reduces complexity,
1079
00:48:04,320 --> 00:48:06,093
that's what makes it so attractive.
1080
00:48:07,905 --> 00:48:10,710
(Nahlah speaking foreign language)
1081
00:48:10,710 --> 00:48:13,710
I believe that the biggest challenge for complex societies
1082
00:48:13,710 --> 00:48:16,830
lies in enabling people to live in these complex societies
1083
00:48:16,830 --> 00:48:20,073
and have an inner compass within these societies,
1084
00:48:21,780 --> 00:48:24,693
and that means making people emotionally mature.
1085
00:48:26,640 --> 00:48:29,267
What can we do for our children?
1086
00:48:29,267 --> 00:48:30,457
Give them something perhaps,
1087
00:48:30,457 --> 00:48:33,300
give them the capacity for rebellion,
1088
00:48:33,300 --> 00:48:37,080
teach them to be themselves and not to renounce that,
1089
00:48:37,080 --> 00:48:38,940
not to melt within a group
1090
00:48:38,940 --> 00:48:40,440
the moment history calls
1091
00:48:40,440 --> 00:48:43,113
for its murderous collective impulses.
1092
00:48:44,836 --> 00:48:47,836
(suspenseful music)
1093
00:48:48,960 --> 00:48:51,753
There is no clear recipe against evil.
1094
00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:57,540
Step-by-step, science is decoding its biography,
1095
00:48:57,540 --> 00:49:01,120
its origins, its forms, and its motives
1096
00:49:02,490 --> 00:49:07,490
in order to be able to intervene before evil strikes.
1097
00:49:07,683 --> 00:49:10,683
(suspenseful music)
79772
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