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present
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Boris Valentinovitch Yakovenko, philosopher, writer,
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the author of the book “The History of the Great Russian Revolution”
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The news from Petrograd took long time to get to Italy.
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Neither the newspapers nor telegrams could keep up
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with the pace with which the events were developing.
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Hundreds of kilometers and frontlines separated the Russian revolutionary
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Boris Yakovenko from his motherland.
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However, even being far away from Russia
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Yakovenko could see the decisive events brewing there.
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The History of the Russian Revolution. February. Episode Four
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By the evening of February 27, 1917 the chaos in the city reached its peak.
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The rebellious troops joined the crowds of demonstrators.
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Almost all state bodies ceased their existence.
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The crowd was ransacking shops, state establishments and prisons.
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The soldiers were shooting their officers in the streets.
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The Russian Emperor found out about those events
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when the legitimate authorities were almost non-existent in the city.
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The danger of the chaos encompassing the country and the army was evident.
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Nicolay II waited all day of February 27,
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realizing that sending troops to Petrograd would result in thousands of victims.
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However, by the evening it was clear that the troops should move
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towards the capital to restore order.
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General Nicolay Ivanov was appointed to head them.
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Ivanov Nicolay Iudovitch, Artillery General,
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the hero of the Russian-Turkish and the Russian-Japanese wars.
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At the beginning of the First World War,
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he was the commander of the South-Western Front.
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Under his head, the Russian troops achieved the first loud victories
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and seized Lvov. During the Great Retreat of the Russian army
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he was dismissed from his post and appointed to work with the Emperor
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at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief.
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Nicolay II trusted him completely.
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The old general was entrusted with a mammoth task –
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to extinguish the revolutionary fire in the capital in the shortest term
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without spilling excess blood.
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I’m happy to assist Your Highness, but how may we do it?
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From the very beginning,
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Ivanov had doubts about the success of his endeavour.
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Here, gentlemen…
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The General had wide competence.
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He was appointed the commander of the Petrograd military district,
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had a right to send any suspicious person to the court martial,
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form the new government and appoint ministers.
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Here you go. Study this.
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The head of the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief General Alexeyev
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ordered to send units whose loyalty was beyond any doubts at Ivanov’s disposal.
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Soon it became clear that a few days were needed to gather the troops.
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However, they needed to act without any delay.
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Ivanov left for the Tsarskoye Selo without waiting for the troops.
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He had only one battalion with him – 800 soldiers instead of 40,000 people.
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This is all.
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Revolution was raging on in Petrograd.
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The Tavria Palace where the State Duma used to have its sessions,
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became its center and headquarters. In a matter of hours,
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the bravest dreams of the Russian oppositional liberals came true.
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The Volyn Regiment
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Say Hello to Our Comrades in the Trenches
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At the same time, an event happened, which few people noticed then,
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but which had a fateful influence over the entire course of the national history.
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On February 27, a group of three men arrive at the Tavria Palace
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and asked to be allotted a room for a meeting.
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They called themselves the Executive Committee
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of the Council of the Working Deputies.
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The committee was represented by the deputy of the Duma Tchkheidze
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as well as Gvozdev and Bogdanov, two ex-prisoners and members
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of the Working Group of the Central Military and Industrial Committee.
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That Working Group was involved in organizing mass strikes
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in Petrograd at the dawn of the revolution.
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The representatives of the Committee got a room for a meeting,
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and at night of February 28, their first session took place.
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Tchkheidze was the chairman, and Skobelev and Kerenskiy became his deputies.
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An appeal was written “To the Population of Petrograd and Russia”
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and the creation of its own armed force – the working police - was approved.
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The session was very emotional.
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The audience listened to the agitators not understanding well
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who they were and whom they were representing.
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The people present at the session had no idea that they became witnesses
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of a historical event – before their eyes, a new power was formed
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which soon became well-known as the Petrograd Council
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of the Deputies From Workers and Soldiers.
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The Councils were the alternative authorities elected by the population.
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They first appeared during the revolution of 1905.
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After its failure, they ceased to exist.
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In 1917, the Councils were formed out of the so-called Working Group
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of the Central Military and Industrial Committee
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which with the help of the oppositional politicians became the organizer
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of mass disturbances in Petrograd.
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Tchkheidze, Gvozdev, Bogdamov and Kerenskiy weren’t elected there.
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Using the revolutionary chaos to their benefit,
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they in fact appointed themselves to head the Council
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and announced the Council to be a body representing the will of the people.
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The Temporary Executive Committee that they created
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appealed to the workers to elect one deputy for each thousand of workers
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and one soldier for each company.
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There was not a single Bolshevik in the Council.
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In future, the Councils sabotaged most of the decisions
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of the Temporary Government trying to seize the power.
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By autumn of 1917, thanks to the efforts of Lenin and his comrades,
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the Bolsheviks seized the power in the Councils. From that time on,
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the Councils became the name for the Bolshevik Soviet power.
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At the first meeting of the Executive Committee of the Council
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it was evident that the victorious opposition wasn’t by any means
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a unified political force. Anybody who was more active, pressing
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and aggressive could seize the power in the state.
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The decision to create Its own armed forces
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demonstrated the Council’s clear intention to usurp power.
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Many deputies, for instance Kerenskiy, worked both at the Council
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and at the Temporary Committee of the State Duma.
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The Temporary Committee headed by Rodzyanko knew that they should act fast.
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That was why at night of February 28 the Committee declared
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that it undertook the full authority
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in the state and published the relevant appeal.
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The members of the Temporary Committee were nervous.
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They knew that the detachment of General Ivanov was on its way to the capital.
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Rodzyanko had declared the seizure of the power and could be executed for that.
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However, he kept repeating in fear: “I don’t want to rebel.
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I don’t want to push any revolutions!”
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Still, the first actions of the new authorities
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spoke clearly of their intentions.
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At Rodzyanko’s order, the Tsar’s portrait that was hanging at the Duma
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was taken down and torn to pieces.
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Rodzyanko was busy sending telegrams to Alexeyev and commanders of the fronts
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with requests to keep calm. Many remembered the night
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from February 27 to February 28 to drag on for eternity.
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Italy, 1917
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From the book of Boris Yakovenko “History of the Great Russian Revolution:
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“The people’s troops captured the Admiralty
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where some members of the old government were still hiding,
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the Winter and the Mariinskiy Palaces
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together with the Fortress of Peter and Paul
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fell into the revolutionaries’ hands early in the morning…”
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Crowds of excited residents of Petrograd gathered
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with the red banners by the State Duma.
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Those red banners and bows as well as the address “comrade” or “citizen”
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were introduced not by the Bolsheviks but during those February events.
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Delegations were arriving at the Tavria Palace,
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deputies were delivering speeches under the endless shouts of “Hurray!”.
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The noise was never ending.
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The crowd also brought arrested officers and officials there.
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Ex-Prime-Ministers Boris Shturmer and 70-year old Ivan Goremykin
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were among the arrested. The old man was thrown off his bed
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and arrived at the building of the Duma looking weirdly:
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he had the medal of Andrey the First-Called,
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the highest award of the Emperor,
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pinned on top of his night dress. Soon General Khabalov was detained too.
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The Minister of the Internal Affairs Protopopov came to surrender.
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Kerenskiy had barely managed to save him from lynching.
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At that, the head of the Petrograd Gendarmes Department General Volkov,
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as well as many lower-ranking police officers,
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was violently murdered by the crowd.
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During the disturbances in February in Petrograd 300 people died
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and 1200 people were wounded from the rebels.
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About 100 officers of the Baltic Fleet were killed,
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together with many military men
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and police officers from the side of the government.
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Nicolay II stayed at the Headquarters getting alarming telegrams.
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Empress Alexandra Fedorovna informed her husband:
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“Yesterday the revolution’s scale increased.
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The news are worse than they had even been before”.
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She was talking Nicolay into conceding to the opposition:
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“The concessions are necessary. The strikes are going on.
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Many troops took the side of the revolution”.
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However, the Tsar didn’t bulge.
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He refused to dismiss the Prime-Minister Golitsin
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though he asked him about that himself.
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The Emperor decided not to strike deals with the liberals.
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He worried for his wife and the health of his children
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and took a decision to go to his family at the Tsarskoye Selo.
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Early in the morning of February 28 the Tsar’s train left Mogilev.
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However, it failed to reach the Tsarskoye Selo.
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That morning Rodzyanko sent deputy Bublikov to take control
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over the Ministry of Communication Lines.
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Accompanied by two officers and a detachment of soldiers,
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he came to the railway department
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where he arrested the Minister of Communication Lines Voynovskiy-Kriger.
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At 13:50 Bublikov sent telegrams all over the Empire:
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“Workers of the railway stations! The old power that created collapse
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in all the spheres of state life proved helpless.
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The Committee of the State Duma undertook the forming of the new power.
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I address you on behalf of your Motherland.
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You’re the ones responsible for the salvation of your Motherland now”.
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That was how the news about the revolution reached the big cities of Russia.
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However, the majority of the country’s population
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only found out about it in April.
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Bublikov ordered to delay all the military echelons
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to stop the advance of Ivanov’s detachment
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and to take control over the movement of the Emperor’s train.
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In the evening of the same day the Tsar’s train was stopped
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at the station of Malaya Vishera,
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allegedly because the revolutionaries blocked the railroad.
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The rumors weren’t confirmed but the Tsar agreed to change the route –
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instead of Tsarskoye Selo the train turned towards Bologoye and Pskov.
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From the Emperor’s diary:
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“At night we turned from the station of Malaya Vishera back,
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for Luban and Tosno are taken. We went towards Valday, Dno and Pskov
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where we stopped for the night. Gatchina and Luga are taken too.
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What a shame! We failed to reach Tsarskoye Selo.
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However, all my thoughts and feelings are there.
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It must be so difficult for poor Alix to suffer all these events alone!
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God help us!”
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On March 1, at 3 p.m. Nicolay arrived at the station of Dno
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where he was informed that the chairman of the State Duma Rodzyanko
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asked for a meeting. The time passed, Rodzyanko wasn’t coming,
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and Nicolay decided to move further towards Pskov.
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At that time, Rodzyanko was in the capital,
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sending telegrams to General Alexeyev trying to convince him
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that Petrograd was under his full control.
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He claimed that the arrival of the troops would lead to a new wave of violence
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and that only the abdication of Nicolay II might save the country.
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It’s unknown whether General Alexeyev believed him or not.
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But from that moment on, he became an intermediary
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between the Emperor and the rebellious parliament.
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Before that, Alexeyev was sending to the commanders of the fronts
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the information about the chaos in the capital, which was true.
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Now he informed them that the disturbances had ended
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and that the Appeal published by the government
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proved the stability of the monarchy.
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Alexeyev didn’t mention the demands on abdication.
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The Emperor’s train arrived into Pskov.
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The commander of the Northern Front General Ruzskiy was to meet Nicolay II
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at the railway station but came late. He did it on purpose,
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to demonstrate his disrespect towards the Tsar.
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Ruzskiy was well-known for his liberal views, was cooperating closely
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with the opposition and harbored a personal dislike towards Nicolay II.
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The Emperor saw it all but never stooped to react to such disrespect.
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He received Ruzskiy in his wagon. In an hour, the Headquarters reported
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that Moscow rebelled; unrest started in Kronstadt
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and the commander of the Baltic Fleet Vice-Admiral Nepenin
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had in fact recognized the authority of the Temporary Committee.
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In an hour, another telegram arrived: anarchy was ruling in Kronstadt,
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the officers were arrested, the military governor of Kronstadt Vice-Admiral Viren
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was killed by bayonets at the Anchor Square of the city.
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At that time, Ruzskiy was talking the Emperor into making concessions –
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passing the power to the new government responsible before the Duma.
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Nicolay II didn’t agree.
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He was offered to stay a Tsar but not take part in governing.
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When an Emperor was crowned, he was taking automatically,
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as a duty before God, the responsibility for overseeing the affairs of the state.
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If he agreed to pass his rights to other people,
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he would lose the possibility to control the events
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while the responsibility would still rest with him.
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In other words, the handing over of the authority to the government
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which would answer to the parliament wouldn’t relieve the Tsar
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00:18:00,011 --> 00:18:02,482
of his responsibility for the actions of that government.
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00:18:02,673 --> 00:18:06,290
Under those circumstances, the Emperor had only two choices:
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either to abdicate or to drown the capital in blood but get the power back.
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Nicolay tried to explain to Ruzskiy that people who strove for power
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and the trust of people had neither that trust nor competence
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nor moral traits necessary for the governance of the state,
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especially amidst the war and anarchy.
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Life proved the Emperor right.
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00:18:33,298 --> 00:18:36,423
The Temporary Government formed out of the oppositional politicians
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00:18:36,616 --> 00:18:40,779
was completely helpless in governing the state and the army.
255
00:18:41,551 --> 00:18:44,372
It would fail to keep the promises it gave to the people.
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00:18:44,565 --> 00:18:48,097
After the Bolshevik revolution, the Ministers and liberal politicians
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00:18:48,269 --> 00:18:52,233
would emigrate without ever resisting the Bolsheviks.
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Trying to convince the Tsar, Ruzskiy was stomping his feet
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and banging at the table with his hand.
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However, the only thing that the Emperor agreed to
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was to appoint Rodzyanko the head of the government
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and pass him the right to appoint a few ministers.
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00:19:12,743 --> 00:19:16,785
At that time, a telegram arrived from General Alexeyev from Mogilev.
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He wrote that the unrest would engulf other cities of Russia
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and it would paralyze the railroads and army supplies.
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The troops at the front would rebel. The only alternative to that chaos
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00:19:30,450 --> 00:19:35,676
was to form the government of the liberal opposition headed by Rodzyanko.
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The draft of the relevant Tsar’s manifest was attached to the telegram.
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Only after that Nicolay was forced to agree.
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The manifest was signed. Ruzskiy managed to talk the Emperor
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into not suppressing the revolution with the armed forces.
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When at exile, the Emperor said to Dr.Derevenko who was treating his son:
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00:19:58,152 --> 00:20:03,438
“God doesn’t leave me. He gives me strength to forgive all my enemies
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00:20:03,587 --> 00:20:07,736
and torturers. But I can’t win over myself in one case:
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00:20:07,946 --> 00:20:11,552
I can’t forgive Adjutant General Ruzskiy”.
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Ruzskiy immediately wrote to Rodzyanko and reported that the Emperor agreed
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to form the government responsible to the Duma.
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However, Rodzyanko called the decision on forming of the new government “belated”.
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“It’s clear that His Highness has no idea what is going on here.
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One of the most terrible revolutions is raging on,
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and it won’t be easy to defeat it.
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It’s my duty to inform you that your offer is now inadequate.
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00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:49,771
The issue of the dynasty has been put point-blank”.
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00:20:50,134 --> 00:20:54,862
The government which had just been formed and hadn’t even started its work
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00:20:55,042 --> 00:20:58,963
was already demanding the Emperor’s abdication.
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00:21:00,335 --> 00:21:02,338
That very same evening of March 1,
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00:21:02,526 --> 00:21:05,355
the detachment of General Ivanov arrived at Tsarskoye Selo.
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00:21:05,667 --> 00:21:09,350
The colonel of the General Headquarters Domanevskiy met him
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00:21:09,544 --> 00:21:12,009
and started to convince Ivanov that the use of force
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00:21:12,180 --> 00:21:14,308
would only exacerbate the situation.
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00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:17,286
Ivanov was received by Empress Alexandra Fedorovna
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00:21:17,468 --> 00:21:21,083
and got an unexpected order from her – to leave Tsarskoye Selo
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00:21:21,246 --> 00:21:26,615
together with his troops. The Empress didn’t want any fratricide blood-spilling.
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“No shooting, please, no shooting”, she kept repeating.
295
00:21:32,036 --> 00:21:34,558
Soon Ivanov received a telegram from the Emperor:
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00:21:34,755 --> 00:21:36,612
“I hope you arrived safely.
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00:21:36,813 --> 00:21:41,782
Please don’t exercise any actions until my arrival and your report”.
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00:21:42,095 --> 00:21:46,520
General Alexeyev was also against Ivanov’s decisive actions.
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00:21:47,113 --> 00:21:50,933
He wrote that in Petrograd the troops had submitted to the State Duma
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00:21:51,101 --> 00:21:54,716
and were waiting for the Emperor’s arrival to choose the date of the new elections,
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00:21:54,917 --> 00:21:57,841
Therefore, Ivanov had to avoid reverting to force.
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00:21:58,549 --> 00:22:02,483
In truth, Ivanov and his single battalion couldn’t exercise any measures.
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00:22:02,714 --> 00:22:07,255
His troops were on their way and could only arrive in a day.
304
00:22:07,696 --> 00:22:10,342
The General didn’t even know where his troops were.
305
00:22:11,721 --> 00:22:15,030
The troops weren’t moving at all. At the order of General Ruzskiy,
306
00:22:15,172 --> 00:22:19,351
the echelons were stopped. Ivanov went to the station Alexandrovskaya
307
00:22:19,570 --> 00:22:23,217
where the Tarutinskiy Regiment was stationed to be at his disposal
308
00:22:23,352 --> 00:22:26,588
but only reached the station of Susanino.
309
00:22:26,818 --> 00:22:28,582
The echelon was standing in a dead end.
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Ivanov was handed over a telegram
311
00:22:30,602 --> 00:22:33,201
from the commissar of the Temporary Committee Bublikov.
312
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He threatened that should Ivanov move towards Petrograd,
313
00:22:36,839 --> 00:22:39,541
his troops would be fired at from artillery guns.
314
00:22:41,420 --> 00:22:45,325
Soon Ivanov got an order from the Emperor to return all the forces
315
00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:48,739
that had been gathered to go to Petrograd back to the front.
316
00:22:48,980 --> 00:22:51,655
That was the end of the last attempt to restore order
317
00:22:51,798 --> 00:22:54,522
in the capital of the Russian Empire.
318
00:22:57,352 --> 00:23:00,363
General Ivanov didn’t know either about the conversation of the Emperor
319
00:23:00,538 --> 00:23:03,713
with Ruzskiy or about the joint session of the Temporary Committee
320
00:23:03,872 --> 00:23:08,919
and the Petrograd Council on forming the new government
321
00:23:09,034 --> 00:23:11,820
that took place in the evening of March 1.
322
00:23:12,003 --> 00:23:14,053
The Temporary Committee that took over the power
323
00:23:14,263 --> 00:23:17,981
was under the full control of the crowd that gathered around the palace.
324
00:23:18,198 --> 00:23:21,213
The sympathies of the crowd were on the side of the Petrograd Council
325
00:23:21,414 --> 00:23:25,702
despite the fact that the people didn’t elect the representatives of that Council
326
00:23:25,898 --> 00:23:28,076
who were participating in the session.
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00:23:28,269 --> 00:23:30,381
The Council was using it to its benefit and issued a condition –
328
00:23:30,662 --> 00:23:33,019
Nicolay II was to abdicate. The power was passed
329
00:23:33,188 --> 00:23:37,838
from the Temporary Committee to the Temporary Government.
330
00:23:38,540 --> 00:23:43,376
Prince Georgiy Lvov became its chairman, Kerenskiy – the Minister of Justice.
331
00:23:43,544 --> 00:23:46,471
Many members of the Temporary Committee of the Duma
332
00:23:46,646 --> 00:23:48,768
became members of the government.
333
00:23:48,925 --> 00:23:51,568
However, there was no place there for its former chairman.
334
00:23:51,825 --> 00:23:56,200
The Emperor who was forced to discuss the government headed by Rodzyanko
335
00:23:56,372 --> 00:24:01,673
in Pskov didn’t know that the state career of the latter was ignominiously over.
336
00:24:03,839 --> 00:24:05,972
Diarchy was established in Petrograd.
337
00:24:06,228 --> 00:24:09,437
On one hand, the former deputies of the Duma together with the Council
338
00:24:09,642 --> 00:24:12,552
of the deputies from the workers were electing the Temporary Government,
339
00:24:12,694 --> 00:24:17,191
on the other hand – the Council wanted to undertake power.
340
00:24:18,297 --> 00:24:20,808
However, there was still a legitimate ruler of Russia,
341
00:24:20,990 --> 00:24:23,425
Emperor Nicolay II who could gather hundreds of detachments
342
00:24:23,615 --> 00:24:28,267
to suppress the revolution. The participants of the coup d’état
343
00:24:28,448 --> 00:24:31,252
wanted to drive him to abdication by any means.
344
00:24:31,971 --> 00:24:35,960
To that end, Alexander Guchkov who was appointed the Military Minister,
345
00:24:36,248 --> 00:24:38,664
and deputy Shulgin left for Pskov.
346
00:24:48,589 --> 00:24:49,915
To support their position,
347
00:24:49,996 --> 00:24:52,750
General Alexeyev informed the commanders of the fronts
348
00:24:52,962 --> 00:24:56,658
that the new power demanded the abdication of the Emperor.
349
00:24:56,880 --> 00:25:00,866
The telegrams were sent to Grand Duke Nicolay Nicolayevitch,
350
00:25:01,078 --> 00:25:04,028
Generals Sakharov, Brusilov, and Evert
351
00:25:04,236 --> 00:25:07,978
as well as the commander of the Baltic Fleet Admiral Nepenin
352
00:25:08,155 --> 00:25:11,813
and the commander of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Kolchak.
353
00:25:12,055 --> 00:25:15,186
Alexeyev asked all of them to send their opinions to the headquarters.
354
00:25:25,246 --> 00:25:27,744
The Emperor didn’t know about those telegrams.
355
00:25:30,178 --> 00:25:33,215
However, he knew well what sorrows would befall the country
356
00:25:33,431 --> 00:25:36,711
after it fell into the hands of the power-loving politicians.
357
00:25:36,942 --> 00:25:39,695
He knew that they didn’t have the people’s trust
358
00:25:39,942 --> 00:25:43,185
and were relying on nothing but the roar of the crowd.
359
00:25:43,848 --> 00:25:47,326
However, the politicians would make the Emperor responsible.
360
00:25:48,423 --> 00:25:51,184
He would be the one to answer before the nation.
361
00:25:51,451 --> 00:25:53,640
And so, the Emperor took a decision.
362
00:25:54,535 --> 00:25:57,252
When walking along the train the following day,
363
00:25:57,442 --> 00:26:01,112
Nicolay met General Ruzskiy. The Emperor informed the General
364
00:26:01,290 --> 00:26:04,039
that he was considering the abdication.
365
00:26:16,015 --> 00:26:18,849
By 2 p.m., replies from the headquarters started to arrive.
366
00:26:19,166 --> 00:26:20,669
Everybody except for Admiral Kolchak
367
00:26:20,884 --> 00:26:23,129
who didn’t reply to General Alexeyev’s telegram agreed
368
00:26:23,314 --> 00:26:25,798
that the abdication was necessary.
369
00:26:27,247 --> 00:26:30,520
The relative of the Emperor Grand Duke Nicolay Nicolayevitch wrote:
370
00:26:30,726 --> 00:26:36,744
“I believe according to the duty of my oath and in the spirit of the oath
371
00:26:36,988 --> 00:26:40,460
to bend my knees to beg the Emperor to abdicate
372
00:26:40,612 --> 00:26:42,963
to save Russia and the dynasty”.
373
00:26:43,181 --> 00:26:47,913
The Grand Duke who was nicknamed “Sly” was being cunning there too.
374
00:26:48,416 --> 00:26:50,947
Those replies were a direct violation of the oath.
375
00:26:52,384 --> 00:26:55,192
The military staff of the Russian army gave oaths of loyalty
376
00:26:55,398 --> 00:26:59,603
exclusively to the Emperor and swore at the Gospel to serve him
377
00:26:59,836 --> 00:27:03,896
until the last drop of blood, to fight for his rights, first of all,
378
00:27:04,055 --> 00:27:08,960
the right to power. Therefore, “bending the knees” to abdicate
379
00:27:09,157 --> 00:27:13,159
was a violation both of the oath itself and of its spirit.
380
00:27:14,771 --> 00:27:18,343
The commanders of the fronts were the first to break their oath
381
00:27:18,539 --> 00:27:23,959
which led to the breaking of the oath by all the other military men.
382
00:27:26,185 --> 00:27:30,741
The commander who breaks his oath gives an example to his subordinates.
383
00:27:31,035 --> 00:27:35,622
A person who broke his oath once will break it again.
384
00:27:37,989 --> 00:27:41,027
The further events confirmed this fact.
385
00:27:41,509 --> 00:27:44,958
Soon the troops swore an oath of allegiance to the Temporary Government
386
00:27:45,211 --> 00:27:49,796
but broke it too. Later, the majority of the officers and generals
387
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:54,234
swore allegiance to the new power and started serving the Bolsheviks.
388
00:27:55,964 --> 00:27:59,347
By the end of 1918, the Bolsheviks would have
389
00:27:59,538 --> 00:28:03,334
over 22,000 ex-officers and generals at their disposal.
390
00:28:03,609 --> 00:28:06,073
The top commandment of the Red Army consisted
391
00:28:06,278 --> 00:28:11,298
of the top ranks of the Imperial Army for over 95%.
392
00:28:13,317 --> 00:28:15,582
However, the military career of the commanders
393
00:28:15,826 --> 00:28:20,039
who appealed to the Emperor to abdicate was in fact over.
394
00:28:20,912 --> 00:28:24,105
General Alexeyev became one of the founding fathers of the Volunteer Army
395
00:28:24,292 --> 00:28:33,890
but died in 1918. Grand Duke Nicolay Nicolayevitch emigrated in 1919.
396
00:28:34,144 --> 00:28:37,733
General Brusilov served at the Red Army
397
00:28:37,969 --> 00:28:41,163
where he held a modest position of the cavalry inspector.
398
00:28:41,942 --> 00:28:44,675
General Evert was arrested by the Bolsheviks
399
00:28:44,855 --> 00:28:47,280
and killed by his guards on the way to Moscow.
400
00:28:47,741 --> 00:28:50,971
General Sakharov was shot by the bandits in the Crimea.
401
00:28:51,301 --> 00:28:54,686
Admiral Nepenin was cruelly murdered in Kronstadt,
402
00:28:54,887 --> 00:28:57,242
and his body was thrown out to be scoffed.
403
00:28:57,631 --> 00:29:01,365
General Ruzskiy was arrested by the Bolsheviks and killed by the chairman
404
00:29:01,550 --> 00:29:05,057
of the North-Caucasian Extraordinary Committee Atarbekov.
405
00:29:15,502 --> 00:29:21,730
An immediate decision needs to be taken to avoid further unrest.
406
00:29:22,357 --> 00:29:25,001
In this way, you’ll save the army…
407
00:29:25,285 --> 00:29:34,738
The government responsible to the Duma is the only way to save Russia
408
00:29:34,884 --> 00:29:43,931
from the anarchy… In circumstances of a fight with the external enemy
409
00:29:44,094 --> 00:29:46,828
it’s necessary to agree to the mentioned conditions…
410
00:29:47,083 --> 00:29:50,500
After receiving the agreement of the Generals for the abdication
411
00:29:50,759 --> 00:29:53,663
Ruzskiy came to the Emperor. Nicolay II listened him out calmly
412
00:29:53,817 --> 00:30:04,020
and then replied: “I’ve made a decision. I’ll abdicate.”
413
00:30:04,821 --> 00:30:06,888
On saying that, the Tsar crossed himself.
414
00:30:07,961 --> 00:30:10,259
He sent a telegram to General Alexeyev:
415
00:30:13,806 --> 00:30:17,712
“For the sake of calm and salvation of my dear Russia
416
00:30:17,932 --> 00:30:22,211
I’m ready to abdicate in favour of my son. I ask you all to serve him
417
00:30:22,377 --> 00:30:25,798
loyally and sincerely. Nicolay”.
418
00:30:26,613 --> 00:30:30,750
Younger brother of the Tsar, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovitch
419
00:30:31,162 --> 00:30:34,000
was appointed the regent of the underage Alexei.
420
00:30:34,436 --> 00:30:38,563
The members of the Tsar’s court were the first to find out about his abdication.
421
00:30:38,810 --> 00:30:42,455
Everybody was shocked but Nicolay showed a pile of telegrams
422
00:30:42,616 --> 00:30:46,742
from the commanders of the fronts and said: “What else could I do?
423
00:30:46,931 --> 00:30:53,187
Everybody betrayed me, even Nicolasha” (Grand Duke Nicolay Nicolayevitch”).
424
00:30:53,955 --> 00:30:59,214
When the court members asked the Emperor what he was going to do
425
00:30:59,444 --> 00:31:01,813
he answered that he planned to bring him son up.
426
00:31:02,032 --> 00:31:04,366
However, the Tsar’s personal doctor Fyodorov said
427
00:31:04,521 --> 00:31:08,230
that the Emperor’s son Alexei would likely to have to live
428
00:31:08,403 --> 00:31:12,004
with the family of the regent, Grand Duke Mikhail.
429
00:31:12,255 --> 00:31:14,807
On realizing that he might lose his son as well,
430
00:31:15,028 --> 00:31:17,976
Nicolay amended his abdication act.
431
00:31:18,490 --> 00:31:22,876
The Russian throne was passed directly to Mikhail Alexandrovitch.
432
00:31:30,060 --> 00:31:33,704
In the evening of the same day Guchkov and Shulgin arrived in Pskov.
433
00:31:34,067 --> 00:31:37,806
Nicolay signed the act of abdication and appointed Lvov
434
00:31:38,101 --> 00:31:42,074
the chairman of the Council of Ministers and Grand Duke Nicolay Nicolayevitch –
435
00:31:42,289 --> 00:31:44,185
the Commander-in-Chief.
436
00:31:44,521 --> 00:31:47,724
The times that are coming promise to be very difficult.
437
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,737
Especially when the war is still on, Your Highness.
438
00:31:52,009 --> 00:31:55,742
At night, he left for the Headquarters and wrote in his diary:
439
00:31:56,758 --> 00:32:00,749
“At 1 a.m. I left Pskov with hard feelings from what had happened.
440
00:32:01,095 --> 00:32:04,240
Betrayal, cowardice and cheating rule everywhere!”
441
00:32:09,586 --> 00:32:12,731
Italy, 1917
442
00:32:13,352 --> 00:32:17,186
From the book of Boris Yakovenko “History of the Great Russian Revolution”:
443
00:32:17,665 --> 00:32:21,453
“The news of the final abdication of Nicolay II reached the capital
444
00:32:21,698 --> 00:32:24,835
only in the second half of the night.
445
00:32:25,151 --> 00:32:27,784
Early in the morning the negotiations and arguments started
446
00:32:27,979 --> 00:32:31,148
at the Temporary Committee of the State Duma regarding the fact
447
00:32:31,463 --> 00:32:35,779
that Nicolay II passed the state power to his brother.
448
00:32:36,807 --> 00:32:41,368
"The general mood of the workers and soldiers was unfavourable; "
449
00:32:41,607 --> 00:32:44,204
they were not pleased with that…”
450
00:32:48,211 --> 00:32:49,782
In the morning of March 3,
451
00:32:50,058 --> 00:32:54,701
some military units started to swear the oath to the new Tsar Mikhail II.
452
00:32:55,105 --> 00:32:59,326
However, he wasn’t enthroned. Guchkov and Shulgin came to Petrograd.
453
00:32:59,624 --> 00:33:02,603
At the Warsaw railway station a crowd met them.
454
00:33:02,887 --> 00:33:07,724
When Guchkov tried to salute the health of the “Emperor Mikhail”,
455
00:33:07,974 --> 00:33:11,324
the workers instigated by the Council flew into a feat of rage.
456
00:33:11,606 --> 00:33:14,182
They demanded to destroy the abdication manifest,
457
00:33:14,429 --> 00:33:17,846
arrest the Tsar and declare a republic.
458
00:33:18,684 --> 00:33:22,071
On March 3, at 6 a.m. the members of the Temporary Committee
459
00:33:22,252 --> 00:33:25,287
called Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovitch
460
00:33:25,493 --> 00:33:27,996
and arranged a meeting in his apartment.
461
00:33:29,445 --> 00:33:34,216
The majority of the visitors advised Grand Duke against accepting the power.
462
00:33:39,593 --> 00:33:43,361
“The government without a monarch is a fragile boat
463
00:33:43,636 --> 00:33:47,802
that might drown in the ocean of people’s upheavals.
464
00:33:48,136 --> 00:33:51,379
The Temporary Government won’t survive without him, on its own”.
465
00:33:51,578 --> 00:33:54,175
-Why? -I am sure.
466
00:33:54,362 --> 00:33:55,197
Stop it!
467
00:33:55,582 --> 00:33:59,602
Mikhail demanded a one-to-one talk with Rodzyanko and Prince Lvov.
468
00:34:09,739 --> 00:34:14,367
He asked whether the Duma could guarantee his personal safety.
469
00:34:16,630 --> 00:34:20,416
After Rodzyanko confessed that it was impossible Grand Duke agreed
470
00:34:20,637 --> 00:34:23,249
to sign an act of non-acceptance of the throne
471
00:34:23,452 --> 00:34:26,777
until the decision on that matter was taken by the Constituent Assembly.
472
00:34:36,675 --> 00:34:39,823
According to that act, the Temporary Government had to convene
473
00:34:40,050 --> 00:34:43,859
the Constituent Assembly in the nearest future.
474
00:34:44,349 --> 00:34:48,746
It had to include the representatives of all the regions of the state,
475
00:34:49,025 --> 00:34:53,144
elected by the people. The Constituent Assembly was the only body
476
00:34:53,311 --> 00:34:56,130
that had a right to decide on the form of the future government
477
00:34:56,327 --> 00:34:59,777
and whether the country would be a monarchy or a republic.
478
00:35:01,568 --> 00:35:04,061
In the course of the next few months, huge work
479
00:35:04,342 --> 00:35:07,958
on electing the representatives of people would be carried.
480
00:35:08,197 --> 00:35:10,597
However, the Temporary Government and the Councils
481
00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:14,536
would spare no efforts to delay the convention of the Constituent Assembly.
482
00:35:15,074 --> 00:35:21,175
Its deputies would gather for the only meeting in autumn of 1917,
483
00:35:21,391 --> 00:35:26,192
after the Bolshevik coup. At the order of Lenin and his government,
484
00:35:26,367 --> 00:35:29,000
the Constituent Assembly would be dismissed with arms
485
00:35:29,161 --> 00:35:33,418
which would become one of the pushes to the Civil War.
486
00:35:35,222 --> 00:35:40,264
Despite the Emperor’s abdication, the Councils still feared the Tsar.
487
00:35:40,525 --> 00:35:43,385
The majority of the population of the country
488
00:35:43,465 --> 00:35:45,871
was certainly on the Emperor’s side.
489
00:35:46,114 --> 00:35:48,477
The Councils believed that his arrest was the only way
490
00:35:48,699 --> 00:35:52,260
to isolate the monarch from the troops and people
491
00:35:52,442 --> 00:35:54,722
that were still loyal to him.
492
00:35:56,760 --> 00:36:00,509
In two days, on March 5, the executive committee of the Petrograd Council
493
00:36:00,807 --> 00:36:04,036
ordered to arrest the Tsar’s family, confiscate its estate
494
00:36:04,192 --> 00:36:06,742
and deprive its members of the civil rights.
495
00:36:06,958 --> 00:36:09,631
The Temporary Government took the same decision.
496
00:36:10,134 --> 00:36:13,474
A special commission headed by Bublikov went to Mogilev
497
00:36:13,628 --> 00:36:17,364
to deliver Nicolay II to Tsarskoye Selo.
498
00:36:52,583 --> 00:36:54,748
In the morning of March 8 in Mogilev,
499
00:36:54,987 --> 00:36:59,067
in the hall of the governor’s house last meeting with the Emperor took place.
500
00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:01,050
All the officers of the Headquarters
501
00:37:01,215 --> 00:37:04,894
and one soldier from each unit were present there.
502
00:37:11,213 --> 00:37:14,795
Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovitch recalled:
503
00:37:15,233 --> 00:37:19,008
“By 11 a.m., the hall was full. Nicki came in.
504
00:37:19,367 --> 00:37:23,362
He was calm and reserved, with a slight smile on his lips.
505
00:37:23,719 --> 00:37:27,818
He thanked the Headquarters, asked everybody to forget their animosity,
506
00:37:28,010 --> 00:37:31,777
serve Russia loyally and lead our army to the victory.
507
00:37:32,277 --> 00:37:34,915
We all shouted “Hurray” in the way he had been shouted
508
00:37:35,128 --> 00:37:38,835
during the last 23 years. The old generals were crying.
509
00:37:39,103 --> 00:37:42,859
One moment – and some of them would step out to beg Nicki
510
00:37:43,052 --> 00:37:46,943
to change his decision. But it’s all in vain –
511
00:37:47,190 --> 00:37:51,095
the Emperors of all Russia don’t go back on their words”.
512
00:37:57,242 --> 00:38:01,498
Nicolay issued his farewell order to the troops in which he urged them
513
00:38:01,688 --> 00:38:05,625
to “fight till the victory” and “submit to the Temporary Government”.
514
00:38:05,826 --> 00:38:08,628
However, the fear of the Tsar and possible consequences
515
00:38:08,793 --> 00:38:11,726
made the Petrograd Council and the Temporary Government
516
00:38:11,934 --> 00:38:14,495
rule against publishing it.
517
00:38:17,501 --> 00:38:20,340
At the same day in Tsarskoye Selo the new commander of the troops
518
00:38:20,518 --> 00:38:24,317
of the Petrograd military district General Lavr Kornilov
519
00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:26,494
personally arrested the Empress –
520
00:38:26,739 --> 00:38:31,454
partly to save her from lynching by the soldiers.
521
00:38:31,862 --> 00:38:37,228
On March 9, Nicolay II arrived at Tsarskoye Selo as “Colonel Romanov”.
522
00:38:37,492 --> 00:38:41,469
The Emperor had executed his duty before the country and nation
523
00:38:41,639 --> 00:38:44,730
as he saw, felt and understood it.
524
00:38:45,516 --> 00:38:48,288
He asked the new powers about only one thing:
525
00:38:48,458 --> 00:38:51,363
“Let me live like a mere peasant and earn my own bread,
526
00:38:51,550 --> 00:39:00,153
send us to the farthest corner of our Motherland, but let us stay in Russia”.
527
00:39:04,911 --> 00:39:07,811
At the time, the revolution was spreading about the country.
528
00:39:08,164 --> 00:39:12,215
People remembered the first days after its victory as a constant holiday –
529
00:39:12,476 --> 00:39:16,019
strangers hugged each other, meetings sprung out everywhere.
530
00:39:16,255 --> 00:39:20,050
The social life was tumultuous; dozens of old and new parties
531
00:39:20,277 --> 00:39:23,651
were fighting for the popularity.
532
00:39:23,907 --> 00:39:29,766
It was unduly and even suspicious to be indifferent to the politics those days.
533
00:39:30,110 --> 00:39:34,943
One more novelty was the disappearance of the police from the streets.
534
00:39:35,255 --> 00:39:38,045
The revolutionary crowds welcomed it.
535
00:39:38,552 --> 00:39:40,990
The criminal world was more than happy too.
536
00:39:41,452 --> 00:39:46,061
The cities immediately plunged into a wave of thefts, murders and burglaries.
537
00:39:46,336 --> 00:39:49,134
In a result of the amnesty declared by the Temporary Government,
538
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:55,885
80% of the prisoners were released. The majority of them were criminals.
539
00:39:56,112 --> 00:39:59,026
They got the nickname of “Kerenskiy’s fledglings”
540
00:39:59,230 --> 00:40:01,329
in honour of the new Minister of Justice.
541
00:40:01,541 --> 00:40:06,507
In April of 1917, 190 thefts took place in Petrograd,
542
00:40:06,677 --> 00:40:10,405
while in May – 699,
543
00:40:10,597 --> 00:40:13,026
in June – 778,
544
00:40:13,253 --> 00:40:16,143
in July – 857,
545
00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:19,586
and in August – 1277.
546
00:40:21,947 --> 00:40:25,772
The Germans and Austrians welcomed the Russian revolution too.
547
00:40:25,967 --> 00:40:29,130
In the collapse of the Russian Empire, they saw the only possibility
548
00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:31,906
of a successful ending of the war.
549
00:40:32,311 --> 00:40:34,981
The British and the French were glad as well.
550
00:40:35,213 --> 00:40:39,712
They perceived the new republic as the way to the faster victory in the world war.
551
00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:42,661
Besides, they didn’t have to keep to the promises
552
00:40:42,818 --> 00:40:45,351
which they had given to the government of Nicolay II,
553
00:40:45,563 --> 00:40:49,118
including Russia’s control over the Black Sea Straits
554
00:40:49,309 --> 00:40:52,543
and Constantinople (Istanbul) after the war.
555
00:40:52,862 --> 00:40:54,963
The White House was happy too.
556
00:40:55,248 --> 00:40:59,093
They saw the downfall of the Tsar as a way towards democracy and freedom.
557
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:02,610
Plus, the USA were only preparing to engage in the war
558
00:41:02,791 --> 00:41:06,134
and the Americans were not enthusiastic about that.
559
00:41:06,318 --> 00:41:10,811
The Russian revolution facilitated the task of President Woodrow Wilson.
560
00:41:11,032 --> 00:41:14,333
He could now talk loudly about the union of the democratic states
561
00:41:14,532 --> 00:41:19,197
fighting against the monarchies led by Germany.
562
00:41:22,005 --> 00:41:25,430
However, the collapse of the Tsar’s power didn’t solving any problems
563
00:41:25,681 --> 00:41:27,636
and, most importantly, it didn’t stop the war.
564
00:41:27,869 --> 00:41:30,650
The lack of bread that scared the workers of Petrograd
565
00:41:30,835 --> 00:41:34,067
threatened to escalate into a real hunger.
566
00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:36,863
The Russian army was still sitting in the trenches.
567
00:41:37,076 --> 00:41:39,894
The Temporary Government lost the fight
568
00:41:40,059 --> 00:41:42,960
for the influence on the army almost at once.
569
00:41:45,952 --> 00:41:49,708
The Petrograd Council issued a document called “Order no. 1”
570
00:41:49,952 --> 00:41:53,073
which decreed to immediately form the elected committees
571
00:41:53,230 --> 00:41:55,364
made up of soldiers and seamen.
572
00:41:55,596 --> 00:42:00,195
The military now had to report not to the officers but to those Councils.
573
00:42:00,559 --> 00:42:03,735
Even more so, the weapons were taken away from the officers.
574
00:42:03,943 --> 00:42:07,563
That order delivered a terrible blow at the discipline in the army.
575
00:42:08,501 --> 00:42:12,045
The right of the Petrograd Council to issue such an order was dubious,
576
00:42:12,277 --> 00:42:14,933
but during the passional first days of the revolution
577
00:42:15,106 --> 00:42:17,493
nobody paid attention to such trifles.
578
00:42:17,849 --> 00:42:22,775
“Order no. 2” issued after the first one that explained
579
00:42:22,987 --> 00:42:26,867
that the order didn’t apply to the units at the front didn’t help.
580
00:42:27,106 --> 00:42:30,936
The discipline collapsed, and the degradation of the army began.
581
00:42:31,429 --> 00:42:34,134
The soldiers refused to execute their officers’ order.
582
00:42:34,367 --> 00:42:37,160
They would themselves decide whether to go into the battle or not.
583
00:42:37,458 --> 00:42:40,727
Less than in a month after the abdication of Nicolay II
584
00:42:40,938 --> 00:42:44,512
his personal enemy and a new military minister Guchkov wrote:
585
00:42:44,811 --> 00:42:50,070
“The Temporary Government doesn’t exercise any real power,
586
00:42:50,275 --> 00:42:53,653
and its orders are only executed if the Council of the deputies
587
00:42:53,849 --> 00:42:57,576
from the workers and soldiers permits it;
588
00:42:57,753 --> 00:43:01,952
the troops, post and telegram are in their hands.
589
00:43:02,632 --> 00:43:07,802
The Temporary Government only exists while the Council allows it”.
590
00:43:09,536 --> 00:43:13,039
One more problem was the increase of the separatist moods.
591
00:43:13,315 --> 00:43:15,113
Right after the revolution,
592
00:43:15,193 --> 00:43:18,724
the Great Princedom of Finland demanded independence.
593
00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:23,074
An issue of the restoration of the Polish state was raised.
594
00:43:23,311 --> 00:43:26,875
The national movements got more active in other regions as well:
595
00:43:27,177 --> 00:43:30,936
dashnaks in Armenia, musavatists in Azerbaijan;
596
00:43:31,177 --> 00:43:34,054
the Georgians remembered about their lost independence too.
597
00:43:34,324 --> 00:43:36,666
The Union of the Highlanders of the Caucasus was formed.
598
00:43:36,896 --> 00:43:40,188
The Tatars and Bashkirs talked about the autonomy too.
599
00:43:40,362 --> 00:43:42,230
The Central Council was established in Kiev.
600
00:43:42,512 --> 00:43:46,128
Even in Siberia, a separatist party was formed
601
00:43:46,382 --> 00:43:50,666
that wanted to have its own government and the parliament.
602
00:43:54,641 --> 00:43:57,981
While Russia was in turmoil, getting used to the life without the Tsar,
603
00:43:58,177 --> 00:44:03,157
an unusual wagon was riding along Germany to the Baltic shores.
604
00:44:09,577 --> 00:44:11,824
Three of its four doors were sealed.
605
00:44:12,688 --> 00:44:15,220
The passengers of the wagon communicated with the outside world
606
00:44:15,369 --> 00:44:16,951
solely through intermediaries –
607
00:44:17,146 --> 00:44:19,377
two officers of the German General Headquarters
608
00:44:19,568 --> 00:44:22,659
and a Swiss social-democrat Friedrich Platten.
609
00:44:29,079 --> 00:44:31,831
In that unusual way, the revolutionary Bolsheviks headed by Lenin
610
00:44:32,023 --> 00:44:35,676
were returning from Switzerland to Russia.
611
00:44:43,101 --> 00:44:46,342
The German General Max Gofmann recalled:
612
00:44:46,811 --> 00:44:50,469
“We strove to increase the degradation that started in the Russian army
613
00:44:50,726 --> 00:44:53,523
after the revolution with the help of propaganda.
614
00:44:53,719 --> 00:44:56,993
Someone who communicated with the Russians living in Switzerland
615
00:44:57,177 --> 00:45:01,010
came up with an idea to use some of those Russians
616
00:45:01,215 --> 00:45:03,887
to accelerate the destruction of the fighting spirit
617
00:45:04,172 --> 00:45:07,179
of the Russian army and poison it”.
618
00:45:07,664 --> 00:45:13,751
Lenin couldn’t go to Russia though the countries of Entente – France and Italy.
619
00:45:14,130 --> 00:45:18,084
He would be simply imprisoned. Germany was the only other option.
620
00:45:18,342 --> 00:45:21,329
Berlin issued the permission to move from Switzerland
621
00:45:21,523 --> 00:45:24,026
to the enemy country without any further doubts.
622
00:45:24,255 --> 00:45:27,641
A special agreement on extra-territorial regime was even concluded –
623
00:45:27,795 --> 00:45:30,533
the power of Germany didn’t apply to the Swiss wagon,
624
00:45:30,806 --> 00:45:34,376
therefore, nobody checked the documents of the passengers.
625
00:45:35,635 --> 00:45:38,904
Russia got wind of the sealed wagon fast, almost immediately.
626
00:45:39,092 --> 00:45:43,131
Lenin was accused of cooperation with the German secret services.
627
00:45:45,239 --> 00:45:48,215
Italy, 1917
628
00:45:51,693 --> 00:45:56,016
From the book of Boris Yakovenko “History of the Great Russian Revolution”:
629
00:45:58,003 --> 00:46:00,733
“On April 3, Lenin and his comrades arrived in Petrograd
630
00:46:00,974 --> 00:46:04,876
after moving through Germany in a sealed wagon.
631
00:46:05,739 --> 00:46:08,483
Everybody was indignant about that Lenin’s action.
632
00:46:08,815 --> 00:46:14,706
Not only the liberal newspapers but even the people and soldiers were protesting”.
633
00:46:19,724 --> 00:46:21,898
A new revolution awaited Russia.
634
00:46:22,114 --> 00:46:25,858
The participants of the February drama were destined for a tragic fate.
635
00:46:26,317 --> 00:46:31,099
General Ivanov participated in the Civil War and died of typhus.
636
00:46:31,427 --> 00:46:33,789
Almost immediately after the Bolshevik coup
637
00:46:33,990 --> 00:46:38,695
former chairman of the State Duma Mikhail Rodzyanko,
638
00:46:38,922 --> 00:46:43,429
Alexander Kerenskiy, personal enemy of Nicolay II Guchkov
639
00:46:43,617 --> 00:46:48,767
together with Milyukov, Prince Lvov and General Khabalov emigrated.
640
00:46:49,182 --> 00:46:52,125
Deputy Bublikov who arrested the Tsar escaped to France,
641
00:46:52,394 --> 00:46:55,092
not even waiting for the October coup.
642
00:46:55,429 --> 00:46:59,642
The ex-Minister of the Internal Affairs Alexander Protopopov
643
00:46:59,836 --> 00:47:02,820
whom the ex-liberals loathed so much, was shot by the Bolsheviks.
644
00:47:02,983 --> 00:47:07,239
On June 13, 1918 Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovitch was executed,
645
00:47:07,411 --> 00:47:13,596
and at night from July 16 to 17 Emperor Nicolay II
646
00:47:13,748 --> 00:47:19,166
together with his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, son Alexei,
647
00:47:19,320 --> 00:47:25,583
daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria and Anastasia were executed too.
648
00:47:26,181 --> 00:47:30,242
With them, their death met their doctor Botkin, servant Trupp,
649
00:47:30,396 --> 00:47:34,115
maid Demidova and cook Kharitonov.
650
00:47:35,010 --> 00:47:37,907
Italy, 1917
651
00:47:52,503 --> 00:47:55,512
All these events would take place after the February coup
652
00:47:55,762 --> 00:47:59,969
and happy shouts about the victory of so-called democracy.
653
00:48:00,425 --> 00:48:02,018
For now, though, neither Boris Yakovenko,
654
00:48:02,309 --> 00:48:03,932
nor the members of the Temporary Government,
655
00:48:04,159 --> 00:48:06,531
nor the crowds of demonstrators in the stress had any idea
656
00:48:06,762 --> 00:48:10,104
that the downfall of the Emperor and the victories of the liberals
657
00:48:10,317 --> 00:48:12,407
would result in the October coup.
658
00:48:13,077 --> 00:48:15,234
The country was destined for the Red and White terror,
659
00:48:15,483 --> 00:48:17,545
the cruelest dictatorship
660
00:48:17,777 --> 00:48:22,003
and the Civil War with the number of victims unseen before…
62837
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