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With the financial support of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation
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The First Channel
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Star Media
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Babich-Design
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The Russian Society of Military History
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present
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The Birth of a Nation
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How could it happen?
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Prince Vladimir of Kiev who has always come as a victor suddenly was defeated.
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He had achieved whatever he wanted.
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Now he has lost everything.
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He took ancient Kherson, an invincible Greek fortress,
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and suddenly became blind.
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The Stone City by the Warm Sea had his revenge upon his conqueror.
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Vladimir recalled – the Greeks,
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when they want to disempower someone, blind him.
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But who decided to stop the one who couldn't be stopped?
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Stupid Kherson's sorcerers weak as women?
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Or maybe the Greek God depicted on the cold wall?
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It was only one thing left to do - return to the depths of the ages to see
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the distant light of hope.
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FILM TWO "THE LIGHTNING"
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Once the young prince Igor could not cross the river, so he called a boatman
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and ordered to carry him to the other side.
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Once in the boat, the prince suddenly realized
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that his carrier was a young and beautiful girl.
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He felt lust.
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And he began to speak in a shameless manner.
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But the girl said firmly,
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why are you shaming yourself, prince, calling me to shameless actions?
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It is better for me to jump into the river,
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than endure shame and you won’t commit a sin because of me.
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Igor astonished and embarrassed by her words remained silent for the rest of the journey.
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Igor, the son of Rurik, was proclaimed a Prince of Rus’
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when he was only one year old.
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While he was growing up, commander of the army Oleg ruled the state.
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Igor became a man but was still following Oleg everywhere on marches
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from the Drevlians' forests to the Greek sea and obeying him in everything.
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The warriors were laughing and calling him Igor the Old Prince.
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He was over 30 but remained no more than shadow of the great Oleg the Oracular.
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Not a single decision Igor had made by himself.
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Even his wife was chosen for him by Oleg, called Oracular for a reason.
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Igor reached the full age and had to become a sovereign in Kiev.
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Any Prince needs to have a Princess.
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Girls from all over the Russian lands were invited to Kiev.
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Oleg said - the one who will bring a gift,
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but will come without presents will be the bride.
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But Igor was thinking about that girl.
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He didn't even know her name.
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There were many girls: stately Slavs, pretty Varangians, strict and giggly,
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with braids like silver, like tar, like rye, like autumn leaves.
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No one solved Oleg's riddle.
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In the evening one more girl from Pskov was brought,
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she was not smiling or playing with her braid shyly.
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Her hands were put together in front of her.
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She came closer and said:
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Here is my gift for you, Prince.
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She opened her hands
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and a small bird flew away into the skies.
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It was that girl.
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Igor looked silently into her eyes and couldn't get enough of that look.
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At last, he pronounced hoarsely, "What is your name?
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'Olga replied the girl."
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Now he, Igor Rurikovich, has to rule the huge state
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which was totally under the control of power and glory of Oleg the Oracular.
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Now Oleg is gone, his power turned to dust
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and his glory remains only in songs.
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Khazars can't wait to take their lands back.
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Riots have started in the Slavic tribes.
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The funeral ceremony wasn't even over when the conquered Drevlians revolted.
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Should Igor wait for a while and entire Rus' will fall apart
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in a few years like an old patch cover.
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IGOR
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For the first time he led the military campaign.
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For the first time he commanded the warriors who used to laugh behind his back and
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now obeyed him in everything.
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The Prince has to be generous and after the campaign
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his warriors received a great booty
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from what was robbed from the Drevlians.
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The Drevlians’ Prince Mal who hardly escaped Igor's Varangians, was obedient and quiet,
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didn't raise his eyes, so that Igor couldn't see hatred in them.
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The time will come and Mal will take his revenge.
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The long bleak years started, warriors were bored
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no wars, no campaigns, no rich trophies.
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Only routine and short-distance marches.
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The warriors were complaining saying
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that The old Prince was not capable of the great deeds.
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And if the Prince is not a fighter and the Princess is not fruitful -
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then why do we need them?
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Igor knew everything about the rumors.
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They have lived in harmony for many years with Olga, but they didn't have children.
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The hope faded with every year.
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Childlessness is a great misfortune and a curse for any man.
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The great misfortune for any Prince is to be denied by his army.
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The warriors need trophies,
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need military campaigns and if their Prince can't provide it -
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they have a right to leave for another prince.
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Years passed and Kiev started to look like a sleeping kingdom.
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The merchants’ ships rarely passed by, Tsar'grad was breaching the agreement
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that was forcibly signed by Oleg.
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The decision had to be made.
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Another Tsar'grad campaign was necessary, following Oleg’s example.
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Rus' needed glory, warriors - trophies, and gods – blood.
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Igor hoped that if he wins mercy of Gods, they would give him a son.
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After the long preparation,
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the huge retinue hit the familiar route to Tsar'grad.
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The march was slow,
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half of army was riding horses and moved along river banks.
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The Bulgarians, Byzantium’s allies,
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informed Emperor Roman about the Russian campaign.
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Constantinople was getting ready for the siege.
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As in the past, there was no protection from sea,
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the Greek fleet was at war with the Arabs.
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The city hardly found 15 old carriers, small transport ships.
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But the city had enough time to get ready.
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The wildfire awaited the Russian ships.
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"The wildfire" is the liquid flame
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that Greek sailors used to fill the enemy ships
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with using the brass pipe pumps - "siphons".
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It was invented in 673 by an engineer called Callinik.
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The main components of the wildfire
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were burnt lime, sulfur, nitre and crude oil.
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Contact with water intensified the burning of the mixture.
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The hitting range of the siphons was short
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therefore the ships had to come as close to the enemies as possible.
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Emperor Roman ordered his shipbuilders,
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"Rig the boats we have left, but place the siphons
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'not only on the bow but also on the sterns and along the board sides."
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And they started to throw the fire.
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Russes were jumping overboard preferring to drown,
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rather than to be burned alive.
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Some, in the heavy armor went straight to the bottom of the sea,
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others, though swimming, were all on fire.
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When the Russes came back home, they described the wildfire.
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As if the Greeks had control over lightning,
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they burned us with it, that is why we didn't win.
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It was a catastrophe. Only one-tenth of the army survived.
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Igor miraculously returned from the Bosporus hell.
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No one planned the retreat and on the way home
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half of the remaining army was killed by dysentery.
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It was a shameful return for Igor.
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But horror, pain and shame were not in vain.
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Gods were merciful to Igor and a son was born.
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He was called after the great Princes Oleg and Rurik,
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using the Slavic meanings of their names holy and glorious - Svyatoslav.
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Without doubts - he was meantto become great warrior and prince.
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But how was he supposed to remember his father?
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An old man disgraced by the Constantinople campaign?
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No. Igor felt strong enough
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to conquer not only the Greeks, but the entire world.
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He started to assemble the new retinue for a new campaign.
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He hired the new experienced warriors from beyond the sea – Varangians,
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famous for their ruthlessness and skill, and the new warriors,
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which have never been on campaigns with the Russes, the Petchenegs.
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The Greeks called them "panachikity", the Arabs - "bedjnak".
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"The Russian name for them is Petchenegs, that comes from "betchenegs"
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"the descendants of Betche" - the Turkic speaking nomad tribes,
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who by the beginning of the 9th century had moved
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from central Asia to the East European Plain.
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They were great horseback riders and archers.
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They rode, squeezing the horse with their legs,
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without using their hands and keeping them free for the arches.
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They came from nowhere,
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robbed everyone on their way and disappeared.
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They were almost untraceable and difficult to catch,
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because of their migrations.
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By the 10th century the Petchenegs reached
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Don, Dnieper, Danube and the Black Sea.
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Byzantine towns of the Northern Black Sea region
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knew about the cruelty of the Petchenegs.
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When the leader of Kherson found out that Igor was planning to attack Tsar'grad
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and had the Petchenegs in his army
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he sent a letter full of panic to Constantinople.
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This time the Emperor Roman decided not to push luck
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and not to wait until the barbarians reach the city walls.
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"When the Emperor heard this news, he sent to Igor' his best boyars to entreat"
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him to come no nearer, but rather to accept the tribute which Oleg had received,
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and to the amount of which something should even be added.
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Igor called together his retinue and they replied,
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If the Emperor speaks thus,
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what do we desire beyond receiving gold, silver,
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and palls without having to fight for them?
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Who knows who will be victorious, we or he?
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Who has the sea for his ally?
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For we are not marching by land, but through the depths of the sea.
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Death lies in wait for us all.
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The retinue did not believe in military luck of their Prince anymore.
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And the Greek presents left next to their camp looked tempting.
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The Prince agreed with his warriors
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and decided to sign the peace treaty with the Greeks.
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He gave all the presents to his retinue
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and let the Petchenegs to leave for the Bulgarian lands.
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Igor came back home to his wife and son as a winner.
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The autumn was coming and Igor as always went to the vassal tribes
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in order to collect the tributes.
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The senior retinue was escorting him.
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The junior retinue was headed by commander of the army Sveneld.
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The last tribe on their way was the tribe of the Drevlians.
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These lands were conquered 30 years ago,
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that war was well remembered
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and the retinue behaved in the most ruthless way.
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At the end of the march Igor's warriors were still not pleased with the results.
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Igor's retinue said to him,
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"The servants of Sveinald are adorned
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'with weapons and fine raiment, but we are naked.
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'Go forth with us, oh Prince, after tribute, that both you and we may profit thereby."
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Igor heeded their words, and he returned with a small part of his retinue
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to take more tribute.
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The Drevlians heard that he was again approaching,
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and consulted with Mal, their prince, saying,
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"If a wolf come among the sheep, he will take out the whole flock one by one,
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'unless he be killed.
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'If we do not thus kill him now, he will destroy us all."
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The Drevlians came forth from the city of Iskorosten' and slew Igor.
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They captured him, bent to the trees and tore in two.
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The Drevlians sent their legates to Kiev.
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The offer seemed to be a mockery.
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After murdering Igor’ they wanted to take the widowed Olga as a wife for their Mal.
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It was hardly an offer - it was a demand.
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Since Mal won and slaughtered Igor -
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everything that belonged to him, including his wife and children,
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could be taken by Mal.
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It was the tradition; it had been like that for ages.
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When 20 best Drevlians men came to Kiev to ask Olga marry Mal,
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the retinue was ready to fight for her if she wished to.
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But Olga only asked to dig a deep trench in her yard.
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Long time ago, after solving a riddle she became the Prince's wife.
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Now it is her turn to ask riddles.
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OLGA
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Olga made this reply,
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"I desire to honor you tomorrow in the presence of my people.
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'Return now to your boat, and remain there.
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'I shall send for you on the morrow, and you shall say,
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'We will not ride on horses nor go on foot; carry us in our boat.
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'And you shall be carried in your boat."
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According to Varangian tradition,
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the man lied down in a boat only at his funeral.
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But the Drevlians’ legates didn’t know this.
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"So they carried Drevlians in their boat dropped them into trench along with boat.
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'Olga bent over and inquired whether they found the honor to their taste.
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'They answered that it was worse than the death of Igor'.
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00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:15,095
'She then commanded that they should be buried alive,
243
00:19:15,295 --> 00:19:17,000
'and they were thus buried."
244
00:19:20,359 --> 00:19:25,159
The moans of those buried alive could be heard in the yard for some time.
245
00:19:26,240 --> 00:19:30,000
Olga then sent a message to the Drevlians saying that,
246
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:32,759
"if they really required her presence,
247
00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:35,240
'they should send after her their distinguished men,
248
00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:37,960
'so that she might go to their Prince with due honor,
249
00:19:38,359 --> 00:19:41,199
'for otherwise her people in Kiev would not let her go."
250
00:19:42,839 --> 00:19:47,159
When the Derevlians arrived, Olga commanded that a bath should be made ready,
251
00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,839
and invited them to appear before her after they had bathed.
252
00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:55,119
The bathhouse was then heated, and the Drevlians entered in to bathe.
253
00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:57,560
Olga's men closed up the bathhouse behind them,
254
00:19:57,759 --> 00:20:00,559
and she gave orders to set it on fire from the doors,
255
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:03,080
so that the Drevlians were all burned to death.
256
00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:08,200
The soot was still in the air,
257
00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:11,200
when Olga told the warriors to get ready for a campaign.
258
00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:13,640
Olga then sent to the Drevlians the following message,
259
00:20:14,079 --> 00:20:15,162
"I am now coming to you,
260
00:20:15,362 --> 00:20:17,480
'so prepare great quantities of mead in the city
261
00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:19,039
'where you killed my husband,
262
00:20:19,519 --> 00:20:21,839
'that I may weep over his grave and hold a funeral feast for him."
263
00:20:22,279 --> 00:20:28,559
Funeral feasts assumed sacrifice of the animals,
264
00:20:28,759 --> 00:20:35,279
but Olga intended to use the Derevlians instead.
265
00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:41,440
"When the Drevlians were drunk, she bade her followers fall upon them.
266
00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:44,080
'So they cut down five thousand of them;
267
00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:45,746
'but Olga returned to Kiev
268
00:20:45,945 --> 00:20:48,679
'and prepared an army to attack the survivors."
269
00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:53,040
Svyatoslav became a Prince after Igor's death.
270
00:20:53,839 --> 00:20:57,959
According to the tradition the Prince had to start fight by throwing the spear.
271
00:20:58,279 --> 00:21:01,579
But Sviatoslav was younger than three.
272
00:21:01,944 --> 00:21:03,960
His father didn’t teach him to ride a horse.
273
00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:06,680
The voivode brought him the horse.
274
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:08,680
His mother put armor on him.
275
00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:12,480
Little Sviatoslav was too weak to hold the heavy spear.
276
00:21:12,640 --> 00:21:15,680
So he dropped it, and the spear fell in front of his horse.
277
00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:17,839
But he kept the tradition.
278
00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:19,599
And voivode roared,
279
00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:24,039
"The prince has already begun battle; press on, vassals, after the prince."
280
00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:26,799
The battle was short,
281
00:21:27,079 --> 00:21:30,679
because the Drevlians fled, and shut themselves up in their cities.
282
00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:38,682
By the end of summer Olga
283
00:21:38,882 --> 00:21:42,640
was unsuccessfully trying to take Iskorosten’.
284
00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:46,240
The Derevlians were desperately defending the city.
285
00:21:47,279 --> 00:21:48,759
The rains were about to start.
286
00:21:49,279 --> 00:21:50,519
They had to leave.
287
00:21:52,519 --> 00:21:54,559
But she couldn't leave without victory.
288
00:21:55,519 --> 00:21:59,599
On the last night of summer, when lightning frequently lit up the sky
289
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:03,960
so-called sparrow night, she devised a plan.
290
00:22:14,559 --> 00:22:15,909
Olga promised to stop the siege
291
00:22:16,109 --> 00:22:18,199
after receiving a small tribute of three pigeons
292
00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:20,360
and three sparrows from each house.
293
00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:26,440
The Drevlian land will remember this tribute for a long time, forever.
294
00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:31,399
Now Olga gave to each soldier in her army a pigeon or a sparrow,
295
00:22:31,559 --> 00:22:33,279
and ordered them to attach by a thread to each pigeon
296
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:34,920
and sparrow a piece of sulphur bound with small pieces of cloth.
297
00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:40,000
When night fell, Olga bade her soldiers release the pigeons and the sparrows.
298
00:22:40,119 --> 00:22:42,359
So the birds flew to their nests,
299
00:22:42,559 --> 00:22:45,679
the pigeons to the cotes, and the sparrows under the eaves.
300
00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:50,960
Thus the dove-cotes, the coops, the porches, and the haymows were set on fire.
301
00:22:51,119 --> 00:22:53,399
There was not a house that was not consumed,
302
00:22:53,519 --> 00:22:56,000
and it was impossible to extinguish the flames,
303
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:58,519
because all the houses caught fire at once.
304
00:23:08,559 --> 00:23:11,119
Iskorosten' was never restored.
305
00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:18,840
Kiev became the only capital of the united lands of the Slavs.
306
00:23:26,839 --> 00:23:31,480
Olga together with the retinue went to Novgorod,
307
00:23:32,799 --> 00:23:39,200
counting villages and cities, checking the harrisons,
308
00:23:39,559 --> 00:23:43,079
and establishing new laws and tributes on the lands she passed.
309
00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:47,560
Olga separated lands on districts pogosts, established trading posts
310
00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:51,759
and fixed the amounts of tributes.
311
00:23:52,039 --> 00:23:56,159
Pogosts received their name from the inns "pogostyes",
312
00:23:56,319 --> 00:23:58,359
where the Prince and his retinue came to stay,
313
00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:01,279
and where the tributes had to be taken.
314
00:24:01,599 --> 00:24:06,039
It was the first executive tax reform in the Russian history.
315
00:24:06,319 --> 00:24:08,519
The tax-districts, as Olga established them,
316
00:24:08,599 --> 00:24:14,039
existed for 800 years and were cancelled in 1775.
317
00:24:14,359 --> 00:24:16,719
The term "trading posts" pogosts was used for a long time
318
00:24:16,839 --> 00:24:19,759
to describe a big village with a church and a cemetery.
319
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:27,932
Revenge was in Olga's heart.
320
00:24:29,101 --> 00:24:30,960
But there was no one left to exact it on.
321
00:24:32,240 --> 00:24:35,319
The servants were terribly scared of her,
322
00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:40,839
the old experienced warriors lowered their eyes in her presence.
323
00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,240
She was traveling around her lands, inspecting cities,
324
00:24:45,359 --> 00:24:52,119
she gave orders, judged, punished and traveled again.
325
00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:55,440
She spent days in a saddle.
326
00:24:57,319 --> 00:25:01,519
The physical pain calmed down the fire inside her.
327
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,799
She had never seen people like that before.
328
00:25:31,799 --> 00:25:34,399
In the eyes of this stranger dressed in black
329
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:41,400
there was no fear, no pity, no servility.
330
00:25:43,559 --> 00:25:47,639
There was something else which she couldn't understand.
331
00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:53,599
It felt as if she looked at some other world without pain,
332
00:25:53,799 --> 00:25:57,720
without hatred and even without death.
333
00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:07,120
She started to visit the Greek courtyard by the church of St. Ilya from time to time.
334
00:26:07,559 --> 00:26:13,879
Presbyteral elder George was from Bulgaria, he spoke quite fluent Slavic.
335
00:26:14,519 --> 00:26:19,960
Sometimes he opened a book that was translated from the Greek
336
00:26:20,039 --> 00:26:21,399
by the monk Kirill.
337
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:23,320
And he read.
338
00:26:24,559 --> 00:26:26,599
"You have heard that it was said,
339
00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:30,240
'You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.
340
00:26:30,599 --> 00:26:36,519
'But I say to you, love your enemies, bless the ones who curse you,
341
00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:43,039
'be kind to those who hate you, and pray for those who hurt you and persecute you."
342
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:49,240
Wild, mad and impossible words.
343
00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:51,759
All her essence was repelling.
344
00:26:52,160 --> 00:26:55,759
She could not understand what kind of God allowed to crucify himself
345
00:26:55,960 --> 00:26:58,920
and instead of punishing his executors prayed for them?
346
00:26:59,279 --> 00:27:01,452
How could God die?
347
00:27:02,769 --> 00:27:06,240
"God can do anything", George replied.
348
00:27:07,279 --> 00:27:09,359
There was a strange pain in her chest
349
00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:14,120
as if her heart buried in ashes was coming back to life.
350
00:27:14,799 --> 00:27:18,519
The priest never asked her for anything,
351
00:27:18,880 --> 00:27:25,720
but he had all the answers – sometimes he answered her before she asked.
352
00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:33,480
"Lord, if my brother sins against me, how often must I forgive him?
353
00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:37,200
'As many as seven times?" Jesus answered,
354
00:27:37,359 --> 00:27:41,639
"I say to you, not seven times but seventy-seven times."
355
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:46,640
Years passed, she was getting old.
356
00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:53,079
Svyatoslav grew up and Olga worried seeing that being a ruler bores him.
357
00:27:53,559 --> 00:27:57,359
He liked weapons, horses, armor, fights.
358
00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:02,799
The Prince has to be a ruler and only after that a warrior.
359
00:28:03,440 --> 00:28:06,880
Olga knew what happens when the retinue has a big influence.
360
00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:12,720
A few more years and Svyatoslav will become a sovereign and what is next?
361
00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:16,439
Endless campaigns will weaken the state.
362
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,680
Olga was analyzing other countries’ history.
363
00:28:20,160 --> 00:28:23,040
What is holding the Roman Empire together?
364
00:28:23,319 --> 00:28:29,359
Why is this huge country not falling apart?
365
00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:34,039
George had an answer for that as well.
366
00:28:35,279 --> 00:28:39,079
Jesus answered them: "I am the bread of life.
367
00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:41,759
'No one who comes to me will ever hunger;"
368
00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:45,240
'no one who believes in me will ever thirst.
369
00:28:45,519 --> 00:28:48,160
'I shall raise that person up on the last day."
370
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:52,600
The Prince's fleet was following the habitual route
371
00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:54,240
"from the Varangians to the Greeks".
372
00:28:54,599 --> 00:28:59,879
Only a few ships and warriors, to defend against attack.
373
00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:05,039
It was not a military campaign, Olga was not interested in booty.
374
00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:12,359
She was heading to the heart of Empire to obtain the source of its life.
375
00:29:13,799 --> 00:29:16,879
The warriors were worried, but no one dared to ask the princess
376
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:19,359
about the aim of the trip.
377
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:26,759
She never spoke to anyone apart from a strange man dressed in black –
378
00:29:27,519 --> 00:29:31,000
Presbyteral elder George from the Greek "courtyard."
379
00:29:33,319 --> 00:29:35,002
For the first time in history
380
00:29:35,202 --> 00:29:38,279
the leader of Rus' came to Constantinople with peace.
381
00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:43,920
The Greeks thought that Olga wanted to reconsider conditions of the agreement
382
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:46,079
signed by Igor.
383
00:29:46,519 --> 00:29:52,039
Her ships were kept next to the"Golden Horn" creek for a while.
384
00:29:52,839 --> 00:29:56,240
The reception was organized on a highest possible level.
385
00:29:56,880 --> 00:30:00,360
It took place in Magnaura - the ceremony hall
386
00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:07,240
for the most important foreign leaders.
387
00:30:09,599 --> 00:30:13,799
After the reception to Olga's companions’ astonishment it was announced
388
00:30:13,880 --> 00:30:18,920
that on the eve of Elevation of the Life-Creating Cross holiday
389
00:30:19,079 --> 00:30:24,519
in St. Sophia's Cathedral the princess of the Rus' will be baptized
390
00:30:24,599 --> 00:30:28,199
by the patriarch of Constantinople and according to her own will.
391
00:30:29,119 --> 00:30:33,799
After the ceremony she will bear the Christian name - Helena.
392
00:30:36,559 --> 00:30:42,599
Olga, was absorbing the glory
393
00:30:43,519 --> 00:30:49,639
of the holy books as a sponge absorbs dew.
394
00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:52,839
She was crying the tears of happiness,
395
00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:59,440
her tears fell to the ground and she knelt before patriarch
396
00:30:59,599 --> 00:31:06,599
and said, "May your healing advice
397
00:31:06,799 --> 00:31:13,359
'save me from the devil's deeds
398
00:31:13,759 --> 00:31:18,119
'and may the God's mercy never leave me."
399
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:28,839
Do you deny the devil and all his deed and services and pride?
400
00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:32,319
I do - Do you accept Christ?
401
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:34,920
I do - Do you trust in him?
402
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:41,279
I do as in Tsar and Lord – Servant of God Helena, in nomine Patris.
403
00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:44,360
Amen...et Filii...Amen...et Spiritus Sancti.
404
00:31:44,519 --> 00:31:48,599
Amen... always, now and forever. Amen
405
00:31:56,359 --> 00:32:01,279
Before leaving home she went to Patriarch to request his benediction
406
00:32:01,319 --> 00:32:03,639
for the homeward journey, and said to him,
407
00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:06,160
"My people and my son are heathen.
408
00:32:06,319 --> 00:32:08,759
'May God protect me from all evil!"
409
00:32:09,119 --> 00:32:10,279
The Patriarch replied,
410
00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:14,480
"Child of the faith, hast been baptized into Christ and hast put on Christ.
411
00:32:14,759 --> 00:32:20,480
'Christ shall therefore save thee".
412
00:32:20,839 --> 00:32:22,839
So the Patriarch blessed her,
413
00:32:23,039 --> 00:32:27,960
and she returned in peace to her country, and arrived in Kiev.
414
00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:35,720
Next Olga decided to baptize her land.
415
00:32:36,759 --> 00:32:43,559
But for that she needed books, churches and people - priests and bishops.
416
00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:47,759
Patriarch did not supply her with anything apart from his blessing.
417
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:50,920
She had to hurry, as it was a matter of months
418
00:32:51,319 --> 00:32:56,119
before 16-year-old Svyatoslav becomes a sovereign.
419
00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:59,000
He didn’t like Christians.
420
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,880
Olga couldn't wait for help from the Roman Empire forever.
421
00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:07,839
And she sent her legates to the West, to the land of the Francs.
422
00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:16,680
Otto I's state was called Francia Orientalis and was the mightiest of all states.
423
00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:21,200
After a few years it will become the Holy Roman Empire -
424
00:33:21,319 --> 00:33:26,079
the main protector of the European Christendom.
425
00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:30,440
Western and Eastern Christendoms, Rome and Constantinople,
426
00:33:30,599 --> 00:33:34,119
by the mid 10th century had disagreements only on the political arena.
427
00:33:34,440 --> 00:33:36,101
The church was one -
428
00:33:36,300 --> 00:33:40,119
the Global Apostles Catholic Church of Christ.
429
00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:44,391
Olga, by turning to the West was only planning
430
00:33:44,590 --> 00:33:46,639
to change the church jurisdiction
431
00:33:46,799 --> 00:33:47,879
but not the faith.
432
00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:51,800
After 100 years the Great split-off will divide
433
00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:55,480
it into the Roman-Catholic and Orthodox churches.
434
00:33:56,640 --> 00:34:02,840
If Rus' was baptized by the Pope, history would have taken a different path.
435
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:09,680
In 962 Rus' was one step away from becoming
436
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:13,200
a distant suburb of the Latin World.
437
00:34:17,199 --> 00:34:22,239
The bishop came back from Kiev without any success
438
00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:27,720
and being sure of the futility of his efforts.
439
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:35,079
Some of his companions were killed and he hardly managed to escape.
440
00:34:36,360 --> 00:34:42,680
Olga was late – Svyatoslav Igorevish became the sovereign.
441
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:46,960
And he didn't wish to have any missioners in his capital.
442
00:34:48,639 --> 00:34:52,960
He was confident that in case of being baptized
443
00:34:53,119 --> 00:34:57,400
he was going to lose his peoples' respect.
444
00:34:58,159 --> 00:35:03,279
Because every warrior would despise those, whose God was born in a barn
445
00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:06,360
and died in a disgraceful way next to the criminals.
446
00:35:07,719 --> 00:35:09,919
Svyatoslav didn't need a God like that.
447
00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:14,280
He needed power and glory.
448
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,519
SVYATOSLAV
449
00:35:25,157 --> 00:35:26,681
Svyatoslav has two children already
450
00:35:26,789 --> 00:35:33,213
and the third one is about to be born from a bond-maid called Malusha.
451
00:35:40,420 --> 00:35:43,974
Now Olga she urged him to be baptized,
452
00:35:44,992 --> 00:35:47,699
but he would not listen to her suggestion.
453
00:35:51,527 --> 00:35:54,970
"My son, I have learned to know God, and am glad for it.
454
00:35:55,989 --> 00:36:00,474
'If you know him, you too will rejoice."
455
00:36:04,702 --> 00:36:07,178
But he did not heed her exhortation, answering,
456
00:36:08,248 --> 00:36:11,445
"How shall I alone accept another faith?
457
00:36:12,246 --> 00:36:14,704
'My followers will laugh at that."
458
00:36:18,708 --> 00:36:20,539
But his mother replied,
459
00:36:21,088 --> 00:36:25,966
"If you are converted, all your subjects will perforce follow your example".
460
00:37:05,722 --> 00:37:07,443
It’s a boy!
461
00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:17,521
He named his third son - Vladimir - "the great sovereign ".
462
00:37:18,393 --> 00:37:21,009
He was sure that he won in the dispute with his mother.
463
00:37:21,429 --> 00:37:28,254
And a birth of his son proved that he was right.
464
00:37:29,329 --> 00:37:33,461
Svyatoslav did not heed his mother, but followed heathen usages.
465
00:37:33,945 --> 00:37:36,976
But not with standing, Olga loved her son Svyatoslav,
466
00:37:37,114 --> 00:37:40,085
and said, "So be the will of God".
467
00:37:40,271 --> 00:37:43,786
If God wishes to have pity upon my kin and upon the land of Rus',
468
00:37:44,074 --> 00:37:49,263
let him lead my son heart to return to God, even as God has granted me to do.
469
00:37:50,105 --> 00:37:52,641
With these words, she kept saying prayers for her son
470
00:37:52,780 --> 00:37:56,444
and for her people day and night.
471
00:38:45,739 --> 00:38:49,018
Svyatoslav was getting ready for a big military campaign.
472
00:38:49,586 --> 00:38:51,213
He did not even listen to his mother.
473
00:38:52,376 --> 00:38:54,163
He was a grown up.
474
00:38:54,293 --> 00:38:56,643
It will be his first campaign.
475
00:38:57,338 --> 00:39:01,891
She can only pray for him to survive.
476
00:39:02,338 --> 00:39:07,244
He will be back, but only to leave again.
477
00:39:08,436 --> 00:39:11,211
964 AD - Vyatichi campaign.
478
00:39:11,467 --> 00:39:14,461
Svyatoslav defeated and annexed them to the state of Rus’.
479
00:39:14,574 --> 00:39:20,362
It was the last Eastern Slavic tribe that had never been under the Kiev reign.
480
00:39:20,878 --> 00:39:24,126
965 AD Svyatoslav sallied forth against the Khazars.
481
00:39:24,179 --> 00:39:27,825
After a few battles the Khazar Khaganate ceased existing.
482
00:39:28,387 --> 00:39:32,427
966 a.d. Svyatoslav marched to attack the Bulgarians on Volga
483
00:39:32,661 --> 00:39:36,921
and fought in the mid and lower Volga Regions.
484
00:39:37,309 --> 00:39:40,940
968 AD Svyatoslav marched to the Danube to attack the Bulgarians.
485
00:39:41,126 --> 00:39:44,664
According to the chronicle, Svyatoslav captured 80 Bulgarian towns.
486
00:39:44,971 --> 00:39:48,311
After Svyatoslav defeated the Bulgarians, he took up his residence in Pereyaslavets,
487
00:39:48,742 --> 00:39:50,295
located in the mouth of the Danube.
488
00:39:50,672 --> 00:39:54,324
He liked it there and even started to think that the capital should be moved
489
00:39:54,442 --> 00:39:56,570
from the Dnieper to Danube.
490
00:39:56,650 --> 00:39:59,230
Then he would go further.
491
00:40:00,092 --> 00:40:03,740
He was fast as a leopard, he fought in many battles.
492
00:40:03,878 --> 00:40:07,523
Upon his expeditions he carried with him neither wagons nor kettles,
493
00:40:07,659 --> 00:40:08,923
and boiled no meat,
494
00:40:09,193 --> 00:40:13,927
but cut off small strips of horseflesh and ate it after roasting it on the coals.
495
00:40:14,188 --> 00:40:19,126
Nor did he have a tent, but he spread out a horse-blanket under him,
496
00:40:19,275 --> 00:40:22,092
and set his saddle under his head; and all his retinue did likewise.
497
00:40:22,311 --> 00:40:26,910
He sent messengers to the other lands announcing his intention to attack them.
498
00:40:28,523 --> 00:40:32,965
By some miracle, a courier from Kiev managed to reach him and brought a letter.
499
00:40:34,358 --> 00:40:37,760
The letter contained incredibly bitter words.
500
00:40:41,264 --> 00:40:44,602
"Oh Prince, you visit and frequent foreign lands.
501
00:40:44,744 --> 00:40:48,612
But while you neglect your own country,
502
00:40:48,713 --> 00:40:51,757
the Pechenegs have all but taken us captive,
503
00:40:51,947 --> 00:40:54,982
along with your mother and your children as well.
504
00:40:55,065 --> 00:41:00,148
Unless you return to protect us, they will attack us again,
505
00:41:00,429 --> 00:41:03,538
if you have no pity on your native land,
506
00:41:03,777 --> 00:41:06,954
on your mother in her old age, and on your children.
507
00:41:07,931 --> 00:41:12,148
For many decades hadn’t Kiev seen nomads at its walls.
508
00:41:12,985 --> 00:41:15,262
Wars were underway far away from the city, in the Steppe.
509
00:41:16,322 --> 00:41:22,840
Khazars used to hold the Pechenegs attacks, but Svyatoslav destroyed that shield.
510
00:41:23,831 --> 00:41:26,932
When he started his Danube campaign he couldn't even think
511
00:41:27,012 --> 00:41:30,715
that someone would dare to attack his capital.
512
00:41:31,679 --> 00:41:33,166
The city was helpless.
513
00:41:33,365 --> 00:41:36,137
Only the junior retinue remained in town.
514
00:41:37,063 --> 00:41:42,313
The wild Pechenegs’ crowd near the walls of Kiev was horrifying.
515
00:41:45,525 --> 00:41:48,826
After a few weeks of the siege the hunger started.
516
00:41:49,039 --> 00:41:54,264
If not for Olga, the gates would had been opened.
517
00:41:54,992 --> 00:41:57,864
But she managed to prevent the panic and didn't allow the citizens to surrender.
518
00:41:58,268 --> 00:42:01,346
They were waiting for Svyatoslav to come back.
519
00:42:01,786 --> 00:42:04,092
Every day lasted longer than eternity.
520
00:42:05,132 --> 00:42:08,925
But one day they saw panic in the Pechenegs' camp
521
00:42:09,125 --> 00:42:12,067
and understood - Svyatoslav was close.
522
00:42:18,876 --> 00:42:20,913
The army marched without rest, eating and sleeping on the way.
523
00:42:21,306 --> 00:42:25,776
Prince sent the retinue after the Pechenegs' and entered the city.
524
00:42:25,947 --> 00:42:28,253
People were crying while welcoming him back.
525
00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:31,250
His family came towards him.
526
00:42:31,943 --> 00:42:34,041
But there was not a sign of Olga.
527
00:42:36,282 --> 00:42:39,368
For the first time his mother was not welcoming him.
528
00:42:45,992 --> 00:42:48,633
When he entered her room he got scared.
529
00:42:50,257 --> 00:42:52,048
There was an old woman dressed
530
00:42:52,150 --> 00:42:54,332
in the princess’s clothes was sitting on the throne.
531
00:42:57,219 --> 00:43:01,585
The siege of Kiev and worries about grandchildren emptied her.
532
00:43:02,443 --> 00:43:06,903
She was only afraid that shemight not live till her son return.
533
00:43:09,432 --> 00:43:10,706
But she did.
534
00:43:11,902 --> 00:43:15,481
Like in his childhood he sat by her and put his head on her knees.
535
00:43:17,079 --> 00:43:23,943
The princess realized that she was crying for the first time since Svyatoslav's birth.
536
00:43:24,184 --> 00:43:26,271
"I’m home".
537
00:43:43,778 --> 00:43:49,045
Svyatoslav announced to his mother, "I do not care to remain in Kiev,
538
00:43:49,610 --> 00:43:52,081
'but should prefer to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube,
539
00:43:52,592 --> 00:43:54,569
'since that is the centre of my realm,
540
00:43:54,793 --> 00:43:56,702
'where all riches are concentrated".
541
00:43:57,260 --> 00:44:03,569
She begged him first to bury her and then to go wheresoever he would.
542
00:44:04,570 --> 00:44:06,679
Three days later Olga died.
543
00:44:07,153 --> 00:44:10,188
Her son wept for her with great mourning,
544
00:44:10,264 --> 00:44:12,739
as did likewise her grandsons and all the people.
545
00:44:13,139 --> 00:44:14,213
They thus carried her out,
546
00:44:14,282 --> 00:44:16,851
and buried her on the place she had chosen in advance.
547
00:44:17,335 --> 00:44:20,318
Olga had given command not to hold a funeral feast for her,
548
00:44:20,492 --> 00:44:22,407
for she had a priest
549
00:44:22,606 --> 00:44:27,487
who performed last rites over the sainted Princess.
550
00:44:33,199 --> 00:44:37,424
The tiny St. Ilya's church could only fit the closest relatives.
551
00:44:38,773 --> 00:44:39,956
Men were with their weapons,
552
00:44:40,094 --> 00:44:44,250
but the swords didn't leave their sheath at this unusual funeral.
553
00:44:45,277 --> 00:44:49,048
Bulgarian priest was saying something in a singing voice.
554
00:44:49,739 --> 00:44:53,952
The words were familiar but their meaning was unknown.
555
00:44:55,556 --> 00:44:57,331
Everyone tried not to look at her.
556
00:44:58,130 --> 00:45:02,014
Everyone tried not to think about the fact that she had to be buried in the ground.
557
00:45:03,547 --> 00:45:07,192
Her son cried sobless for the first and last time in his life.
558
00:45:08,405 --> 00:45:14,568
One of the grandchildren was looking at the candle
559
00:45:14,728 --> 00:45:16,831
during the entire ceremony.
560
00:45:17,422 --> 00:45:19,072
He looked at it until the black out.
561
00:45:20,632 --> 00:45:26,378
And then he looked up on the icon of "Pantokrator".
562
00:45:28,385 --> 00:45:30,898
30 years after Olga's death her grandson,
563
00:45:31,005 --> 00:45:34,163
Prince Vladimir ordered to remove her remains
564
00:45:34,364 --> 00:45:36,445
to the Virgin Mary's Church.
565
00:45:36,717 --> 00:45:37,927
After the tomb was opened – it was found
566
00:45:38,003 --> 00:45:40,447
that her body was incorruptible Olga's remains will become
567
00:45:40,532 --> 00:45:44,384
the first incorruptible relics in Russia.
568
00:45:44,634 --> 00:45:50,902
In 16th century Olga was canonized as equal to the apostles as Maria Magdalena,
569
00:45:50,976 --> 00:45:57,960
Nina of Georgia and Greek Empress Helena, whose name Olga took when baptized.
570
00:45:59,882 --> 00:46:02,675
Olga was the precursor of the Christian land,
571
00:46:02,739 --> 00:46:04,895
even as the day-spring precedes the sun.
572
00:46:05,673 --> 00:46:09,117
She was the first from Rus' to enter the kingdom of God,
573
00:46:10,182 --> 00:46:13,541
and the sons of Rus' thus praise her as their leader,
574
00:46:14,112 --> 00:46:19,470
for since her death she has interceded with God in their behalf.
50977
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