All language subtitles for Lenin. Episode 2. Documentary Film. English Subtitles. Russian History. (inglés)

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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:23,591 --> 00:00:24,865 present 2 00:00:26,561 --> 00:00:29,879 Lenin. A key image of the Soviet epoch. 3 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:35,722 For four years a creative group of historians, filmmakers, lawyers, 4 00:00:35,929 --> 00:00:39,384 criminalists and researchers from other fields of knowledge 5 00:00:39,590 --> 00:00:43,094 was studying the documents related to the life of Vladimir Ilyitch 6 00:00:43,258 --> 00:00:48,454 Ulyanov-Lenin. In total, they studied over 20,000 documents, 7 00:00:48,789 --> 00:00:51,901 tens of millions of pages from the leading Russian 8 00:00:52,113 --> 00:00:54,970 and foreign archives and libraries. 9 00:00:55,715 --> 00:01:01,700 The movie based on the largest-scale recent research gives an exact answer 10 00:01:02,003 --> 00:01:08,201 on what kind of person Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin was in reality. 11 00:01:10,248 --> 00:01:12,631 Many of the demonstrated documents and photos 12 00:01:12,905 --> 00:01:15,102 are published for the first time. 13 00:01:20,094 --> 00:01:24,382 In the morning of Sunday, May 10, 1887, 14 00:01:24,578 --> 00:01:28,170 leaflets of an extra edition of the telegrams of the “Northern Telegraph Society” 15 00:01:28,370 --> 00:01:31,219 were sold in the newspaper kiosks all over Simbirsk. 16 00:01:31,483 --> 00:01:33,896 The government announcement about the court sentence 17 00:01:34,052 --> 00:01:39,140 took the most part of it: “Shevyryov, Ulyanov, Generalov, 18 00:01:39,305 --> 00:01:43,341 Andreyushkin, Osipanov who made an attempt at the life of the Emperor 19 00:01:43,504 --> 00:01:47,188 are sentenced to death through hanging”. 20 00:01:49,141 --> 00:01:51,437 It took Vladimir Ulyanov a couple of times of reading 21 00:01:51,632 --> 00:01:55,186 before he realized the tragic essence of the last words of the message – 22 00:01:55,436 --> 00:01:58,573 “executed on May 8”. 23 00:02:01,290 --> 00:02:05,128 Vladimir Ulyanov’s hope that the Tsar would satisfied the appeal for pardon 24 00:02:05,331 --> 00:02:08,888 sent by his elder brother Alexander didn’t come true. 25 00:02:16,594 --> 00:02:22,545 LENIN. Episode Two 26 00:02:24,997 --> 00:02:29,286 The family was happy when Olga Ulyanova graduated from the female gymnasium 27 00:02:29,453 --> 00:02:33,134 and Vladimir graduated from the male gymnasium 28 00:02:33,277 --> 00:02:37,322 with golden medals on June 10, 1887. 29 00:02:39,138 --> 00:02:43,241 Maria Alexandrovna made a decision to sell the house and leave Simbirsk. 30 00:02:44,146 --> 00:02:48,401 Further stay in the city was impossible for a family of a state criminal. 31 00:02:50,998 --> 00:02:57,019 On June 27, at 10 p.m. Olga, Vladimir and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanovs 32 00:02:57,243 --> 00:03:01,468 left Simbirsk for good on the cargo and passenger steamship “Mercuriy”. 33 00:03:03,376 --> 00:03:06,709 In Kazan, Maria Alexandrovna and her son and daughter spent the night 34 00:03:06,897 --> 00:03:09,621 in the house of her sister Anna Veretennikova 35 00:03:09,829 --> 00:03:12,055 who denounced the actions of Alexander Ulyanov 36 00:03:12,201 --> 00:03:15,962 but always helped the Ulyanovs together with her husband. 37 00:03:17,024 --> 00:03:19,513 From Kazan, they went to the village of Kokushkino 38 00:03:19,707 --> 00:03:22,514 which five daughters of Doctor Blank had inherited; 39 00:03:22,734 --> 00:03:28,850 each of them owned a share of the estate worth about 3,000 rubles. 40 00:03:32,782 --> 00:03:38,033 On July 29, 1887 Vladimir Ulyanov submitted two requests 41 00:03:38,215 --> 00:03:42,461 to the rector of the Imperial Kazan University. 42 00:03:43,262 --> 00:03:46,651 The first – about entering the first year of the law faculty; 43 00:03:46,875 --> 00:03:54,274 the second – on relieving him of payment for the lectures in autumn of 1887. 44 00:03:59,014 --> 00:04:02,835 By mid-August it became known that both requests were satisfied, 45 00:04:03,127 --> 00:04:06,128 and Vladimir Ulyanov became a student. 46 00:04:09,943 --> 00:04:13,926 “Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from the gymnasium with the best marks. 47 00:04:14,157 --> 00:04:17,206 His surname wasn’t written on the marble desk 48 00:04:17,415 --> 00:04:24,586 only because the people in power saw his brother Alexander Ulyanov in him”, 49 00:04:24,735 --> 00:04:27,194 Vladimir’s classmate wrote. 50 00:04:28,317 --> 00:04:31,379 The personal file of the graduate of the gymnasium Vladimir Ulyanov, 51 00:04:31,579 --> 00:04:34,704 signed by the director of the gymnasium Fedor Kerenskiy, 52 00:04:34,928 --> 00:04:38,287 includes the following lines: “Studying the lifestyle 53 00:04:38,459 --> 00:04:44,762 and character of Ulyanov, I couldn’t but notice some excessive reserve 54 00:04:44,875 --> 00:04:48,631 and avoidance of communication even with people he knew, 55 00:04:48,721 --> 00:04:51,874 both outside of the gymnasium and with his comrades… 56 00:04:52,067 --> 00:04:53,915 and his general unsociability”. 57 00:04:56,985 --> 00:05:00,596 In 1887, the Imperial Kazan University was the only university 58 00:05:00,809 --> 00:05:07,112 for the huge territory to the east from Moscow up to the Pacific Ocean. 59 00:05:10,985 --> 00:05:15,281 Lenin’s comrade Alexander Stopani said about Kazan of those years: 60 00:05:15,559 --> 00:05:19,385 “Kazan of the workers and Kazan of the intelligentsia were leading 61 00:05:19,526 --> 00:05:25,790 separate lives. In the center of Kazan no.2, of intelligentsia, 62 00:05:25,947 --> 00:05:30,295 was the students’ life – land societies, self-educational circles 63 00:05:30,492 --> 00:05:34,579 and circles of mutual assistance, wide “library” unions 64 00:05:34,750 --> 00:05:38,301 and the “deputy assemblies”, parties and so on; 65 00:05:38,514 --> 00:05:41,604 all of them, naturally, were operating undercover…” 66 00:05:46,973 --> 00:05:54,391 In 1887-1888, there were 914 students there, 67 00:05:54,553 --> 00:05:59,341 265 of those studied at the law faculty. 68 00:06:00,850 --> 00:06:04,889 A half of the students came from the nobles and officials, 69 00:06:05,095 --> 00:06:08,362 and another half were the children of bourgeois, 70 00:06:08,535 --> 00:06:10,819 peasants and lower clergy ranks. 71 00:06:11,406 --> 00:06:15,873 On August 19, Vladimir Ulyanov received an entrance ticket no. 197. 72 00:06:19,271 --> 00:06:22,862 The school year at the law faculty started on August 25, 73 00:06:23,065 --> 00:06:27,516 but student Ulyanov only came to the university on September 2. 74 00:06:29,365 --> 00:06:31,945 The reason for his delay was a “Commitment” – 75 00:06:32,192 --> 00:06:38,740 a printed paper given to every student to be signed before the start of the year. 76 00:06:41,581 --> 00:06:44,691 According to the “Commitment”, the student of the university promised 77 00:06:44,932 --> 00:06:50,885 “not to be a member and not to participate in any societies, like land societies, 78 00:06:51,122 --> 00:06:57,455 and even not to enter any society permitted by the law 79 00:06:57,637 --> 00:07:02,105 without an explicit permission given by the university management”. 80 00:07:02,326 --> 00:07:06,621 Without that signature, the student couldn’t start attending the lectures. 81 00:07:11,576 --> 00:07:15,567 Minister of the Internal Affairs Tolstoy write in a secret report: 82 00:07:15,841 --> 00:07:19,499 “Land societies don’t differ from the secret societies 83 00:07:19,690 --> 00:07:22,258 structurally, and are an environment 84 00:07:22,500 --> 00:07:25,751 that is easily accessible for the revolutionaries who use them 85 00:07:25,963 --> 00:07:30,563 to replenish their rows and to exercise various revolutionary actions”. 86 00:07:35,156 --> 00:07:38,149 If Vladimir Ulyanov hoped that due to his being late 87 00:07:38,401 --> 00:07:40,670 the commitment would be forgotten, he was disappointed – 88 00:07:40,869 --> 00:07:43,297 the manager made him leave the necessary signature 89 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:47,067 right after he crossed the threshold of the university; 90 00:07:47,312 --> 00:07:50,932 despite his promise, Ulyanov entered the Simbirsk Land Society 91 00:07:51,158 --> 00:07:53,762 during the first days of his studies. 92 00:07:56,238 --> 00:07:58,787 He was frequenting the shop of Andrey Derevenkov, 93 00:07:58,985 --> 00:08:02,036 where the members of land societies often met 94 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:05,622 to discuss some prohibited book, sometimes hand-copied, 95 00:08:05,803 --> 00:08:09,985 or illegal parties in the company of female students 96 00:08:10,163 --> 00:08:13,723 of the Midwifes Institute and local Nurses Courses. 97 00:08:13,942 --> 00:08:17,290 Because of Vladimir Ulyanov’s close communication with female students 98 00:08:17,494 --> 00:08:20,255 sent out of Petersburg who were now studying at the Midwifes Institute 99 00:08:20,485 --> 00:08:23,759 by the University and their less fortunate girlfriends, 100 00:08:24,014 --> 00:08:26,838 also exiled from the capital to Kazan, 101 00:08:27,062 --> 00:08:33,404 in November of 1887 Vladimir only visited the University 8 times. 102 00:08:36,913 --> 00:08:39,566 As one well-known researcher of Lenin’s life wrote later: 103 00:08:39,793 --> 00:08:42,110 “The female students from the capital were excellent in conspiracies, 104 00:08:42,263 --> 00:08:44,963 and no matter how hard the Kazan gendarmes tried, 105 00:08:45,214 --> 00:08:49,302 they couldn’t catch them in the anti-governmental activities”. 106 00:08:50,169 --> 00:08:52,754 When he was free from communication with the fair sex, 107 00:08:52,917 --> 00:08:55,239 he visited the meetings of the land society 108 00:08:55,440 --> 00:08:58,672 which became more frequent by the end of the year. 109 00:09:02,977 --> 00:09:04,904 In the end of October Maria Alexandrovna, 110 00:09:05,182 --> 00:09:08,286 hoping for the sound mind of Vladimir, Olga and Dmitriy, 111 00:09:08,504 --> 00:09:13,230 student of the 4th grade, began to go to the family estate of Kokushkino 112 00:09:13,438 --> 00:09:16,084 to her younger daughter Maria more often, 113 00:09:16,264 --> 00:09:18,898 believing that in her absence the children’s nanny Varvara Grigoryevna 114 00:09:19,116 --> 00:09:21,154 would manage the kids. 115 00:09:29,302 --> 00:09:31,533 During the first days of December the students of Kazan got excited 116 00:09:31,756 --> 00:09:37,519 by the events that had happened on November 22 and 26 in Moscow. 117 00:09:39,312 --> 00:09:44,030 The disturbances among the students were invoked by the report 118 00:09:44,208 --> 00:09:49,019 of the Minister of the People’s Education of June 18, 1887 119 00:09:49,206 --> 00:09:54,250 that was nicknamed “A Circular about the Cook’s Children”. 120 00:09:56,926 --> 00:10:00,796 The Minister’s report stipulated the change in the social composition 121 00:10:01,028 --> 00:10:03,915 of gymnasiums and their transformation 122 00:10:04,211 --> 00:10:06,980 into the semi-privileged establishments. 123 00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,851 The first article of that document prohibited the Jew children 124 00:10:11,081 --> 00:10:14,910 from the lowest ranks to study in gymnasiums and proto-gymnasiums. 125 00:10:16,474 --> 00:10:18,905 The second article granted the universities the right 126 00:10:19,134 --> 00:10:21,370 to “determine the payment for the lectures 127 00:10:21,597 --> 00:10:25,390 without limiting themselves to previously defined 50-ruble standard”. 128 00:10:28,119 --> 00:10:30,526 From the legal point of view, 129 00:10:30,745 --> 00:10:35,471 the Circular contradicted the law in force of July 30, 1871 that stipulated 130 00:10:35,724 --> 00:10:40,515 abolition of the class and religious qualifications in the sphere of education. 131 00:10:41,168 --> 00:10:45,759 But the author of the document, Minister of the People’s Education Delyanov 132 00:10:45,967 --> 00:10:49,602 claimed: “A gymnasium is no place for the children of the servants, 133 00:10:49,792 --> 00:10:53,700 coachmen, cooks, petty shopkeepers and the like…” 134 00:10:57,107 --> 00:11:00,302 The Moscow students, organizers of the disturbances and protests, 135 00:11:00,511 --> 00:11:05,557 arrived in Kazan and discussed Minister Delyanov’s report 136 00:11:05,724 --> 00:11:10,469 at a secret meeting of the deputies of the student land societies of Kazan, 137 00:11:10,623 --> 00:11:13,826 after what they wrote the “Appeal to All the Students of Kazan” 138 00:11:14,049 --> 00:11:16,596 and a petition to the rector of the university. 139 00:11:17,052 --> 00:11:19,768 Starting from the beginning of December, 140 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:22,376 Vladimir began to visit the University more often, 141 00:11:22,557 --> 00:11:24,572 but not to improve his education – 142 00:11:24,815 --> 00:11:27,466 the emotional state of the students’ masses invoked by the injustice 143 00:11:27,668 --> 00:11:30,571 of the authorities, and the students’ readiness to confront the authorities, 144 00:11:30,744 --> 00:11:34,600 even physically, proved infectious for him. 145 00:11:35,732 --> 00:11:39,688 The reactionary anti-Semitic circular, the disbanding of the demonstration 146 00:11:39,869 --> 00:11:42,997 and beatings of the Moscow students that followed 147 00:11:43,162 --> 00:11:46,205 invoked a wave of protests among the Kazan students. 148 00:11:49,279 --> 00:11:53,217 On December 4, 17-year old Vladimir, the eldest male in the family 149 00:11:53,388 --> 00:11:57,586 responsible for the future of his sisters and his brother, 150 00:11:57,778 --> 00:12:01,771 who knew about the harsh wound inflicted to his mother 151 00:12:01,962 --> 00:12:04,548 by the elder brother, crossed the threshold of the university 152 00:12:04,701 --> 00:12:07,458 as one of the organizers of the students’ disturbances. 153 00:12:11,187 --> 00:12:14,742 The leaders of the land societies to whom Vladimir belonged too, 154 00:12:14,982 --> 00:12:17,327 decided that the disturbances among the students 155 00:12:17,509 --> 00:12:19,899 were a chance they simply couldn’t miss. 156 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:23,563 From the smoking room where a lot of exciting talks about the power were held, 157 00:12:23,756 --> 00:12:28,075 the organizers of the meeting-demonstration went together 158 00:12:28,220 --> 00:12:33,569 to the auditoriums of the university shouting: “To the meeting! To the meeting!” 159 00:12:37,339 --> 00:12:40,381 Vladimir was running along the corridor shouting “Hurray!”. 160 00:12:40,676 --> 00:12:43,463 “To the rector!” and “Let’s do away with the inspections!” 161 00:12:44,624 --> 00:12:46,691 Breaking the door into the conference hall, 162 00:12:46,865 --> 00:12:50,139 Vladimir and other students delivered speeches on the Tsar’s yoke, 163 00:12:50,379 --> 00:12:53,947 the need for the students to confront the unjust regime. 164 00:12:56,504 --> 00:12:59,689 Inspector Potapov who came to the meeting demanded the students 165 00:12:59,881 --> 00:13:03,379 to dismiss, threatening them with the army and the police. 166 00:13:09,552 --> 00:13:13,134 The students jumped at the inspector and beat him up; 167 00:13:13,339 --> 00:13:15,681 it was only thanks to his strong build 168 00:13:15,876 --> 00:13:19,487 that Potapov managed to escape the fight without any serious traumas. 169 00:13:21,043 --> 00:13:24,841 Soon the rector Nicolay Alexandrovitch Kremlyov, 170 00:13:25,102 --> 00:13:27,679 a liberal and an experienced professor who had lived through 171 00:13:27,913 --> 00:13:30,529 numerous students’ disturbances came out to the crowd. 172 00:13:31,914 --> 00:13:35,360 Kremlyov read the petition submitted by the students. 173 00:13:38,352 --> 00:13:40,257 It listed the following demands: 174 00:13:40,475 --> 00:13:44,446 a collegial body of the students was to rule the university independently, 175 00:13:44,639 --> 00:13:48,586 the students got a right to allot grants at the discretion of the persons 176 00:13:48,755 --> 00:13:51,102 elected by the students. 177 00:13:51,916 --> 00:13:54,647 Kremlyov offered the students to go home, and left. 178 00:13:55,429 --> 00:13:57,719 The mass psychosis of the hot-headed young men 179 00:13:57,899 --> 00:14:00,355 reached its peak in the evening. 180 00:14:00,573 --> 00:14:03,092 The organizers of the meeting suggested that the students 181 00:14:03,279 --> 00:14:06,237 should leave the university as a sign of disagreement. 182 00:14:06,870 --> 00:14:10,673 99 students signed a statement on withdrawal from the university; 183 00:14:10,865 --> 00:14:13,079 among them, Vladimir Ulyanov. 184 00:14:13,793 --> 00:14:17,289 One of the young men taking part in the meeting wrote: 185 00:14:18,402 --> 00:14:22,475 “The tumultuous rumbling among the students went on that day 186 00:14:22,682 --> 00:14:27,325 and the following days; the students walked about the city in groups, 187 00:14:27,518 --> 00:14:30,372 mostly along the Voskresenskaya Street where the University 188 00:14:30,567 --> 00:14:34,235 and the First Police Department were situated”. 189 00:14:37,073 --> 00:14:40,490 The rented apartment of the Ulyanovs, the city of Kazan 190 00:14:47,418 --> 00:14:49,899 When Vladimir came home that day, 191 00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:53,777 he told his mother and his sister Olga about the events at the University. 192 00:15:00,038 --> 00:15:03,033 He mentioned the beating of Inspector Potapov saying: 193 00:15:03,457 --> 00:15:07,915 “The Inspector played on their nerves, and they beat him up”. 194 00:15:08,149 --> 00:15:09,989 Ulyanov withheld the information 195 00:15:10,307 --> 00:15:14,019 that he himself took part in that despicable action too. 196 00:15:17,548 --> 00:15:21,742 At night of December 4 to 5 the police came to the Ulyanovs’ apartment. 197 00:15:22,291 --> 00:15:26,255 Vladimir was arrested and taken to the police department. 198 00:15:29,451 --> 00:15:33,092 Later he was transferred to the common cell of prison. 199 00:15:33,624 --> 00:15:36,026 Over a hundred of students were arrested; 200 00:15:36,408 --> 00:15:38,860 a part was released in one day. 201 00:15:39,111 --> 00:15:43,231 The rest stayed in the cell, sang songs, read prohibited poems 202 00:15:43,438 --> 00:15:48,933 and discussed plans for the future. Vladimir told his comrades 203 00:15:49,147 --> 00:15:51,385 that there was only one path ahead of him: 204 00:15:51,575 --> 00:15:56,175 the revolutionary struggle, a choice made for him by his elder brother. 205 00:15:56,884 --> 00:15:59,387 Maria Alexandrovna who didn’t know 206 00:15:59,581 --> 00:16:02,730 the details of Vladimir’s activities at the University believed 207 00:16:02,953 --> 00:16:07,014 that the authorities were prejudiced towards Vladimir 208 00:16:07,182 --> 00:16:09,725 because of his elder brother who had been hanged. 209 00:16:14,432 --> 00:16:18,018 However, one of the police officers rebuked their claims to the authorities; 210 00:16:18,261 --> 00:16:22,970 he informed her that Vladimir was practically always absent at the lectures, 211 00:16:23,144 --> 00:16:25,410 was a member of illegal local societies 212 00:16:25,698 --> 00:16:28,859 and ran at Inspector Potapov with his fists at the ready. 213 00:16:29,111 --> 00:16:32,290 The university inspectors described Vladimir as a reserved, 214 00:16:32,456 --> 00:16:35,779 not attentive and even not polite student. 215 00:16:38,011 --> 00:16:43,910 On December 5, 1887 Vladimir Ulyanov was expelled 216 00:16:44,086 --> 00:16:49,841 from the Imperial Kazan University and prohibited from living in the capital 217 00:16:50,048 --> 00:16:51,960 and in the university cities. 218 00:16:57,469 --> 00:17:01,453 The next day he left Kazan under the supervision of a police officer 219 00:17:01,715 --> 00:17:06,531 with his mother and younger sister. At his mother’s request, 220 00:17:06,796 --> 00:17:10,713 Vladimir was exiled to their family estate Kokushkino 221 00:17:10,935 --> 00:17:14,558 where his elder sister Anna was doing her 5-year term of exile 222 00:17:14,770 --> 00:17:17,893 for the participation in the gang of Shevyryov and Ulyanov. 223 00:17:18,421 --> 00:17:21,722 In Kokushkino, Vladimir was mostly reading books and magazines 224 00:17:21,924 --> 00:17:26,714 from the library of the late husband of his aunt Lyubov Alexandrovna. 225 00:17:27,126 --> 00:17:34,182 During that period, he read works of Dobrolyubov, Chernishevskiy and Pisarev. 226 00:17:34,844 --> 00:17:37,128 “I was carried away by reading”, 227 00:17:37,338 --> 00:17:40,605 Vladimir said later about his stay at Kokushkino. 228 00:17:41,036 --> 00:17:45,275 In 1887, Fedor Kerenskiy was certain: 229 00:17:45,566 --> 00:17:50,615 “Ulyanov’s parents always monitored his education and moral development 230 00:17:50,805 --> 00:17:55,939 with attention; since 1886, after his father’s death, 231 00:17:56,116 --> 00:17:58,757 his mother was doing it on her own. 232 00:17:58,970 --> 00:18:03,096 Religion and sound discipline were at the core of his upbringing.” 233 00:18:06,288 --> 00:18:11,364 On his 18th birthday, on April 10, 1888, 234 00:18:11,653 --> 00:18:15,471 Vladimir who severed all ties with religion at the age of 15, 235 00:18:15,715 --> 00:18:19,107 became a godfather to a daughter of a peasant Yakim Georgiyev. 236 00:18:20,426 --> 00:18:23,409 By demonstrating such ambiguous attitude towards Orthodoxy 237 00:18:23,596 --> 00:18:27,019 (he was an atheist by words, a religious man by actions) 238 00:18:27,250 --> 00:18:31,078 the future relentless fighter with religion Vladimir Ulyanov showed his ability 239 00:18:31,285 --> 00:18:35,881 to act in accordance with the circumstances in any situation. 240 00:18:45,950 --> 00:18:49,394 In one year, in July of 1889, 241 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:53,277 when Anna Ulyanova and Mark Yelizarov were married, 242 00:18:53,455 --> 00:18:57,361 Vladimir Ilyitch was their voucher as an Orthodox noble; 243 00:18:57,651 --> 00:19:03,477 by that, he conformed his life credo of immoral attitude towards religion. 244 00:19:07,018 --> 00:19:11,248 In June of 1888, Vladimir’s mother solicited for a permission 245 00:19:11,446 --> 00:19:17,341 for her son to study at the university again. Her solicitation was denied. 246 00:19:18,105 --> 00:19:23,682 In September of 1888, Vladimir turned to the Minister of Internal Affairs 247 00:19:23,865 --> 00:19:29,593 with a request to permit him to go abroad to enter some foreign university. 248 00:19:30,202 --> 00:19:32,364 The Minister denied the request 249 00:19:32,538 --> 00:19:37,200 but soon the police department allowed Vladimir to stay in Kazan. 250 00:19:41,097 --> 00:19:50,348 By winter of 1888-1889, Vladimir Ulyanov got a hint of beard on his face. 251 00:19:51,047 --> 00:19:53,760 That very winter, former student Ulyanov got interested 252 00:19:53,976 --> 00:19:57,046 in the Social Democracy teaching. 253 00:19:58,757 --> 00:20:00,586 He began to read “The Capital”, 254 00:20:00,868 --> 00:20:03,945 a book of the German author and journalist Karl Marx. 255 00:20:05,363 --> 00:20:10,301 In September of 1888, Anna Ulyanova underwent a medical examination 256 00:20:10,519 --> 00:20:16,634 as a mental patient. She was then allowed to live in Kazan 257 00:20:16,837 --> 00:20:19,606 to get the necessary treatment. 258 00:20:20,548 --> 00:20:24,003 At that time, the mental clinic of the Kazan District Hospital 259 00:20:24,199 --> 00:20:27,407 was headed by Vladimir Mikhailovitch Bekhterev, 260 00:20:27,618 --> 00:20:30,797 a professor of the Chair of Psychiatry of the Kazan University 261 00:20:31,008 --> 00:20:34,923 who later became an academician, a director of the Institute of the Brain 262 00:20:35,164 --> 00:20:42,245 of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Bekhterev’s colleague at the university, 263 00:20:42,402 --> 00:20:47,058 an expert in histology Alexei Yefimovitch Smirnov 264 00:20:47,250 --> 00:20:51,680 who in 1889 was awarded with a rank of a Doctor of Medicine 265 00:20:51,866 --> 00:20:56,598 was working with him. On April 29, 1889 266 00:20:56,751 --> 00:21:00,617 Vladimir Ulyanov received a medical conclusion no. 108 267 00:21:00,761 --> 00:21:05,167 in which professor Nicolay Ivanovitch Kotovschikov, a therapist, 268 00:21:05,349 --> 00:21:10,409 and Dr. Smirnov wrote that Vladimir Ulyanov had gastric catarrh 269 00:21:10,567 --> 00:21:13,791 and needed alkaline mineral water for treatment, 270 00:21:14,007 --> 00:21:18,590 preferably the French waters of Vichy. 271 00:21:19,463 --> 00:21:24,389 In May, Vladimir Ulyanov applied to the Kazan Governor Poltoratskiy 272 00:21:24,623 --> 00:21:29,120 to receive a foreign passport to go for treatment abroad. 273 00:21:29,342 --> 00:21:32,038 The police department of Kazan now had the evidence 274 00:21:32,211 --> 00:21:36,627 of the mental disorder of Anna Ulyanova and the disease of Vladimir Ulyanov, 275 00:21:36,819 --> 00:21:39,379 the request of Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova 276 00:21:39,557 --> 00:21:42,662 to allow her elder children to undergo treatments. 277 00:21:50,624 --> 00:21:53,026 At the same time, the police department had a letter 278 00:21:53,257 --> 00:21:56,344 of the director of the Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium 279 00:21:56,574 --> 00:22:00,568 Fedor Mikhailovitch Kerenskiy to the district inspector Timofeev 280 00:22:00,759 --> 00:22:05,702 in which Kerenskiy wrote: “Ulyanov, if I may think so, 281 00:22:05,972 --> 00:22:09,805 could become mentally disturbed after the fateful catastrophe 282 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:12,314 that befell the poor family 283 00:22:12,569 --> 00:22:16,235 and could influence the sensitive young man in a negative way”. 284 00:22:17,972 --> 00:22:21,662 There are no doubts that the employees of the police department of Kazan, 285 00:22:21,826 --> 00:22:25,849 professor Bekhterev, professor Kotovschikov, and Doctor Smirnov 286 00:22:26,058 --> 00:22:31,076 knew about the suicide of Anna’s and Vladimir’s closest relatives – 287 00:22:31,348 --> 00:22:35,298 their great uncle Dmitriy Dmitriyevitch Blank, 288 00:22:35,477 --> 00:22:40,527 the brother of Maria Alexandrovna, Dmitriy Alexandrovitch Blank, 289 00:22:40,717 --> 00:22:46,795 the uncle of her children; plus, psychology could only perceive 290 00:22:47,001 --> 00:22:49,609 the actions of Alexander Ulyanov as a suicide. 291 00:22:49,836 --> 00:22:53,955 Therefore, they could definitely talk about a hereditary mental illness – 292 00:22:54,192 --> 00:23:00,404 circular psychosis that is now called the “maniac-depressive syndrome”. 293 00:23:04,131 --> 00:23:10,342 At the beginning of 1889, the Ulyanovs moved to the Samara Region, 294 00:23:10,567 --> 00:23:12,748 to the village of Alakayevka. 295 00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:16,417 However, Maria Alexandrovna hopes 296 00:23:16,613 --> 00:23:19,295 to pull Vladimir out of the revolutionary actions 297 00:23:19,509 --> 00:23:23,039 by throwing him into the village chores were in vain. 298 00:23:24,501 --> 00:23:28,519 “Mother wanted me to work in the estate in the village. I started it. 299 00:23:28,721 --> 00:23:31,178 But then I saw – I shouldn’t; 300 00:23:31,298 --> 00:23:33,682 the relations with the peasants began to go wrong”. 301 00:23:34,393 --> 00:23:36,519 That was how Vladimir Ilyitch commented 302 00:23:36,698 --> 00:23:39,226 on his stay in Alakayevka to Krupskaya years later. 303 00:23:41,978 --> 00:23:44,641 According to the report of the police department: 304 00:23:44,911 --> 00:23:49,950 “In May of 1889, the Kazan Governor submitted Ulyanov’s request 305 00:23:50,122 --> 00:23:53,317 to permit him to go abroad for the treatment, 306 00:23:53,492 --> 00:23:59,657 but His Honor Director rejected the abovementioned request 307 00:23:59,923 --> 00:24:06,917 reasoning that Ulyanov could go to treat his disease to the Caucasus”. 308 00:24:08,451 --> 00:24:12,765 Governor of Samara wrote a resolution for the decision of the police department 309 00:24:13,038 --> 00:24:16,278 that “he may treat himself with the Caucasian mineral waters, 310 00:24:16,551 --> 00:24:19,139 for instance, “Essentuki-17”. 311 00:24:20,407 --> 00:24:23,285 In September, the Ulyanovs moved to Samara. 312 00:24:23,538 --> 00:24:27,038 In winter of 1889, Vladimir met an attorney from Samara, 313 00:24:27,277 --> 00:24:33,236 a chess player Andrey Nicolayevitch Khardin. 314 00:24:34,082 --> 00:24:37,478 Vladimir made friends with Khardin on the basis of chess games 315 00:24:37,744 --> 00:24:40,058 through correspondence with Mark Yelizarov, 316 00:24:40,247 --> 00:24:44,841 and got an influential comrade who played an important part in his further fate. 317 00:24:46,414 --> 00:24:48,174 During the first days in Samara, 318 00:24:48,424 --> 00:24:52,371 Vladimir met the revolutionary youth and former exiles. 319 00:24:55,083 --> 00:24:58,528 Among the intelligentsia, the Narodnik movement was popular. 320 00:24:58,718 --> 00:25:02,152 It was an ideological doctrine and a social and political movement. 321 00:25:02,419 --> 00:25:05,537 In essence, the Narodnik movement was one of the versions 322 00:25:05,712 --> 00:25:08,163 of the utopic socialism. 323 00:25:09,949 --> 00:25:11,911 The Narodniks believed that the common folk 324 00:25:12,099 --> 00:25:14,991 were the center of social and moral ideals 325 00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:19,745 and perceived the Russian peasant society as an impersonation of a commune. 326 00:25:21,694 --> 00:25:25,592 For Russia, the Narodniks offered a special path of development – 327 00:25:25,878 --> 00:25:29,321 from the autocracy to the socialism, past capitalism. 328 00:25:30,278 --> 00:25:33,370 In the Soviet history, the Narodniks were showed as the enemy 329 00:25:33,542 --> 00:25:37,462 of the Social Democracy. In reality, they were fighting the autocracy 330 00:25:37,676 --> 00:25:40,006 just like the Social Democrats. 331 00:25:40,540 --> 00:25:43,264 Social Democracy was a new revolutionary movement for Russia 332 00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:47,527 as many people believed there were no sufficient conditions for it 333 00:25:47,729 --> 00:25:52,976 in Russia for the lack of proletariat like workers of factories and plants. 334 00:25:54,573 --> 00:25:59,979 Vladimir’s elder brother Alexander Ulyanov also reckoned himself to be a Narodnik; 335 00:26:00,184 --> 00:26:03,720 he even wrote a Manifest of the terror organization “The People’s Will”. 336 00:26:06,786 --> 00:26:10,048 During the first days of September of 1889, 337 00:26:10,221 --> 00:26:15,076 Vladimir Ulyanov met his peer Alexei Pavlovitch Sklyarenko. 338 00:26:17,096 --> 00:26:21,211 He was tall, physically strong, with a clever expressive face, 339 00:26:21,444 --> 00:26:24,451 in a dark pince-nez and with a stick in his hands 340 00:26:24,650 --> 00:26:28,653 that resembled a patriarch’s staff; Sklyarenko was incredibly brave 341 00:26:28,837 --> 00:26:34,439 and could talk a lot and with great zest on the injustice of autocracy. 342 00:26:36,582 --> 00:26:40,205 Sklyarenko made friends with a female student of a nurses’ collage 343 00:26:40,373 --> 00:26:44,873 who lived in one apartment with him, an assistant to a railway driver 344 00:26:45,027 --> 00:26:48,189 and a graduate of an industrial school. 345 00:26:48,551 --> 00:26:51,379 From the first days of friendship with Sklyarenko, 346 00:26:51,612 --> 00:26:55,259 Vladimir criticized his ideas proving to him that the Narodniks’ views 347 00:26:55,445 --> 00:26:59,958 on the people were an illusion for in their opinion it was a unity 348 00:27:00,162 --> 00:27:05,915 of different class groups – rich peasants, poor peasants and workers. 349 00:27:08,343 --> 00:27:11,230 Soon Vladimir became well-known in Samara as a theorist 350 00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:13,440 and an expert of Marxism. 351 00:27:14,018 --> 00:27:16,432 Belyakov, a member of Sklyarenko’s circle, 352 00:27:16,618 --> 00:27:19,424 described his meetings with Vladimir Ulyanov: 353 00:27:19,825 --> 00:27:23,393 “We listened to Vladimir Ilyitch’s lectures on Marxism, 354 00:27:23,565 --> 00:27:27,615 the deep knowledge of which was a dream of those-days smart youth, 355 00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:31,265 as an interesting and educating fairy-tale. 356 00:27:31,638 --> 00:27:35,110 We threw out the old gods with the carelessness of youth 357 00:27:35,287 --> 00:27:41,835 without a second glance and even with some mean bitterness…” 358 00:27:46,644 --> 00:27:48,981 Marxism as a social and political movement, 359 00:27:49,192 --> 00:27:54,207 philosophical and social-political teaching, founded by Karl Marx 360 00:27:54,414 --> 00:27:58,005 and Friedrich Engels, was introduced to Russia 361 00:27:58,221 --> 00:28:01,105 by Pavel Vasilyevitch Annenkov – 362 00:28:01,301 --> 00:28:06,212 a nobleman, a rich landowner from Simbirsk, a liberal author. 363 00:28:09,239 --> 00:28:16,172 At 33, Annenkov met 28-year old Marx in 1846 in Germany. 364 00:28:17,023 --> 00:28:22,306 Marx wrote: “In 1843-1844 in Paris, 365 00:28:22,502 --> 00:28:26,495 the local Russian aristocrats carried me in their arms. 366 00:28:26,828 --> 00:28:31,028 Nowhere did I sell as many books as in Russia. 367 00:28:31,434 --> 00:28:36,915 The first foreign nation to translate my “Capital” was the Russian. 368 00:28:37,229 --> 00:28:42,785 The Russian aristocrats were educated in German universities and in Paris. 369 00:28:42,997 --> 00:28:46,715 They were attracted by the most extreme ideas offered by the West. 370 00:28:46,990 --> 00:28:48,631 It was a pure gourmandize…” 371 00:28:48,971 --> 00:28:50,779 The scientists-Marxists believed 372 00:28:51,031 --> 00:28:53,570 that one of Marx’s most important achievements 373 00:28:53,751 --> 00:28:58,509 was the materialistic method of comprehension of the social phenomena – 374 00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:00,922 historical materialism. The Marxists’ claims 375 00:29:01,133 --> 00:29:04,583 that Marx allegedly established a scientific theory – scientific Communism – 376 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:08,625 wasn’t confirmed for all Marx’s theories contradict the modern view 377 00:29:08,782 --> 00:29:11,502 on the nature of scientific theories – tolerance to criticism 378 00:29:11,773 --> 00:29:18,452 and proving by the historical line of events. The example of that 379 00:29:18,611 --> 00:29:22,382 is the collapse of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 380 00:29:23,011 --> 00:29:24,466 Russia! 381 00:29:26,050 --> 00:29:29,637 Interest of Marx and Engels to Russia was first of all commercial – 382 00:29:29,842 --> 00:29:34,980 they were getting paid for the publication of literature, 383 00:29:35,186 --> 00:29:38,986 and they weren’t shy to remind their Russian editors about that. 384 00:29:40,218 --> 00:29:43,017 The Marxists of all times explain fundamental mistakes 385 00:29:43,227 --> 00:29:46,595 made by Marx and Engels in their economical, philosophical, 386 00:29:46,825 --> 00:29:50,133 social and political works with the fact that 387 00:29:50,305 --> 00:29:53,423 “being no exceptions from human nature, 388 00:29:53,653 --> 00:29:57,540 Marx and Engels could be mistaken in separate cases 389 00:29:57,753 --> 00:30:01,562 in the evaluation of these or those factors”. 390 00:30:01,788 --> 00:30:05,380 That was how Pavel Axelrod commented on the mistakes in Marx’s works. 391 00:30:05,615 --> 00:30:09,006 Under the impression of Vladimir Ulyanov’s speeches about Marxism 392 00:30:09,201 --> 00:30:12,182 Sklyarenko and his comrades renounced the ideas of the Narodniks 393 00:30:12,442 --> 00:30:14,815 and began to consider themselves to be Marxists. 394 00:30:15,732 --> 00:30:18,444 One of the serious obstacles for the young Marxists 395 00:30:18,661 --> 00:30:22,089 was the purchase of Marx’s books which censorship prohibited. 396 00:30:23,084 --> 00:30:28,361 On December 27, 1889 Vladimir Ulyanov sent a double card 397 00:30:28,550 --> 00:30:34,027 with a prepaid reply to the bookseller Brockhaus situated in Leipzig. 398 00:30:36,693 --> 00:30:39,816 In his letter Vladimir asked to inform him 399 00:30:40,051 --> 00:30:43,399 “whether the company “Brockhaus” accepts Russian notes 400 00:30:43,608 --> 00:30:47,323 as payments for the books, how much a Russian ruble is worth in Leipzig, 401 00:30:47,469 --> 00:30:49,626 whether the company receives the lists of books 402 00:30:49,806 --> 00:30:52,038 prohibited by the censors in Russia 403 00:30:52,226 --> 00:30:54,789 and how much the delivery of these books to Samara will cost”. 404 00:30:55,019 --> 00:30:58,905 Into that list, he included the works of Marx, Engels and Kautskiy. 405 00:31:02,684 --> 00:31:06,015 Soon, the literature hunger of the Marxist circle of Sklyarenko and Ulyanov 406 00:31:06,253 --> 00:31:10,344 was satisfied: book shelves in Vladimir’s room were replenished 407 00:31:10,544 --> 00:31:13,178 by the books of Marx and his followers. 408 00:31:14,087 --> 00:31:17,421 Among Ulyanov’s new acquaintances was an exile 409 00:31:17,611 --> 00:31:20,799 Maria Petrovna Yasneva, a Narodnik, a Jacobin 410 00:31:21,057 --> 00:31:25,913 who was one of the first to appreciate the propagandistic abilities 411 00:31:26,112 --> 00:31:28,523 of a 19-year old Marxist. 412 00:31:28,785 --> 00:31:31,375 All days, evenings and nights Vladimir was explaining 413 00:31:31,586 --> 00:31:34,389 the teaching of Marx to a 30-year old Narodnik, 414 00:31:34,671 --> 00:31:37,451 and soon she turned to the side of the Marxists. 415 00:31:41,660 --> 00:31:45,730 In May of 1890, Maria Alexandrovna, worried 416 00:31:45,936 --> 00:31:49,136 by Vladimir’s interest in the Marxists, made a desperate step – 417 00:31:49,419 --> 00:31:53,564 she went to Petersburg for a meeting with the Minister 418 00:31:53,788 --> 00:31:56,910 of the People’s Education Delyanov regarding the permission 419 00:31:57,136 --> 00:32:01,284 for Vladimir to continue his education in one of the Russian universities. 420 00:32:07,382 --> 00:32:10,989 The statement written by Maria Alexandrovna addressed to the Minister 421 00:32:11,215 --> 00:32:13,972 of the People’s Education is simple and clear: 422 00:32:14,269 --> 00:32:16,803 “It tears my heart to look at my son, 423 00:32:17,030 --> 00:32:20,075 whose best years for the higher education are slipping away. 424 00:32:20,290 --> 00:32:24,759 Such senseless existence without some kind of a mission 425 00:32:24,909 --> 00:32:29,768 definitely has a pernicious moral influence on a young man 426 00:32:29,943 --> 00:32:36,235 and might almost undoubtedly lead him to thoughts about suicide”. 427 00:32:41,957 --> 00:32:44,274 Olga, middle daughter of Maria Alexandrovna, 428 00:32:44,490 --> 00:32:48,416 dreamt of becoming a doctor; among the works she studied 429 00:32:48,634 --> 00:32:51,467 were books of the famous European psychiatrists: 430 00:32:51,696 --> 00:32:55,087 “Genius and madness” by Cesare Lombroso, “Heredity” 431 00:32:55,257 --> 00:33:00,205 by Teodule Ribot and “Psychology of Attention” by the same author. 432 00:33:03,269 --> 00:33:08,365 Without any doubt, Maria Alexandrovna studied those books too. 433 00:33:08,592 --> 00:33:11,556 A smart and well-educated woman could easily compare 434 00:33:11,741 --> 00:33:15,211 the texts of those books with the history of suicides of her uncle, 435 00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:17,685 brother Dmitriy and son Alexander. 436 00:33:18,108 --> 00:33:20,425 The thought about the possible suicide of Volodya 437 00:33:20,635 --> 00:33:23,479 in a result of a hereditary psychiatric disorder got reflected 438 00:33:23,682 --> 00:33:27,328 in her letter to the Minister of the People’s Education. 439 00:33:31,420 --> 00:33:33,816 The Minister satisfied the request of Maria Ulyanova 440 00:33:34,037 --> 00:33:37,979 but made a note on her letter: “Ask his warden and police department 441 00:33:38,196 --> 00:33:42,840 about him; he is a bad person”. 442 00:33:46,516 --> 00:33:51,438 After getting the reply from the Ministry no. 8076 at the police department 443 00:33:51,612 --> 00:33:54,910 which permitted Vladimir to pass the exams for the subjects 444 00:33:55,109 --> 00:33:59,158 studied at the law faculty, he sent another request to pass the exams 445 00:33:59,351 --> 00:34:03,417 before the testing commission at the Petersburg University. 446 00:34:05,750 --> 00:34:10,101 At the end of August of 1890, Vladimir Ulyanov went to Petersburg 447 00:34:10,443 --> 00:34:13,883 to find out the conditions of passing the exams. 448 00:34:17,833 --> 00:34:19,583 In autumn of the same year, Olga Ulyanova 449 00:34:19,778 --> 00:34:23,021 who entered the Higher Female Courses 450 00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:26,972 also called the Bestuzhev Courses came to Petersburg too. 451 00:34:27,188 --> 00:34:29,022 She made new friends at the courses – 452 00:34:29,230 --> 00:34:32,657 Zinaida Nevzorova and Apollinaria Yakubova. 453 00:34:34,626 --> 00:34:38,215 From the first day of their meeting, Olga informed Nevzorova and Yakubova 454 00:34:38,402 --> 00:34:41,375 about the tragic fate of her elder brother Alexander, 455 00:34:41,644 --> 00:34:45,222 her sister Anna who had been exiled and about her brother Vladimir 456 00:34:45,429 --> 00:34:49,332 expelled from the university for taking part in students’ protests. 457 00:34:53,202 --> 00:34:55,585 She passed them the hand-copied translation 458 00:34:55,851 --> 00:34:59,982 of the “Manifest of the Communist Party” of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 459 00:35:00,264 --> 00:35:03,004 made together with her brother Vladimir. 460 00:35:04,460 --> 00:35:07,525 On the pages of that book that was censored in Russia, 461 00:35:07,715 --> 00:35:11,072 together with many other incorrect phrasings and conclusions 462 00:35:11,271 --> 00:35:14,943 Marx and Engels wrote the following about the wives: 463 00:35:15,853 --> 00:35:20,339 “A bourgeois looks at his wife as at a simple tool of production”. 464 00:35:24,273 --> 00:35:26,908 It means that for Marx and Engels, a common bourgeois 465 00:35:27,161 --> 00:35:30,485 was a participant of a process in which there was a production tool – 466 00:35:30,695 --> 00:35:33,512 his wife, and an end product – a child. 467 00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:36,489 It’s clear that in that case, there was no hired labour 468 00:35:36,728 --> 00:35:39,202 which, according to the Marxists, was the basis 469 00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,594 of the capitalistic production. Investing his labour, 470 00:35:42,788 --> 00:35:46,188 a bourgeois had to get the end product – a child, 471 00:35:46,467 --> 00:35:49,990 which, in line with Marx’s dialectics, had to have some value. 472 00:35:51,940 --> 00:35:56,967 In real life, children don’t have value and can’t equal a good. 473 00:35:57,304 --> 00:36:00,668 Therefore, the wives aren’t production tools. 474 00:36:02,612 --> 00:36:05,702 Further, the founding fathers of the scientific Communism wrote: 475 00:36:05,898 --> 00:36:09,790 “The Bourgeois marriage is in fact a community of wives. 476 00:36:10,141 --> 00:36:11,864 The Communists might only be reprimanded 477 00:36:12,045 --> 00:36:15,934 for the fact that they want to introduce an official, 478 00:36:16,150 --> 00:36:20,503 open community of wives instead of a secret, covered one. 479 00:36:20,706 --> 00:36:23,196 The Communists don’t need to introduce the community of wives, 480 00:36:23,429 --> 00:36:25,398 for it has always existed”. 481 00:36:27,257 --> 00:36:30,653 Marx made such weird conclusions basing on his own experience, 482 00:36:30,871 --> 00:36:36,150 as his biography suggests. Marx was unfaithful to his wife 483 00:36:36,358 --> 00:36:40,763 with their housemaid Elena Demuth with whom he had an extramarital son. 484 00:36:40,992 --> 00:36:45,352 After Karl Marx’s death, Demuth and her son lived with Engels. 485 00:36:46,793 --> 00:36:51,543 Friedrich Engels followed Marx’s ideas even further and wrote: 486 00:36:51,815 --> 00:36:55,067 “The first contradiction of the classes that is being born in history 487 00:36:55,271 --> 00:36:58,443 coincides with the development of antagonistic feelings 488 00:36:58,634 --> 00:37:01,777 between a husband and a wife in case of monogamy, 489 00:37:02,010 --> 00:37:04,799 and the first class deprivation coincides with the enslavement 490 00:37:04,936 --> 00:37:07,358 of the males by the females”. 491 00:37:07,750 --> 00:37:10,378 Of course, such revolutionary ideas couldn’t but impress 492 00:37:10,565 --> 00:37:14,170 students Ulyanova, Nevzorova and Yakubova. 493 00:37:17,065 --> 00:37:21,447 It’s most likely that Vladimir Ulyanov noticed Apollinaria Yakubova, 494 00:37:21,672 --> 00:37:27,293 the most beautiful girl among other female students, 495 00:37:27,469 --> 00:37:29,695 during that first visit to Petersburg. 496 00:37:32,554 --> 00:37:35,217 Her friend described her as follows: 497 00:37:35,463 --> 00:37:38,648 “She had wide shoulders, light-haired head, 498 00:37:38,876 --> 00:37:41,180 small shiny hazel eyes 499 00:37:41,344 --> 00:37:46,200 and bright blush; she was an impersonation of health. 500 00:37:46,385 --> 00:37:49,478 She smelled of the fresh field herbs. 501 00:37:49,826 --> 00:37:52,925 We used to call her “the black-soil force”…” 502 00:38:03,626 --> 00:38:09,409 At the end of October of 1890, Vladimir went back to Samara from Petersburg. 503 00:38:09,735 --> 00:38:12,353 Until his next visit to the capital, 504 00:38:12,572 --> 00:38:16,024 Ulyanov was ardently preparing for passing the exams to the University, 505 00:38:16,213 --> 00:38:18,748 proving himself to be very hard-working. 506 00:38:22,918 --> 00:38:26,903 During his second visit to Petersburg at the end of March of 1891, 507 00:38:27,184 --> 00:38:30,163 Vladimir Ulyanov frequented the dormitory 508 00:38:30,391 --> 00:38:33,590 of the Higher Female Courses where his sister Olga 509 00:38:33,817 --> 00:38:37,969 together with Nevzorova and Yakubova organized a Marxist circle. 510 00:38:39,925 --> 00:38:44,420 On March 24, Olga Ulyanova contracted a severe form of typhus. 511 00:38:44,994 --> 00:38:47,577 Vladimir brought his sister to the Alexander Hospital 512 00:38:47,836 --> 00:38:50,722 at the embankment of the Fontanka River. 513 00:38:51,885 --> 00:38:55,448 When Olga started to recover, she caught a new infection, 514 00:38:55,695 --> 00:38:58,865 and the erysipelatous inflammation suddenly started. 515 00:38:59,188 --> 00:39:01,421 She had terrible edemas, she cried in pain, 516 00:39:01,630 --> 00:39:04,222 and the doctors said that her state was critical. 517 00:39:05,208 --> 00:39:09,253 Vladimir summoned Maria Alexandrovna to Petersburg with a telegram. 518 00:39:09,456 --> 00:39:13,224 However, the mother’s arrival didn’t change the daughter’s state. 519 00:39:14,148 --> 00:39:19,456 On May 1891, Olga Ulyanova died. 520 00:39:20,137 --> 00:39:23,645 She was buried on May 10 at the Volkov Cemetery. 521 00:39:25,112 --> 00:39:29,969 Many students of the Bestuzhev Courses including Zinaida Nevzorova 522 00:39:30,155 --> 00:39:32,956 and Apollinaria Yakubova came to bid farewell to Olga. 523 00:39:33,693 --> 00:39:38,374 Vladimir spent the hot summer of 1891 in Samara. 524 00:39:38,813 --> 00:39:42,356 When summer heat became unbearable, Ulyanov, Sklyarenko 525 00:39:42,561 --> 00:39:47,027 and their comrades often went to the beergarten at the Zhiguli Brewery 526 00:39:47,266 --> 00:39:51,015 situated on the bank of the Volga. In best traditions of Marx, 527 00:39:51,190 --> 00:39:53,851 “the little Marxists” (that was how the Narodniks from Samara 528 00:39:54,059 --> 00:39:56,418 called the group of Sklyarenko and Ulyanov), 529 00:39:56,614 --> 00:39:59,360 discussed the difficulties of comprehension of the dialectics 530 00:39:59,539 --> 00:40:01,987 of their teacher with a mug of cold beer. 531 00:40:02,706 --> 00:40:06,241 In the first days of September of 1891, 532 00:40:06,434 --> 00:40:09,170 Vladimir left for the capital to pass the exams. 533 00:40:09,733 --> 00:40:12,715 The Test Commission at the Law Faculty 534 00:40:12,898 --> 00:40:17,425 at the Imperial University of St.-Petersburg awarded Vladimir Ulyanov 535 00:40:17,601 --> 00:40:19,762 with a diploma of the first grade 536 00:40:19,992 --> 00:40:22,602 which was considered prestigious for an aspiring lawyer. 537 00:40:24,858 --> 00:40:27,361 On returning to Samara, Vladimir Ilyitch became an assistant 538 00:40:27,485 --> 00:40:34,014 of attorney Khardin. As such, he took part in 15 proceedings: 539 00:40:34,175 --> 00:40:39,120 on the theft of frozen linens, money, arbitrariness of landowners 540 00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:43,496 and other unimportant cases; almost all of them were won. 541 00:40:45,644 --> 00:40:51,237 Because of the drought of 1891, the situation in Russia deteriorated. 542 00:40:51,536 --> 00:40:53,951 In 17 provinces, hunger erupted. 543 00:40:54,666 --> 00:40:56,593 The government took urgent measures – 544 00:40:56,822 --> 00:41:01,449 prohibited export of rye and wheat from Russia 545 00:41:01,608 --> 00:41:05,626 and allotted over 34 million of rubles to the village communities 546 00:41:05,802 --> 00:41:07,757 to buy food supplies. 547 00:41:09,626 --> 00:41:13,978 Samara’s intelligentsia with the support of traders and manufacturers 548 00:41:14,242 --> 00:41:19,947 started opening free canteens and give out food to the poorest residents. 549 00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:35,072 Vladimir Ulyanov and Maria Yasneva, 550 00:41:35,259 --> 00:41:38,161 basing on the stipulations of the Marxism, 551 00:41:38,349 --> 00:41:41,152 refused to take part in assisting the hungry. 552 00:41:46,922 --> 00:41:50,969 As a Marxist and Lenin-follower, Alexei Alexandrovitch Belyakov 553 00:41:51,159 --> 00:41:54,272 later wrote: “Vladimir Ilyitch had the courage to claim openly 554 00:41:54,449 --> 00:41:58,052 that the consequences of the hunger, the birth of the industrial proletariat, 555 00:41:58,239 --> 00:42:02,941 the burying beetle of the bourgeois lifestyle, is a progressive phenomenon 556 00:42:03,119 --> 00:42:06,370 because it stimulates the growth of industry and moves us 557 00:42:06,547 --> 00:42:10,831 towards the end goal – socialism through capitalism; 558 00:42:11,286 --> 00:42:14,913 however, not the hunger itself but its consequences 559 00:42:15,126 --> 00:42:17,156 are a progressive phenomenon. 560 00:42:18,134 --> 00:42:21,041 At the same time, hunger ruins the peasants’ estates, 561 00:42:21,251 --> 00:42:24,610 kills the faith not only in the Tsar but in the God 562 00:42:24,809 --> 00:42:28,748 which will inevitably push the peasants towards revolution 563 00:42:28,902 --> 00:42:32,283 and facilitate the victory of the revolution”. 564 00:42:36,576 --> 00:42:39,454 It’s well-known that the terrible consequences of hunger 565 00:42:39,681 --> 00:42:43,827 are first of all deaths of people and the change of fate of the survivors. 566 00:42:44,369 --> 00:42:48,927 By making that statement, Vladimir Ulyanov became a revolutionary 567 00:42:49,155 --> 00:42:54,644 preaching death with an end of achieving the goal – the revolution in Russia. 568 00:42:56,255 --> 00:42:59,987 Ulyanov was carrying out systematic and decisive actions 569 00:43:00,202 --> 00:43:02,717 against the Committee of Assistance to the Hungry 570 00:43:02,920 --> 00:43:05,875 organized with the participation of the Narodniks from Samara. 571 00:43:06,210 --> 00:43:11,096 By the end of 1892, according to the witnesses’ testimonies, 572 00:43:11,280 --> 00:43:12,969 Vladimir Ulyanov succeeded 573 00:43:13,153 --> 00:43:17,025 in disorganizing the work of the Narodniks in those committees. 574 00:43:18,666 --> 00:43:22,665 Assistance in the theoretical struggle with them came from abroad. 575 00:43:22,869 --> 00:43:26,019 Brochures of Georgiy Plekhanov “The All-Russia Ruin” 576 00:43:26,315 --> 00:43:30,395 and “On the Tasks of the Socialists in a Struggle with Hunger in Russia” 577 00:43:30,675 --> 00:43:34,024 were smuggled into Samara and strengthened positions of Ulyanov 578 00:43:34,231 --> 00:43:37,187 and the members of his circle. It was the group called 579 00:43:37,378 --> 00:43:39,739 “The Liberation of Labour” founded by a nobleman from Tambov 580 00:43:40,137 --> 00:43:45,063 Georgiy Valentinovitch Plekhanov in 1883 in Geneva 581 00:43:45,266 --> 00:43:50,036 that was involved in smuggling of the illegal literature to Russia – 582 00:43:50,213 --> 00:43:52,274 both Social Democratic and Marxist. 583 00:43:52,445 --> 00:43:56,491 The group chose translation of books of Marx, Engels and other authors 584 00:43:56,688 --> 00:44:01,288 of the Marxist school into Russian as the main direction of its activities. 585 00:44:01,469 --> 00:44:04,554 The Russian Marxists in emigration started their struggle 586 00:44:04,704 --> 00:44:08,523 for the mass audience with filling in young souls of students 587 00:44:08,737 --> 00:44:12,195 of gymnasiums, seminaries, courses and different representatives 588 00:44:12,313 --> 00:44:15,338 of intelligentsia with Marx’s ideas. 589 00:44:15,563 --> 00:44:18,066 Plekhanov and the members of his group grew up 590 00:44:18,217 --> 00:44:20,540 during the period of development of capitalism in Russia, 591 00:44:20,762 --> 00:44:22,996 and it was as natural for them to gain profits 592 00:44:23,231 --> 00:44:26,831 from the sales of illegal literature as to criticize the autocracy. 593 00:44:31,036 --> 00:44:33,380 Georgiy Valentinovitch was passionately fighting with his competitors 594 00:44:33,579 --> 00:44:36,633 for the monopolist right to translate into Russian 595 00:44:36,777 --> 00:44:41,699 and print Marx’s and Engels’ works abroad for further sales in Russia. 596 00:44:47,918 --> 00:44:51,576 In his letters to Marx, Plekhanov called him “the great teacher” 597 00:44:51,791 --> 00:44:56,614 and addressed Engels as “my general”, “chief” and “my teacher”. 598 00:44:56,771 --> 00:45:03,974 In a letter to Engels in London of March 25, 1893 Plekhanov wrote: 599 00:45:04,644 --> 00:45:11,402 “Please accept, my dear teacher, assurance of my sincere loyalty”. 600 00:45:12,576 --> 00:45:20,115 In a letter of October 30, 1894 Plekhanov called Engels “my dear general”. 601 00:45:22,990 --> 00:45:25,873 That approach to the inexhaustible source of profit – 602 00:45:26,099 --> 00:45:29,842 printing of books of Marx and Engels – brought the fruits: 603 00:45:30,117 --> 00:45:34,255 Engels granted Plekhanov an exclusive right to print and sell 604 00:45:34,539 --> 00:45:37,231 his and Marx’s book in Russia. 605 00:45:37,918 --> 00:45:40,478 The appearance of Plekhanov’s brochures in Samara 606 00:45:40,706 --> 00:45:43,785 was first of all a result of development of the commercial activities 607 00:45:44,063 --> 00:45:46,652 of the “Liberation of Labour” group in Russia 608 00:45:46,894 --> 00:45:49,807 and personal hatred of its members towards autocracy. 609 00:45:52,503 --> 00:45:55,803 Samara’s group of Sklyarenko and Ulyanov was the last link 610 00:45:56,050 --> 00:45:58,817 in the chain of distribution of the Marxist literature; 611 00:45:59,018 --> 00:46:02,186 the further movement of the books was defined by the agitation 612 00:46:02,411 --> 00:46:04,660 with engaging of new members into the group. 613 00:46:05,992 --> 00:46:08,391 The Samara period gave Ulyanov experience 614 00:46:08,632 --> 00:46:10,846 of organization of the Marxist circles, 615 00:46:11,059 --> 00:46:13,562 delivery and sales of illegal literature, 616 00:46:13,853 --> 00:46:18,445 struggle with the competitive social and political movements. 617 00:46:20,057 --> 00:46:26,487 By the end of winter of 1893, Vladimir Ilyitch Ulyanov got bored. 618 00:46:27,277 --> 00:46:30,121 Life in Samara was very monotonous. 619 00:46:30,726 --> 00:46:35,121 He got bored of the noisy jour-fixes and secret meetings of the Marxists. 620 00:46:35,409 --> 00:46:40,524 The town’s provincial patriarchal lifestyle started to depress Vladimir. 621 00:46:41,784 --> 00:46:46,586 The last impulse that made Ulyanov think about the move to St.-Petersburg, 622 00:46:46,929 --> 00:46:49,833 was the novel by Anton Chekhov “Ward no. 6”. 623 00:46:51,487 --> 00:46:54,686 He described his impressions from it in the following way: 624 00:46:55,217 --> 00:46:57,838 “When I finished reading that story yesterday in the evening, 625 00:46:58,047 --> 00:47:03,903 I felt awful; I couldn’t stay in my room, I stood up and went out. 626 00:47:04,378 --> 00:47:08,493 I had a feeling as if I was locked up in a Ward no. 6”. 627 00:47:12,440 --> 00:47:15,492 “For him, Samara became the same “Ward no. 6”, 628 00:47:15,869 --> 00:47:19,466 he was trying to get out of it like Chekhov’s poor patient, 629 00:47:19,815 --> 00:47:22,043 he wanted to settle in a livelier, smarter 630 00:47:22,123 --> 00:47:24,514 and more revolutionary center – Petersburg”, 631 00:47:24,594 --> 00:47:29,796 Anna Ulyanova wrote about the reasons why Vladimir left Samara. 632 00:47:32,541 --> 00:47:35,009 Contemporary of Ulyanovs, professor of Sorbonne, 633 00:47:35,242 --> 00:47:38,556 doctor of medicine Teodule Armand Ribot, 634 00:47:38,809 --> 00:47:42,203 founder of the French experimental psychology wrote in his book 635 00:47:42,460 --> 00:47:46,751 “The Theory of Attention”: “Cases of deep and stable attention 636 00:47:46,954 --> 00:47:50,326 demonstrate all traits of inexhaustible passion 637 00:47:50,503 --> 00:47:55,527 that constantly renews and demands satisfaction”. 638 00:47:56,664 --> 00:47:59,538 The Ulyanovs had that book in their home library; 639 00:47:59,762 --> 00:48:02,544 comparing her brother with the hero of the “Ward no. 6”, 640 00:48:02,746 --> 00:48:05,774 knowing his character well, Anna Ulyanova was very exact 641 00:48:05,938 --> 00:48:08,271 in determining Vladimir’s state 642 00:48:08,456 --> 00:48:11,193 during the last months of his stay in Samara. 643 00:48:12,235 --> 00:48:15,181 Teodule Ribot discovered the so-called law of the evolution 644 00:48:15,358 --> 00:48:18,077 of the psychic functions according to which the higher functions 645 00:48:18,231 --> 00:48:20,742 of the brain – intellect and morality - 646 00:48:20,858 --> 00:48:25,010 being the highest achievements of the human development, 647 00:48:25,159 --> 00:48:28,166 are the first to get damaged in cases of diseases 648 00:48:28,376 --> 00:48:31,045 or under the influence of drugs. 649 00:48:32,050 --> 00:48:33,880 In Vladimir Ulyanov’s opinion, 650 00:48:34,077 --> 00:48:37,518 morality was connected with the class analysis of the social phenomena. 651 00:48:41,528 --> 00:48:46,782 He stated that moral interests of people were hiding their class interests. 652 00:48:47,972 --> 00:48:50,638 Lenin wrote: “We’re saying that our morality 653 00:48:50,847 --> 00:48:54,447 succumbs to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat. 654 00:48:54,630 --> 00:48:59,442 Our morality derives from the interests of the class struggle”. 655 00:49:02,976 --> 00:49:06,052 Petr Maslov, basing on personal conversations with Lenin, 656 00:49:06,250 --> 00:49:08,652 his literature works and public speeches, 657 00:49:08,873 --> 00:49:12,521 opens the world view of Vladimir Ulyanov: 658 00:49:13,045 --> 00:49:14,804 -What is the truth? 659 00:49:15,077 --> 00:49:18,223 -Anything that leads to the revolution and the victory of the working class. 660 00:49:18,452 --> 00:49:19,807 -What is moral? 661 00:49:20,143 --> 00:49:21,916 -What leads to the revolution. 662 00:49:22,119 --> 00:49:23,422 -Who is a friend? 663 00:49:23,599 --> 00:49:25,407 -The one who leads to the revolution. 664 00:49:25,632 --> 00:49:26,836 -Who is an enemy? 665 00:49:27,079 --> 00:49:28,784 -The one who hinders it. 666 00:49:29,177 --> 00:49:30,989 -Who is the goal of life? 667 00:49:31,206 --> 00:49:32,505 -The revolution. 668 00:49:33,012 --> 00:49:34,917 Participation in illegal organizations, 669 00:49:35,077 --> 00:49:37,662 dissemination of illegal literature were actions, 670 00:49:37,860 --> 00:49:41,483 immoral towards his family that needed Vladimir’s constant support 671 00:49:41,721 --> 00:49:46,514 as well as towards the class to which nobleman Ulyanov belonged. 672 00:49:46,746 --> 00:49:51,306 The boycott of the organizations supporting the hungry 673 00:49:51,465 --> 00:49:54,008 for the sake of satisfaction of his own wishes 674 00:49:54,179 --> 00:49:56,793 were the manifestations of absolute immorality – 675 00:49:56,911 --> 00:50:01,621 as was the participation of Vladimir, an atheist, in religious ceremonies. 676 00:50:02,992 --> 00:50:09,494 On August 20, 1893 at 2 p.m. the Ulyanovs left Samara. 677 00:50:09,972 --> 00:50:12,654 In his pocket, Vladimir Ilyitch Ulyanov had a letter 678 00:50:12,833 --> 00:50:16,672 from the Samara attorney Khardin to an attorney from Petersburg 679 00:50:16,856 --> 00:50:20,464 Mikhail Filippovitch Volkenstein, 680 00:50:20,653 --> 00:50:23,668 in which Khardin gave a recommendation for Ulyanov 681 00:50:23,846 --> 00:50:26,114 as of a smart and energetic lawyer. 682 00:50:26,340 --> 00:50:29,444 A new period was about to start in the life of 23-year old Vladimir – 683 00:50:29,583 --> 00:50:31,782 the Petersburg Period. 65242

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