All language subtitles for Complete English Grammar - Full Course in 4 hours - 2022 - YouTube - English

hello everyone and welcome back to learn

with samanash this is the video where

you can get all the concepts of english

grammar starting from articles tenses

till connectors so everything that you

need about english grammar is in this

video make sure you watch this video

till the end and if you have any

question please leave it in the comment

section we'll be more than happy to get

back to you with an answer or maybe

another video on that concept now this

video is something which is important

for ielts students as well as any

student who is preparing for spoken

english this video will help you with

your ielts preparation but if you need

more data or more understanding about

all other modules for ios make sure that

you visit

ieltsclass.learnwithsaminash.com it goes

here as well as in the description box

also a batch has started on 28 march and

it's not very late for you to join for

it i hope you enjoyed this video let's

get started we'll understand a very

basic concept of english grammar and

that is types of sentences so let's get

into the presentation mode and

understand why do we need sentences

in order to convey any form of idea you

need a medium and that is called as

sentence

so for example i say i want a glass of

water

immediately the person i'm saying the

sentence to will understand that i am in

need of some water so this is how you

conveyed your message

to another person

and you used a sentence in order to do

that before we understand sentence in

more detail we need to understand a

simple concept here that is named as

claus

so what is a clause

a clause is a combination of words with

a subject and a verb

please understand and remember the

important part here is it should have a

subject and it should have a verb an

example

ram enjoyed

it's a very simple sentence or it's a

very simple clause it has a subject and

it has a verb

she is crying because her father died

she is crying as one part of the

sentence her father died is another part

of the sentence

so they individually are called as

clause

don't worry about the because because in

between because we will have separate

discussions of these conjunctions how

can we use these conjunction to join two

simple sentences

moving on

question arises how many types of clause

do we have

so we have two types of clause

independent clause

and dependent clause

let's discuss them in more detail

an independent clause is also known as

main clause

i'm very much sure that moreover in your

grammar books or any video that you're

watching you will always listen main

clause it's very rare people call

independent clause

and they make complete sense

they stand alone and they hold the

complete meaning of the sentence

that means as the name suggests

independent they do they don't need to

be dependent on other sentence to make a

meaning out of it

an example ram shouted

so ram is a subject over here

shouted is a verb

and as we discussed in the definition of

a clause that it's a combination of

words and always and always have a

subject and a verb

so this sentence over here ram shouted

makes complete sense

and it doesn't need any complementary

sentence to give it more meaning

another example lakshman watched movie

lakshman is your subject watched is your

verb and movie is object

so in this sentence again we understand

that this is an independent clause it

doesn't depend on other part of the

sentence to get its meaning

moving on we have a second type of

clause that is dependent clause

as i always say in grammar most of the

concepts are derived from the word

itself so please understand the word

carefully automatically you will have

the meaning in your hand

over here dependent clause means

something that is dependent on something

or

a clause or maybe a next statement or a

sentence

so dependent clause is also known as

subordinating clause

and it is dependent on the main clause

for its meaning

that means if you have a clause which

has a subject and a verb but it doesn't

make much

sense to you that means it's a dependent

clause

let's look into some examples

you bought for me

don't you think it's kind of incomplete

you bought for me

what

what did you buy for me is a simple

question that comes to my mind

let's look into another example cat was

smarter

over here smarter shows a comparative

degree

and we are not sure whether cat was

smarter than a rat or it was smarter

than any other animal

so please understand a dependent clause

will be having a subject and a verb both

but it will be incomplete in its meaning

and hence it is recognized as dependent

clause

moving on let's get back to our primary

topic that was sentence and let's

understand how many types of sentence do

we have

i hope till now you will have a proper

understanding of clauses if not please

go back to the slides again and

understand them in more detail

because the understanding of clause will

make it more easier for you to

understand sentences

so we have three types of uh in fact

four types of sentences simple sentence

complex sentence compound sentence

compound complex sentence

sometimes you will always you will also

come across complex compound sentence

which is you know other way of writing

compound complex sentence so don't get

confused with them

let's discuss all of them one by one

simple sentence

simple sentence is always a combination

of a subject and a verb or you can say

it contains only one clause

simple sentences make complete sense and

they stand independently because it's

only having one clause in it

an example

rama is a good boy ram is your subject

is is your helping verb or you can say

verb in this case because we don't have

a main verb over here a good boy is an

object in the sentence so

when you have a subject you have a verb

that means you have a clause in this

sentence we have only one clause and

hence we name it as simple sentences

remember in your day-to-day conversation

you will use simple sentences more often

but when you write something or when you

read something you will come across to

the other forms of sentences as well

let's take one more example

tiger ran

so tiger is your subject

ran is your verb

and hence it's a complete clause

it doesn't need any other additional

information to make sense and hence we

can say it's a simple sentence

let's discuss second type of sentence

that is compound sentence

so if you remember from your noun we

discussed a type of noun that was

compound noun in which you add true noun

to make one noun

for example we discussed hair plus cut

makes it haircut and hence it's a

compound noun

similarly you have compound sentences

compound sentences are the combination

of two independent clauses

please remember if em emphasizing on

this word two independent clauses that

means it's the tricky part here

so you cannot have a dependent clause in

this all you need is two independent

clause so when i say independent clause

that means they should stand alone and

should make complete sense

also they're always connected with a

coordinating conjunction

don't worry about this word over here

coordinating conjunctions because we are

having other slides to discuss this in

more detail but over here please

understand you need a conjunction to

join two independent clauses to make a

compound sentence

very well let's look into some examples

ram sang and she danced

so if you look here ram sang is one

clause she danced is second clause and

we join them together with the

conjunction that is

and

so when i say a clause ram is a subject

sang is a verb over here she is a

subject danced as a verb together they

are forming a compound sentence

in this sentence we have two independent

clauses ram sang and she danced together

they form a compound sentence with the

use of this conjunction and

over here please focus and or any other

type of conjunction plays a very

important role

we'll discuss them in detail in the next

slide

let's discuss coordinating conjunctions

you remember this word from the last

slide coordinating conjunctions as the

name suggests it is helping two

independent clauses to come together to

form a compound sentence

and the words that help you or that are

recognized as coordinating conjunctions

are fanboys let's discuss what are

fanboys

f stands for for

a stands for and

n for nor b for but o for or y for yet

and s for so

so this is an easy way to remember

fanboys and hence we have every beta in

this sense for and nor but or yet and so

an example

it was raining so i carried an umbrella

it was raining as one clause please

remember it's an independent clause and

hence it holds complete meaning

i carried an umbrella is another clause

again an independent clause together

join by a conjunction from fanboys or

joined by our coordinating conjunctions

to form a compound sentence

guys please remember we are using very

common words to make this concept very

very clear to you

if you still have a doubt please go back

and start again you will definitely get

accustomed to it

so in this case as i said it was raining

as one clause i carried an umbrella as

second clause joined by this conjunction

another important thing that you have to

remember

there is a punctuation that is used

before this coordinating conjunction

so it's an important part that you use a

comma before a coordinating conjunction

please don't worry we have a separate

chapter for punctuation

in which we will be discussing these

punctuation and coordinate

in compound sentences complex sentences

compound complex sentences in more

detail

so moving on to our next type of

sentence that is complex sentence

i know the name itself is tricky right

complex means something that is very

complicated and two or more clauses must

be joining together

that's correct

in a complex sentence we have a

combination of an independent

and a subordinating clause

or you can say a dependent clause

so this is the difference between a

compound sentence and a complex sentence

in compound sentences we have two

independent clauses but in complex

sentence we have an independent clause

and also a dependent clause

let's look into an example

she smiled because i cracked a joke she

smiled as one phrase sorry one clause

i cracked a joke is a second clause

she smiled i cracked a joke but if you

focus here in between we have another

conjunction which is recognized as

subordinating conjunction

now as the name suggests subordinating

shows a dependency of one part of a

sentence over the other part of sentence

so she smiled

needs a reason why is she smiling that

means this is an in

this is an dependent clause i cracked a

joke makes complete sense and hence it's

an independent clause

if you remove she smiled from the

sentence and just leave i cracked a joke

the sentence will still hold good it

doesn't need any other dependency to

make it meaning complete

but if i remove i cracked a joke from

the sentence and leave it to she smiled

do you think you will not ask another

question definitely yes you're gonna ask

why

why did she smile

she smiled because i cracked a joke now

this makes a complete sense

so in complex sentence you definitely

need an independent clause so that a

subordinating clause can depend on the

independent clause to make a complete

sense

let's discuss what are these

subordinating conjunctions

so i always suggest to my students that

if you want to remember what are

subordinating conjunctions please remove

fanboys from your conjunctions list and

everything that is left is your

subordinating conjunction

but still to make it little more

appropriate

little more appropriate for you to

understand we have a tricky part a white

bus

a white purse is a combination of

certain conjunctions not all of them

so that you have an idea of what

subordinating conjunctions are

a stands for aldo w stands for whenever

h stands for however

i stands for if t stands for do

e stands for even if

b stands for because u stand for unless

and s stands for sins

as i said you still have many more

subordinating conjunctions to be

discussed

but to make you familiar with some of

them please remember

a short abbreviation that is a white bus

let's look into an example

if she calls let me know

again let's segregate into two parts she

calls as one clause let me know is one

clause but there is a conjunction which

is there at the start of the sentence

and that conjunction is known as

subordinating conjunction

so she calls

needs another sentence or need another

clause to make complete sense

let me know holds good and hence this is

an independent clause and this is a

dependent clause together with the use

of a subordinating conjunction we form

our complex sentences

moving on let's discuss our last type of

sentence that is compound complex

sentence

again let's use the same trick

understand with the name itself compound

complex sentence

doesn't it show that it's a combination

of compound and complex sentence

together

that's pretty much correct but not

exactly so in compound complex sentence

you need a combination of two or more

independent clauses and one or more

subordinating clause

please remember in complex sentences as

well as in compound complex sentences

you need independent as well as

dependent clauses

but in compound complex sentence you

should have at least two or more

independent clauses and one or more

subordinate clauses

also they are connected with

conjunctions these conjunctions will be

a combination of coordinating

conjunctions as well as subordinating

conjunctions since we are combining

compound and complex together

when she when class started ram came and

see the left

okay so let's divide them into

individual clauses and understand how

are they joined together

class started

is one clause clause number one

ram came clause number two see the left

clause number three

clearly it shows that two of three

clauses over here are independent

clauses and one clause is a subordinate

clause

so what do you think a subordinate

clause would be

definitely class started

because we have a subordinating

conjunctions at the very start of our

sentence

and then we have two independent clauses

that isram came a subject and a verb i

am again repeating it a subject and a

verb makes a clause and then you have

another clause sita left

so to join two independent clauses we

have used a coordinating conjunctions

and to join two independent clauses with

the

subordinating clause we have used a

subordinating conjunctions

i know it's a lot of information all at

once so please divide it into individual

concepts

you need independent clauses you need

dependent clauses and you need

independent sorry you need coordinating

conjunctions you need subordinating

conjunctions as well

moving on we have a punctuation here to

segregate a

independent clause sorry to segregate a

dependent clause and independent clauses

as i said in the previous slides as well

that these punctuations are studied in

more detail in the chapter of

punctuations

[Music]

let's take this one more example and i

would say very last example to make this

compound complex sentence clear to you

my son cried when i left the room

but i didn't hear

so in this case we have three clauses my

son cried i didn't hear i left the room

in this case my son cried makes complete

sense

i didn't hear also makes sense

but i left the room

is combined with a conjunction that is

your subordinating conjunction

and hence this is your dependent clause

so here's a fact that you should

remember

when you have

a subordinating conjunction

coming at the start of the sentence you

need a comma immediately after that or

you can say you need a comma immediately

before a coordinating conjunction

so a comma is required when

subordinating conjunction comes first in

your sentence and then your coordinating

conjunction comes so in order to

segregate them both you need a comma in

between connectors all linking words

we're gonna give you an advance or

intermediate level of connectors that

can actually take you to the next level

of english speaking so let's get started

and remember guys we're gonna discuss 14

categories in connectors or linking

words you have a huge list here if you

notice you have 14 themes or 14

categories in the connectors so i'm not

going to read them all you have to read

them with a quick

uh

look at them and please remember we're

going to discuss each category

individually with their particular words

that comes or with the particular

connectors that come in that particular

category so let's get started with our

first one which is explanation

whenever you want to explain something

or you said something in addition you

want to add a point you can use

connectors like namely for example i

have a good reason not to talk to him

namely he is always rude to me so that's

a very good reason not to talk to

someone and hence you can use namely

you have in other words

don't be rude when you are successful in

other words be down to earth so whenever

you have statement one and you want to

add more information to that you can use

in other words next is put differently

we aren't talking to each other anymore

but differently we have a breakup so if

you remember here or if you focus here

you had a statement you want to explain

it more and hence you have used the word

put differently we had a breakup

next is the second category which is to

emphasize whenever you want to put more

emphasis on a particular fact you can

use connectors like

as a matter of fact

an example he was quite late yesterday

as a matter of fact i couldn't sleep

until he arrived

next is in fact i didn't fail the exam

in fact i did rather well so i want to

emphasize on the fact that i didn't fail

the exam in fact i did really well in my

exam so that was an extra emphasis you

put on that

next is

actually

you should give to her something

expensive actually a car won't be a bad

idea so you want to tell somebody that

you know gift her something really good

and to put an emphasis you can say a car

won't be a bad idea

next is indeed this is my personal

favorite and i try to use it every time

so if you focus here i was annoyed

indeed furious

over what happened

so i repeat this sentence i was annoyed

indeed furious over what happened so the

first sentence was already conveying an

answer that you were mad at someone to

put a more particular emphasis you use

the word indeed furious so you want to

say i was really mad at him

next in our lift is

correction this is our third category

when you want to correct something that

you have already said you can use

rather i thought it would be a great

idea to go to the party rather it was

miserable so what you said in the first

sentence you want to correct it and

hence you said rather it was a miserable

idea

next is to be more precise you should

try the change to be more precise move

the table to the hall so you set

something you want to put a

clarification to that you said to be

more precise move the table to the hall

next is the fourth category or i don't

know if it's the fifth one just focus

that whenever you have a word here this

is your category

example

is something that you have been reading

in your books you have been using all

your life are these words for example

regarding this book

okay reading this book has many benefits

for example it is simple to understand

so you said something now you want to

give examples why you said that you can

use a word or a connector which is

called for example so guys please

remember connectors are very very

important to take your speech to the

next level because instead of using so

then so then every time you can actually

replace with more particular words that

has been designed in english grammar so

if i use this sentence in a different

manner reading this book has many

benefits that's why it is sorry because

it is simple to understand this is like

we have been talking like that but we

don't want to do it anymore i want to

sound smarter and hence i'll use for

example it is simple to understand

next is to illustrate i had so many

problems in my past to illustrate

stomach infection and viral fever so i

said something about a problem i want to

explain it more and hence i have used a

word or a connector to illustrate or to

give you more example

next is for instance

there are number of solutions for

instance buy a new house and change the

keyboard too okay there's a mouse not a

house it would rather have been a very

awful idea to buy a new house so here we

are saying there are number of solution

for instance buy a new mouse and a

keyboard or you can change the keyboard

next is our next category which is

particularization

particularization has many particular

words for number one connector is in

particular

i have bought nothing in particular so

you want to emphasize that you know in

particular i have not bought anything

but i got some general stuff as such

next is particularly which says i love

the house particularly the balcony and

the flooring so

you love the house but what specifically

or anything specific that you loved

about the house yes i love the balcony

and the flooring of the house

next is

more specifically for example we used to

argue a lot lot more specifically we

argued on sleeping habits of each other

so you had a problem but what

specifically was the problem so you want

to categorize it we argued on sleeping

habits of each other

next is dismissal

oh my god this is the crazy one and you

will love it because you know whenever

you said something and you want to

change it you wanna you know say the

negative of that you can use this one

anyway is the first one i couldn't

understand the last chapter anyways i

think it will be optional in exam so you

don't really care and hence you can use

words like anyway

let's go anyway let's forget it i don't

want to talk about it

next is anyhow

anyhow i have decided to learn german as

quickly as possible so there might be

something that has happened before that

but now i've decided to learn german

language so this is dismissal next is at

any rate at any rate i'm not taking this

project at work no matter what happens

i'm not gonna work on this so you can

use at any rate

next is

conclusion now you might write stories

or you might be writing some articles or

reports you have to always conclude it

these words are something that you're

going to pick from this chapter

in conclusion so you said in conclusion

it can be said that cats are the best

pets so there might be a huge paragraph

that has been running before this and at

the end you can say in conclusion this

is what i feel

next is in summary in summary if you

wish to be successful be around

successful people so everything goes

behind and then you want to conclude

with the words like in summary

in conclusion or you can use to sum up

to sum up people are well behaved when

they are happy

so i said something huge huge stuff and

now i want to conclude it i can say to

sum up everything this is what i feel

next is okay this is interesting so you

have more

words or more connectors in the category

and hence this is your work to do that

after the class is over you're gonna

pick these words find out the meanings

write some sentences and use them in

your conversation

next is

time

in time you have

at first i couldn't talk properly at

first i started working on my grammar so

now you want to start from the start and

hence you can use words like at first

next is then

i thought is she telling me the truth

so then e n is something that is used

with respect to time there is another

then which is t h a n which is used for

like sequence one thing happened and

then this happened and then that

happened but this then is used with

specificity of the time

next is afterwards

afterwards we went to the car and left

for the home so we did this we did that

afterwards we did this

and hence you can use words like these

again you have 456 which is later in the

meantime meanwhile guys please pick your

notebooks write down these words and

hence definitely find out some really

interesting sentences on these

particular connectors

next is result as i said this video is

going to be longer so please grab a cup

of coffee and sit down relax because

these words are going to change the way

you have been pursuing this english

language next is result as a result i

have been working hard on my english as

a result i could speak fluently so i

worked hard what happened as a result

this happened so this is the connector

which you can use in your daily life

saying that i was going out to buy some

coffee as a result i bought a breakfast

pack

next is as a consequence sam didn't

study hard as a consequence he failed

the english test that was definitely

supposed to happen because he didn't

work hard what happened if he didn't

work hard he failed in his exam

next is

therefore does accordingly is something

that you have to do it for me and please

remember that once you are done you can

leave in the comment section all your

examples from the words that we just

discussed next is order of importance

most importantly you should buy a

powerful pc

to edit the videos most importantly

reduce the editing time so why do you

want to buy a new pc of course you want

to edit the videos but you want to save

some time so you have to specify that

fact why most importantly this is my

reason

i want to get a job most importantly i

want to make my parents happy so one

reason that outstand everything is

the one which you can use after having

this connector

next is primarily

you should clearly out you should clear

three out of four subjects probably get

good grades in the unit test so this is

going to be a very very important task

next is above all most significantly

essentially and slash basically so

grab these words find out the meanings

find out the sentence and write in the

comment section see ma'am this is what i

have done please check them we'll

definitely get back to you on that

next is similarity

whenever you have two similar things you

can always use this connector you are

not allowed to use phones here similarly

you have to keep it out of the seminar

too so likewise this this is also valid

so enhance you can use similar similarly

next we have in the same way reducing

sugar will reduce your weight too in the

same way not consuming oil much will

help lose the weight so as you can

reduce the sugar to have uh balance

weight similarly you can have less oil

in order to reduce weight and hence in

the same way is used as a connector

because this has the same purpose as

this one

next we have likewise correspondingly

also i know also is one of our favorites

so guys please remember also is used

whenever you have a similar reason so

you can use these words

next is

focusing focusing as for is the first

one for example i'm going to kate's

party at the weekend as for sam's i

think i'll pass so if you notice here i

want to talk about focusing so you want

to specify that particular reason why

you're not coming to the party because i

want to spend it i want to spend more

time with sam and hence i've said i

think i'll pass

next is regarding

please clean your room now regarding the

balcony i'll do it for you so you want

to specify you want to focus on one

simple thing and hence you can use the

word regarding next is talking of

talking of dogs they are the most loyal

animals in my opinion so you want to be

more focused on the statement that dogs

are more loyal and hence you can say

talking of dogs you want to specify on

this particular word here dogs

next is with respect to with regard to

as regard as far as concerned these are

very important and guys please remember

a question might arise in your mind that

ma'am there are lists of like 50 how can

i remember all of them so to be frank

you don't have to remember all of them

you just have to pick few from each

category and that's what you have to

keep practicing that these are the words

i can use for similarity these are for

results these are for conclusion and

keep writing sentences on them they will

become a great part of your life and

your language skill as well

next is contrasting ideas for example

however they played really well however

they couldn't win so you said something

in the first line that you know what

they played really well but they

couldn't win however they couldn't win

so this word is used as a contrasting

connector

next is you have in contrast the house

was quite expensive in contrast to the

car

next is nevertheless she was very tired

nevertheless she went to work even

though she was tired she went to work so

nevertheless is a contrasting linking

word

next is on the contrary i thought he was

working but on the contrary he was

sleeping this happens most of the time

when we actually

are in our rooms and parents think oh my

god my daughter or my son is really

working hard but they're actually

sleeping so this is the connector which

can be used in that place next is a huge

list you have nonetheless yet on the

other hand be by comparison instead

in any case all the same so these are

the list which can be used for the

contrasting ideas and hence next time

whenever you come across these words or

these connectors in your notebooks or

newspaper or something take a minute

understand why have they used this one

and what is the reason behind that are

they conveying the contrasting idea are

they talking about examples or they're

talking about similarity

you will have an understanding in that

sense much better

next is sequencing which has

first firstly first of all in the first

place all of these words are same i'm

going to repeat them for you first

firstly first of all in the first place

first of all i'd like to talk about the

benefits of having multiple skills so

that's going to be my primarily idea and

hence i'm talking about sequence this is

first then come second then come third

so first of all i want to talk about

connectors

next is to begin with to begin with

smartphones are more portable than

laptops so you're going to add more

ideas behind that but the first one is

to begin with

next is for one thing for another thing

also besides in addition furthermore

moreover finally lastly or last

huge list guys pick some for you and try

repeating them don't bug yourself with a

lot of information just try to capture

something and try to master that we try

to cover tensors in this grammar goes in

three segments you can find them as

tenses part one part two and part three

all of them constitutes of four tenses

per chapter in total we'll be covering

12 tenses

so let's get started with tensors part

one

first comes in your category is simple

present but we before we dive into

simple present let's understand what is

the general overview of tense we have

so in general when we study tense we

have an information that tenses are of

three types

past tense

present tense

and your future tense

but when we come into deeper sense

we understand past tense comprises of

four tenses those are simple past

past continuous

pass perfect

and

pass perfect continuous

the same goes for present tense and

future tense respectively so present

tense will have simple present present

continuous

present perfect and present perfect

continuous and the same goes for future

tense

so before we

actually understand each one of them in

detail please remember you have 12

tenses

divided into

three broader sections past present and

future and then their respective four

sections in each which makes it twelve

i hope this is clear

so now let's understand simple present

in more detail

in simple present you will have a

pattern to be followed and let's

understand with the table

so in simple present the first thing and

the foremost thing you should understand

that the verb is either directly used or

it's used with an s form of the warp

for example ram plays cricket so ram is

your subject

plays is your verb and cricket is your

object

the identification of simple present

tense in this that play was a normal

verb

but since ram is a singular we have put

s at the end of the verb and hence it

became ram place

so if we have we

we will write we play cricket rather

than writing we plays cricket which is

incorrect

so the rule number one you should

remember whenever you have a singular

noun or a subject in this case you will

always use

s form or e s form

but if you have a plural noun

or a subject

you will only have the main verb

now let's move on to rule number two

you will find in certain situation do

and does to be used with your main verb

so if we look into this example sita

does play cricket

now you have sita as your subject you

have does as you're helping verb play

will be your main verb and cricket is

your object

so now if we generally write this

sentence we would say sita plays cricket

which is a simple present

sita plays cricket we automatically puts

an s because it's a singular noun

but now we have used does

so automatically s from play will be

removed and the sentence will take the

place of sita does

play cricket

the s which we were using in front of

main verb will take the place of das in

your helping verb

now in this particular form you're

looking into a negative sentence and

hence we have put does not play cricket

you must be wondering what about v

does play cricket does it make sense or

is it incorrect

yes it's incorrect since it's a plural

noun it will become do so we do play

cricket

now the main verb is still same but your

helping world will change accordingly

according to your

subject it will either become do or it

will take the form of das

now the third form is where we frame

questions starting from do and does it's

very simple all you have to do is take

your helping verb and put it at the

first form so do they play cricket

the main verb will still follow the same

rule of doing does if you don't have do

you will have either w word or other

questions like why do you play why are

you playing something like that which is

not the subject matter that we're

discussing right now

we are focusing on

do they play cricket since we are using

do and it's a plural subject we will

just write play cricket

since we understood what is the

structure of simple present tense now

let's understand where do we exactly use

simple present tense

simple present tense is used to talk

about regular habits so you might say

that i wake up

every morning at around this this clock

or maybe

i drive my car every day

or i

go to shop you can take other examples

like she

goes to shopping with me

in this case we are using goals because

it's a singular subject

so please understand whenever you talk

about regular habits or something that

is happening every day you will use

simple present tense

i wake up at 7 00 am every day so now

waking up is a process that i am doing

every day at seven o'clock and hence i

have used our simple present tense

she uses her veikal

vehicle every day to go to her office so

uses is your simple present tense

because we are talking about a regular

activity so she was singular and hence i

have used s form of the verb use plus s

becomes uses

moving on there are certain words that

you will always identify as the regular

habits for example we may use words like

always normally often rarely every day

or we can use generally

usually sometimes never every evening so

if you remember the previous slides we

talked about i wake up

at seven o'clock

every day

in here you can see this word is an

identification that we are describing

our regular habit

simple present is also used to talk

about universal truths and facts i am

sure you must have heard in your 10th

standard or maybe first standard as the

first use of simple present that

wherever you find universal truth or a

fact it's always simple present tense so

what do we mean by that

we mean that for example water boils at

100 degrees celsius you cannot change

this fact you cannot change this

idea over here and hence it becomes a

universal fact water boils at 100

degrees celsius no matter if you are in

india or in europe or

job wherever the water always boils at

100 degree celsius

also teenagers don't generally have much

money so this is not a truth this is not

a universal truth but it's a universal

fact and most of us agree to this fact

that teenagers

don't generally have much money

so since we have plural teenagers and

hence we have written do plus not do not

or don't there are words that help you

to describe facts and truth like mainly

normally traditionally or generally

usually sometimes so you can say mainly

teenagers

do not have money

at the age of 16.

so now using these words or

traditionally or sometimes usually you

are describing that we are talking about

facts and truths

simple present tense is also used to

talk about permanent situations

you must be saying to your

friends that you know i

own

a house

so now owning a possession

is showing that you have something

permanently it doesn't change if you

have a house today you will have a house

tomorrow and hence it become a permanent

situation

in those places we can always use simple

present tense

i own a mercedes that means it's mine

it's a permanent situation

she lives in bangalore so when we talk

about she lives in bangalore that means

for last 10 years or something she must

be living in bangalore and hence it

became a permanent situation

please understand that she was singular

and hence we have put an s form here but

you must be wondering with i we are

never following the rule of singular

yes that's correct so i always follow a

rule of plural and hence

they play the role of main verb directly

instead

she he it

any name ram sita or whatever you will

always use as form of the main verb or

the helping wob

simple present tense is also used to

talk about movies and books what do i

mean it's like in bahubali movie

kattappa kills baahubali so i'm not

talking about universal fact or

something all i'm talking about is a

movie kattappa kills baahubali my main

verb has taken the form of s because

kattappa is singular and hence we use

kills as the verb

or

fictional books are full of stories so

it's kind of a general fact that

fictional books are full of stories and

hence next time wherever you find that

it's a conversation about movies and

books happening in present tense it will

be your simple present tense

simple present tense has one more use

that is to give directions and

instructions you all must have

encountered this that your delivery guy

might have called you and asked for the

address so you tell him you know

come to this road take a right then take

a left you will see a medical store then

next to the medical store there is a

road you always talk in simple present

tense whenever you give direction and

instructions

an example

to start your laptop click on the power

button

so i have main verb 1 i have main verb 2

both of them are in simple present tense

simple present tense another example can

be explained

another example would be take a left at

the corner of the road to reach my house

so take a left or reach my house are

both simple present tense and hence from

now onwards whenever you are talking

about directions and instructions please

use simple present tense

you use simple present tense to talk

about your regular activities to talk

about universal facts and figures to

talk about directions and to talk about

permanent situations

you will have words like generally

mainly usually every day

or every night

all these words help you to identify

that we are talking about simple present

tense

so that's all for your simple present

tense in simple present tense to have a

rough revision we talk about

regular activities we talk about

universal facts and figures then we talk

about something that is permanent and we

talk about directions and instructions

that's all for your simple present

please do not get confused with simple

present or other form of the verb

because simple present tense generally

follow a very simple rule and the only

thing you should remember is s and e is

of the main verb

moving on you have a next tense

that is present continuous tense

now before we dive into the subject

let's understand what the name suggests

here present shows that the activity is

happening in present that is today or

now

continuous shows that it's a regular

process it might have started but it's

still going on that means a regular

process going on

and that's correct present continuous

tense shows

that now when i'm talking to you i am

doing an activity that is in process it

has started maybe five minutes back or a

day back but i'm still doing it

and hence we use present continuous

tense

so present continuous tense also follows

a structure which is

m is r which shows your present tense

plus warp and the ing form of the verb

there are certain uses of present

continuous tense and the first and the

foremost is when you talk about actions

happening at the moment of speaking very

very important at the moment of speaking

i am watching tv

or

more easier example would be i am

teaching you guys

so now when i'm talking i'm actually

teaching you i'm doing two activities at

the same time i'm talking plus i'm

teaching

that means i started this activity and

i'm in the process of doing it

she is waiting for a friend

so is waiting shows that the process

still goes on and it's happening at the

moment of speaking

other use of present continuous tense

would be to talk about changing

situation for example today the price of

onion is 18 rupees yesterday it was 15

and tomorrow it may become 50. so this

is a changing situation all through and

hence we use present continuous tense

the price of onion is rapidly rising so

is an ing form shoes that is a

continuous tense also if you look into

indeed that this statement over here is

showing the situation that keeps on

changing

or it is rising

the mobile phones are making it easier

for people to stay in touch our making

shows that they are in the process of

doing something and they have been doing

it yesterday they are doing it now and

they are in the process of still doing

it

also present continuous tense is used to

talk about temporary situation

unlike simple present when we say i own

a mercedes i mean to say that this is my

possession i have it it's a permanent

situation

but when we talk about present

continuous tense i will say i am

owning a mercedes

that means right now i have a mercedes

but yesterday or tomorrow it can be

something else

i am living in bangalore at the moment

i am living shows that right now

i am in bangalore

this phrase over here at the moment

clearly shows

that this activity

is temporary

it may change tomorrow

another example she is working really

hard for a job interview so when you say

she's working really hard that means

right now she's doing it what if she

gets a job tomorrow she will not work

and hence it's a temporary situation

moving on some words which will help you

to identify temporary situations would

be

now

currently at the moment this week month

or year

i hope this is clear so you can say

currently i'm working in this company

so you're working right now what if you

leave your job tomorrow and hence it's a

temporary situation

that's all for your present continuous

tense always remember when you are

talking and you're doing an activity you

can use simple continuous tense present

content instance simple identification

would be is mr plus verb plus ing form

that's all

or if we talk about simple present we

were talking about

play and as if it's

she

or if it's i i'll just say play so

singular plural the tense changes or the

main work changes

now let's dive into simple past tense

past tense clearly shows that something

that happened in the past so that means

that activity is completed now it has

nothing to do with your present tense

that's why we use simple past tense

whenever you want to talk about

something that happened or that is

finished you can use simple past tense

it follows the same structure the verb

plus ed form or d form

for example from played cricket

so eb with the main verb shows that this

activity is finished

did not plus one

now here comes an interesting fact

whenever you see dead in your sentence

please use the present form of the verb

or the normal form of the verb you will

not say

for example did played it's completely

wrong you can say did play or did not

play

please focus

death in itself shows past tense and

hence we need not to write mean verb in

the past form we will be writing in the

present form

if you look into this sentence sita did

not play cricket i was trying to show an

activity of the past in the negative

form and the main verb still remains the

same

now what if we frame questions it's very

simple just take your did to the first

part and frame the sentence did they

play cricket

main verb remains same

so that's a rule or that's a fundamental

you should remember about simple past

that it will either have ed form or d

form of the main work or if we are using

dead we will just write the mean form in

the simple present tense

moving on let's understand some of the

uses of past tense and the first and the

foremost is to talk about completed

actions

often the time is mentioned

i completed my assignment yesterday so

when i say i completed ed form i mean to

say that this activity is over and i

have mentioned time to show and to

assure that yes it was an activity of

passed

you may remove this and still the

sentence is simple past or you may add

this it will just add a bonus point to

your mark

she finished the race that means the

activity is finished it's not happening

right now

past tense is also used to talk about

series of actions in the order for

example a friend of yours asks you to

tell a story of your childhood days so

you can say i studied in this school

and then

i moved to bangalore

there i

started working started working

or there i worked in an mnc

so now if you see here studied action 1

moved action 2 what was your action 3

in between you have used

then or

next words

so now when you have series of actions

in sequence you can always use simple

past tense

i went to the bookstore took a book and

later came back home

so later is your identification that

it's a series of action and hence we can

use simple past tense

or if you look here vent took k

all the main verbs are in the past form

and they are over the activity is

completely over

the words which will help you to show

the sequence of actions would be next

and then

then she came to the party removed her

coat and sat on the chair

came removed

sat all show a simple past a word over

here tells you that such a series of

action

simple past tense is also used to talk

about situations in the past which are

not true anymore they used to be true

but now they are not let's dive into the

example right away

my dad worked for the police for 20

years so that means this activity is

over

but it's also not true in your present

tense it is completely a situation in

the past which is not true anymore so

what we studied in simple past is if you

want to talk about past activities which

are over if you want to talk about

situations that are not true anymore if

you have sequence of actions happening

you will always use simple past

the verb will take e d or d form or if

it's d it will remain at the same it

will not change

did in itself shows that it's an

activity of the past

now let's dive into past continuous it's

very very simple but people get confused

between present continuous and past

continuous

so when i say present continuous i mean

to say an activity that is happening at

the time when i'm talking when i'm

speaking so it's an activity of present

a past continuous

still shows that the activity was in

process but it has no connection with

present tense this activity was in the

past and maybe something after this

might have been finished and this was

the background story so at the time this

thing was happening this thing this

thing happened this thing was happening

don't worry we have slides coming up to

explain this in more detail now let's

understand the structure

so past continuous follows a simple rule

was wor plus verb ing form she was

living in india

or what if i have to frame a negative

sentence all i have to do is put a not

in between

and now when you have questionnaire i

will always put was at the first letter

and frame the question was she living in

india so was becomes the first word in

the sentence and it frames a question

mark

other things that you should remember is

ing form of the work

so now let's understand why do we use

past continuous tense we use past

continuous tense to give background seen

to an action

she was lying in a bed when thieves

entered the house so this activity is

over but when this was this happened

this was happening it was in process she

was lying

now notice that this word over here when

it shows that it's giving a background

scene to an action

ram was driving his car when a car hit

him from the back

while is another word like when which

will help you to show that this is a

background scene to an action

and the rule says was plus ing form of

the work

so if you clearly understand the

situation

something was hap happened something

happened before that something was in

process

and that's how

past continuous comes into picture

if you talk about present continuous you

will just say she is lying in her bed

that means this activity is happening at

the time when i'm speaking

moving on when you have to focus on

activity without focus on its completion

i don't know when it started i don't

know when it's going to be over but i

know what is happening

there you use past continuous tense

last year i was working in theater

studying for my degree and teaching yoga

three activities

and all of them are focused moreover on

what is happening rather than when it

got over

that's how you use past continuous tense

now these two words right on your screen

used to and would are very very

important if you want to talk about past

tense

used to and would are always used when

you want to show something that was

happening in the past and it was a

repeated action of yours you were doing

it almost every day

she used to cook for me

so two things to remember when i say

used to that means it was

repeated it was happening every day

and second thing it's past it's not

happening anymore

used to and would also follows a

sentence structure

like ram used to or would drive the car

automatically if you use used to or

would your main verb remains in the

present form

did not plus used to plus infinitive

as i said whenever you have did

use 2 will also become used to it will

not have d form anymore

a questionnaire

did ram used to drive the car please

notice this if i say there i will say

used to if i did not have did i will say

used to or would

so

used to a word is used to talk about

past repeated actions

she used to drive the car

she would leave the window open whenever

she was at home that means she's not

doing it right now and she were doing it

regularly every day in the past

that's all for you used to and would and

used to and what is

is used again i'm saying it to talk

about your past activities past repeated

actions you can simply put this word

insert this word in your sentence and it

automatically becomes a continuous

process

that you were in regularly doing this

let me ask you a question

in your life how many times have you

faced a situation

where you have completed a task a moment

before

now

or maybe recently or maybe

in the same day

if yes then you would be definitely

using present perfect tense

in here you want to talk about the task

that was completed and also you want to

mention the time it was completed

it has its significance in your present

tense

there is a simple structure that you

have to understand in order to construct

a present perfect sentence

for example

present perfect sentence always have an

auxiliary verb

always have an helping work along with

the main verb

and the sign to tell you it's a present

perfect tense would be helping word will

always be has and have

and the main verb will always be having

it ed form or the past form

so in here we want to show that the task

is recently completed or the start of

the class has been recently started

let's consider a negative statement it's

very simple and it follows the same rule

of present perfect tense all you have to

do is add a not after your helping verb

if you have to frame a question for the

same tense then all you have to do is

pick your helping work to the first part

of the sentence and write the sentence

have you started the class

if these structure is clear to you

if these structures are clear to you

let's dive into the situation where we

need to use present perfect tense

the first usage would be to talk about a

time period that is not or

what if i tell you

i have

eaten

two chapatis

this morning

now if you clearly focus on this

statement you can see that the task is

over i have eaten

the task of eating two chapatis is

already over

but the day or the morning when it was

over is not yet finished

so you can say that this is the present

perfect tense where the task is

completed

but the time period when this task

actually happened is not yet over

let's look into more examples

i have i have read a book this morning

have in red follows the same rule

this morning shows that it's still going

on the morning is still going on

moving on she has met me this week

saying that this week is still not yet

over so this action of meeting my friend

can happen again

that's how we use present perfect tense

in situation number one

moving on let's talk about situation

number two to use present perfect tense

it is used to show an activity in the

past before now please focus on this

part of the sentence it is used to show

an activity in the past before now

an example i have finished plenty of

work so it clearly shows that at some

point before now i have finished plenty

of my work

she has wasted lot of time with him so

this activity of wasting time is already

over

but it is over in the past that was

before now

moving on we need to understand what

kind of words can we use to show that

the time is in the past so the words

that will help you out would be ever

before still

never up to now so far so you can say i

have met my

friend two times

so far

or i've met my friend

recently i have met my friend before

2 pm

so whenever you find words like that

which clearly shows that this is an

activity in the past but the time period

still is not yet over we are clearly

talking about present perfect tense

situation number three to use present

perfect tense would be

to talk about a present situation

which started in the past

please remember the activity is over

it's not continuing process but the

activity has clearly started in your

past

i have taken care for this kid for seven

years

so now this activity of taking care of

the kid for seven years clearly shows

that the activity started seven years

back and you might be still taking care

of the kid

she has lived in this house since 1998.

it clearly shows that the process of

living in the house is very old

but she might still be living in the

same house and that's how we come up

with the idea of present perfect tense

also situation number four where you can

use present perfect tense would be when

you want to talk about an activity that

happened anytime in the past but it is

clearly connected to your present tense

i know this sounds a little bit similar

to what we discussed in the last slide

but it has a little more difference here

the difference is it is connected to the

present tense that means it will have

its effect on present tense

example

ram has read all the articles related to

crime so now if today you ask ram do you

have information about that

crime that happened in 1996 he would

clearly say yes because he has read all

the articles related to the crime so in

the present tense he will have all the

details required

that's how we use present perfect tense

in situation number four

also

let's understand what kind of time

expressions do we use to show negative

and questionnaires

recently just already yet so you may

have faced this thing like i have read

this book

recently

or i have just read this book i have

already read this book i have read this

book yesterday so whenever you show an

impression to talk about something

negative you want to show about a

questionnaire you can always use these

expressions

you can frame a question

and say

have you

read the book have you

read the book

yet

question mark so now by using a time

expression i can clearly say it's a

questionnaire in present perfect tense

moving ahead let's look into some

examples have you written your task yet

this is the same thing that we just

talked about

i have just finished it so whenever you

are in the boundary line or you you are

running late on the project but you

somehow managed to finish it you will

use expressions like these

and they show that the sentence is

negative or it's simply signifying a

question

moving on

since so far we are understanding that

it has to do something in the past which

has an impact in the present tense then

how is it different from simple past

tense

let's take an example of simple past

ram

finished

the work

on the other hand if i write a sentence

ram

has

finished the book

or the work in this case

so what is that changes between both the

tenses that makes us clear that it's a

present perfect tense or it's a simple

past tense

the first thing that you can look in

here is the usage of helping verb and

the main work that's very much sure so

in present perfect tense you have an ox

helping verb has and finished as the

main work in here you only have a main

verb with ed form

so that is one identification we can

come up that this is present perfect

tense or this is simple past tense i

hope this is making sense to all of you

so let's understand more differences

sorry present perfect tense links the

past with the present

what does it mean

i have read quite a lot of book

so now i have read some and i will read

the remaining now

so the task of reading the book has been

started in the past but there are

certain tasks that is connected to my

present tense

on the other hand simple past only talks

about

past

i read the book that means i've clearly

finished reading the book it has nothing

to do with my present time period

also present perfect talks about

unspecified time

i can say i have read the book

please forget about the question mark

here it's incorrect so the sentence

would be i have read the book

when

where which no information provided so

it clearly shows unspecified time on the

other hand you will see simple past

tends to show specific time period

i read the book when i was in metro so

i'm talking about a situation when i was

in metro at that time i read the book

also present perfect 10 shows the time

is unfinished

i have read 5 articles this week so the

time period of this week is still not

yet over i can still read more articles

coming up in this week on the other hand

simple pass clearly shows the time is

finished i read 5 articles last week

can you see the difference here this

week last week so this week we might be

on wednesday and we still have thursday

friday saturday sunday coming up but on

the other hand when i clearly said last

week that means it has nothing to do

with the present tense and the task is

completely finished

let's go through the examples again

let's go through the situations again if

you still have any doubts please get

back to me write in the comment section

and i'll be ready with all the answers

you needed

moving on let's cover up our next tense

and it's very very simple it's present

perfect continuous tense

i know the sound of continuous tense

make you a little bit relaxed that's

very much true because you know the

activity is in process

or you will have ing form of the word

but how does it different from past

containers or present containers or any

other continuous form of the work

so present perfect continuous tense will

have a simple structure

has been working main verb follows ing

form helping verb will be has and an

additional help will come from being if

you want to talk about negative

situation as i always say please use a

not and let the sentence remain the same

a questionnaire same rule take your have

or has at the first place and write the

statement

so the helping word will always be has

and have in present perfect continuous

or present perfect tense

let's now focus on the situations where

we want to use present perfect

continuous tense

situation number one would be that both

present perfect or present perfect

continuous tense are used to say how

long an activity has been going on

now you must be wondering how present

perfect in present perfect content is

playing the same role that is very much

true in some situation you will find

present perfect tends to play the same

role as present perfect continuous then

if we want to focus on how long the

activity has been going on

the example

i have felt sick for weeks

or she has been feeling sick for weeks

so first sentence is present perfect

stance and we are focusing on the time

period the second sentence is present

perfect continuous tense and i'm

focusing on the time period again

so in both the situation all i'm

focusing you know is on how long an

activity has been going on

but

the difference if you can look here lies

in the

verb

so in first case the activity of feeling

sick is over but the weeks are going on

on the other hand the activity of

feeling sick is going on

in the past the process has been going

on over weeks

let's understand in more detail

present perfect continuous is some time

being confused with present perfect and

the differences lies here

present perfect continuous focuses on

activity itself

i have been reading a book no idea if

the book is finished or not but the

process of reading a book was going on

on the other hand present perfect focus

is on the result

i have read the book so now here we were

focusing on the process of reading the

book over here we focus on the book is

finished but we don't know when because

present perfect always talked about

unfinished time period and you know that

very clear from your past slides

present perfect continuous focuses on

how long

i have been reading for past one week so

if you remove this i have been reading

then also it was an identification of

present perfect bluntness but to make it

more sure i'll write for past one week

to show how long this activity was going

on

on the other hand

present perfect focuses on how many

times

i have read three pages

so i'm not talking about the duration

all i'm talking about the frequency of

that activity happening or happened in

the past that's all for your present

perfect continuous tense and present

perfect tense

you would have understood so far the

present perfect tense shows about an

activity that has recently finished or

it has some impact on your present tense

on the other hand present perfect

continuous tense help you to focus how

long that activity happened or what was

the activity what was the process and

how what was the process of

the activity going on over the time

period

moving on we will get deeper into the

thoughts of past perfect tense it's even

scarier believe me

but if you understand a simple rule of

past perfect tense you will never ever

get confused with this

so before we dive into the subject

matter of the structure i want to under

make you understand with a simple rule

here

let's imagine a situation

time is 9 a.m

and the class of assigned

has

is going on

at 8 50

the teacher

has started the class

a moment before that

45 or 49

ram entered the class

so

when i want to focus on past perfect

tense i want to talk about an activity

that happened at 8 45

but i'll be giving a background i'll be

giving more additional information of

another time period in the past

and the

talk is happening in the present tense

so i'm giving an information about 8 45

with a reference of another time period

in your past and that's how we come up

with the idea of past perfect tense so i

can say

ram entered the class

when

the teacher

has started the lecture

we are talking about an activity in the

past

with a reference to another activity

that happened at unspecified time in the

past

and we use past perfect tense

so don't worry about the structure or

which sentence to come at which place

just focus on how two talks are

connected to each other both are in the

past tense and both make sense in your

present tense

the structure of past perfect goes very

simple helping verb will be had and your

main verb will be ed former the third

form of the verb

same goes for your negative structure

had not listened

and the same goes with your

questionnaire had will come to the first

place

it's quite similar to your present

perfect tense in terms of structure but

the helping verbs is changing in the

first part we discussed about has and

have

over here we talk about had so let's not

get confused with the structure

let's understand the use of past perfect

tense

when we are talking about the past and

want to mention something that happened

earlier

like when he entered the class the class

had already started so we are focusing

on an activity in the past that we

entered the class and we want to mention

something that happened earlier so the

class had already started maybe a minute

after when he entered sorry a minute

before when he entered

now if you look at the first part of the

structure you can clearly show a past

tense or simple past tense entered

but when you look in the second part of

the structure you can see had started

which shows past perfect tense

but the past perfect tense is quite

incomplete if you don't

mention other activity that happened

earlier or happened after

another example my father was a driver

and my grandfather had also been a

driver

so in here bean is used as a main verb

a form of do

and had is your helping verb so we form

a structure that my father was a driver

which was a simple past and my

grandfather had also been a driver

so we are focusing on an activity of

grandfather giving an example of an

activity of my father

here are two statements on your screen i

want you to take a moment to read the

statements and understand what exactly

are we trying to show or what difference

these statements have

so statement number one is when i came

from jim my roommate slept

you have a

main verb here and you have a main verb

here

the other sentence is when i came from

gym a main work my roommate had slept

mean verb is slept here

had is your helping work

so take a moment understand what is the

difference between both the statements

let me give you a hint please focus on

the mean verbs

in both the sentence those mean verbs

will help you to guide whether it's a

simple past sentence or it's a past

perfect sentence

coming back in sentence number one we

have two main verbs came and slipped

came clearly shows that it's a past

tense slept also shows it's a past tense

so the first doubt is very much clear

that we are talking about a simple past

tense in your first sentence

in second case we are talking about an

activity of my roommate sleeping and we

are giving a reference of another

activity coming from the gym

so the first part is simple pass but the

second part clearly shows past perfect

tense so the difference that we were

referring to is

in the first sentence i came home and

then my roommate slipped

on the other hand in the second sentence

my roommate slept before i came from the

gym

so can you see the difference in both

the cases

in the first case

you came home and then the roommate

slept which shows that there is a series

of action i came from gym roommate slip

if you remember this is the case we

discussed in simple past tense

when you talk about a series of action

we use simple past tense

in the second case

we are talking about an activity of

from the gym coming from the gym

and giving an information of something

happening at unspecified time that was

my roommate had slept

so in here something happened before

something happened

but in the first case something happened

and then something happened and then

something happened

let's talk about other cases where we

can use past perfect tense

we want to talk about an uncertain time

period before a particular point in your

past so here's your timeline you want to

talk about about this time period you

don't know what time is this but you

know a specified time which is for

example 7 pm in this case so you want to

talk about this time period before a

particular time period that you already

know

example by the time he was 14 the young

boy had finished thousand books so let's

focus only on this part of the sentence

in here you can show that the boy had

finished thousand books but do we have

any idea about the time when was it

finished

no

now combining both the sentence by the

time he was 14

so 14

is your particular point in the past and

finishing thousand book before 14 is the

time of uncertain time that we want to

refer to

also you will find certain words like

always

sometimes never before by to talk about

such periods so over here if you look

you have a verb so you have an helping

hand to show by the time he was 14 this

is your particular time and this is your

unspecified time

you can also say

sometimes you can use always you can use

never before

try

framing questions try framing sentences

using these expressions if you have

doubts get back to me we'll make it

clear

now comes your last part of this chapter

that is past perfect continuous tense

again continuous tense clearly shows the

time period or the duration the activity

was going on before a certain activity

happened in the past that's how we use

past perfect continuous tense

the structure will be simple

had being studying ing form shows

continuous had been shows past perfect

framing a negative sentence would not be

tough in this case as well had not been

studying

please remove the questionnaire here i

don't know what is mistakes here please

don't focus on the question mark here

it's a full stop

now let's talk about a questionnaire you

will say had at the first place and say

had she been studying in india for long

and a question mark so over here you

need a full stop not a question mark

present perfect continue sorry past

perfect continuous tense is used to

focus on how long an activity continued

or to focus on the activity itself in

some cases

like she was gifted in the dance and she

had been making excellent progress

or the kids had been enjoying for some

time

so in sentence number one you are simply

focusing on the activity of dance

instead in the second sentence you are

focusing on how long was the activity

happening so sometime is the

significance to show how long

and she had been making excellent

progress she was gifted in the dance

clearly shows that we are talking about

the activity

that's how you can segregate present

past perfect continuous tense

past perfect continuous times also talk

about

is used to talk about past things that

did not happen as expected this is an

additional information

and

you will definitely use use this

information in your upcoming speech

writing or essay writing in your ielts

exam or any other exam in particular

also when you talk and when you share

some stories

this

point over here will definitely be

helpful

an example my dad had expected to be

re-elected as an mp but in the end he

only got 10 pose in vote

so there was an expectation and there

was a situation he wanted things to

happen but it didn't happen that way you

can use past perfect tense in this case

or pass perfect continuous tense as well

she had been hoping to be the top in the

class but she was too sick to write the

exam

so this is past perfect tense and this

is past perfect continuous tense both

the tenses are clearly showing that

things did not happen the way they were

expected to be

now the first question arises why do we

need articles

i'm sure in your blood information you

will definitely know that articles are

somewhere like a and

but i want to ask you a question

what

is the role of each one of them

and why do you exactly need them

so articles define noun as specific or

unspecific

what does that mean let's understand

with an example

she is an actress in this case we are

talking about a random situation

that shows an unspecific noun on the

other hand he will come to the united

kingdoms

in this case we are talking about united

kingdoms which is a combination of

multiple countries and hence we're

talking about a specific noun united

kingdoms

and that's why we use articles like a

and

the

don't worry about them we have more

slides coming up to explain each one of

them in particular

but the general idea remains the same

that articles define noun as specific or

unspecific like an actress is an

unspecific noun united kingdoms is a

specific noun

moving on

let's understand how many types of

articles do we have

as we discussed in the past slide that a

and the articles that we have an

information about

but in particular we classify them as

indefinite or definite article

indefinite talks about

as you know unspecific noun definite

article talks about specific noun

so let's understand what is the use of a

whenever

you have a word that begins with a

consonant sound

please focus here

any sound apart from a e i o u is

considered as a consonant sound so

whenever you find a word that begins

with a consonant sound you will simply

use a

example

a

european

so if you focus on here the word starts

with the vowel but the sound is coming

off y u u ropin

so that shows it is a consonant sound

and we are

meant to use a

on the other hand we have another word

coming up university same goes with this

u y university university

so the word start with a vowel

but the sound is a consonant so we have

no option left and it's mandatory to use

a in front of the word

on the other hand or coming up whenever

you find an abbreviation that is spoken

as a single word

for example

a fifa player player

you never say a fifi player but you say

a fifa player

fifa goes together so it's an

abbreviation that is spoken as a single

word and hence you can use a in front of

that a swat team

you will never hear anybody say as w80

team but they will say swat team so in

those kind of abbreviation where they

are spoken as a single word please use a

moving on what is the use of an

and on the other hand uses is used

before a word that begins with a vowel

sound as i said earlier a e i o u

so don't get confused that whenever a

word starts with a e i o u you will just

simply use and focus on the sound that

the word creates

an umbrella

and apple so apple starts with a sound

umbrella starts with um

sound both the cases you can use m

also and is used before abbreviation

that are spoken as individual letters

simple example and very referable one is

mba so you take the sound you pronounce

each word each letter separately m b a

and there's always a dot in between so

you can use an

and fbi agent you will never hear

anybody saying freebie agent instead

they will say

f b i in those cases please feel free to

use and

i hope the simple difference between a

and and are clear so far

if not please go back to the slide one

and start again

moving on

in certain cases you have words with

silent h sound like

an honest player so the word starts with

edge but the sound starts with o

i repeat the word starts with the letter

h but the sound comes off o so you don't

say horness player instead you say oh

nest player

as i said earlier whenever you have a

vowel sound please use an

an r ago so the sound comes r

or this sound it doesn't come like har

h sound is silent here so we are free to

use and

moving on there are certain cases where

both a and n can be used and also one

more word as one can be used

so whenever we wanna talk about a job a

person does we are free to talk with the

uh

with the

articles a and n

she wants to be a musician

or ram is an astronaut

in both the cases you are talking about

the profession or the job a person does

and hence if you notice here before the

noun you have used article a and m

or when you want to indicate something

for the first time please focus we don't

know about the situation we are talking

about it for the very first time it's

mandatory that we use a n

i need a computer so this is the first

time i'm raising a request of a computer

can you pass me an apple

this is the first time and i'm

indicating to an apple that i want to

eat

in both the cases i've used a

or n

a in here because the vowels it's a

consonant sound in here it's a vowel

sound and hence we have used an

moving on

a and n is also used before singular

countable nouns

they are countable and they're singular

nouns and in those cases we can use one

sometimes you will find in a sentence

instead of an n they have used one like

can i have one chocolate

rather than saying give me

a chocolate you generally prefer to say

give me one chocolate

i am going to india for a a one year you

can use both

in this case

please come here for and one r in both

the cases you can use and a one so

please focus whenever you have singular

countable nouns you can always use one

in place of a and n

coming up

one is specifically used to emphasize on

only one thing so if you want to be more

precise and you want to say i just need

one you can always use o and e i need

one chocolate

use one pencil and then the other so i'm

being very specific and i want to

emphasize on only one thing and hence i

prefer to use one in place of a or n

also

when you have a number and a quantity

phrase you cannot use one

example three times a day

so are you comfortable saying three

times one day

i hope not

or one's in an r can you say once in one

r

would be quite confusing so we prefer

not to use one in

number and quantity phrases here you

have a number here you have a quantity

so we don't use one those cases

also

aim is used to refer to one from a group

raising kids is a challenge from all

parents so there's a series of

challenges and we are picking one out of

many in those cases also you can use a

or n

when you want to focus on one from the

entire group

coming up is your definite article that

is though

the is used when you want to show that

something is unique very simple

definition

never ever get confused with this when

you know something is very unique feel

free to use though

lucknow is the capital city of up

so there's only one luck now there's

only one up in the entire world and

hence both are specific both are unique

we can use the

also the sun is bright do we have

hundred suns

we may but for

earth we have only one sun and hence we

can use the sun

when we know which thing or person we

are referring to

if you remember from the slides of a and

n we we referred that we want to talk

about something for the very first time

we use a and n but what about the

situation that we know the thing or the

person we are referring

in those cases please use the

the girl we met yesterday

so this incident of meeting the girl

happened yesterday it's obvious that you

know this girl now and hence you can use

the girl

did you like the chair

in this case the chair i'm being very

specific

which chair i want to indicate to so

there might be a showroom which have 10

shares and i'm indicating to one

particular i can say the chair

or maybe i we saw certain chairs and we

had a mind on one when we came back home

i asked my partner did you like the

chair

so he will have an understanding that

which chair i'm referring to at that

time

also the is used before superlatives

like it is the biggest match of the

sanctuary so the biggest shows a

superlative degree

i picked the cheapest dress from the

store

the cheapest the biggest so i'm gonna

show superlative degrees and hence i can

use the

in some cases you may fall into the

pattern of the off

like at the back of my car please focus

i'm saying in a you know a musical sound

because there's a pattern that i want

you to focus on that is the something of

something

in those cases please use the so it's

clear cut the space of space that means

some word has to be filled here we will

always use though

i dropped my classes in the middle of

the so the middle though so i can say

the

of something

also the has a very specific use with

some proper nouns

like when you want to talk about season

ocean the indian ocean there is only one

indian ocean in the entire world and

hence we can use though rivers the

enders the ganges

country name representing a group like

the united kingdoms so there will be one

two three four many the united states of

america the name itself suggests that

it's a combination of multiple

it's a combination of multiple countries

in that like kingdoms states

mountain ranges

the everest the mount abu

famous buildings like the parliament

nationalities like the india and the

british so you won't say

the india no it's wrong you will say the

indian the british

other uses of the

will be

the moon the tiger race the crown the

south pole these are some random

examples that i've picked like the moon

is only one moon that's why i've seen

right the tiger rays i want to specific

to one particular race the ground ground

i want you to refer or the south pole in

all these cases you can use them

now let's understand what is that basic

difference between a and the

focus on the statement right here

i bought an ice cream and a chocolate

but only the ice cream was eaten

so if you focus we have three articles a

and the over here

every article has a specific use

so when i want to focus about something

for the first time i said i bought an

ice cream and a chocolate

i want to be specific to one object out

of two and hence i said but only the ice

cream was eaten

since we declare both the objects in the

first part of the sentence in the second

part all i'm doing is referring to the

previous information and hence it's

simple to use the

there is one more case that will be

important if you really want to complete

your articles chapter that is your zero

article

what about the nouns where we don't use

articles at all what do we do that we do

that

in those cases you have something called

a zero article

zero article is used before uncountable

and plural form of noun to talk about

people and things in general

so neither am declaring something for

the first time neither am being specific

to something unique all i'm doing is to

talk

uncountable and plural form of noun in

general like children like playing in

the ground

i refer to all the children and this if

you notice here is an uncountable and

plural form

let's dance on bollywood song did i

mention the bollywood song did i mention

one song no i mentioned in general and

hence i don't need an article before

these two nouns here

zero noun is also used before the name

of particular people like naremode is

making the indians proud over here i

have used an article because i want to

show about a proper noun indians but

here since it's the name of a person

and particular person i'll say naren

the name of mahatma gandhi is unique

so it's the name of a person i will just

directly use the name itself

i will not say the name of the mahatma

gandhi

modi no that's incorrect

[Music]

in some proper cases or with some proper

cases you don't use an article or you

can say you use a zero article like

countries india china australia

only countries that are specific to a

group

will use though in front of them else

they will not requiring any pro any

article

cities or states like lucknow up

mountains or you want to talk about

companies like mine tree google apple

they're just companies there's some

proper nouns just use zero article

continents like asia africa

so

that's all for your article so far

please go through the entire slides

again get your doubts clear make notes

wherever it's required and go through

your chapters quite often that's the

only way you understand grammar

i have an additional advice over here

that if you really want to focus on

correcting your information

please take a moment to understand if

you are saying everything correct if not

stop yourself start again

that's all for you today's class see you

in the next class thank you

determiners always introduce noun

please remember they're always placed

before a noun or an adjective in some

cases

for example look at those lines in the

zoo

so if you pay a little attention here

those

is an example of a determiner

and it's placed before a noun that is

lions and the job this just reminder is

doing here is to introduce lions to

introduce the noun

moving on here's one more example bring

me some milk

so in this case it's not exactly

introducing noun but it's telling you

about the quantity of the noun

milk is your noun

and some is placed before noun and is

helping you to find out the quantity of

milk that you want

types of determiners we have four types

of determiners first comes your articles

a and you which we have already

discussed in chapter 3 in more detail

then comes your demonstratives we'll

cover demonstratives in this particular

chapter

this that these and those please don't

worry right now because we have more

slides coming up to explain this that

these and those

moving on we have possessives

my your his her its are there and the

series goes on

possessives we have discussed in parts

of speech where we discuss pronoun so in

this chapter we won't be discussing

possessives

now let's come to the last type of

determiner that is quantifiers

quantifiers are very important and the

list consists of a few some any each

several many and it goes on

please don't worry we have more details

coming up on quantifiers in the further

slides

so as i said

in this particular chapter of

determiners we will be discussing

demonstratives and quantifiers in detail

articles is already been discussed in

chapter 3 possessives is already been

discussed in chapter 1 in pronouns

moving on let's understand demonstrative

in more detail

so demonstrative points out to a

particular noun

here is a tricky part particular noun

makes it more sure that we are talking

about determiner and in detroit minor we

are talking about demonstratives

i want to buy this t-shirt

so in this case

this

is placed before your noun that is

t-shirt

and this is telling you more about this

particular noun that is a t-shirt

i know i'm sounding little slow here

because the concept is like that

if you grasp it in one go it's well and

good if not please repeat the example

i want to buy this t-shirt so when i say

i always put an emphasis on this t-shirt

let me see those designs

now i'm talking about something plural

designs so i'm putting here those

moving on we have types of

demonstratives

as we discussed we have types of

determiners same way we have type of

demonstratives so the first category is

near demonstrators

near demonstrative simply says when you

have something nearby and you're just

indicating to that object for example i

want this t-shirt

now if i have plural commodities i'll

say these t-shirts

next is far demonstrative when i have to

indicate to a noun which is far capped

or which is in the past maybe something

which happened yesterday

for example

do you remember that movie

so when i say do you remember that movie

i might be pointing out to something

that i have watched yesterday or maybe

last year

same way i can make it plural do you

remember those movies

so please understand this is a mere

difference between near demonstratives

and far demonstrative one help you to

indicate something that is nearby maybe

singular or maybe plural the other

category helps you to identify something

which is

in the past or something that has

happened long

back moving on let's understand how can

we use these demonstratives

so the general use would be take out new

plates these ones these ones are old

those are new so in this case i'm just

identifying or i'm just pointing out to

one type of a noun that's it

the other use would be when i'm using

demonstrative as an adjective

this book is awesome

in this case book is your noun

and when i'm using this i'm pointing out

to give more information of my noun and

hence this is working as an adjective

last when we use demonstratives as

pronoun

here is your car drive this carefully

here is your car in this case car is my

noun

drive this carefully so now

drive is my work

carefully is an

adverb

but if you notice in this case this

instead of repeating car again i'm using

this and hence i can say that

demonstrative can now also perform a

roll of a pronoun so i could have said

this here is your car drive the car

carefully but what i did instead here is

your car drive this carefully so i'm

using this as a pronoun

also as a demonstrative at the same time

moving on let's come to the major part

of determiners that is quantifiers i'm

again saying it please pay more and more

attention on quantifiers because 90 of

the time when you talk when you write

you are using these words i'm sure about

it

so quantifiers points out to the

quantity or the amount of noun

in case it's an uncountable noun you

talk about amount in case it's a

countable noun i can say i am talking

about the quantity or maybe i can say

numbers

and examples would be give me some

apples

so when i say give me some apples i'm

talking about a countable commodity and

hence i can use

sum let me call everyone inside

everyone inside is showing that there's

a group of people and i'm indicating to

all of them at once and i'm calling them

inside so every in this case is talking

about quantity or amount of people

standing outside

let's understand in more details the

types of quantifiers

so quantifiers has a long list coming up

please pay attention on each and every

word and we'll discuss them in detail

so here's here is your first list some

most

many more

no less each every and both

next would be these words

and then you have these one

i'm giving you a second time to just

grasp some of them so that when we

discuss them in detail you will

understand that we are talking about

quantifiers here

and also if you notice every word that

we have written on the screen

is telling you something about the

quantity or amount when i say several

i'm talking about numbers that's for

sure when i talk about all

i'm again talking about numbers when i

talk about less

yes i'm talking about quantity when i

talk about a couple of

again i'm talking about number quantity

or amount so every quantifier tells you

something about your noun specifically

the quantity and the amount of that noun

so let's discuss them in more detail

first comes in our list is some and any

these two quantifiers are very much

confused most of the times

because we try to put any in the case of

sum and we try to fit some in the case

of any but there is a slight difference

between both these quantifiers

before we come to the difference let's

understand them in general

so they are generally used with plural

and uncountable noun when we are unsure

about the amount of number

so i don't know how much or i don't know

how many

then i'll say some or any give me some

apple so i'm not sure if i want one

apple or two apples so i'll say some

apple

give me any amount of money

i'm not sure if i want 1k i'm not sure

if i just need five rupees that's and

hence i will say give me any amount of

money it can be zero it can be one it

can be 2 it can be 1k

so let's see some examples give me some

money

do you have any butter

let's understand why what we just

discussed in the first statement these

are always used with plural and

uncountable noun please always remember

this it's very very important that they

are always used with plural or

uncountable love so in this case when i

talked about money

sometimes money

is often confused being a countable noun

but it's not money is always an

uncountable noun and hence i can use

some in front of it

then comes to your butter

again the same thing butter is an

uncountable noun and hence i can use any

in front of it

in both the cases some or any are

telling you something about the noun

and hence they are determiners they are

indicating to the noun

moving on let's see the difference which

i was saying earlier

some is used when you have a positive

sentence

for example i have some chocolates

so chocolates i'm recognizing as an

uncountable noun

and

i want some chocolates that mean i'm

showing a prospect that i am positive i

need some chocolate i want some

chocolate

on the other hand and any is used in

negative sentences

we didn't get any book

so in this case i'm showing an indie i'm

giving an indication that i didn't get

anything

i'm showing a negative response in their

case that i didn't receive any book

moving on

sum is used in questions where answer is

expected to be positive

please remember this positive is a

strong word which has a direct link to

sum so whenever you feel you have a

sentence which gives a positive response

please use sum

when you have a question when answer is

expected to be positive please use sum

for example do you want some money

yes i want some money i want some water

in this case

so i was expecting a positive reply out

of this question and hence i'm using

some

on the other hand when you have other

types of questions where the response

can be neutral the response can be

negative i'll use any

is there any sandwich left in the fridge

so instead of saying is there some

sandwich left because if i said some the

response could be positive yes there is

some there is little

but when i said is there any sandwich

left in the fridge so the situation

might be there might be five sandwiches

out of which four was finished in the

one first go

and one was left

but you remember other friend taking it

out but you're not sure about it so you

can say is there any sandwich left in

the fridge that means the probability

would be zero or maybe half

moving on when we have some offers and

requests to be placed we always use some

can i buy you some coffee please yes on

the other hand when i have an if clause

when you are not sure by yourself but

still you are raising a request

if you love any person tell me

and the moment you tell you are in

trouble

so

let's segregate some and any on three

fundamental rules rule number one when

you have a positive sentence use sum

when you have a negative sentence use

any when you are asking a question where

the reply would be positive please use

sum

when you are asking a question where the

reply might be negative or it might be

neutral please use any

the third rule is when you have a

request or an offer to make please use

some can i buy you some coffee

please

on the other hand if you have an if

clause

where you're not sure but still you are

raising a request if you love any person

tell me so you're not sure if that

person i mean the person you're talking

to is in love with somebody but still

you want to ask him so you can say if

you love any person

tell me

i hope some and any are clear by this

point if not please go back to these

rules again and understand them in more

detail

moving on we have our second type of

quantifiers that is each and every

similarly like some and any these two

quantifiers are also often confused

each and every are used with singular

nouns when we want to show all in a

group

so instead of indicating to every person

by the name i'm calling them each and

every but still i want to recognize them

all in one group

for example

each girl should come to the class so

instead of taking the name of every girl

in the class i'm saying each girl and

i'm referring to the entire class over

here

every cloth in this shop is branded so

in this case i'm using every for this

commodity for this now named as cloth

and i want to indicate to all the

clothes in the group all the clothes in

the shop so please focus they're always

used with singular nouns if you see here

girl is a singular noun cloth is a

singular noun these are the

identification that we can use each and

every

but i'm indicating to all in the group

i'm indicating to the entire class i'm

indicating to the entire shop

please remember

that the verb after each and every is

always singular

every shop needs renovation so in this

case shop was a singular noun which is

very much clear

and since i have used every so it's

mandatory that i'm using

singular

verb i'm saying needs renovation so

instead of saying every shop need

renovation i will say every shop needs

renovation because shop is a single a

noun and hence the verb will also become

a singular verb

moving on let's see the difference

between every and each

when we talk about the group as a whole

so instead of indicating every person i

want to talk about the entire group i

can say nearly every student is

different

so in this case i'm talking about the

group as a whole

on the other hand when we talk about

individual member of the group

please look here individual member

is the major difference that you have to

understand between every and each

an example would be

we welcomed each guest with namaste

so now i'm indicating to the individual

guess that comes to a party

so the difference would be when i'm

talking about

the entire group as a whole i will be

using every

on the other hand when i'm indicating

individual member of the group i'll be

saying each

moving on you will come across to

certain cases where one of these word

will be followed with the number

i have to visit my hometown in every six

weeks

so after every i'm using a number and

hence it's kind of mandatory that i use

every now

on the other hand you may come across to

a clause

each plus of plus num

for example each of the visitor paid

their homage

so now let's try to reverse the

situation

what if i say

i have to visit my hometown in each six

weeks

it's incorrect

if you have a number coming after each

or every it's always mandatory that you

use every to have in correct use

let's reverse this case every of the

visitor

now you are not even indicating

individual member nor you are trying to

recognize it as a group and hence it's

incorrect

so each of the visitor please remember

this phase phrase

each plus off plus your noun in this

case visitor is your noun

let's revise the difference between

every and each when you talk about the

group as a whole you will be using every

or whenever it is followed by

number it has to be every

on the other hand when we talk about

individual member of the group it has to

be each

or when we come across the phrase each

plus of plus your noun or pronoun we

will be using each

moving on let's come to other

quantifiers and i would say probably the

interesting quantifiers

we have first in our list many

i know ninety percent of us or even

hundred percent of us will be using this

quantifier very often

so many is used when we talk about

plural and countable nouns

so far we discussed some and any

we discussed each and every

both of them were being used for

singular

nouns

but

many on the other hand is used for

plural and also for countable nouns

some and any were being used for

uncountable nouns

but many is used for countable nouns

let's look into an example

many visitors have come to visit us

since yesterday

so now visitors is something that you

can count and also it is a plural noun

another example please check how many

mangoes do we have in the kitchen

so now mangoes is a countable noun

also it's a plural noun and hence it's

appropriate to use many as a quantifier

so now many in both the examples is

telling you something about the quantity

or the amount of the noun that we are

using in the sentence

let's look into our another type of

quantifier that is much

much is used when we talk about

uncountable nouns so that is the major

difference between many and much many is

used for countable nouns but much is

used for uncountable nouns

an example i have too much to eat this

evening so in this case much is used as

a quantifier when i'm unsure about the

amount or the quantity i want to eat

also when i have an uncomfortable loan

so in this case eat

i don't know how much i want to eat and

hence i can use much

how much do you have

so it can be a talk about money it can

be talk about any other resource that

i'm in need of

but

i'm not sure about the quantity and also

i am talking about something that cannot

be counted

hence i can use much

let's look into our fourth type or i

would say fifth type of quantifier that

is more

to show greater quantity and amount of

noun so here is your fun part greater

quantity

when you have something that you cannot

count you will use much when you wanted

to

talk about something that you can count

you are using many

what if i want to show something greater

quantity

it can be for

countable it can be for uncountable

an example i have more rice in my

kitchen

so rice is recognized as an uncountable

noun but i want to show an additional

quantity of this noun i can use more

another example would be you have to add

more fruits in your diet

so now fruits is my countable noun but i

want to show an additional or the

greater quantity or the amount for this

noun and hence i can use more

so please understand

all the quantifiers that we discussed so

far much many or more

all of them play a similar role but they

have a very slight difference

so as we discussed many is used for

countable nouns much is used for

uncountable noun but when i want to show

more quantity or amount i will be using

more

let's look into next type of quantifier

that is little

little is used with singular uncountable

noun

the entire trick with all the

quantifiers lies between whether it's

used for uncountable noun or countable

noun or whether it's used for plural

noun or singular noun so if you

understand that difference i think you

will have a good command over

quantifiers

so little in this case is used for

singular and uncountable noun

i have little rice left

rise is your uncountable noun and as

well as a singular noun and hence i can

use little

so over here little is used to show

small amount of something

again i'm unsure about the quantity but

i am sure that i want small amount of

rice

moving on we have another quantifier

that is our little

a little let's understand with an

example

we have a little sugar left

so let's have another example at the

same time using little

in this place

so now i have two examples we have a

little sugar left

another example is we have little sugar

left

in both cases we are using quantifiers

little and a little what is the

difference between them

our little is used to show when we have

some amount left and it is always more

than little

so when i said we have little sugar left

that means it was minimal

something maybe you know i cannot even

quantify it i cannot say some grams or

something

but i can always understand that it is

next to negligible

on the other hand if i'm using a little

i'm talking about some amount now you

come into the you you come into the

category of

measuring it and it's always more than

little

moving on you have few as a quantifier

few is used with plural countable noun

it's opposite of little

little was being used for singular

uncountable noun

but few is used for plural countable

noun

examples my friend few friends have left

the city so i mean to say small number

of friends

i mean to say maybe one or maybe yeah

one is the least you can count so i can

say maybe one or two

but when we come to our next category a

few

a few friends of mine have left the city

i mean to say some friends it will be

definitely more than one

so similarly like little or a little

our little is always more than little

same way few of you

will always be more than few

little was to count when you have small

amount a little was to count when you

have some amount same way few when you

have

a little number to count on the other

hand when you have a few you have some

number to be counted

moving on we have fewer and you must

have heard less as one of the

quantifiers so we'll be discussing less

in the further slide let's understand

fewer in this particular one

fewer is used with plural

countable nouns to show

not as many

example i have fewer books left in the

carbon so earlier i used to have some

100 books but now i have come to the

list of 10

so you want to show

not as many as i used to have earlier

less on the other hand is used with

singular

uncountable nouns to show not as much

an example i have less milk left in my

glass

so milk

is a

singular uncountable noun

and i want to show not as much and hence

i can use less

that's the difference between fewer and

less

fewer was used for plural

countable noun and it was showing not as

many because i can count it

less on the other hand is used for

not as much

another example i want less ice cream

ice cream is singular uncountable noun

and hence it's appropriate to use less

with ice cream

please understand all the quantifiers

are indicating to your noun as well as

they tell you about the quantity or

amount of the noun that we are

discussing in the sentence

moving on we have no and not

they're very helpful when you want to

show some negation or you want to deny

something

for example i have no money

left

or this is not a suitable situation for

your skin

so in both the sentences you can look no

and not

are used to tell about denial

when you want to show that you want to

deny this fact

you can use no and not

moving ahead we are we have our next

type of quantifier that is neither

or in some cases you might hear people

saying it neither

and hence both are correct

so neither is used with singular

countable nouns to show not one or the

other

so when you have a choice to make you

want to show that i don't want this

and at the same time i don't want this

one either

so please understand singular countable

nouns are your identification tool for

using neither

an example neither friend came to my

party

so in this case i want to show friend

which was a singular but it was a

countable noun and i want to show that

not even a single friend came to my

party

so i have shown that not one or the

other

neither of my parent came to visit me

my parent are singular countable nouns

and i am showing that not even single

parent not even my mother nor my father

came to my party

moving on you have either which is

exactly opposite to neither

either are used with singular countable

nouns but they want to show one or the

other so in this case you are positive

about one case

but in the case with neither you are

denying both the cases

i will visit either india or singapore

so i have a choice to make i can visit

india or i can visit singapore and hence

i will be using either

i don't mind isle food

so you give me coffee you give me

sandwich i won't mind either enhance

either is more appropriate to use here

moving on you have both

now let's talk about a situation when i

give you a pen

and a pencil and i can say you can take

them both

so in this case you are positive

positive about pen as well as pencil

but when we discussed about either i was

sure about one thing it can be pen

or it can be pencil but not both

together

when i was using neither i was negative

about pen and pencil both

i don't want pen

neither i want a pencil

so both is used with plural nouns that

is your first identification

number two would be when you want to

show two things or people

example i want both dresses so dresses

is your plural noun

as well as dresses is to show

that i am talking about two things two

dresses

i will meet you both outside the class

now i'm talking about two students

and hence it's a plural noun

and i'm talking about meeting them both

together coming up we have our next

quantifier that is all

all is used to show complete number or

amount so when i have 20 people in a

classroom i can say

all of you

please come out

so now when i use all i'm talking about

the entire group of 20 people

i have used all the money i had some

thousand rupees i've used all of them

she has all the information about this

phone

so when you go to a market to buy a

phone you should have all the

information about that phone only then

you will be more confident to buy it

so please understand

all

has to do something with complete number

or amount in this case you cannot be

unsure about the quantity or number

because we are talking about the entire

amount

moving on we have most and i would say

the simplest quantifier and personally

my favorite

most is used with noun to show majority

of so there is no doubt

between numbers i can always say the

majority of if you have 20 give me

19. i jog most of the evenings

so there are there are chances that i

may skip once or twice but i'm jogging

most of the evenings

most of you are irritating so if i have

five friends i can say out of them 4.5

are irritating

moving on we have enough

enough is used to show when we have as

much as we need

so if i have to shop and i have hundred

rupees in my pocket

or in this case thousand rupees in my

pocket i can say i have enough to buy

the grocery

i have enough money for this month

i generally use five thousand to spend

in a month and i have five 4.9 so i can

say i have enough money for this month

why do we need parts of speech or what

is the purpose of parts of speech or how

many types or what are the components of

parts of speech

so to answer your first question why

parts of speech is important because

parts of speech indicates the purpose of

a word in a sentence

please remember in your day-to-day

conversation or

any meeting you are into or any

discussion you are into you always have

lot of words

these words are always arranged in a

sequence

in a sentence

so to indicate the purpose of each word

in a sentence you need parts of speech

i hope this is clear because parts of

speech

will be a combination of different

categories which will help you to

understand the purpose of a word in a

sentence

let's move forward now how many types of

parts of speech do we have

in total we have eight but there is

always a confusion with the ninth one

which is determiners

in order to understand determiners

please go to your different chapter

which is

named as determiners in this particular

chapter we are going to discuss the rest

eight parts of speech which is noun

pronoun verb adverb adjective

proposition conjunctions and

interjections

so in this particular chapter we are

going to discuss each of them in detail

let's get start

started with noun

back in school you must be remembering

this definition of noun which was noun

is a name of a place person thing etc

so any word that is a name of a place a

person or a thing is recognized as noun

an example

ram keem

in this sentence ram is a name of a

person who is performing an action of

coming so ram is recognized as or is

named as noun

moving on we have a different example

which is the taj mahal is in agra

taj mahal is the name of a monument

as you can see there is an etc written

over there that means this list

continues it's a name of a place person

or a thing so taj mahal in this case is

a name of a monument and hence we call

it as a noun

how many types of noun do we have

so this list goes up to eight to ten

types of noun but in this particular

chapter we are going to discuss five

important types of noun or five types of

noun that are more important in your

day-to-day life

here is your list

in the list we have proper nouns

then we have common nouns collective

noun possessive noun

and compound noun

don't worry we will have a detailed

discussion of each one of them in the

upcoming slides

proper noun comes first in your category

so proper noun what do you think the

name suggests

as the name suggests it is something

which is more specific

that's correct so proper noun is name of

one specific thing place

or anything else apart from it

an example

ram bought a new car so in here we are

talking about a specific person whose

name is ram so and hence ram is a proper

noun

as i told you it's always one specific

thing or a place or a name or anything

always remember rule number two would be

they always start with the capital

letter

so this is much more easier to

understand right you can always identify

proper nouns if they are written in

capital letter

only the first letter

example number 2 let's go to new york

now in this sentence we can see let's go

to doesn't make much sense in terms of

specificness but this word over here new

new york makes sense because it's a

proper noun it's a specific name of a

city

that's correct

moving on we have common nouns

again i would ask you to think for a

moment and understand what does the name

suggest common

i hope you are on the right track

because common noun is the name given in

general two items

now there's a differentiation between a

common noun and a proper noun proper

noun was a name given to something

specific

on the other hand common noun is the

name given in general to the items

and they are not usually capitalized

until unless they are the first word of

a sentence they will not be capitalized

an example would you like a chocolate

so in this case

we have a word named as chocolate which

is given which is a name given to in

which is name given to a sweet called as

chocolate in general so we are not

specifying which chocolate do i need do

i need their milk or i need a bourbon

chocolate i don't know that that's why i

have given a name a chocolate

and over here if you see c is not

capitalized because it's a common noun

a different example i will adopt a cat

i will adopt a cat in this case cat is a

name given in general to all the cats

that we have throughout the world

moving on we have our next type of noun

which is collective noun

i know your brains are working pretty

well now you must be already assuming

collective means something that is in

group

that's correct so a name given to a

group of things as one

you have lot of things and you name all

of them together as one identity and

that is your collective noun here is

your example we are a family

that's correct family is something which

is a combination of your mom your dad

your in-laws your brother sister

cousins lot of them all together

and that's correct they all together are

recognized as family

so family over here is your collective

noun

next plane crew has announced to fasten

the seat belt

in this case this word over here is a

combination or you know constitute a lot

of members they can be your air

hostesses they can be a pilot they can

be your

staff crew members everyone and they all

together recognized as crew and hence

crew is your collective now

we have our next category that is

possessive noun

as the name suggests possessive means

when i want to show a hold on something

or i want to show this thing belongs to

me for example if i own a car

and my name is ashwini as you already

know so i can say this is my car

the other way of saying it is this is

ashwini's car

now i am sure you are familiar with all

other words that are said in the

sentence but what about this ashwinis

card

don't worry we'll discuss right now

so possessive nouns shows the ownership

of the noun they show the hold of the

noun and we have to add an apostrophe

just to make sure if you know postgraphy

this is this symbol that we have in

english grammar i'm really sorry i

overwritten it the sign

or you have to add a s after this or you

have to add both

so that means in certain words you will

always have s all you have to do is put

an apostrophe in some cases you have to

put both

so let's discuss them

rams car just now i gave you an example

with my name ashwini's car in here you

have rams car so this apostrophe s over

here

shows the possessiveness of the noun

ram was your noun

if we add apostrophe s over there it

shows

possessive noun

another example would be eggs color

now you must be thinking why do i have

put an apostrophe after s not before s

so please remember you have singular

noun you have plural noun

was a singular noun that's why i have

put an apostrophe as

eggs

in general is a plural noun so i have to

put only an apostrophe

and next is your people's faces

now these are another kind of plural but

they have always have a singular word

people people means lot of peop person

in there but we recognize them as one

identity that is people so in these

cases you have to put an apostrophe s i

mean both an apostrophe and an s

so moving on we have our

last type of noun that is compound nouns

and as the name suggests

compound means when you combine two

things together that's correct

noun made by adding two or more nouns

sounds interesting right when you add

two or more nouns

they can sometimes be identified by a

hyphen in between

this is your baby right here a hyphen in

between

father-in-law

bus stop

haircut

so in first example you have

father-in-law and in was identified

within hyphen in both the places

then comes your bus stop

and then comes your haircut

so if you segregate this one hair

plus cut

hair was one noun cut was another noun

and when i combine them together i got

hair cut which is your

compound nouns

that's kidding

okay so let's move on to our next

category of power of speech which is

pronoun

you must be thinking this has something

to do with noun right because the name

of pronoun is a combination of pro plus

noun so that's correct pronoun always

replaces noun in your paragraphs or in

the next sentence

and for example

ram went out

he had some work so ram was your noun

which was your proper noun

and when i wrote the second sentence

instead of writing ram again i wrote he

so he is a pronoun here

the taj mahal is in agra it is a

beautiful monument

so when i have a lot of sentences coming

up on the same topic instead of

repeating that name again and again i

can always use preposition so in the

second sentence taj mahal was my main

noun

in place of that i have used it which is

a pronoun

so now let's understand how many types

of pronoun do we have

number one reflexive pronoun

number two indefinite pronoun then comes

your possessive pronoun and then

relative pronoun

so let's understand reflexive pronoun in

detail

i would always give you a suggestion

that please understand the word properly

or the name of the pronoun properly and

let's understand the definition then so

reflexive has something to do

when it shows a reflection of the

already used pronoun for example

himself herself itself yourself

yourselves

ourselves themselves

so all these pronoun over here shows a

connection

for example he made the coffee himself

so instead of writing ram made the

coffee i want to put more emphasis on

the person who made the coffee that's

why i have used a pronoun named as

himself or a reflexive pronoun

another example they will enjoy

themselves in the movie

in this particular sentence i want to

put more emphasis how are they going to

enjoy in the movie they will go they

will enjoy

themselves in the movie so they don't

need much company they themselves are

going to take care of their enjoyment

so these words over here himself

themselves are known as reflexive

pronoun

now there is one more thing that you

must be thinking that in one case we

have used s e l f self in the other case

i have used s c l v s cells

so this is nothing much to worry about

is just has to do with singular or

plural

so he was a singular pronoun that's why

i have used himself

they

is a combination of lot of people in

there so that's why i have used a plural

word that is cells themselves

moving on we have our next pronoun that

is indefinite for now

so indefinite as the name suggests when

you are not sure about the

identification of a person or the

quantity you will always use these kind

of pronoun they are few

all each one every one someone anything

both sum

much none etc etc is to show that there

are a lot of words which can be used as

indefinite pronoun so let's understand

with a quick example

someone came to meet you

i'm not sure who's at the door so i can

say someone so someone over here plays

the role of indefinite pronoun

another example both came out of the

movie so when i'm not sure i don't want

to mention the name of individual person

i can always say both it shows two

people came out of the movie

moving on we have allah sorry we have a

next type of pronoun that is possessive

pronoun

possessive pronoun you must be comparing

with the possessive noun and that's

correct when you want to show and hold

over something or when you want to show

that this is my commodity i can always

use possessive pronoun

examples are yours mine his hers there's

my its

please remember this word over here it

doesn't hold an apostrophe because that

would be it is

but this is it's used together

then you have her your are there etc so

let's take a quick example

yours are the best dresses so when i

want to show that these dresses are

yours and i want to address them all

together i can use yours

which is a possessive pronoun

his car is the best car in the town

over here his

is showing a commodity acceptance or

it's showing that this thing belongs to

me so i'm gonna use his car and his over

here is again your possessive pronoun

so guys in this particular chapter we

are not giving you a lot of examples so

that you can take a moment and think

about each word and frame your own

sentences

you can always come back and discuss

with us in detail if your sentence are

correct or not but for now let's focus

on these two examples rest of them

please identify by yourself so that you

up upskill yourself

moving on we have our

last or

moving on we have our next type that is

a relative pronoun

relative pronoun is again that shows

you know this thing is mine but in the

other sense so the examples would be

who's that which who who let's jump into

the example the dress that we saw you

saw yesterday was good so i want to show

a relation of an activity that we have

done the other day i can use a word that

the dress that we saw yesterday was good

so now i'm indicating to that dress and

hence these kind of words are known as

relative pronoun

my friend who came yesterday has left

so now i want to show an identif i want

to show a relatability to my friend who

came yesterday has left

so now i've used a word named as who

which is your relative pronoun it is

still ident giving an identification to

your friend who came yesterday

moving on we have our next part of

speech that is verb

i know

almost every one of you is aware of what

a verb is or what is the purpose of verb

so let's understand it more clearly now

work tells us about actions or states of

mean

actions

or state of being so these are two

important things in order to understand

verb

that they must be telling you something

about an action that is happening in a

sentence or they must be telling about a

feeling or emotion that you must be

having at that moment

ram climbed the tree

in this case climb was your noun

was your verb because it's telling about

an action that is happening that rama is

climbing the tree

i want to sing a song you're doing an

action of singing so that is again your

work now let's move into how many types

of work do we have so there are a lot of

words that comes into these categories

but we have segregated them into three

parts part number one would be helping

verbs as the name suggests these words

help your main verb

for example can could have be been etc

if i give you an example here could

you give me a pen

so in this case kudu is actually playing

a role of asking a question but also it

is helping the act of giving and helping

hand and hence it is recognized as

helping work another example is

i could work with you

so in this case

could is actually helping your main work

work to complete the sense of the

sentence

moving on we have our action verbs as

the name suggests action verbs are those

words which directly tells you what

action

a sentence is performing or what action

a subject is performing in that sentence

climb write sing etc the list can go up

to infinity i assure you on that so she

climbed the tree

in here climb

is a main work

also it's an action work and she

is the subject who is performing this

action of climbing

moving on we have a last type that is

your linking verbs linking verbs are

often confused with your helping verbs

but they play an additional important

role

example is is was waxed seem fierce etc

so linking verbs moreover tells you

about the state of being in the sentence

for example is ram is happy

so instead of doing an action of being

happy they are telling you of state of

being of ram

ram is happy

moving on we have our next type of part

of speech that is your adjective

any memory from your childhood days of

adjective that you have if not don't

worry we'll discuss that right away

executive modifies noun and pronoun

that's correct so you have understood

noun you have understood pronoun

an adjective is something that will give

more value to your noun or more value to

your pronoun

red roses were beautiful

if you remove red from here the sentence

would be the roses were beautiful

so roses went in noun and we came to

know that they were beautiful

in order to modify it or in order to

give more information about roses i have

added a word

red

so red here performs an activity of an

adjective

my friend is a bad guy

let's remove bad from the sentence and

understand it my friend is a guy

i know it makes sense but little

incomplete right so to give more

information about the guy i will add a

word which is known as adjective

bad guy

adjectives answers one of the following

questions and the questions would be

which one how many whose what kind so if

we go back into a previous slide i said

my friend is a bad guy

so the question that i can ask is what

guy or what type of guy so i can say bad

guy

so please remember always whenever you

have a sentence ask these questions and

the answer that comes up will be your

adjective

i bought a pen

in this particular case this word over

here tells you something about pen

but you also know these are your

articles so please remember

articles at time perform a role of an

adjective as well

we are learning english grammar

learning

english grammar so this word over here

english is telling you about what kind

of grammar are you learning i'm learning

english grammar so this english here is

your proper adjective

you know this word over here proper

because you studied proper noun and

proper noun was the name given to a

specific thing and hence this is proper

adjective

north india is horton in this case

hotter is a superlative adjective

because the sentence could be north

india is hot

north india was hot but in this king i

am showing and higher degree so i'm

using hotter

then you have both erasers are in the

box these are your quantitative

adjective

it tells you about the quantity of the

noun

both erasers are in the box so instead

of writing erasers are in the box i have

given an additional information both

erasers

last is your descriptive adjective

apple juice was tasteless

i'm giving more information about the

apple juice and in more detail and hence

we have used a word taste less that is

your descriptive adjective

moving on the upcoming is adverbs

adverbs is another kind of part of

speech that you will understand and it's

really really important

so adverbs qualifies your verbs

adjective

clause or other adverbs in the sentence

when i say qualifies it's actually mean

modifies or give additional information

about verb

adjective

other adverbs or any other clause in the

sentence

don't worry about this word here clause

to have more details on this please

visit your chapter number two that is

sentence in there you will understand

what are clauses

so now let's understand the sentence

over here the tiger ran faster

i can always say the tiger rag

but does that make

does that give you more information

about how or you know what speed no so

i've added a word here faster the tiger

ran faster

so this faster word over here is

actually giving you more information for

run

or your main verb it tells you about

how fast or how slow or what was the

type of speed that this tiger was having

another example would be can you come

quickly

so you can always say can you come

but that doesn't you know put more

emphasis on the word

on the main verb that has come so that's

why we have an additional word adverb

which gives you more information that

now you have to come real quick

let's understand all these verbs

adjective clause and other adverbs how

does the adverb affects them in more

detail

adverbs answers one of the below

questions

when how why and where so where did you

ask me to come why did you ask me to

come how did you ask me to come when did

you ask me to come always ask these

questions whenever you read a sentence

and the answer would be your adverb

as i said let's discuss them in detail

here is your example

he is driving very slowly

so in this case if you notice he is your

subject is driving is your main verb as

well as helping work both is your

helping work main verb is your driving

slowly

is your adword

so now you already have a word which

tells you about the speed of the driving

but we have added an additional word in

between that is again an adverb very

slowly so as i said adverb also modifies

adverb

slowly is being modified by

very

moving on there is another example they

will come tomorrow so they as your

subject will come as your main verb as

well as helping warp tomorrow so this

word is actually tell you about the act

of coming when is this activity

happening this activity is happening

tomorrow and hence we can clearly see

that tomorrow being an adverb is giving

more information about the main verb

that has come

moving on you have a last you have the

last example he is extremely angry

he being your subject is being your

helping verb

extremely let's leave it aside and angry

is an act of being in anger

over here you can clearly understand

that it modifies the adjective

angry over here was telling you about he

how is he he is angry and i have given

additional information

extremely angry to show the proportion

of being anger being in anger so enhance

extremely over here is your adjective so

chapter two you must have in detail

understood what conjunctions are let's

have a brief idea of conjunctions in

this chapter so conjunctions are the

words which connect two sentences two

clauses together

they connect two or more words or

clauses

example would be she wants an ice cream

and an apple

if i break the sentence into two

individual sentences they would be she

wants an ice cream or she wants an apple

now since both the sentences have almost

similar words only the last word are

changing we can always combine them

together she wants an ice cream and an

apple

word here and is working as a

conjunction

another example i went out to play but

it started raining

so i went out to play is one clause it

started reigning is another clause and i

have joined them together with the word

that is conjunction but

as in the first example you have she

seen she wants an ice cream was one

clause and apple was another clause i

have added them together by the use of

and

now comes the question how many types of

conjunction do we have so we have

coordinating conjunction we have

subordinating conjunction and then we

have correlative conjunction

let's understand then in detail

coordinating conjunctions

what is your idea about coordinating

conjunctions

so coordinating conjunctions has a list

of words and they always

can combine two independent sentences or

two independent clauses

so over here if you look he is good at

singing is one independent clause

i again repeat please visit your chapter

number two

named as sentence in there you have a

detailed description of clauses

and then come back to the slide again

and understand coordinating conjunctions

in more detail

so as i was saying he is good at singing

is your independent clause he lacks

practice is second independent clause

and when you merge them together you

have another sentence that is your

compound sentence

he is good at singing but he lacks

practice

so the word that help you to join two

independent clauses are known as

coordinating conjunctions

now how many types of coordinating

conjunctions do we have

so here is your fun part

please remember this word fan boys

f over here is for

a is for and n is for nor

b is for but o is for or

y is for yet and s is for so

each word for and nor but or yet and so

are your coordinating conjunctions

another example to help you understand

coordinating conjunction

he it was his birthday so we went out

for dinner

it was his birthday his once clause we

went out for dinner as second clause

please notice it was his birthday makes

complete sense

we went out for dinner also makes sense

but what if we merge them together and

find out a complete sentence it was his

birthday so we went out for dinner

over here i have used another kind of

coordinating conjunction so

now let's have a second type of

conjunction that is your subordinating

conjunctions as the name suggests

subordinate that means

one clause is dependent on other clause

and there we need these kind of

conjunctions

a white bus

subordinating conjunctions is a long

list and we cannot remember all of them

so a simple trick would be either you

remember a short white bus over here

although whenever however if

though

even if because

unless since

so all these words over here that we

just discussed are subordinating

conjunctions i know these are a lot to

remember so please remember any

conjunction that you find apart from

fanboys are subordinating conjunctions

okay

moving on let's take example we

cancelled our deadline plan because it

was raining so in this case we cancelled

our deliver plan is one clause

it was raining another clause

in this case you can clearly see it was

raining is somewhere dependent on we

cancelled our dela plan and hence we

have used a word named as subordinating

conjunction

moving on we have another example since

you came and are early you have to wait

for the teacher

you came an hour early doesn't make much

sense right so this is an dependent

clause

you have to wait for the teacher is your

independent clause so that's why i have

added since with your dependent clause

now together this makes sense since you

came in hour early you have to wait for

the teacher

so please remember

any conjunction that you find joining

two sentences apart from fanboys are

always subordinating conjunction

moving on we have a third third kind of

conjunction that is correlative

conjunctions

correlative conjunctions is

very regular in use and you are familiar

with them

either or neither nor both in and not

only but also so you must have seen lot

of sentences in which you have a choice

to make and you say

give me

either

an apple

or

a banana

so now when i have a choice to make i

can use these kind of conjunctions

either or neither nor give me neither an

apple nor a banana give me both

apple and banana

moving on we have our another upcoming

[Music]

types of part of speech that is

interjections

interjections

is

moving on we have our second last part

of speech that is interjections

interjections are actually pretty

interesting they tells you about

emotions how you feeling what are your

thoughts about something what are your

expression about something and hence we

should understand what interjections are

interjections always expresses emotions

and they are followed with an

exclamation mark

this is your exclamation mark so

whenever you see at the end of the

sentence an exclamation mark you will

always see interjections added to that

sentence

these are your examples

alas i failed in my exams

so over here i have put a word a last to

show my expression of sadness and an

exclamation mark with that

moving on we have our preposition or i

would say the last part of speech that

you have to discuss in this chapter

preposition always tells you about the

position or the time something is

happening

shows a relation of noun and pronoun

with the other words in a sentence so

you will always have a sentence named as

she is in the room for example

so she was your noun over here

is is your walk the room is your object

and you have an additional word added

here which is telling about the position

of her or the position of she

those words are recognized as

preposition

also the other way to understand it

would be it tells you

what is a relation of noun with the

other part of the sentence

example she is in bathroom

ram came out of the room so ram was your

noun came out of the room is showing you

the position of ram

proposition also tells you when or where

something is happening for example i

will meet him at 5 pm

at is showing you when something is

happening

keys are on the table

on is showing you what is the position

of keys or where are the keys

so we can always categorize preposition

into two parts

place which tells you where something is

happening

time

when something is happening the list

goes like this in on at across through

over to from etc

guys please remember and this is an

extra information that i'm giving you

here we have a separate chapter of

propositions in our course so please

visit that chapter for more details

in this particular we are just giving

you information about preposition so

that we can make you clear about parts

of speech

another type of preposition would be

time category and here is your list

on at in till until since four

if you see here in on and add on at and

in are common in both the cases they are

also used with place they are also used

with time but the usage is very

different so for that please visit

preposition chapter

active voice is a sentence where the

subject performs the action stated by

the verb

please repeat and understand it more

clearly the subject performs the action

performs the action is the tricky part

here which is stated by the verb

i know it sounds pretty confusing so

don't worry we have a structure for the

sentence which will make it much more

easier to understand

in this sentence subjects takes the

first place in the sentence

verb comes next and definitely the

object goes at the end of the sentence

let's understand with the simple example

she eats an apple

she is your subject here

eat is your verb

and apple is your object

so as the definition says the subject is

performing the action which is stated by

the word

she

being the subject is performing an

action of eating an apple

that's how your active voice work the

subject plays the main role in the

sentence it performs an activity over

the object

moving on we have a second voice which

is called as passive voice and it's

opposite to what we understood in the

active voice

over here the subject is acted upon by

the verb

please note subject is acted upon it's

not performing the action but it is

acted upon by the verb here comes your

structure

object takes the first place

verbs comes second and subject goes at

the end of the sentence

i know it's exactly the reverse watch we

understood in the actor voice

here is your example

the apple is eaten by her

the apple is your object

eaten is your work i mean d is eaten is

your entire work the helping verb and

the mean verb her is your subject so in

this sentence her is the less important

part being the subject and the action is

eaten is much more important

i know you find a little difference in

the sentence that the active voice was

she eats an apple

but when he converted into passive voice

an apple

is eaten

by her

so if you notice here bai

is a preposition that is added in the

passive voice

that's correct

you always need a proposition to end a

sentence in the passive voice

don't worry we have upcoming slides to

make you understand it more clearly how

can we convert an active voice to a

passive voice before that let's discuss

few cases

where passive voice

seems to be much more important than

active voice

case number one when your subject is

missing

the trick here is missing that means we

don't need the subject in the sentence

to convey our message

example

letter is written

what do you think would be the complete

form of the sentence if i try to add a

subject

letter is written by her

letter is written by them letter is

written by him you can use any

pronoun over there to make the sentence

looks complete but don't worry this

sentence without the subject is also

complete and that's how it is recognized

as passive voice

case number two is when subject is given

less importance

that means we will have a subject in the

sentence but it will be given less

importance an example

the rat is chased by the cat

so the rat over here is your object is

chased is your verb or the action

performed in the sentence the cat is

your subject

so in this particular sentence i'm more

concerned of what is happening to the

rat

rather than

who is doing the chasing part or what

the cat is doing in the sentence that's

how passive voice comes into picture

this is an interesting fact that

everyday conversation that we have is

done in active voice

but still when you read a passage or

when you

convey a message in which you want to

show less important to the subject you

will need a passive voice

moving on we have a case number three

when we don't want to mention the

subject at all

that's correct

we will be having a subject

we will be having less importance to a

subject but what about the case when i

don't want to mention the subject at all

even if i know what the subject is

here is your example

the rat is chased and it fails in the

well and died

i know that's a sad story right

the other form of the sentence would be

the rat is chased by the cat and it

fails in the well and died

let's compare both the sentences and

let's understand why have we skipped by

the cat or the subject in the first

sentence

so remember

in the first sentence i was much more

concerned of what happened to the rat or

how did the rat died

i was not concerned what was happening

to the rat in the past but i was much

more concerned of

sorry i was much more concerned to how

did the rat died that's why i have

skipped by the cat entirely from the

sentence and said the rat is chased and

it fells in the well and died

that's all

moving on

let's focus on the cases which we were

referring in our first two slides how

can we convert an active to a passive

voice

she eats apple is the active voice

take a second

and write down

what will be the passive voice of this

particular sentence

if this is your answer then it's correct

the apple is eaten by her

so we have taken the object to the first

place is eaten was the work it has taken

the second place her was a subject comes

at the end and we have a proposition

named as by

let's take let's understand what rules

did we follow over here

rule number one was the third form of

the main verb is used along with an

auxiliary verb

very interesting fact and very important

fact to convert an active voice to a

passive voice

she eats apple was written in present

tense

or you can say simple present tense

when i converted the sentence to passive

voice i have used the third form of the

main verb

and an auxiliary verb is added to the

main verb

rule number two we have used by

before the subject by is a preposition

here which is always used before the

subject please note that you cannot

place by anywhere else apart from a

place which is before the subject

now let's discuss the cases where we

have to use proposition with and to in

place of bi in your passive voice

here is an example

she knows him

she is your subject

nose is your main verb

or the action performed and it's always

written in simple present tense

him over here is your object

let's take a second and try to convert

into passive voice

so the possible answers that you must be

getting is

he is

known

by her that's what we discussed in our

previous slides

but there is a tricky part in this case

you cannot use by her you have to use

known to her

known as an activity that happens to a

person rather than happening by a person

so the correct form would be he is known

to her

let's take one more example

water fills the glass

in this particular case fills is your

main verb so let's try to convert it

into the third form filled

so the conversion would be

i guess most of us would be assuming

right now the glass is

filled

by

water

if that's your answer i would say it's

incorrect because the correct form would

be the glass is filled with water

it's

it's necessary or a compulsion kind of

thing where you cannot use a proposition

by you have to use a proposition with or

proposition 2 in this case

before we understand how many types of

speech do we have

we need to understand

why do we need speech

that's correct to convey a message from

one person to another we need a medium

and that medium is recognized as speech

so we have two types of speech type

number one direct speech type number two

indirect speech

direct speech as the name suggests

signifies when you convey the message in

the actual words of the speaker

let's understand with an example here

ram says i am not happy

in this case ram is a speaker

i am not happy

is the actual are the actual words of

the speaker

a direct speech is always identified

with two punctuation marks

a comma

and a quotation mark

please remember whenever you see

punctuation marks are comma and inverted

side by side it's always a direct speech

moving on we have an indirect speech

when you convey the message of the

speaker

in your own words without changing the

meaning

that is recognized as indirect speech

three important parts or three important

facts that you should remember about

indirect speech would be

you can convey the message you can use

your own words

but

don't change the meaning of what the

actual speaker has said

let's understand with an example again

ram says that he is not happy

ran is a speaker but now you are

conveying his message with your own

words he is not happy but still

the actual meaning comes out ram was not

happy

we will be understanding in more details

how can we convert a direct speech to an

indirect speech

but before that let's understand few

components of a direct speech

in the same sentence ram says i am not

happy we have two paths

a reported part

and a reporting part so the part number

one which is doing the purpose of

reporting is called as reporting clause

a part number two which is the reported

sentence is reported clause

i know it's bit tricky here but please

remember that we have two components one

is the sentence and one is the process

so the first part will be reporting

clause and it has a reporting

verb that is says

and you have a reported verb which is

taken from reported clause

moving on

we have

the whole process or the whole list of

rules that we need to understand in

order to convert a direct speech to an

indirect speech

rule number one

i know you must have identified this

when you add a connector that in the

sentence

ram said i am not happy was a derrick

speech

and in in order to put this connector i

need to remove these punctuation marks

and the sentence would become ram said

that he was not happy

please forget about he was not happy as

of now and focus on the connector part

so to remove a comma and a quotation

mark will be replaced with that

moving on to our rule number two change

in the pronoun of reported speech so if

you remember from the previous slide

reported speech was the second part of

the sentence

let's take the same example ram said i

am not happy

in this sentence i here

is your subject which is doing the work

of not being happy

this particular subject from the direct

speech will be converted to he in the

indirect speech so ram said that was the

first part

he

is the pronoun which is taking the place

of i

again i would say please forget about

the rest of the park because we will be

covering them in the upcoming slides so

till now if you remember we have

discussed two rules adding a connector

and changing the pronoun

moving on with the rule number three

change in the tense of reported speech

yes you're right he this is the part

where you're going to understand why

have we used was in place of is

taking the same example

ram said i am not happy

and the indirect version would be ram

said that he was not happy

please remember

an indirect speech is always

when you convey the message of the

speaker to somebody else so now the

activity of what speaker was saying is

the activity of past so everything has

to be converted to the past form

so

simple present i am will be converted to

simple past he was

i hope this is clear

very well

moving on

here is another example ram says i am

not happy indirect speech would be

ram says that he is not happy

you must be wondering why we have not

written he was not happy

please remember

if in the reporting clause you have

present tense

the reported verb

will remain present tense

that's correct

says

is your reporting verb it's in present

tense

m is your reported verb will also remain

in present tense

the same rule applies with future tense

i will not be happy will remain as he

will not be happy so remember

if you have present tense in your

reporting work or future tense in your

reported work they will always be

remaining same in the indirect speech

moving on with our rule number four

change in the time of reported speech so

let's take a different example this time

ram said i am meeting my friend today

in this case we have our time we are

talking about today

in the reporting in the indirect speech

this will be converted to

ram said that he was meeting his friend

daddy

please remember today is converted to

that day

i repeat today will be converted to that

day

so we have a long list coming up how can

you change tomorrow yesterday now then

all these words to their indirect

versions

tomorrow will be becoming next day

yesterday will become

previous day that's correct tonight will

become

that night today will become that day

these will become

those

here will become

there

and last but not the least now we'll

take the place of them

that's great please remember all these

list please remember every word that we

have discussed just now that in order to

change a speech from direct to an

indirect speech you should be

remembering all these conversions

tomorrow to next day now to them

let's continue oh we have one more word

here this will become that

moving on let's take a quick revision of

all the rules that you have that we have

discussed just now

ram said i am meeting my friend

please take a moment convert this

sentence to an indirect speech and let's

see if he understood all the rules

properly

let's get started rule number one

connect to that so the punctuation marks

will automatically take the place of

that

rule number two conversion of subject

sorry noun to its pronoun he

rule number three

present tense will become past tense was

meeting

my friend will remain same sorry mai

will take the place of another pronoun

which is his friend will remain the same

and today will get converted to that day

so we have covered all the rules in the

single sentence

that

he

was meeting his that day

rule number one

rule number two rule number three and

rule number four

moving on we have

few more changes that comes up when you

convert a direct speech to indirect

speech let's understand them in detail

so if you have noticed we have discussed

a case of simple present changing to

simple past let's understand with a

different example

ram said i cook every day

in this sentence if you notice cook is

in the simple present tense

what will be the conversion to an

enderic speech

ram said that he cooked every day

cook which was simple present is

converted to cooked which is simple past

remember you can do this conversion only

if you have said in the reporting clause

moving on with our rule 2

if you have a sentence already in the

past form please convert it to the

immediate past that is past perfect

here is an example of a direct speech

please convert it into your indirect

speech

ram said that he had cooked every day so

had cooked is an identification of past

perfect

moving on present perfect will get

converted to past perfect let's

understand with a quick example again

ram said i have cooked every day

the conversion would be

ram said that he had cooked every day so

have cooked will get converted to hard

cooked

again present continuous will get

converted to past continuous understand

with an example ram said i am cooking

will get converted to

he was cooking every day

again past continuous will get converted

to past perfect continuous ram said i

was cooking every day will get converted

to

he had been cooking every day now past

continuous which was already a past

tense is converted to the immediate past

which is past perfect continuous so

walls cooking is changed to had been

cooking

moving on let's discuss with some of our

future forms

you have gone through this in your

tensest chapter that will

is going to are some of the forms of

saying something in future tense so what

if we have a direct speech using will

to be converted to an indirect speech

ram said that

he would cook every day

bill will take a form of food only if

you have said in your reporting verb

please remember this this is your

identification until and unless we have

past tense in your reporting work you

cannot change

your

tenses in your reported work

moving on we have going to form a future

form here is an example ram said i am

going to cook every day the conversion

would be ram said that he is going to

cook every day

so in this case you must be wondering

why has she not converted m to wars

because if you look in the title here we

have present and past continuous form so

future is changed to an immediate past

which is present tense or to the next

immediate which is past continuous so

this is the form number one is going to

and the form number two would be

was going to so let's be very much clear

here

am going to can be converted to is going

to or was going to at the same time

there are other form of sentences that

we should not neglect so let's discuss

them as well

type number one imperative sentences

when you have a direct statement coming

up or it's a kind of an order that is

given it's a kind of a request that is

done you have imperative sentences to

help you out

ram said to me close the window

of course it's not a very direct

statement but it's kind of an order so

you need to change it ram requested me

or ram ordered me to close the window

considering the tone of the speaker you

can use requested to or you can use

ordered to close the window

so there are other words that can

replace requested to suggested requested

ordered advised asked or urged any word

can be used in order to make an

imperative sentence

moving on you have another type which is

interrogative sentences as the name

suggests these sentences deal with

questionnaires

so you have different forms form number

one

ram said to me have you prepare food

in this case the answer would be yes or

no nothing else so the conversion would

be

if i had prepared food

please remember

have will get converted to had prepared

and a connector will be replaced with an

if here

so you need not use that in this

particular case you can replace it with

if

and in the first part if you look set is

converted to asked

type number two of an interrogative

sentence is

when you have a question which requires

an specific answer it can be time it can

be place it can be

yes or no

so we have a statement here ram said to

him when do you study

so the indirect speech would be

ram asked him of course

when did he study

do you will get converted to did he and

when will remain the same so in this

particular case you don't need that

and you don't need if you can always

work with a ven here

moving on other part of an interrogative

sentence

will you go to movie

so this can require a yes or no answer

but still we have used a form named as

will

in the first component we have studied

have in the second part we have used a

wh word in this case we are using will

so the conversion would be

ram asked him if he would go to the

movie so of course we'll get converted

to wood

you get converted to he and if is used

as a connector

i know this lot of information that has

come up to you regarding imperative

sentences interrogative sentences simple

past simple present past perfect past

perfect continuous but they all follow

the same rule

change

the reporting or the reported clause to

the past form or the immediate past form

that's it

moving on we have our last type of

exclamatory sentences coming up

where you have a sentence ram said wow

what a beautiful day this is

ram

is claimed that

that day was beautiful so now this is

not a question what a beautiful day this

is is not a question it's a gesture or

it's a surprise or an excitement that

you are showing regarding a day

wow is an identification here

of an exclamatory sentence

so in order to convert an exclamatory

direct speech you have to use exclaim

that

and you will remain you will make the

sentence remain in the pres in the past

form that day was beautiful

moving on we have our modal verbs coming

up ram said i can sing what would be the

indirect speech ram said that he could

sing that's kidding

another time ram said i must sing every

day will get converted to

he had to sing every day so please focus

we have discussed this in detail in our

proposition chapter raspberry i'm

repeating it again

must was a compulsion so the past form

will get to

had to so now had to is a compulsion

that this person has to sing or had to

sing every day i'm going to ask you a

few questions the question is

are these sentences correct

number one

i could throw the stick 10 feet

yesterday

okay remember this one it's gonna stay

on the screen but still second one how

many chocolates could you get

number three

there can be a seminar next week

and number four we can go running

tomorrow

now some of you might be thinking yeah

one or two are correct or maybe four of

them are correct

answer is

four of them are incorrect

for a surprise we're going to see in the

whole chapter why they are incorrect and

how can we correct them both things

now let's get to topic what we're gonna

study today which is can and good

most of you have asked us in the

comments can we talk about can and could

may and might shell should these are all

called modal auxiliary verbs or also

called modal verbs modals or modal

auxiliaries all of the names are correct

according to cambridge

so you can say anything to them that's

fine

and they're told 10 of them

they are can could may might

will would shall should must and ought

to

and today's task is to talk about can

and good

so let's begin with just scan

right

can is used in various situations so we

have tried to figure out that if we talk

about each situation in detail you will

remember them with example

the first one is

talking about ability

let's see some sentences to understand

it

i can read english but i can't speak it

it's my ability to read that's what can

is used for second one is cats can't

bark like dogs

remember

can't can also be pronounced as kant

because of british english and american

english

the third one can this chair fold

so here in this first one i'm asking

about i'm talking about my ability as a

person

second we're talking about cat's ability

or inability they can't do it and last

one about chairs ability that they can't

fold or can fold

all right

second where we can use um can is

for common or typical things that happen

everyday life

first one delhi can be very cold in

december so if you want to talk about

something that happens occasionally or

let's say every time that time comes in

that is when we use can delhi can be

very cold

in december and you know it's true right

she can be happy just by just talking to

me

another sentence this is common because

i know her or i know him

okay

people can be influenced by you so this

is common for you as a person let's say

then it is called then we can use can as

well

now number three

possible at some moment there might be

certain situations that it is possible

not always so you can use can for that

purpose

let me show you some examples for you to

understand it

we can go for dinner to not tonight

so that means

only for tonight it is possible that's

why we use can we can go for dinner

tonight

next one

i can't come to meet you today

you see it is just about today i can't

come maybe it's possible i might come

right in there i say didn't say can i

say i might

so here i can't come to meet you today

only for today i can't

last one we can try asking him for money

so only for this situation when we are

stuck we can ask him for money so we use

can in this situation

the fourth one or the fourth place where

we can use can is ask and give

permission ask for and give permission

let's see some example

can i ask you something

yes you can see we have tried we have

tried to make it easier for you by

providing both of them in one go itself

first one can i ask you something is

asking for permission and second one yes

you can is giving permission

second example can i have more wine

no you can't

so negative positive both are possible

in using can asking permission

giving permission

i hope this is clear

fifth one is offering something or you

offer them something

can i help you you offered help

second one i can write the essay for you

you offered the person that you can

write the essay for them i can write the

essay for you

and last

we can bring the food when we can win

the food when coming that means you

offer them food when you're coming to

the place

okay this is offer you can use ken for

offer

number six is orders

this is a little bit impolite or

informal please use it when you are with

your close ones or at least close

friends

the first one is can you put it down

so let's say you're holding their most

important phone or something you ask

them can i put can you put it down

second can you not do that you're

annoyed by something so you ask someone

and you order them can you not do that

and last one

can we leave now let's see you're in a

party you're getting bored you ask them

can we leave now or in a theater you

just hated the movie you asked this

question

all of these are orders remember

seventh is little bit tricky

these are the verbs that are connected

to your senses and hence we cannot use

them in present continuous tense when we

use ing

we use can instead of it or just

directly the warp

an example

i can see him running

right here we cannot say i am seeing him

running or her running it's incorrect

because

see

these are the senses see hear smell

taste we cannot do that we cannot use

ing all we can use is can i can see him

running you might think that this is not

continuous but it is continuous though

we are using can

second i can hear the knock there's

someone at the door

he or she is knocking that means it is

continuous happening you know then still

we are not using i am hearing the knock

i can hear the knock or i hear the knock

and the last one can you taste the

ginger in the food it's so good so you

can you taste the ginger again we didn't

say are you tasting the ginger

you say can you taste the ginger

okay

now what we can do with can is

talk about chances

remember initially i told you few other

sentences are incorrect number three and

number four were incorrect let's see the

first one there can be a seminar next

week

it's incorrect the reason is

and the second one we'll also see

together we can go running tomorrow both

of them are incorrect because they're

talking about chances

there's a probability there's a chance

which is not possible here so in that

case we're going to use there may be a

seminar next week

or there might be a seminar next week

my may and might will be discussed in

another class but both are correct can

cannot be used in this case because

their chances

second one we may go running tomorrow

it's possible

but

can you know cannot be used in this

situation

all right that was your can and we gonna

just rewind it quickly that it is used

for ability common or typical things

that might be happening with you

possible at some moment at a certain

time

asking and giving permission

offers orders certain warps because they

are connected with your senses and

finally you cannot use can for chances

moving on we should use um

[Music]

moving on we're gonna talk about

uh

now we're gonna talk about good we have

already finished about can

could is actually very interesting in my

opinion more interesting than can so

let's continue

the first thing is ability in the past

cairn was used for ability but not in

the past

an example

i could read english when i was five

it was possible for me to read english

when i was five it might be or might not

be possible now so it is you we use good

for past abilities

my father could run 10 kilometers in a

go

now he might be it might be not possible

for him but earlier it was so we say my

father could run 10 kilometers in a go

in a go means in one run

two years ago i could code

i was a good coder let's say two years

ago but not now so i say two years ago i

could code but i can't do it now

right

second one is polite version of can if

you want to be polite to someone use

could let me show you an example

we could go running tomorrow we cannot

say we can go but we could go running

tomorrow is like politely saying it is

possible

when you when you're here we could talk

you don't want to shout at them you

don't want to have a fight on phone you

just say

you know when you're here we could talk

it's a polite version of can

you could get a better of assume so just

to make other person feel better that

you know there's something wrong going

on with this job you can get a better

offer instead of that you can say you

could get a better offer this gives them

console so this is polite version of can

number three

you can but you didn't try this is

interesting

you were able to do something but you

didn't try

that's why we use could

an example

i could have made it anytime i wanted

that means it is possible or it was

possible for me to marry but i didn't so

it was possible but didn't try or didn't

do it

second one i could have won if i hadn't

fallen

you were in a race or you won anything

you just fell and that's where this

happened you could win it is possible

for you to do that but you didn't now

remember in this case you have to use

good have not just good always could

have

and because of the have you have to use

part participle i mean past participle

that you have to use married in one

okay

number four is criticize you can use

could have to criticize someone

let's see how do we criticize using

could have

number first

you could have helped me i was stuck in

a situation you didn't help me you could

have helped me this is like criticizing

or telling someone you did something

wrong

next

you could have told me about that

something you know and let's say today i

didn't have to come to class and you

didn't call me that there's no class you

could have told me about that

so could have is used to criticize

someone

all right next one

permission that is a little bit polite

version then can we can give an offer

for a given you know take permission

could i ask you something

is permission of course so we have a

polite version of can

could you come to pick me up because see

this is what we asking for ourselves

that's why we have to use could

the next version next thing you can use

with code is requests

request as in could you lend me some

money this is a request that you're

asking someone you're not ordering the

polite version of order is called

request

right

do you think you could help me because

it's for you you always request them you

can't order them remember polite version

of order is request

now this is something more interesting

could can be used for indirect speech of

the same sentence same situation you

have to use could

can you help me is direct speech

but

i asked if you could help me is indirect

speech

when the subject is not important the

object is important direct and indirect

are being discussed in the grammar

playlist or in the you know the whole

session in the playlist of spoken

english you can get it but for now let's

understand for indirect speech we use

good

great what we cannot do with good is we

cannot use it for past some time

remember i told you for can it is for

present but for past we use good but

certain spaces we cannot remember this

first and second sentence initially

we said i could throw the stick 10 feet

yesterday

something that happened in the past just

once we cannot use good

it same thing how many chocolates could

you get there was some you know just

once that happened for if it happens

once in the past we cannot say good

for that what we have to see say is

i managed to throw

okay or you can say

were you able to you able to and manage

to

these are the words you can use in this

situation rather than good because it

happened once

in the past not every time it was not a

habit or a manner kind of thing

and the next one is a revision of your

good

ability in the past polite version of

can

you can but you couldn't try that means

you had the ability but you didn't try

criticize someone or saying something

bad about someone

permission request indirect speech and

this is also interesting and you cannot

use it for past because it happened just

once

all right that was your canon code and

the modal auxiliary box we're gonna talk

about may and might which are also

called modal auxiliary verbs for them we

have total four names the first one

modal auxiliary verbs second one modal

verbs modals or modal auxiliaries you

can call them anything you want now

there are total 10 of them let me show

you all of them

can could may might will would shell

should must ought to

among these we have already finished can

could today we gonna finish may might in

the coming video it should be will wood

shell should must and r2 will go

together

so let's get started with may

may is used for chances for future and

present now let me show you an example

to make it clear to you the first one is

we may go hiking today

there's no guarantee that we will

definitely will but we may there's a

chance

second one you may be right about this

there's no guarantee again that you're

right but the chances are that you are

right but if you want to create higher

chances if you don't make it even more

sure

you say you may well be right about this

that means chances are even higher so

well is added to show higher chances

next one is contrasting ideas if you

want to show contrasting ideas which are

a good thing to do when you are

exaggerating things

you should use may let me show you an

example

he may be strong but he won't win

that means he is strong but the chances

are that he's not going to win so may is

showing that he may be strong

but no winning strong and win

opposite i mean not winning and strong

are opposite qualities

second one you may be my superior but

that doesn't mean you are the you're

better than me so what does it mean here

superior equal to better than me but

because we use may it shows that

opposite ideas but remember when you use

the sentences please use along with me

but

but shows opposite sentence

third one is nothing better this is

really interesting

when you have nothing better to do

do something else so

there's no one here we may as well go

home

it's always with as well

so when you say there's no one here

there's no one left in the party we may

as well go home

it is too late we may as well have

something to eat

so it is too late there is nothing left

you should eat now so may as well shows

that there's nothing better eating is

the best idea right now

fourth is permission in the first person

first person is i and we let me show you

an example

may i come in so this is a permission

but for i not for anything else

maybe leave now this is permission right

they're asking so we and i are first

person if you ask for second person you

may you leave now doesn't make any sense

could you leave now make sense right in

this case please don't use may in the

case of second person or third person

which is they

right or him or his

better use i and we along with may

now the fifth one is not for asking

about chance remember initially in the

first one we said it is used for chances

but for asking about chances may doesn't

make any sense

an example may you go shopping today

not a good sentence but if

you want to use for similar sentence you

use likely to

are you likely to go shopping today you

see that it is making sense now

one more thing if you use it indirect

way or indirect sentence you can still

use may

do you think you may go shopping here

again we asked about chances but

indirect sentence so let's make it clear

asking about chances but in a direct way

may cannot be used for that you use

likely to

but in the case of indirect way you can

ask them do you think you may go

shopping

make sense you can see yourself sentence

first one doesn't make any sense second

one and third one are making sense

number so these are the

things that you should understand about

me the first one about chances second

contrasting ideas nothing better

permission and not for asking about

chances

yes you can ask about chances but an

indirect way

so the next one is might

now might is considered the past of me

but there are other things might can do

let's start with the first one

smaller chance

so may is like 50 chance i may go to

pune today it's like 50 i have given an

approximate value to show you difference

between may and maid but might means

almost 30 percent lesser than my mate

he might come with us

this is lesser than me chances are low

that he he might but

he will

now second one is conditional meaning

now conditional meanings mean there's a

condition then only then the other one

follows

example if you rest for an r you might

feel better so the first condition is

that you rest for an r second one

it might happen right so if you rest for

an hour you might feel better

second one don't play with the fire

you might burn yourself

so this is like

first condition second condition in the

second condition you use might

okay

then we have indirect speech

for direct speech you use mei

i may go to goa

but if you want to say this same thing

in indirect speech you use might

and somebody ask excuse me i didn't hear

you i said i might go to google so this

is indirect first you use about you and

then you talk about goa hear directly

about goa so i may go to goa is the

direct speech excuse me somebody said or

didn't hear or you know somebody joined

and then you said again i said i might

go to goa so direct indirect all right

next one possible but didn't happen this

is i think my most favorite i said my

favorite here so something that was

possible previously but didn't happen

why did you do that you might have

killed yourself

so that was possible that you might die

there

but didn't do it right second one if you

hadn't been so annoying i might have

dated you that means there was chance of

dating but

because you did something that's

happened

though it didn't happen dating didn't

happen because of something else so it

was possible didn't happen and in that

case you use might these eminence will

make you make the concept clear for you

permission

i wonder if i might have a little more

wine this is like asking for permission

in a formal way

now remember this thing sounds more

natural when you use a question

might i have a little more wine you

might have heard the sentence many times

in movies or in real life

this is not incorrect but this sounds

little bit weird

but it's not incorrect okay

now

this is also an interesting one when

something is true but makes no

difference

okay there's no difference in the

concept but it is true first one

she might be nice but she didn't win

same as me this is true but doesn't make

any sense

he might be to

he might be talented but he failed

makes no difference to the main concept

the main output

doesn't matter what he or she is

last one

in this case you have to use although or

let's say this these are denoting

although though or even if i mean if you

want you can replace might in this case

although he is strong he didn't win

although he is talented he failed in

this case you can replace mike with

although though and even if

okay

number seven criticize this is what we

are doing right all the time

this first one you might ask before you

take mike or take the car or take my car

so somebody took your car without a

permission you criticize them you might

ask before you take the car

he might have told me that he was going

to be late so somebody is late you're

angry or mad at them

you're calling them they're not picking

the call in that case you should have

you should use might have he might have

told me that

he was going to be late now remember

might have is used for past form

this is already passed this is present

you might ask that means every time you

have to take my car you ask okay

so this is the summary of might

smaller chance conditional meaning

indirect speech possible but didn't

happen permission true but makes no

sense and to criticize

i hope the might and may

are clear to you these modal verbs i

understand a little bit annoying a

little bit confusing i'm trying my best

to make it clear to you if you like the

video give us a thumbs up and if you

have not yet subscribed please do that

now because more is coming have a nice

time goodbye

well

now will is used as future auxiliary

what does it mean by future auxiliary

you can create a sentence for future

tense for anything simple or perfect

i will be happy when my exams are over

future tense second one this time

tomorrow i'll be at home so this is like

for future again

she will have finished the project by

this evening now you see here what we

are talking about this is a perfect

tense this is a present tense everywhere

you have to use will it just have is

added in this case that is perfect tense

certainty or confidence that means

you're sure about it you use will let me

show you an example i'm sure you will

understand this

see again we use will for being sure

tomorrow will be a pleasant day

that you're sure about because today was

a bad day so tomorrow will be a present

day

there's someone at the door that would

be my brother you know for sure that it

that he will be your brother that's why

you use well here

look at this carefully it's a shortened

form of will that's called

detail so you don't say that will they

say that will

so you shorten it you don't say that

will but that'll

all right

number third is giving orders or asking

for something that is request

will you be quiet

this is kind of an order the way you say

it also a request

come with me will you

definitely a request

phone number

number four voices

what will you have this is like you're

asking someone for their wish

second example what will you drink

tonight so again you're asking for

someone's wish what they will have

tonight

number fifth is willingness and their

decision

so it says example to make it clear

about willingness

can you help me somebody ask you this

question and you say i will this is your

willingness that is you're sure gonna

help them

all right

number six will versus warn for wishes

remember previous slide we talked about

wishes now there are two ways to talk

about wish want and will

remember will is an action board if you

say i will that means you're gonna do it

right for an example will you open the

door

right

second one want are like thoughts that

means

they're just gonna be in imagination

do you want me to open the door she's

like you know it's not sure

i want to be healthy it's like your wish

to be healthy but

you're not going to do anything for that

i will be healthy means you're going to

do something right now you're going to

go to gym so this is the difference

between want and will

so these are the things that we talked

about for will future auxiliary

certainty or confidence orders or

requests

wishes willingness and decisions and

will versus one for wishes

all right so we're going to jump to the

next one

what

now wood is the polite version of will

we talked about will so we're going to

see an example of that as well

will you open the door it's a little bit

informal to make it formal what you do

is add a wood here and a piece here so

think of a sentence when you add wood

definitely please will be there would

you please open the door it becomes

formal and polite

so wood is a polite version of will

second one

pass action which didn't take place

all right you talked about something but

didn't take place

he met the woman whom he would date in

the future

now he met someone but he didn't date

the person at that time he dated the

person later

so that's why it didn't happen at that

time but that happened in the future you

use would

okay again he met the woman

whom he would date in the future

next one past of will

very simple it's good

i wish he wouldn't take me for granted

few months ago that means you wish at

that time that he wouldn't take you for

granted otherwise you know definitely

the result was bad that's why the

sentence came into being i wish he

wouldn't take me for granted few months

ago

fourth indirect speech so for direct

speech what we do is we take will in use

tomorrow the weather will be fine this

is direct speech for indirect speech

what do we do

the weather experts said that tomorrow

the weather would be fine here the

weather experts are important rather

than

the main thing the weather this is

called indirect speech all right

typical behavior in the past so somebody

behaved same way in the past you use

wood for that

when i was a child my dad would bring me

a cola every day

right so there's something that's used

to happen every day

in the past you use wood for that when i

was a child my dad would bring me a cola

every day

when he was old he would lie on that bed

so this was typical behavior of someone

in the past you use would

conditional

so let's see an example i would tell you

the truth if you calm down so there's a

condition if you come down as a

condition the output will be i'll tell

you something so i would tell you

something if you calm down

we would go out if we could collect

enough money

so collecting money if we could do that

we would do this so we would go out if

we could collect enough money

so these are the things we understood in

wood the first one was polite version of

phil pass action which didn't take place

past of will indirect speech typical

behavior in the past and conditional

sentences i hope you understood will and

wood which are also called modal

auxiliary bobs

if you have any doubt please write in

the comments so we have collected 10

mistakes and we're going to discuss them

each in detail so let's get started a

mistake number one is the usage of there

and there

they sound similar but their spelling is

different so let's focus on the spelling

there is t-h-e-i-r and there is

t-h-e-r-e

make your guesses let me know what is

your understanding of there and there

so there is used for people

on the other hand there is use for

places so whenever you want to make a

reference to a person you will use there

and when you want to refer to a place

you will use there the example would be

they picked their bags

big is i'm talking about them i'm

talking about a lot of people and hence

i have used their bags on the other hand

when i have there i'll say she was there

now i'm referring to a place where this

lady might be there

next is percentage and percent isn't it

a very common mistake and let me know

how many of you know the difference

between percent and percentage

percentage is used when there is no

number

on the other hand percent is used when

the number is present

so let's get under let's get the

understanding with an example

large percentage of people didn't attend

the seminar

when i say last large percentage i mean

that there's a fraction of people i'm

not sure how many of them on the other

hand when i have 100 percent i'm sure

about the quantity and hence i'm sure

about the number of the percent and

hence i'll say hundred percent

so the mistakes that we do in this we

say hundred percentage or we say i

scored 96 percentage in my exam which is

wrong you would say i scored 90 percent

in my exam

the third mistake that we'll discuss in

this class is do and us

it's the most common made mistake ever

we are so confused between the usage of

do and does that we kind of confused in

using them for example do is used when

you have plural forms of nouns and

pronouns on the other hand does is used

when you have a singular form of noun

and pronoun what i meant with plural

form and singular form of noun and

pronoun is

i they do not like the t-shirt so i is

the only pronoun that is singular but

still we have to use do after that so

the example would go like this i do not

like the t-shirt

other examples in this category would be

they we all are plural form of nouns and

hence i can use they do not like the

t-shirt on the other hand does is used

when you have a singular form like he

she or it and we will say she does her

work so if you're not clear just focus

on the examples they do not like the

t-shirt she does her work enhance please

ensure that next time when you use do

and does you are sure that it's a

singular form or a plural form of a noun

or a pronoun

next is accept and accept

so there's a difference in the way they

are sounding and hence please focus on

the way i say them

except

accept

when you say accept you say to agree to

take something

i accepted your gift so i'm agreeing to

take your gift on the other hand accept

is used when you want to leave something

behind for example i will accept the

gift because i'm happy to take your gift

i'll accept the gift

also i can say all my dresses are new

except this one so when i want to

indicate something that i left behind

i'll say accept this one

their spellings are different but their

way of way of sound or pronunciation is

almost similar with a slight difference

and we have to capture that

next is sins and four

very important concept of english

grammar and very often used as will so

since is used when you have a starting

date or time

for example india got us freedoms india

is free since 1947.

so i mean that starting from 1947 till

date we are free so i had a starting

point i have a starting date or a year

from then india is free and hence we

used since

on the other hand for is used for a

period of time

for example i'm free since 26 december

2019 because i had a starting date and

hence i'll say i'm free on the other

hand i was free for four hours

four hour it is equal to

four individual hours or one individual

hour into four times and hence i have a

period of time i'll say four hours

next is gone and went

if i'm speeding up please don't mind go

back to the previous slides and

understand each concept individually if

you are clear let's continue

gone and vent

are most often used mistaken words

because we have an understanding that

both are the past form of go

but there's a difference in the usage

gone is used when you have an auxiliary

verb or it is mandatory to have an

auxiliary verb after gone

instead vent is used when there is no

auxiliary verb required what do i mean

by that what i meant is she had gone to

manali last year so i said had gone if

you notice here there's a hand which was

an auxiliary verb and then i have gone

so gone is always used when you have an

auxiliary verb before it

on the other hand vent is used when you

want to say past form of go she went to

her home that means she's not here

anymore

so that was the difference between gone

and went

let's jump to the next slide which is

it's and it's

their sound is same their pronunciation

is same but their spelling or the way to

write them is very different

it is used when you want to refer to a

possessive pronoun on the other hand

it's is used or it's a short form for it

is

examples the cat heard its power

so you're referring to cat that she hurt

her paw

if you focus here cat is singular and we

have not written hertz because we are

referring it which was a possessive

pronoun because of that hurt will remain

as hurt it will not become hurts

on the other hand the example of it

would be it's a beautiful day so instead

of writing it is you're writing it's so

as i was saying both of both the words

are pronounced almost similar but

there's a slight difference in the way

they are written for example its is

written its

its is written it apostrophe s

apostrophe here means it is

next is our blunder and mistake since we

are discussing the 10 common mistakes so

we'll understand what does this mistake

actually mean blunder refers to a

mistake you can say that happens due to

your carelessness on the other hand

mystic individually means

something that happens accidental so the

examples would be a last minute blunder

cost them the match so the players were

careless and hence they lost the match

but

i called him on his phone by mistake so

when i say

i can explain the situation that the

phone was in my pocket and by mistake

the call happened so it was not because

of you it was accidental but when it was

because of your carelessness it's a

blunder

next and the second last from our 10

common mistakes we have when we

introduce ourself these are the words

that we use more often the incorrect use

is we say myself ash and i have seen it

most of the time or i have heard it many

times people saying myself ram and i

come from bangalore

instead you should be saying i am ash or

i am ram and i come from bangalore so

next time when you introduce yourself

instead of saying myself start saying i

that's the correct way of introducing

yourself

this took us to the last slide or the

last

mistake that we make and that is stop

using short forms

you are not writing a paper that is

based on abbreviations and you know most

of our viewers and people who connect

with us over the mails or over the

whatsapp they have this

ha they have this habit of writing

everything in short in their messages

and their emails in their real life so

what i meant by that is

good night instead of writing good night

they say gn instead of writing how are

you they say h are you i mean that's

funny so please avoid using that i

understand when you have an informal

conversation with your friend you can

say h are you good night that means they

will understand your abbreviations but

if you are actually in the path of

learning and improving your

communication skills or writing skills

in english stop using short forms